merge upstream main

backend/internal/service/account.go

@@ -197,6 +197,35 @@ func (a *Account) GetCredentialAsTime(key string) *time.Time {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// GetCredentialAsInt64 解析凭证中的 int64 字段
+// 用于读取 _token_version 等内部字段
+func (a *Account) GetCredentialAsInt64(key string) int64 {
+	if a == nil || a.Credentials == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	val, ok := a.Credentials[key]
+	if !ok || val == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case int64:
+		return v
+	case float64:
+		return int64(v)
+	case int:
+		return int64(v)
+	case json.Number:
+		if i, err := v.Int64(); err == nil {
+			return i
+		}
+	case string:
+		if i, err := strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(v), 10, 64); err == nil {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
 func (a *Account) IsTempUnschedulableEnabled() bool {
 	if a.Credentials == nil {
 		return false
@@ -576,6 +605,44 @@ func (a *Account) IsAnthropicOAuthOrSetupToken() bool {
 	return a.Platform == PlatformAnthropic && (a.Type == AccountTypeOAuth || a.Type == AccountTypeSetupToken)
 }
 
+// IsTLSFingerprintEnabled 检查是否启用 TLS 指纹伪装
+// 仅适用于 Anthropic OAuth/SetupToken 类型账号
+// 启用后将模拟 Claude Code (Node.js) 客户端的 TLS 握手特征
+func (a *Account) IsTLSFingerprintEnabled() bool {
+	// 仅支持 Anthropic OAuth/SetupToken 账号
+	if !a.IsAnthropicOAuthOrSetupToken() {
+		return false
+	}
+	if a.Extra == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if v, ok := a.Extra["enable_tls_fingerprint"]; ok {
+		if enabled, ok := v.(bool); ok {
+			return enabled
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// IsSessionIDMaskingEnabled 检查是否启用会话ID伪装
+// 仅适用于 Anthropic OAuth/SetupToken 类型账号
+// 启用后将在一段时间内（15分钟）固定 metadata.user_id 中的 session ID，
+// 使上游认为请求来自同一个会话
+func (a *Account) IsSessionIDMaskingEnabled() bool {
+	if !a.IsAnthropicOAuthOrSetupToken() {
+		return false
+	}
+	if a.Extra == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if v, ok := a.Extra["session_id_masking_enabled"]; ok {
+		if enabled, ok := v.(bool); ok {
+			return enabled
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // GetWindowCostLimit 获取 5h 窗口费用阈值（美元）
 // 返回 0 表示未启用
 func (a *Account) GetWindowCostLimit() float64 {
@@ -652,6 +719,23 @@ func (a *Account) CheckWindowCostSchedulability(currentWindowCost float64) Windo
 	return WindowCostNotSchedulable
 }
 
+// GetCurrentWindowStartTime 获取当前有效的窗口开始时间
+// 逻辑：
+// 1. 如果窗口未过期（SessionWindowEnd 存在且在当前时间之后），使用记录的 SessionWindowStart
+// 2. 否则（窗口过期或未设置），使用新的预测窗口开始时间（从当前整点开始）
+func (a *Account) GetCurrentWindowStartTime() time.Time {
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	// 窗口未过期，使用记录的窗口开始时间
+	if a.SessionWindowStart != nil && a.SessionWindowEnd != nil && now.Before(*a.SessionWindowEnd) {
+		return *a.SessionWindowStart
+	}
+
+	// 窗口已过期或未设置，预测新的窗口开始时间（从当前整点开始）
+	// 与 ratelimit_service.go 中 UpdateSessionWindow 的预测逻辑保持一致
+	return time.Date(now.Year(), now.Month(), now.Day(), now.Hour(), 0, 0, 0, now.Location())
+}
+
 // parseExtraFloat64 从 extra 字段解析 float64 值
 func parseExtraFloat64(value any) float64 {
 	switch v := value.(type) {

backend/internal/service/account_service.go

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ type AccountRepository interface {
 	ListByGroup(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]Account, error)
 	ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]Account, error)
 	ListByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]Account, error)
-	ListByPlatformAndCredentialEmails(ctx context.Context, platform string, emails []string) ([]Account, error)
 
 	UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
 	BatchUpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, updates map[int64]time.Time) error

backend/internal/service/account_service_delete_test.go

@@ -87,10 +87,6 @@ func (s *accountRepoStub) ListByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) (
 	panic("unexpected ListByPlatform call")
 }
 
-func (s *accountRepoStub) ListByPlatformAndCredentialEmails(ctx context.Context, platform string, emails []string) ([]Account, error) {
-	panic("unexpected ListByPlatformAndCredentialEmails call")
-}
-
 func (s *accountRepoStub) UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	panic("unexpected UpdateLastUsed call")
 }

backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go

@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) testClaudeAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account
 		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}
 
-	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
 	if err != nil {
 		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Request failed: %s", err.Error()))
 	}
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) testOpenAIAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account
 		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}
 
-	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
 	if err != nil {
 		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Request failed: %s", err.Error()))
 	}
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) testGeminiAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account
 		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}
 
-	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
 	if err != nil {
 		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Request failed: %s", err.Error()))
 	}

backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go

@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ type UsageLogRepository interface {
 
 	// Admin dashboard stats
 	GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, error)
-	GetUsageTrendWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, model string, stream *bool) ([]usagestats.TrendDataPoint, error)
-	GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, stream *bool) ([]usagestats.ModelStat, error)
+	GetUsageTrendWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, model string, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.TrendDataPoint, error)
+	GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.ModelStat, error)
 	GetAPIKeyUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, limit int) ([]usagestats.APIKeyUsageTrendPoint, error)
 	GetUserUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, limit int) ([]usagestats.UserUsageTrendPoint, error)
 	GetBatchUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userIDs []int64) (map[int64]*usagestats.BatchUserUsageStats, error)
@@ -157,9 +157,20 @@ type ClaudeUsageResponse struct {
 	} `json:"seven_day_sonnet"`
 }
 
+// ClaudeUsageFetchOptions 包含获取 Claude 用量数据所需的所有选项
+type ClaudeUsageFetchOptions struct {
+	AccessToken          string       // OAuth access token
+	ProxyURL             string       // 代理 URL（可选）
+	AccountID            int64        // 账号 ID（用于 TLS 指纹选择）
+	EnableTLSFingerprint bool         // 是否启用 TLS 指纹伪装
+	Fingerprint          *Fingerprint // 缓存的指纹信息（User-Agent 等）
+}
+
 // ClaudeUsageFetcher fetches usage data from Anthropic OAuth API
 type ClaudeUsageFetcher interface {
 	FetchUsage(ctx context.Context, accessToken, proxyURL string) (*ClaudeUsageResponse, error)
+	// FetchUsageWithOptions 使用完整选项获取用量数据，支持 TLS 指纹和自定义 User-Agent
+	FetchUsageWithOptions(ctx context.Context, opts *ClaudeUsageFetchOptions) (*ClaudeUsageResponse, error)
 }
 
 // AccountUsageService 账号使用量查询服务
@@ -170,6 +181,7 @@ type AccountUsageService struct {
 	geminiQuotaService      *GeminiQuotaService
 	antigravityQuotaFetcher *AntigravityQuotaFetcher
 	cache                   *UsageCache
+	identityCache           IdentityCache
 }
 
 // NewAccountUsageService 创建AccountUsageService实例
@@ -180,6 +192,7 @@ func NewAccountUsageService(
 	geminiQuotaService *GeminiQuotaService,
 	antigravityQuotaFetcher *AntigravityQuotaFetcher,
 	cache *UsageCache,
+	identityCache IdentityCache,
 ) *AccountUsageService {
 	return &AccountUsageService{
 		accountRepo:             accountRepo,
@@ -188,6 +201,7 @@ func NewAccountUsageService(
 		geminiQuotaService:      geminiQuotaService,
 		antigravityQuotaFetcher: antigravityQuotaFetcher,
 		cache:                   cache,
+		identityCache:           identityCache,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -272,7 +286,7 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) getGeminiUsage(ctx context.Context, account *Accou
 	}
 
 	dayStart := geminiDailyWindowStart(now)
-	stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, dayStart, now, 0, 0, account.ID, 0, nil)
+	stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, dayStart, now, 0, 0, account.ID, 0, nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get gemini usage stats failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -294,7 +308,7 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) getGeminiUsage(ctx context.Context, account *Accou
 	// Minute window (RPM) - fixed-window approximation: current minute [truncate(now), truncate(now)+1m)
 	minuteStart := now.Truncate(time.Minute)
 	minuteResetAt := minuteStart.Add(time.Minute)
-	minuteStats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, minuteStart, now, 0, 0, account.ID, 0, nil)
+	minuteStats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, minuteStart, now, 0, 0, account.ID, 0, nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get gemini minute usage stats failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -369,12 +383,8 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) addWindowStats(ctx context.Context, account *Accou
 
 	// 如果没有缓存，从数据库查询
 	if windowStats == nil {
-		var startTime time.Time
-		if account.SessionWindowStart != nil {
-			startTime = *account.SessionWindowStart
-		} else {
-			startTime = time.Now().Add(-5 * time.Hour)
-		}
+		// 使用统一的窗口开始时间计算逻辑（考虑窗口过期情况）
+		startTime := account.GetCurrentWindowStartTime()
 
 		stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetAccountWindowStats(ctx, account.ID, startTime)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -428,6 +438,8 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) GetAccountUsageStats(ctx context.Context, accountI
 }
 
 // fetchOAuthUsageRaw 从 Anthropic API 获取原始响应（不构建 UsageInfo）
+// 如果账号开启了 TLS 指纹，则使用 TLS 指纹伪装
+// 如果有缓存的 Fingerprint，则使用缓存的 User-Agent 等信息
 func (s *AccountUsageService) fetchOAuthUsageRaw(ctx context.Context, account *Account) (*ClaudeUsageResponse, error) {
 	accessToken := account.GetCredential("access_token")
 	if accessToken == "" {
@@ -439,7 +451,22 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) fetchOAuthUsageRaw(ctx context.Context, account *A
 		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}
 
-	return s.usageFetcher.FetchUsage(ctx, accessToken, proxyURL)
+	// 构建完整的选项
+	opts := &ClaudeUsageFetchOptions{
+		AccessToken:          accessToken,
+		ProxyURL:             proxyURL,
+		AccountID:            account.ID,
+		EnableTLSFingerprint: account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled(),
+	}
+
+	// 尝试获取缓存的 Fingerprint（包含 User-Agent 等信息）
+	if s.identityCache != nil {
+		if fp, err := s.identityCache.GetFingerprint(ctx, account.ID); err == nil && fp != nil {
+			opts.Fingerprint = fp
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s.usageFetcher.FetchUsageWithOptions(ctx, opts)
 }
 
 // parseTime 尝试多种格式解析时间

backend/internal/service/admin_service.go

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ type AdminService interface {
 	CreateAccount(ctx context.Context, input *CreateAccountInput) (*Account, error)
 	UpdateAccount(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *UpdateAccountInput) (*Account, error)
 	DeleteAccount(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
-	LookupAccountsByCredentialEmail(ctx context.Context, platform string, emails []string) ([]Account, error)
 	RefreshAccountCredentials(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Account, error)
 	ClearAccountError(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Account, error)
 	SetAccountError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg string) error
@@ -866,13 +865,6 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetAccount(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Account,
 	return s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, id)
 }
 
-func (s *adminServiceImpl) LookupAccountsByCredentialEmail(ctx context.Context, platform string, emails []string) ([]Account, error) {
-	if platform == "" || len(emails) == 0 {
-		return []Account{}, nil
-	}
-	return s.accountRepo.ListByPlatformAndCredentialEmails(ctx, platform, emails)
-}
-
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetAccountsByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64) ([]*Account, error) {
 	if len(ids) == 0 {
 		return []*Account{}, nil

backend/internal/service/admin_service_delete_test.go

@@ -93,6 +93,18 @@ func (s *userRepoStub) RemoveGroupFromAllowedGroups(ctx context.Context, groupID
 	panic("unexpected RemoveGroupFromAllowedGroups call")
 }
 
+func (s *userRepoStub) UpdateTotpSecret(ctx context.Context, userID int64, encryptedSecret *string) error {
+	panic("unexpected UpdateTotpSecret call")
+}
+
+func (s *userRepoStub) EnableTotp(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	panic("unexpected EnableTotp call")
+}
+
+func (s *userRepoStub) DisableTotp(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	panic("unexpected DisableTotp call")
+}
+
 type groupRepoStub struct {
 	affectedUserIDs []int64
 	deleteErr       error

backend/internal/service/announcement.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/domain"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+const (
+	AnnouncementStatusDraft    = domain.AnnouncementStatusDraft
+	AnnouncementStatusActive   = domain.AnnouncementStatusActive
+	AnnouncementStatusArchived = domain.AnnouncementStatusArchived
+)
+
+const (
+	AnnouncementConditionTypeSubscription = domain.AnnouncementConditionTypeSubscription
+	AnnouncementConditionTypeBalance      = domain.AnnouncementConditionTypeBalance
+)
+
+const (
+	AnnouncementOperatorIn  = domain.AnnouncementOperatorIn
+	AnnouncementOperatorGT  = domain.AnnouncementOperatorGT
+	AnnouncementOperatorGTE = domain.AnnouncementOperatorGTE
+	AnnouncementOperatorLT  = domain.AnnouncementOperatorLT
+	AnnouncementOperatorLTE = domain.AnnouncementOperatorLTE
+	AnnouncementOperatorEQ  = domain.AnnouncementOperatorEQ
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrAnnouncementNotFound      = domain.ErrAnnouncementNotFound
+	ErrAnnouncementInvalidTarget = domain.ErrAnnouncementInvalidTarget
+)
+
+type AnnouncementTargeting = domain.AnnouncementTargeting
+
+type AnnouncementConditionGroup = domain.AnnouncementConditionGroup
+
+type AnnouncementCondition = domain.AnnouncementCondition
+
+type Announcement = domain.Announcement
+
+type AnnouncementListFilters struct {
+	Status string
+	Search string
+}
+
+type AnnouncementRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, a *Announcement) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Announcement, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, a *Announcement) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, filters AnnouncementListFilters) ([]Announcement, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListActive(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) ([]Announcement, error)
+}
+
+type AnnouncementReadRepository interface {
+	MarkRead(ctx context.Context, announcementID, userID int64, readAt time.Time) error
+	GetReadMapByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, announcementIDs []int64) (map[int64]time.Time, error)
+	GetReadMapByUsers(ctx context.Context, announcementID int64, userIDs []int64) (map[int64]time.Time, error)
+	CountByAnnouncementID(ctx context.Context, announcementID int64) (int64, error)
+}

backend/internal/service/announcement_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/domain"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+type AnnouncementService struct {
+	announcementRepo AnnouncementRepository
+	readRepo         AnnouncementReadRepository
+	userRepo         UserRepository
+	userSubRepo      UserSubscriptionRepository
+}
+
+func NewAnnouncementService(
+	announcementRepo AnnouncementRepository,
+	readRepo AnnouncementReadRepository,
+	userRepo UserRepository,
+	userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository,
+) *AnnouncementService {
+	return &AnnouncementService{
+		announcementRepo: announcementRepo,
+		readRepo:         readRepo,
+		userRepo:         userRepo,
+		userSubRepo:      userSubRepo,
+	}
+}
+
+type CreateAnnouncementInput struct {
+	Title     string
+	Content   string
+	Status    string
+	Targeting AnnouncementTargeting
+	StartsAt  *time.Time
+	EndsAt    *time.Time
+	ActorID   *int64 // 管理员用户ID
+}
+
+type UpdateAnnouncementInput struct {
+	Title     *string
+	Content   *string
+	Status    *string
+	Targeting *AnnouncementTargeting
+	StartsAt  **time.Time
+	EndsAt    **time.Time
+	ActorID   *int64 // 管理员用户ID
+}
+
+type UserAnnouncement struct {
+	Announcement Announcement
+	ReadAt       *time.Time
+}
+
+type AnnouncementUserReadStatus struct {
+	UserID   int64      `json:"user_id"`
+	Email    string     `json:"email"`
+	Username string     `json:"username"`
+	Balance  float64    `json:"balance"`
+	Eligible bool       `json:"eligible"`
+	ReadAt   *time.Time `json:"read_at,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (s *AnnouncementService) Create(ctx context.Context, input *CreateAnnouncementInput) (*Announcement, error) {
+	if input == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create announcement: nil input")
+	}
+
+	title := strings.TrimSpace(input.Title)
+	content := strings.TrimSpace(input.Content)
+	if title == "" || len(title) > 200 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create announcement: invalid title")
+	}
+	if content == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create announcement: content is required")
+	}
+
+	status := strings.TrimSpace(input.Status)
+	if status == "" {
+		status = AnnouncementStatusDraft
+	}
+	if !isValidAnnouncementStatus(status) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create announcement: invalid status")
+	}
+
+	targeting, err := domain.AnnouncementTargeting(input.Targeting).NormalizeAndValidate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if input.StartsAt != nil && input.EndsAt != nil {
+		if !input.StartsAt.Before(*input.EndsAt) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("create announcement: starts_at must be before ends_at")
+		}
+	}
+
+	a := &Announcement{
+		Title:     title,
+		Content:   content,
+		Status:    status,
+		Targeting: targeting,
+		StartsAt:  input.StartsAt,
+		EndsAt:    input.EndsAt,
+	}
+	if input.ActorID != nil && *input.ActorID > 0 {
+		a.CreatedBy = input.ActorID
+		a.UpdatedBy = input.ActorID
+	}
+
+	if err := s.announcementRepo.Create(ctx, a); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create announcement: %w", err)
+	}
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+func (s *AnnouncementService) Update(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *UpdateAnnouncementInput) (*Announcement, error) {
+	if input == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("update announcement: nil input")
+	}
+
+	a, err := s.announcementRepo.GetByID(ctx, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if input.Title != nil {
+		title := strings.TrimSpace(*input.Title)
+		if title == "" || len(title) > 200 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("update announcement: invalid title")
+		}
+		a.Title = title
+	}
+	if input.Content != nil {
+		content := strings.TrimSpace(*input.Content)
+		if content == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("update announcement: content is required")
+		}
+		a.Content = content
+	}
+	if input.Status != nil {
+		status := strings.TrimSpace(*input.Status)
+		if !isValidAnnouncementStatus(status) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("update announcement: invalid status")
+		}
+		a.Status = status
+	}
+
+	if input.Targeting != nil {
+		targeting, err := domain.AnnouncementTargeting(*input.Targeting).NormalizeAndValidate()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		a.Targeting = targeting
+	}
+
+	if input.StartsAt != nil {
+		a.StartsAt = *input.StartsAt
+	}
+	if input.EndsAt != nil {
+		a.EndsAt = *input.EndsAt
+	}
+
+	if a.StartsAt != nil && a.EndsAt != nil {
+		if !a.StartsAt.Before(*a.EndsAt) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("update announcement: starts_at must be before ends_at")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if input.ActorID != nil && *input.ActorID > 0 {
+		a.UpdatedBy = input.ActorID
+	}
+
+	if err := s.announcementRepo.Update(ctx, a); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("update announcement: %w", err)
+	}
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+func (s *AnnouncementService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	if err := s.announcementRepo.Delete(ctx, id); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("delete announcement: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *AnnouncementService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Announcement, error) {
+	return s.announcementRepo.GetByID(ctx, id)
+}
+
+func (s *AnnouncementService) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, filters AnnouncementListFilters) ([]Announcement, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	return s.announcementRepo.List(ctx, params, filters)
+}
+
+func (s *AnnouncementService) ListForUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, unreadOnly bool) ([]UserAnnouncement, error) {
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	activeSubs, err := s.userSubRepo.ListActiveByUserID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list active subscriptions: %w", err)
+	}
+	activeGroupIDs := make(map[int64]struct{}, len(activeSubs))
+	for i := range activeSubs {
+		activeGroupIDs[activeSubs[i].GroupID] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	anns, err := s.announcementRepo.ListActive(ctx, now)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list active announcements: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	visible := make([]Announcement, 0, len(anns))
+	ids := make([]int64, 0, len(anns))
+	for i := range anns {
+		a := anns[i]
+		if !a.IsActiveAt(now) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !a.Targeting.Matches(user.Balance, activeGroupIDs) {
+			continue
+		}
+		visible = append(visible, a)
+		ids = append(ids, a.ID)
+	}
+
+	if len(visible) == 0 {
+		return []UserAnnouncement{}, nil
+	}
+
+	readMap, err := s.readRepo.GetReadMapByUser(ctx, userID, ids)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get read map: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	out := make([]UserAnnouncement, 0, len(visible))
+	for i := range visible {
+		a := visible[i]
+		readAt, ok := readMap[a.ID]
+		if unreadOnly && ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		var ptr *time.Time
+		if ok {
+			t := readAt
+			ptr = &t
+		}
+		out = append(out, UserAnnouncement{
+			Announcement: a,
+			ReadAt:       ptr,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// 未读优先、同状态按创建时间倒序
+	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool {
+		ai, aj := out[i], out[j]
+		if (ai.ReadAt == nil) != (aj.ReadAt == nil) {
+			return ai.ReadAt == nil
+		}
+		return ai.Announcement.ID > aj.Announcement.ID
+	})
+
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (s *AnnouncementService) MarkRead(ctx context.Context, userID, announcementID int64) error {
+	// 安全：仅允许标记当前用户“可见”的公告
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get user: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	a, err := s.announcementRepo.GetByID(ctx, announcementID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	if !a.IsActiveAt(now) {
+		return ErrAnnouncementNotFound
+	}
+
+	activeSubs, err := s.userSubRepo.ListActiveByUserID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("list active subscriptions: %w", err)
+	}
+	activeGroupIDs := make(map[int64]struct{}, len(activeSubs))
+	for i := range activeSubs {
+		activeGroupIDs[activeSubs[i].GroupID] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	if !a.Targeting.Matches(user.Balance, activeGroupIDs) {
+		return ErrAnnouncementNotFound
+	}
+
+	if err := s.readRepo.MarkRead(ctx, announcementID, userID, now); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("mark read: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *AnnouncementService) ListUserReadStatus(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	announcementID int64,
+	params pagination.PaginationParams,
+	search string,
+) ([]AnnouncementUserReadStatus, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	ann, err := s.announcementRepo.GetByID(ctx, announcementID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	filters := UserListFilters{
+		Search: strings.TrimSpace(search),
+	}
+
+	users, page, err := s.userRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, filters)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list users: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	userIDs := make([]int64, 0, len(users))
+	for i := range users {
+		userIDs = append(userIDs, users[i].ID)
+	}
+
+	readMap, err := s.readRepo.GetReadMapByUsers(ctx, announcementID, userIDs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("get read map: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	out := make([]AnnouncementUserReadStatus, 0, len(users))
+	for i := range users {
+		u := users[i]
+		subs, err := s.userSubRepo.ListActiveByUserID(ctx, u.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list active subscriptions: %w", err)
+		}
+		activeGroupIDs := make(map[int64]struct{}, len(subs))
+		for j := range subs {
+			activeGroupIDs[subs[j].GroupID] = struct{}{}
+		}
+
+		readAt, ok := readMap[u.ID]
+		var ptr *time.Time
+		if ok {
+			t := readAt
+			ptr = &t
+		}
+
+		out = append(out, AnnouncementUserReadStatus{
+			UserID:   u.ID,
+			Email:    u.Email,
+			Username: u.Username,
+			Balance:  u.Balance,
+			Eligible: domain.AnnouncementTargeting(ann.Targeting).Matches(u.Balance, activeGroupIDs),
+			ReadAt:   ptr,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return out, page, nil
+}
+
+func isValidAnnouncementStatus(status string) bool {
+	switch status {
+	case AnnouncementStatusDraft, AnnouncementStatusActive, AnnouncementStatusArchived:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/announcement_targeting_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestAnnouncementTargeting_Matches_EmptyMatchesAll(t *testing.T) {
+	var targeting AnnouncementTargeting
+	require.True(t, targeting.Matches(0, nil))
+	require.True(t, targeting.Matches(123.45, map[int64]struct{}{1: {}}))
+}
+
+func TestAnnouncementTargeting_NormalizeAndValidate_RejectsEmptyGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	targeting := AnnouncementTargeting{
+		AnyOf: []AnnouncementConditionGroup{
+			{AllOf: nil},
+		},
+	}
+	_, err := targeting.NormalizeAndValidate()
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrAnnouncementInvalidTarget)
+}
+
+func TestAnnouncementTargeting_NormalizeAndValidate_RejectsInvalidCondition(t *testing.T) {
+	targeting := AnnouncementTargeting{
+		AnyOf: []AnnouncementConditionGroup{
+			{
+				AllOf: []AnnouncementCondition{
+					{Type: "balance", Operator: "between", Value: 10},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	_, err := targeting.NormalizeAndValidate()
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrAnnouncementInvalidTarget)
+}
+
+func TestAnnouncementTargeting_Matches_AndOrSemantics(t *testing.T) {
+	targeting := AnnouncementTargeting{
+		AnyOf: []AnnouncementConditionGroup{
+			{
+				AllOf: []AnnouncementCondition{
+					{Type: AnnouncementConditionTypeBalance, Operator: AnnouncementOperatorGTE, Value: 100},
+					{Type: AnnouncementConditionTypeSubscription, Operator: AnnouncementOperatorIn, GroupIDs: []int64{10}},
+				},
+			},
+			{
+				AllOf: []AnnouncementCondition{
+					{Type: AnnouncementConditionTypeBalance, Operator: AnnouncementOperatorLT, Value: 5},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// 命中第 2 组（balance < 5）
+	require.True(t, targeting.Matches(4.99, nil))
+	require.False(t, targeting.Matches(5, nil))
+
+	// 命中第 1 组（balance >= 100 AND 订阅 in [10]）
+	require.False(t, targeting.Matches(100, map[int64]struct{}{}))
+	require.False(t, targeting.Matches(99.9, map[int64]struct{}{10: {}}))
+	require.True(t, targeting.Matches(100, map[int64]struct{}{10: {}}))
+}

backend/internal/service/antigravity_gateway_service.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	antigravityStickySessionTTL  = time.Hour
-	antigravityDefaultMaxRetries = 5
+	antigravityDefaultMaxRetries = 3
 	antigravityRetryBaseDelay    = 1 * time.Second
 	antigravityRetryMaxDelay     = 16 * time.Second
 )
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ type antigravityRetryLoopParams struct {
 	action         string
 	body           []byte
 	quotaScope     AntigravityQuotaScope
+	maxRetries     int
 	c              *gin.Context
 	httpUpstream   HTTPUpstream
 	settingService *SettingService
 	handleError    func(ctx context.Context, prefix string, account *Account, statusCode int, headers http.Header, body []byte, quotaScope AntigravityQuotaScope)
-	maxRetries     int // 可选，0 表示使用平台级默认值
 }
 
 // antigravityRetryLoopResult 重试循环的结果
@@ -82,9 +82,10 @@ func antigravityRetryLoop(p antigravityRetryLoopParams) (*antigravityRetryLoopRe
 	if len(availableURLs) == 0 {
 		availableURLs = baseURLs
 	}
+
 	maxRetries := p.maxRetries
 	if maxRetries <= 0 {
-		maxRetries = antigravityMaxRetries()
+		maxRetries = antigravityDefaultMaxRetries
 	}
 
 	var resp *http.Response
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 					continue urlFallbackLoop
 				}
 
-				// 账户/模型配额限流，按最大重试次数做指数退避
+				// 账户/模型配额限流，重试 3 次（指数退避）
 				if attempt < maxRetries {
 					upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(respBody))
 					upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
@@ -1044,7 +1045,7 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 	return &ForwardResult{
 		RequestID:    requestID,
 		Usage:        *usage,
-		Model:        billingModel,
+		Model:        billingModel, // 计费模型（可按映射模型覆盖）
 		Stream:       claudeReq.Stream,
 		Duration:     time.Since(startTime),
 		FirstTokenMs: firstTokenMs,
@@ -1729,7 +1730,6 @@ func antigravityFallbackCooldownSeconds() (time.Duration, bool) {
 	}
 	return time.Duration(seconds) * time.Second, true
 }
-
 func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleUpstreamError(ctx context.Context, prefix string, account *Account, statusCode int, headers http.Header, body []byte, quotaScope AntigravityQuotaScope) {
 	// 429 使用 Gemini 格式解析（从 body 解析重置时间）
 	if statusCode == 429 {
@@ -1742,9 +1742,6 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleUpstreamError(ctx context.Context, pre
 				fallbackMinutes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.AntigravityFallbackCooldownMinutes
 			}
 			defaultDur := time.Duration(fallbackMinutes) * time.Minute
-			if override, ok := antigravityFallbackCooldownSeconds(); ok {
-				defaultDur = override
-			}
 			ra := time.Now().Add(defaultDur)
 			if useScopeLimit {
 				log.Printf("%s status=429 rate_limited scope=%s reset_in=%v (fallback)", prefix, quotaScope, defaultDur)
@@ -2185,6 +2182,58 @@ func getOrCreateGeminiParts(response map[string]any) (result map[string]any, exi
 	return result, existingParts, setParts
 }
 
+// mergeCollectedPartsToResponse 将收集的所有 parts 合并到 Gemini 响应中
+// 这个函数会合并所有类型的 parts：text、thinking、functionCall、inlineData 等
+// 保持原始顺序，只合并连续的普通 text parts
+func mergeCollectedPartsToResponse(response map[string]any, collectedParts []map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	if len(collectedParts) == 0 {
+		return response
+	}
+
+	result, _, setParts := getOrCreateGeminiParts(response)
+
+	// 合并策略：
+	// 1. 保持原始顺序
+	// 2. 连续的普通 text parts 合并为一个
+	// 3. thinking、functionCall、inlineData 等保持原样
+	var mergedParts []any
+	var textBuffer strings.Builder
+
+	flushTextBuffer := func() {
+		if textBuffer.Len() > 0 {
+			mergedParts = append(mergedParts, map[string]any{
+				"text": textBuffer.String(),
+			})
+			textBuffer.Reset()
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, part := range collectedParts {
+		// 检查是否是普通 text part
+		if text, ok := part["text"].(string); ok {
+			// 检查是否有 thought 标记
+			if thought, _ := part["thought"].(bool); thought {
+				// thinking part，先刷新 text buffer，然后保留原样
+				flushTextBuffer()
+				mergedParts = append(mergedParts, part)
+			} else {
+				// 普通 text，累积到 buffer
+				_, _ = textBuffer.WriteString(text)
+			}
+		} else {
+			// 非 text part（functionCall、inlineData 等），先刷新 text buffer，然后保留原样
+			flushTextBuffer()
+			mergedParts = append(mergedParts, part)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 刷新剩余的 text
+	flushTextBuffer()
+
+	setParts(mergedParts)
+	return result
+}
+
 // mergeImagePartsToResponse 将收集到的图片 parts 合并到 Gemini 响应中
 func mergeImagePartsToResponse(response map[string]any, imageParts []map[string]any) map[string]any {
 	if len(imageParts) == 0 {
@@ -2372,8 +2421,7 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleClaudeStreamToNonStreaming(c *gin.Cont
 	var firstTokenMs *int
 	var last map[string]any
 	var lastWithParts map[string]any
-	var collectedImageParts []map[string]any // 收集所有包含图片的 parts
-	var collectedTextParts []string          // 收集所有文本片段
+	var collectedParts []map[string]any // 收集所有 parts（包括 text、thinking、functionCall、inlineData 等）
 
 	type scanEvent struct {
 		line string
@@ -2468,18 +2516,12 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleClaudeStreamToNonStreaming(c *gin.Cont
 
 			last = parsed
 
-			// 保留最后一个有 parts 的响应
+			// 保留最后一个有 parts 的响应，并收集所有 parts
 			if parts := extractGeminiParts(parsed); len(parts) > 0 {
 				lastWithParts = parsed
-				// 收集包含图片和文本的 parts
-				for _, part := range parts {
-					if _, ok := part["inlineData"].(map[string]any); ok {
-						collectedImageParts = append(collectedImageParts, part)
-					}
-					if text, ok := part["text"].(string); ok && text != "" {
-						collectedTextParts = append(collectedTextParts, text)
-					}
-				}
+
+				// 收集所有 parts（text、thinking、functionCall、inlineData 等）
+				collectedParts = append(collectedParts, parts...)
 			}
 
 		case <-intervalCh:
@@ -2502,32 +2544,13 @@ returnResponse:
 		return nil, s.writeClaudeError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Empty response from upstream")
 	}
 
-	// 如果收集到了图片 parts，需要合并到最终响应中
-	if len(collectedImageParts) > 0 {
-		finalResponse = mergeImagePartsToResponse(finalResponse, collectedImageParts)
-	}
-
-	// 如果收集到了文本，需要合并到最终响应中
-	if len(collectedTextParts) > 0 {
-		finalResponse = mergeTextPartsToResponse(finalResponse, collectedTextParts)
-	}
-
-	geminiPayload := finalResponse
-	if _, ok := finalResponse["response"]; !ok {
-		wrapped := map[string]any{
-			"response": finalResponse,
-		}
-		if respID, ok := finalResponse["responseId"]; ok {
-			wrapped["responseId"] = respID
-		}
-		if modelVersion, ok := finalResponse["modelVersion"]; ok {
-			wrapped["modelVersion"] = modelVersion
-		}
-		geminiPayload = wrapped
+	// 将收集的所有 parts 合并到最终响应中
+	if len(collectedParts) > 0 {
+		finalResponse = mergeCollectedPartsToResponse(finalResponse, collectedParts)
 	}
 
 	// 序列化为 JSON（Gemini 格式）
-	geminiBody, err := json.Marshal(geminiPayload)
+	geminiBody, err := json.Marshal(finalResponse)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal gemini response: %w", err)
 	}

backend/internal/service/antigravity_model_mapping_test.go

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func TestIsAntigravityModelSupported(t *testing.T) {
 		{"可映射 - claude-3-haiku-20240307", "claude-3-haiku-20240307", true},
 
 		// Gemini 前缀透传
-		{"Gemini前缀 - gemini-1.5-pro", "gemini-1.5-pro", true},
+		{"Gemini前缀 - gemini-2.5-pro", "gemini-2.5-pro", true},
 		{"Gemini前缀 - gemini-unknown-model", "gemini-unknown-model", true},
 		{"Gemini前缀 - gemini-future-version", "gemini-future-version", true},
 
@@ -142,10 +142,10 @@ func TestAntigravityGatewayService_GetMappedModel(t *testing.T) {
 			expected:       "gemini-2.5-flash",
 		},
 		{
-			name:           "Gemini透传 - gemini-1.5-pro",
-			requestedModel: "gemini-1.5-pro",
+			name:           "Gemini透传 - gemini-2.5-pro",
+			requestedModel: "gemini-2.5-pro",
 			accountMapping: nil,
-			expected:       "gemini-1.5-pro",
+			expected:       "gemini-2.5-pro",
 		},
 		{
 			name:           "Gemini透传 - gemini-future-model",

backend/internal/service/antigravity_oauth_service.go

@@ -142,12 +142,13 @@ func (s *AntigravityOAuthService) ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, input *Antig
 		result.Email = userInfo.Email
 	}
 
-	// 获取 project_id（部分账户类型可能没有）
-	loadResp, _, err := client.LoadCodeAssist(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken)
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("[AntigravityOAuth] 警告: 获取 project_id 失败: %v\n", err)
-	} else if loadResp != nil && loadResp.CloudAICompanionProject != "" {
-		result.ProjectID = loadResp.CloudAICompanionProject
+	// 获取 project_id（部分账户类型可能没有），失败时重试
+	projectID, loadErr := s.loadProjectIDWithRetry(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken, proxyURL, 3)
+	if loadErr != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("[AntigravityOAuth] 警告: 获取 project_id 失败（重试后）: %v\n", loadErr)
+		result.ProjectIDMissing = true
+	} else {
+		result.ProjectID = projectID
 	}
 
 	return result, nil
@@ -237,21 +238,60 @@ func (s *AntigravityOAuthService) RefreshAccountToken(ctx context.Context, accou
 		tokenInfo.Email = existingEmail
 	}
 
-	// 每次刷新都调用 LoadCodeAssist 获取 project_id
-	client := antigravity.NewClient(proxyURL)
-	loadResp, _, err := client.LoadCodeAssist(ctx, tokenInfo.AccessToken)
-	if err != nil || loadResp == nil || loadResp.CloudAICompanionProject == "" {
-		// LoadCodeAssist 失败或返回空，保留原有 project_id，标记缺失
-		existingProjectID := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetCredential("project_id"))
+	// 每次刷新都调用 LoadCodeAssist 获取 project_id，失败时重试
+	existingProjectID := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetCredential("project_id"))
+	projectID, loadErr := s.loadProjectIDWithRetry(ctx, tokenInfo.AccessToken, proxyURL, 3)
+
+	if loadErr != nil {
+		// LoadCodeAssist 失败，保留原有 project_id
 		tokenInfo.ProjectID = existingProjectID
-		tokenInfo.ProjectIDMissing = true
+		// 只有从未获取过 project_id 且本次也获取失败时，才标记为真正缺失
+		// 如果之前有 project_id，本次只是临时故障，不应标记为错误
+		if existingProjectID == "" {
+			tokenInfo.ProjectIDMissing = true
+		}
 	} else {
-		tokenInfo.ProjectID = loadResp.CloudAICompanionProject
+		tokenInfo.ProjectID = projectID
 	}
 
 	return tokenInfo, nil
 }
 
+// loadProjectIDWithRetry 带重试机制获取 project_id
+// 返回 project_id 和错误，失败时会重试指定次数
+func (s *AntigravityOAuthService) loadProjectIDWithRetry(ctx context.Context, accessToken, proxyURL string, maxRetries int) (string, error) {
+	var lastErr error
+
+	for attempt := 0; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++ {
+		if attempt > 0 {
+			// 指数退避：1s, 2s, 4s
+			backoff := time.Duration(1<<uint(attempt-1)) * time.Second
+			if backoff > 8*time.Second {
+				backoff = 8 * time.Second
+			}
+			time.Sleep(backoff)
+		}
+
+		client := antigravity.NewClient(proxyURL)
+		loadResp, _, err := client.LoadCodeAssist(ctx, accessToken)
+
+		if err == nil && loadResp != nil && loadResp.CloudAICompanionProject != "" {
+			return loadResp.CloudAICompanionProject, nil
+		}
+
+		// 记录错误
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = err
+		} else if loadResp == nil {
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("LoadCodeAssist 返回空响应")
+		} else {
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("LoadCodeAssist 返回空 project_id")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("获取 project_id 失败 (重试 %d 次后): %w", maxRetries, lastErr)
+}
+
 // BuildAccountCredentials 构建账户凭证
 func (s *AntigravityOAuthService) BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo *AntigravityTokenInfo) map[string]any {
 	creds := map[string]any{

backend/internal/service/antigravity_rate_limit_test.go

@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ func (s *stubAntigravityUpstream) Do(req *http.Request, proxyURL string, account
 	}, nil
 }
 
+func (s *stubAntigravityUpstream) DoWithTLS(req *http.Request, proxyURL string, accountID int64, accountConcurrency int, enableTLSFingerprint bool) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return s.Do(req, proxyURL, accountID, accountConcurrency)
+}
+
 type scopeLimitCall struct {
 	accountID int64
 	scope     AntigravityQuotaScope
@@ -90,14 +94,14 @@ func TestAntigravityRetryLoop_URLFallback_UsesLatestSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var handleErrorCalled bool
 	result, err := antigravityRetryLoop(antigravityRetryLoopParams{
-		prefix:      "[test]",
-		ctx:         context.Background(),
-		account:     account,
-		proxyURL:    "",
-		accessToken: "token",
-		action:      "generateContent",
-		body:        []byte(`{"input":"test"}`),
-		quotaScope:  AntigravityQuotaScopeClaude,
+		prefix:       "[test]",
+		ctx:          context.Background(),
+		account:      account,
+		proxyURL:     "",
+		accessToken:  "token",
+		action:       "generateContent",
+		body:         []byte(`{"input":"test"}`),
+		quotaScope:   AntigravityQuotaScopeClaude,
 		httpUpstream: upstream,
 		handleError: func(ctx context.Context, prefix string, account *Account, statusCode int, headers http.Header, body []byte, quotaScope AntigravityQuotaScope) {
 			handleErrorCalled = true

backend/internal/service/antigravity_token_provider.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -101,21 +102,32 @@ func (p *AntigravityTokenProvider) GetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, account *
 		return "", errors.New("access_token not found in credentials")
 	}
 
-	// 3. 存入缓存
+	// 3. 存入缓存（验证版本后再写入，避免异步刷新任务与请求线程的竞态条件）
 	if p.tokenCache != nil {
-		ttl := 30 * time.Minute
-		if expiresAt != nil {
-			until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
-			switch {
-			case until > antigravityTokenCacheSkew:
-				ttl = until - antigravityTokenCacheSkew
-			case until > 0:
-				ttl = until
-			default:
-				ttl = time.Minute
+		latestAccount, isStale := CheckTokenVersion(ctx, account, p.accountRepo)
+		if isStale && latestAccount != nil {
+			// 版本过时，使用 DB 中的最新 token
+			slog.Debug("antigravity_token_version_stale_use_latest", "account_id", account.ID)
+			accessToken = latestAccount.GetCredential("access_token")
+			if strings.TrimSpace(accessToken) == "" {
+				return "", errors.New("access_token not found after version check")
 			}
+			// 不写入缓存，让下次请求重新处理
+		} else {
+			ttl := 30 * time.Minute
+			if expiresAt != nil {
+				until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
+				switch {
+				case until > antigravityTokenCacheSkew:
+					ttl = until - antigravityTokenCacheSkew
+				case until > 0:
+					ttl = until
+				default:
+					ttl = time.Minute
+				}
+			}
+			_ = p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl)
 		}
-		_ = p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl)
 	}
 
 	return accessToken, nil

backend/internal/service/antigravity_token_refresher.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package service
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -55,15 +57,32 @@ func (r *AntigravityTokenRefresher) Refresh(ctx context.Context, account *Accoun
 	}
 
 	newCredentials := r.antigravityOAuthService.BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo)
+	// 合并旧的 credentials，保留新 credentials 中不存在的字段
 	for k, v := range account.Credentials {
 		if _, exists := newCredentials[k]; !exists {
 			newCredentials[k] = v
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 如果 project_id 获取失败，返回 credentials 但同时返回错误让账户被标记
+	// 特殊处理 project_id：如果新值为空但旧值非空，保留旧值
+	// 这确保了即使 LoadCodeAssist 失败，project_id 也不会丢失
+	if newProjectID, _ := newCredentials["project_id"].(string); newProjectID == "" {
+		if oldProjectID := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetCredential("project_id")); oldProjectID != "" {
+			newCredentials["project_id"] = oldProjectID
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 如果 project_id 获取失败，只记录警告，不返回错误
+	// LoadCodeAssist 失败可能是临时网络问题，应该允许重试而不是立即标记为不可重试错误
+	// Token 刷新本身是成功的（access_token 和 refresh_token 已更新）
 	if tokenInfo.ProjectIDMissing {
-		return newCredentials, fmt.Errorf("missing_project_id: 账户缺少project id，可能无法使用Antigravity")
+		if tokenInfo.ProjectID != "" {
+			// 有旧的 project_id，本次获取失败，保留旧值
+			log.Printf("[AntigravityTokenRefresher] Account %d: LoadCodeAssist 临时失败，保留旧 project_id", account.ID)
+		} else {
+			// 从未获取过 project_id，本次也失败，但不返回错误以允许下次重试
+			log.Printf("[AntigravityTokenRefresher] Account %d: LoadCodeAssist 失败，project_id 缺失，但 token 已更新，将在下次刷新时重试", account.ID)
+		}
 	}
 
 	return newCredentials, nil

backend/internal/service/api_key_auth_cache_impl.go

@@ -94,6 +94,20 @@ func (s *APIKeyService) initAuthCache(cfg *config.Config) {
 	s.authCacheL1 = cache
 }
 
+// StartAuthCacheInvalidationSubscriber starts the Pub/Sub subscriber for L1 cache invalidation.
+// This should be called after the service is fully initialized.
+func (s *APIKeyService) StartAuthCacheInvalidationSubscriber(ctx context.Context) {
+	if s.cache == nil || s.authCacheL1 == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if err := s.cache.SubscribeAuthCacheInvalidation(ctx, func(cacheKey string) {
+		s.authCacheL1.Del(cacheKey)
+	}); err != nil {
+		// Log but don't fail - L1 cache will still work, just without cross-instance invalidation
+		println("[Service] Warning: failed to start auth cache invalidation subscriber:", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
 func (s *APIKeyService) authCacheKey(key string) string {
 	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(key))
 	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
@@ -149,6 +163,8 @@ func (s *APIKeyService) deleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string) {
 		return
 	}
 	_ = s.cache.DeleteAuthCache(ctx, cacheKey)
+	// Publish invalidation message to other instances
+	_ = s.cache.PublishAuthCacheInvalidation(ctx, cacheKey)
 }
 
 func (s *APIKeyService) loadAuthCacheEntry(ctx context.Context, key, cacheKey string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {

backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go

@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ type APIKeyCache interface {
 	GetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error)
 	SetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string, entry *APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, ttl time.Duration) error
 	DeleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) error
+
+	// Pub/Sub for L1 cache invalidation across instances
+	PublishAuthCacheInvalidation(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string) error
+	SubscribeAuthCacheInvalidation(ctx context.Context, handler func(cacheKey string)) error
 }
 
 // APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator 提供认证缓存失效能力

backend/internal/service/api_key_service_cache_test.go

@@ -142,6 +142,14 @@ func (s *authCacheStub) DeleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (s *authCacheStub) PublishAuthCacheInvalidation(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) SubscribeAuthCacheInvalidation(ctx context.Context, handler func(cacheKey string)) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_UsesL2Cache(t *testing.T) {
 	cache := &authCacheStub{}
 	repo := &authRepoStub{

backend/internal/service/api_key_service_delete_test.go

@@ -168,6 +168,14 @@ func (s *apiKeyCacheStub) DeleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) error
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (s *apiKeyCacheStub) PublishAuthCacheInvalidation(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *apiKeyCacheStub) SubscribeAuthCacheInvalidation(ctx context.Context, handler func(cacheKey string)) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 // TestApiKeyService_Delete_OwnerMismatch 测试非所有者尝试删除时返回权限错误。
 // 预期行为：
 //   - GetKeyAndOwnerID 返回所有者 ID 为 1

backend/internal/service/auth_service.go

@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ func (s *AuthService) RegisterWithVerification(ctx context.Context, email, passw
 		return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}
 
-	// 应用优惠码（如果提供）
-	if promoCode != "" && s.promoService != nil {
+	// 应用优惠码（如果提供且功能已启用）
+	if promoCode != "" && s.promoService != nil && s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.IsPromoCodeEnabled(ctx) {
 		if err := s.promoService.ApplyPromoCode(ctx, user.ID, promoCode); err != nil {
 			// 优惠码应用失败不影响注册，只记录日志
 			log.Printf("[Auth] Failed to apply promo code for user %d: %v", user.ID, err)
@@ -580,3 +580,149 @@ func (s *AuthService) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, oldTokenString string) (
 	// 生成新token
 	return s.GenerateToken(user)
 }
+
+// IsPasswordResetEnabled 检查是否启用密码重置功能
+// 要求：必须同时开启邮件验证且 SMTP 配置正确
+func (s *AuthService) IsPasswordResetEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	if s.settingService == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Must have email verification enabled and SMTP configured
+	if !s.settingService.IsEmailVerifyEnabled(ctx) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return s.settingService.IsPasswordResetEnabled(ctx)
+}
+
+// preparePasswordReset validates the password reset request and returns necessary data
+// Returns (siteName, resetURL, shouldProceed)
+// shouldProceed is false when we should silently return success (to prevent enumeration)
+func (s *AuthService) preparePasswordReset(ctx context.Context, email, frontendBaseURL string) (string, string, bool) {
+	// Check if user exists (but don't reveal this to the caller)
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByEmail(ctx, email)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrUserNotFound) {
+			// Security: Log but don't reveal that user doesn't exist
+			log.Printf("[Auth] Password reset requested for non-existent email: %s", email)
+			return "", "", false
+		}
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error checking email for password reset: %v", err)
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+
+	// Check if user is active
+	if !user.IsActive() {
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Password reset requested for inactive user: %s", email)
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+
+	// Get site name
+	siteName := "Sub2API"
+	if s.settingService != nil {
+		siteName = s.settingService.GetSiteName(ctx)
+	}
+
+	// Build reset URL base
+	resetURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/reset-password", strings.TrimSuffix(frontendBaseURL, "/"))
+
+	return siteName, resetURL, true
+}
+
+// RequestPasswordReset 请求密码重置（同步发送）
+// Security: Returns the same response regardless of whether the email exists (prevent user enumeration)
+func (s *AuthService) RequestPasswordReset(ctx context.Context, email, frontendBaseURL string) error {
+	if !s.IsPasswordResetEnabled(ctx) {
+		return infraerrors.Forbidden("PASSWORD_RESET_DISABLED", "password reset is not enabled")
+	}
+	if s.emailService == nil {
+		return ErrServiceUnavailable
+	}
+
+	siteName, resetURL, shouldProceed := s.preparePasswordReset(ctx, email, frontendBaseURL)
+	if !shouldProceed {
+		return nil // Silent success to prevent enumeration
+	}
+
+	if err := s.emailService.SendPasswordResetEmail(ctx, email, siteName, resetURL); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Failed to send password reset email to %s: %v", email, err)
+		return nil // Silent success to prevent enumeration
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[Auth] Password reset email sent to: %s", email)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RequestPasswordResetAsync 异步请求密码重置（队列发送）
+// Security: Returns the same response regardless of whether the email exists (prevent user enumeration)
+func (s *AuthService) RequestPasswordResetAsync(ctx context.Context, email, frontendBaseURL string) error {
+	if !s.IsPasswordResetEnabled(ctx) {
+		return infraerrors.Forbidden("PASSWORD_RESET_DISABLED", "password reset is not enabled")
+	}
+	if s.emailQueueService == nil {
+		return ErrServiceUnavailable
+	}
+
+	siteName, resetURL, shouldProceed := s.preparePasswordReset(ctx, email, frontendBaseURL)
+	if !shouldProceed {
+		return nil // Silent success to prevent enumeration
+	}
+
+	if err := s.emailQueueService.EnqueuePasswordReset(email, siteName, resetURL); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Failed to enqueue password reset email for %s: %v", email, err)
+		return nil // Silent success to prevent enumeration
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[Auth] Password reset email enqueued for: %s", email)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ResetPassword 重置密码
+// Security: Increments TokenVersion to invalidate all existing JWT tokens
+func (s *AuthService) ResetPassword(ctx context.Context, email, token, newPassword string) error {
+	// Check if password reset is enabled
+	if !s.IsPasswordResetEnabled(ctx) {
+		return infraerrors.Forbidden("PASSWORD_RESET_DISABLED", "password reset is not enabled")
+	}
+
+	if s.emailService == nil {
+		return ErrServiceUnavailable
+	}
+
+	// Verify and consume the reset token (one-time use)
+	if err := s.emailService.ConsumePasswordResetToken(ctx, email, token); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Get user
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByEmail(ctx, email)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrUserNotFound) {
+			return ErrInvalidResetToken // Token was valid but user was deleted
+		}
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error getting user for password reset: %v", err)
+		return ErrServiceUnavailable
+	}
+
+	// Check if user is active
+	if !user.IsActive() {
+		return ErrUserNotActive
+	}
+
+	// Hash new password
+	hashedPassword, err := s.HashPassword(newPassword)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("hash password: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Update password and increment TokenVersion
+	user.PasswordHash = hashedPassword
+	user.TokenVersion++ // Invalidate all existing tokens
+
+	if err := s.userRepo.Update(ctx, user); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error updating password for user %d: %v", user.ID, err)
+		return ErrServiceUnavailable
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[Auth] Password reset successful for user: %s", email)
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/service/auth_service_register_test.go

@@ -71,6 +71,26 @@ func (s *emailCacheStub) DeleteVerificationCode(ctx context.Context, email strin
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (s *emailCacheStub) GetPasswordResetToken(ctx context.Context, email string) (*PasswordResetTokenData, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (s *emailCacheStub) SetPasswordResetToken(ctx context.Context, email string, data *PasswordResetTokenData, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *emailCacheStub) DeletePasswordResetToken(ctx context.Context, email string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *emailCacheStub) IsPasswordResetEmailInCooldown(ctx context.Context, email string) bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (s *emailCacheStub) SetPasswordResetEmailCooldown(ctx context.Context, email string, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func newAuthService(repo *userRepoStub, settings map[string]string, emailCache EmailCache) *AuthService {
 	cfg := &config.Config{
 		JWT: config.JWTConfig{

backend/internal/service/claude_token_provider.go

@@ -181,26 +181,37 @@ func (p *ClaudeTokenProvider) GetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, account *Accou
 		return "", errors.New("access_token not found in credentials")
 	}
 
-	// 3. 存入缓存
+	// 3. 存入缓存（验证版本后再写入，避免异步刷新任务与请求线程的竞态条件）
 	if p.tokenCache != nil {
-		ttl := 30 * time.Minute
-		if refreshFailed {
-			// 刷新失败时使用短 TTL，避免失效 token 长时间缓存导致 401 抖动
-			ttl = time.Minute
-			slog.Debug("claude_token_cache_short_ttl", "account_id", account.ID, "reason", "refresh_failed")
-		} else if expiresAt != nil {
-			until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
-			switch {
-			case until > claudeTokenCacheSkew:
-				ttl = until - claudeTokenCacheSkew
-			case until > 0:
-				ttl = until
-			default:
-				ttl = time.Minute
+		latestAccount, isStale := CheckTokenVersion(ctx, account, p.accountRepo)
+		if isStale && latestAccount != nil {
+			// 版本过时，使用 DB 中的最新 token
+			slog.Debug("claude_token_version_stale_use_latest", "account_id", account.ID)
+			accessToken = latestAccount.GetCredential("access_token")
+			if strings.TrimSpace(accessToken) == "" {
+				return "", errors.New("access_token not found after version check")
+			}
+			// 不写入缓存，让下次请求重新处理
+		} else {
+			ttl := 30 * time.Minute
+			if refreshFailed {
+				// 刷新失败时使用短 TTL，避免失效 token 长时间缓存导致 401 抖动
+				ttl = time.Minute
+				slog.Debug("claude_token_cache_short_ttl", "account_id", account.ID, "reason", "refresh_failed")
+			} else if expiresAt != nil {
+				until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
+				switch {
+				case until > claudeTokenCacheSkew:
+					ttl = until - claudeTokenCacheSkew
+				case until > 0:
+					ttl = until
+				default:
+					ttl = time.Minute
+				}
+			}
+			if err := p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl); err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("claude_token_cache_set_failed", "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
 			}
-		}
-		if err := p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl); err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("claude_token_cache_set_failed", "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
 		}
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/dashboard_aggregation_service.go

@@ -20,12 +20,16 @@ var (
 	// ErrDashboardBackfillDisabled 当配置禁用回填时返回。
 	ErrDashboardBackfillDisabled = errors.New("仪表盘聚合回填已禁用")
 	// ErrDashboardBackfillTooLarge 当回填跨度超过限制时返回。
-	ErrDashboardBackfillTooLarge = errors.New("回填时间跨度过大")
+	ErrDashboardBackfillTooLarge   = errors.New("回填时间跨度过大")
+	errDashboardAggregationRunning = errors.New("聚合作业正在运行")
 )
 
 // DashboardAggregationRepository 定义仪表盘预聚合仓储接口。
 type DashboardAggregationRepository interface {
 	AggregateRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error
+	// RecomputeRange 重新计算指定时间范围内的聚合数据（包含活跃用户等派生表）。
+	// 设计目的：当 usage_logs 被批量删除/回滚后，确保聚合表可恢复一致性。
+	RecomputeRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error
 	GetAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, error)
 	UpdateAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context, aggregatedAt time.Time) error
 	CleanupAggregates(ctx context.Context, hourlyCutoff, dailyCutoff time.Time) error
@@ -112,6 +116,41 @@ func (s *DashboardAggregationService) TriggerBackfill(start, end time.Time) erro
 	return nil
 }
 
+// TriggerRecomputeRange 触发指定范围的重新计算（异步）。
+// 与 TriggerBackfill 不同：
+// - 不依赖 backfill_enabled（这是内部一致性修复）
+// - 不更新 watermark（避免影响正常增量聚合游标）
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) TriggerRecomputeRange(start, end time.Time) error {
+	if s == nil || s.repo == nil {
+		return errors.New("聚合服务未初始化")
+	}
+	if !s.cfg.Enabled {
+		return errors.New("聚合服务已禁用")
+	}
+	if !end.After(start) {
+		return errors.New("重新计算时间范围无效")
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		const maxRetries = 3
+		for i := 0; i < maxRetries; i++ {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultDashboardAggregationBackfillTimeout)
+			err := s.recomputeRange(ctx, start, end)
+			cancel()
+			if err == nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if !errors.Is(err, errDashboardAggregationRunning) {
+				log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 重新计算失败: %v", err)
+				return
+			}
+			time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
+		}
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 重新计算放弃: 聚合作业持续占用")
+	}()
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *DashboardAggregationService) recomputeRecentDays() {
 	days := s.cfg.RecomputeDays
 	if days <= 0 {
@@ -128,6 +167,24 @@ func (s *DashboardAggregationService) recomputeRecentDays() {
 	}
 }
 
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) recomputeRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.running, 0, 1) {
+		return errDashboardAggregationRunning
+	}
+	defer atomic.StoreInt32(&s.running, 0)
+
+	jobStart := time.Now().UTC()
+	if err := s.repo.RecomputeRange(ctx, start, end); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 重新计算完成 (start=%s end=%s duration=%s)",
+		start.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		end.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		time.Since(jobStart).String(),
+	)
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *DashboardAggregationService) runScheduledAggregation() {
 	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.running, 0, 1) {
 		return
@@ -179,7 +236,7 @@ func (s *DashboardAggregationService) runScheduledAggregation() {
 
 func (s *DashboardAggregationService) backfillRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
 	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.running, 0, 1) {
-		return errors.New("聚合作业正在运行")
+		return errDashboardAggregationRunning
 	}
 	defer atomic.StoreInt32(&s.running, 0)
 

backend/internal/service/dashboard_aggregation_service_test.go

@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) AggregateRange(ctx context.Context, s
 	return s.aggregateErr
 }
 
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) RecomputeRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	return s.AggregateRange(ctx, start, end)
+}
+
 func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) GetAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, error) {
 	return s.watermark, nil
 }

backend/internal/service/dashboard_service.go

@@ -124,16 +124,16 @@ func (s *DashboardService) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*usagestats.D
 	return stats, nil
 }
 
-func (s *DashboardService) GetUsageTrendWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, model string, stream *bool) ([]usagestats.TrendDataPoint, error) {
-	trend, err := s.usageRepo.GetUsageTrendWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, granularity, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, model, stream)
+func (s *DashboardService) GetUsageTrendWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, model string, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.TrendDataPoint, error) {
+	trend, err := s.usageRepo.GetUsageTrendWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, granularity, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, model, stream, billingType)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get usage trend with filters: %w", err)
 	}
 	return trend, nil
 }
 
-func (s *DashboardService) GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, stream *bool) ([]usagestats.ModelStat, error) {
-	stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, stream)
+func (s *DashboardService) GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.ModelStat, error) {
+	stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, stream, billingType)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get model stats with filters: %w", err)
 	}

backend/internal/service/dashboard_service_test.go

@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) AggregateRange(ctx context.Context, start
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) RecomputeRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) GetAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, error) {
 	if s.err != nil {
 		return time.Time{}, s.err

backend/internal/service/domain_constants.go

@@ -1,66 +1,68 @@
 package service
 
+import "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/domain"
+
 // Status constants
 const (
-	StatusActive   = "active"
-	StatusDisabled = "disabled"
-	StatusError    = "error"
-	StatusUnused   = "unused"
-	StatusUsed     = "used"
-	StatusExpired  = "expired"
+	StatusActive   = domain.StatusActive
+	StatusDisabled = domain.StatusDisabled
+	StatusError    = domain.StatusError
+	StatusUnused   = domain.StatusUnused
+	StatusUsed     = domain.StatusUsed
+	StatusExpired  = domain.StatusExpired
 )
 
 // Role constants
 const (
-	RoleAdmin = "admin"
-	RoleUser  = "user"
+	RoleAdmin = domain.RoleAdmin
+	RoleUser  = domain.RoleUser
 )
 
 // Platform constants
 const (
-	PlatformAnthropic   = "anthropic"
-	PlatformOpenAI      = "openai"
-	PlatformGemini      = "gemini"
-	PlatformAntigravity = "antigravity"
+	PlatformAnthropic   = domain.PlatformAnthropic
+	PlatformOpenAI      = domain.PlatformOpenAI
+	PlatformGemini      = domain.PlatformGemini
+	PlatformAntigravity = domain.PlatformAntigravity
 )
 
 // Account type constants
 const (
-	AccountTypeOAuth      = "oauth"       // OAuth类型账号（full scope: profile + inference）
-	AccountTypeSetupToken = "setup-token" // Setup Token类型账号（inference only scope）
-	AccountTypeAPIKey     = "apikey"      // API Key类型账号
+	AccountTypeOAuth      = domain.AccountTypeOAuth      // OAuth类型账号（full scope: profile + inference）
+	AccountTypeSetupToken = domain.AccountTypeSetupToken // Setup Token类型账号（inference only scope）
+	AccountTypeAPIKey     = domain.AccountTypeAPIKey     // API Key类型账号
 )
 
 // Redeem type constants
 const (
-	RedeemTypeBalance      = "balance"
-	RedeemTypeConcurrency  = "concurrency"
-	RedeemTypeSubscription = "subscription"
+	RedeemTypeBalance      = domain.RedeemTypeBalance
+	RedeemTypeConcurrency  = domain.RedeemTypeConcurrency
+	RedeemTypeSubscription = domain.RedeemTypeSubscription
 )
 
 // PromoCode status constants
 const (
-	PromoCodeStatusActive   = "active"
-	PromoCodeStatusDisabled = "disabled"
+	PromoCodeStatusActive   = domain.PromoCodeStatusActive
+	PromoCodeStatusDisabled = domain.PromoCodeStatusDisabled
 )
 
 // Admin adjustment type constants
 const (
-	AdjustmentTypeAdminBalance     = "admin_balance"     // 管理员调整余额
-	AdjustmentTypeAdminConcurrency = "admin_concurrency" // 管理员调整并发数
+	AdjustmentTypeAdminBalance     = domain.AdjustmentTypeAdminBalance     // 管理员调整余额
+	AdjustmentTypeAdminConcurrency = domain.AdjustmentTypeAdminConcurrency // 管理员调整并发数
 )
 
 // Group subscription type constants
 const (
-	SubscriptionTypeStandard     = "standard"     // 标准计费模式（按余额扣费）
-	SubscriptionTypeSubscription = "subscription" // 订阅模式（按限额控制）
+	SubscriptionTypeStandard     = domain.SubscriptionTypeStandard     // 标准计费模式（按余额扣费）
+	SubscriptionTypeSubscription = domain.SubscriptionTypeSubscription // 订阅模式（按限额控制）
 )
 
 // Subscription status constants
 const (
-	SubscriptionStatusActive    = "active"
-	SubscriptionStatusExpired   = "expired"
-	SubscriptionStatusSuspended = "suspended"
+	SubscriptionStatusActive    = domain.SubscriptionStatusActive
+	SubscriptionStatusExpired   = domain.SubscriptionStatusExpired
+	SubscriptionStatusSuspended = domain.SubscriptionStatusSuspended
 )
 
 // LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain 是 LinuxDo Connect 用户的合成邮箱后缀（RFC 保留域名）。
@@ -69,8 +71,10 @@ const LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain = "@linuxdo-connect.invalid"
 // Setting keys
 const (
 	// 注册设置
-	SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled = "registration_enabled" // 是否开放注册
-	SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled  = "email_verify_enabled" // 是否开启邮件验证
+	SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled  = "registration_enabled"   // 是否开放注册
+	SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled   = "email_verify_enabled"   // 是否开启邮件验证
+	SettingKeyPromoCodeEnabled     = "promo_code_enabled"     // 是否启用优惠码功能
+	SettingKeyPasswordResetEnabled = "password_reset_enabled" // 是否启用忘记密码功能（需要先开启邮件验证）
 
 	// 邮件服务设置
 	SettingKeySMTPHost     = "smtp_host"      // SMTP服务器地址
@@ -86,6 +90,9 @@ const (
 	SettingKeyTurnstileSiteKey   = "turnstile_site_key"   // Turnstile Site Key
 	SettingKeyTurnstileSecretKey = "turnstile_secret_key" // Turnstile Secret Key
 
+	// TOTP 双因素认证设置
+	SettingKeyTotpEnabled = "totp_enabled" // 是否启用 TOTP 2FA 功能
+
 	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录设置
 	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled      = "linuxdo_connect_enabled"
 	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientID     = "linuxdo_connect_client_id"
@@ -93,13 +100,16 @@ const (
 	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectRedirectURL  = "linuxdo_connect_redirect_url"
 
 	// OEM设置
-	SettingKeySiteName     = "site_name"     // 网站名称
-	SettingKeySiteLogo     = "site_logo"     // 网站Logo (base64)
-	SettingKeySiteSubtitle = "site_subtitle" // 网站副标题
-	SettingKeyAPIBaseURL   = "api_base_url"  // API端点地址（用于客户端配置和导入）
-	SettingKeyContactInfo  = "contact_info"  // 客服联系方式
-	SettingKeyDocURL       = "doc_url"       // 文档链接
-	SettingKeyHomeContent  = "home_content"  // 首页内容（支持 Markdown/HTML，或 URL 作为 iframe src）
+	SettingKeySiteName                    = "site_name"                     // 网站名称
+	SettingKeySiteLogo                    = "site_logo"                     // 网站Logo (base64)
+	SettingKeySiteSubtitle                = "site_subtitle"                 // 网站副标题
+	SettingKeyAPIBaseURL                  = "api_base_url"                  // API端点地址（用于客户端配置和导入）
+	SettingKeyContactInfo                 = "contact_info"                  // 客服联系方式
+	SettingKeyDocURL                      = "doc_url"                       // 文档链接
+	SettingKeyHomeContent                 = "home_content"                  // 首页内容（支持 Markdown/HTML，或 URL 作为 iframe src）
+	SettingKeyHideCcsImportButton         = "hide_ccs_import_button"        // 是否隐藏 API Keys 页面的导入 CCS 按钮
+	SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionEnabled = "purchase_subscription_enabled" // 是否展示“购买订阅”页面入口
+	SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionURL     = "purchase_subscription_url"     // “购买订阅”页面 URL（作为 iframe src）
 
 	// 默认配置
 	SettingKeyDefaultConcurrency = "default_concurrency" // 新用户默认并发量

backend/internal/service/email_queue_service.go

@@ -8,11 +8,18 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
+// Task type constants
+const (
+	TaskTypeVerifyCode    = "verify_code"
+	TaskTypePasswordReset = "password_reset"
+)
+
 // EmailTask 邮件发送任务
 type EmailTask struct {
 	Email    string
 	SiteName string
-	TaskType string // "verify_code"
+	TaskType string // "verify_code" or "password_reset"
+	ResetURL string // Only used for password_reset task type
 }
 
 // EmailQueueService 异步邮件队列服务
@@ -73,12 +80,18 @@ func (s *EmailQueueService) processTask(workerID int, task EmailTask) {
 	defer cancel()
 
 	switch task.TaskType {
-	case "verify_code":
+	case TaskTypeVerifyCode:
 		if err := s.emailService.SendVerifyCode(ctx, task.Email, task.SiteName); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("[EmailQueue] Worker %d failed to send verify code to %s: %v", workerID, task.Email, err)
 		} else {
 			log.Printf("[EmailQueue] Worker %d sent verify code to %s", workerID, task.Email)
 		}
+	case TaskTypePasswordReset:
+		if err := s.emailService.SendPasswordResetEmailWithCooldown(ctx, task.Email, task.SiteName, task.ResetURL); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[EmailQueue] Worker %d failed to send password reset to %s: %v", workerID, task.Email, err)
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("[EmailQueue] Worker %d sent password reset to %s", workerID, task.Email)
+		}
 	default:
 		log.Printf("[EmailQueue] Worker %d unknown task type: %s", workerID, task.TaskType)
 	}
@@ -89,7 +102,7 @@ func (s *EmailQueueService) EnqueueVerifyCode(email, siteName string) error {
 	task := EmailTask{
 		Email:    email,
 		SiteName: siteName,
-		TaskType: "verify_code",
+		TaskType: TaskTypeVerifyCode,
 	}
 
 	select {
@@ -101,6 +114,24 @@ func (s *EmailQueueService) EnqueueVerifyCode(email, siteName string) error {
 	}
 }
 
+// EnqueuePasswordReset 将密码重置邮件任务加入队列
+func (s *EmailQueueService) EnqueuePasswordReset(email, siteName, resetURL string) error {
+	task := EmailTask{
+		Email:    email,
+		SiteName: siteName,
+		TaskType: TaskTypePasswordReset,
+		ResetURL: resetURL,
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case s.taskChan <- task:
+		log.Printf("[EmailQueue] Enqueued password reset task for %s", email)
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("email queue is full")
+	}
+}
+
 // Stop 停止队列服务
 func (s *EmailQueueService) Stop() {
 	close(s.stopChan)

backend/internal/service/email_service.go

@@ -3,11 +3,14 @@ package service
 import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/subtle"
 	"crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"math/big"
 	"net/smtp"
+	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
@@ -19,6 +22,9 @@ var (
 	ErrInvalidVerifyCode     = infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_VERIFY_CODE", "invalid or expired verification code")
 	ErrVerifyCodeTooFrequent = infraerrors.TooManyRequests("VERIFY_CODE_TOO_FREQUENT", "please wait before requesting a new code")
 	ErrVerifyCodeMaxAttempts = infraerrors.TooManyRequests("VERIFY_CODE_MAX_ATTEMPTS", "too many failed attempts, please request a new code")
+
+	// Password reset errors
+	ErrInvalidResetToken = infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_RESET_TOKEN", "invalid or expired password reset token")
 )
 
 // EmailCache defines cache operations for email service
@@ -26,6 +32,16 @@ type EmailCache interface {
 	GetVerificationCode(ctx context.Context, email string) (*VerificationCodeData, error)
 	SetVerificationCode(ctx context.Context, email string, data *VerificationCodeData, ttl time.Duration) error
 	DeleteVerificationCode(ctx context.Context, email string) error
+
+	// Password reset token methods
+	GetPasswordResetToken(ctx context.Context, email string) (*PasswordResetTokenData, error)
+	SetPasswordResetToken(ctx context.Context, email string, data *PasswordResetTokenData, ttl time.Duration) error
+	DeletePasswordResetToken(ctx context.Context, email string) error
+
+	// Password reset email cooldown methods
+	// Returns true if in cooldown period (email was sent recently)
+	IsPasswordResetEmailInCooldown(ctx context.Context, email string) bool
+	SetPasswordResetEmailCooldown(ctx context.Context, email string, ttl time.Duration) error
 }
 
 // VerificationCodeData represents verification code data
@@ -35,10 +51,22 @@ type VerificationCodeData struct {
 	CreatedAt time.Time
 }
 
+// PasswordResetTokenData represents password reset token data
+type PasswordResetTokenData struct {
+	Token     string
+	CreatedAt time.Time
+}
+
 const (
 	verifyCodeTTL         = 15 * time.Minute
 	verifyCodeCooldown    = 1 * time.Minute
 	maxVerifyCodeAttempts = 5
+
+	// Password reset token settings
+	passwordResetTokenTTL = 30 * time.Minute
+
+	// Password reset email cooldown (prevent email bombing)
+	passwordResetEmailCooldown = 30 * time.Second
 )
 
 // SMTPConfig SMTP配置
@@ -254,8 +282,8 @@ func (s *EmailService) VerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, code string) error
 		return ErrVerifyCodeMaxAttempts
 	}
 
-	// 验证码不匹配
-	if data.Code != code {
+	// 验证码不匹配 (constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks)
+	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(data.Code), []byte(code)) != 1 {
 		data.Attempts++
 		if err := s.cache.SetVerificationCode(ctx, email, data, verifyCodeTTL); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("[Email] Failed to update verification attempt count: %v", err)
@@ -357,3 +385,157 @@ func (s *EmailService) TestSMTPConnectionWithConfig(config *SMTPConfig) error {
 
 	return client.Quit()
 }
+
+// GeneratePasswordResetToken generates a secure 32-byte random token (64 hex characters)
+func (s *EmailService) GeneratePasswordResetToken() (string, error) {
+	bytes := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(bytes); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(bytes), nil
+}
+
+// SendPasswordResetEmail sends a password reset email with a reset link
+func (s *EmailService) SendPasswordResetEmail(ctx context.Context, email, siteName, resetURL string) error {
+	var token string
+	var needSaveToken bool
+
+	// Check if token already exists
+	existing, err := s.cache.GetPasswordResetToken(ctx, email)
+	if err == nil && existing != nil {
+		// Token exists, reuse it (allows resending email without generating new token)
+		token = existing.Token
+		needSaveToken = false
+	} else {
+		// Generate new token
+		token, err = s.GeneratePasswordResetToken()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("generate token: %w", err)
+		}
+		needSaveToken = true
+	}
+
+	// Save token to Redis (only if new token generated)
+	if needSaveToken {
+		data := &PasswordResetTokenData{
+			Token:     token,
+			CreatedAt: time.Now(),
+		}
+		if err := s.cache.SetPasswordResetToken(ctx, email, data, passwordResetTokenTTL); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("save reset token: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Build full reset URL with URL-encoded token and email
+	fullResetURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s?email=%s&token=%s", resetURL, url.QueryEscape(email), url.QueryEscape(token))
+
+	// Build email content
+	subject := fmt.Sprintf("[%s] 密码重置请求", siteName)
+	body := s.buildPasswordResetEmailBody(fullResetURL, siteName)
+
+	// Send email
+	if err := s.SendEmail(ctx, email, subject, body); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("send email: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SendPasswordResetEmailWithCooldown sends password reset email with cooldown check (called by queue worker)
+// This method wraps SendPasswordResetEmail with email cooldown to prevent email bombing
+func (s *EmailService) SendPasswordResetEmailWithCooldown(ctx context.Context, email, siteName, resetURL string) error {
+	// Check email cooldown to prevent email bombing
+	if s.cache.IsPasswordResetEmailInCooldown(ctx, email) {
+		log.Printf("[Email] Password reset email skipped (cooldown): %s", email)
+		return nil // Silent success to prevent revealing cooldown to attackers
+	}
+
+	// Send email using core method
+	if err := s.SendPasswordResetEmail(ctx, email, siteName, resetURL); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Set cooldown marker (Redis TTL handles expiration)
+	if err := s.cache.SetPasswordResetEmailCooldown(ctx, email, passwordResetEmailCooldown); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Email] Failed to set password reset cooldown for %s: %v", email, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// VerifyPasswordResetToken verifies the password reset token without consuming it
+func (s *EmailService) VerifyPasswordResetToken(ctx context.Context, email, token string) error {
+	data, err := s.cache.GetPasswordResetToken(ctx, email)
+	if err != nil || data == nil {
+		return ErrInvalidResetToken
+	}
+
+	// Use constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks
+	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(data.Token), []byte(token)) != 1 {
+		return ErrInvalidResetToken
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ConsumePasswordResetToken verifies and deletes the token (one-time use)
+func (s *EmailService) ConsumePasswordResetToken(ctx context.Context, email, token string) error {
+	// Verify first
+	if err := s.VerifyPasswordResetToken(ctx, email, token); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Delete after verification (one-time use)
+	if err := s.cache.DeletePasswordResetToken(ctx, email); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Email] Failed to delete password reset token after consumption: %v", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// buildPasswordResetEmailBody builds the HTML content for password reset email
+func (s *EmailService) buildPasswordResetEmailBody(resetURL, siteName string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <style>
+        body { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, sans-serif; background-color: #f5f5f5; margin: 0; padding: 20px; }
+        .container { max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto; background-color: #ffffff; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); }
+        .header { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%%, #764ba2 100%%); color: white; padding: 30px; text-align: center; }
+        .header h1 { margin: 0; font-size: 24px; }
+        .content { padding: 40px 30px; text-align: center; }
+        .button { display: inline-block; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%%, #764ba2 100%%); color: white; padding: 14px 32px; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 20px 0; }
+        .button:hover { opacity: 0.9; }
+        .info { color: #666; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 20px; }
+        .link-fallback { color: #666; font-size: 12px; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-radius: 4px; }
+        .footer { background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; text-align: center; color: #999; font-size: 12px; }
+        .warning { color: #e74c3c; font-weight: 500; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="container">
+        <div class="header">
+            <h1>%s</h1>
+        </div>
+        <div class="content">
+            <p style="font-size: 18px; color: #333;">密码重置请求</p>
+            <p style="color: #666;">您已请求重置密码。请点击下方按钮设置新密码：</p>
+            <a href="%s" class="button">重置密码</a>
+            <div class="info">
+                <p>此链接将在 <strong>30 分钟</strong>后失效。</p>
+                <p class="warning">如果您没有请求重置密码，请忽略此邮件。您的密码将保持不变。</p>
+            </div>
+            <div class="link-fallback">
+                <p>如果按钮无法点击，请复制以下链接到浏览器中打开：</p>
+                <p>%s</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        <div class="footer">
+            <p>这是一封自动发送的邮件，请勿回复。</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+</body>
+</html>
+`, siteName, resetURL, resetURL)
+}

backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	mathrand "math/rand"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -113,11 +114,24 @@ var allowedHeaders = map[string]bool{
 	"content-type":                              true,
 }
 
-// GatewayCache defines cache operations for gateway service
+// GatewayCache 定义网关服务的缓存操作接口。
+// 提供粘性会话（Sticky Session）的存储、查询、刷新和删除功能。
+//
+// GatewayCache defines cache operations for gateway service.
+// Provides sticky session storage, retrieval, refresh and deletion capabilities.
 type GatewayCache interface {
+	// GetSessionAccountID 获取粘性会话绑定的账号 ID
+	// Get the account ID bound to a sticky session
 	GetSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string) (int64, error)
+	// SetSessionAccountID 设置粘性会话与账号的绑定关系
+	// Set the binding between sticky session and account
 	SetSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string, accountID int64, ttl time.Duration) error
+	// RefreshSessionTTL 刷新粘性会话的过期时间
+	// Refresh the expiration time of a sticky session
 	RefreshSessionTTL(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string, ttl time.Duration) error
+	// DeleteSessionAccountID 删除粘性会话绑定，用于账号不可用时主动清理
+	// Delete sticky session binding, used to proactively clean up when account becomes unavailable
+	DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string) error
 }
 
 // derefGroupID safely dereferences *int64 to int64, returning 0 if nil
@@ -128,6 +142,28 @@ func derefGroupID(groupID *int64) int64 {
 	return *groupID
 }
 
+// shouldClearStickySession 检查账号是否处于不可调度状态，需要清理粘性会话绑定。
+// 当账号状态为错误、禁用、不可调度，或处于临时不可调度期间时，返回 true。
+// 这确保后续请求不会继续使用不可用的账号。
+//
+// shouldClearStickySession checks if an account is in an unschedulable state
+// and the sticky session binding should be cleared.
+// Returns true when account status is error/disabled, schedulable is false,
+// or within temporary unschedulable period.
+// This ensures subsequent requests won't continue using unavailable accounts.
+func shouldClearStickySession(account *Account) bool {
+	if account == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if account.Status == StatusError || account.Status == StatusDisabled || !account.Schedulable {
+		return true
+	}
+	if account.TempUnschedulableUntil != nil && time.Now().Before(*account.TempUnschedulableUntil) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 type AccountWaitPlan struct {
 	AccountID      int64
 	MaxConcurrency int
@@ -284,6 +320,19 @@ func (s *GatewayService) BindStickySession(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64,
 	return s.cache.SetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, accountID, stickySessionTTL)
 }
 
+// GetCachedSessionAccountID retrieves the account ID bound to a sticky session.
+// Returns 0 if no binding exists or on error.
+func (s *GatewayService) GetCachedSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string) (int64, error) {
+	if sessionHash == "" || s.cache == nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return accountID, nil
+}
+
 func (s *GatewayService) extractCacheableContent(parsed *ParsedRequest) string {
 	if parsed == nil {
 		return ""
@@ -426,11 +475,20 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx context.Context
 }
 
 // SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness selects account with load-awareness and wait plan.
-// metadataUserID: 原始 metadata.user_id 字段（用于提取会话 UUID 进行会话数量限制）
+// metadataUserID: 已废弃参数，会话限制现在统一使用 sessionHash
 func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, requestedModel string, excludedIDs map[int64]struct{}, metadataUserID string) (*AccountSelectionResult, error) {
+	// 调试日志：记录调度入口参数
+	excludedIDsList := make([]int64, 0, len(excludedIDs))
+	for id := range excludedIDs {
+		excludedIDsList = append(excludedIDsList, id)
+	}
+	slog.Debug("account_scheduling_starting",
+		"group_id", derefGroupID(groupID),
+		"model", requestedModel,
+		"session", shortSessionHash(sessionHash),
+		"excluded_ids", excludedIDsList)
+
 	cfg := s.schedulingConfig()
-	// 提取会话 UUID（用于会话数量限制）
-	sessionUUID := extractSessionUUID(metadataUserID)
 
 	var stickyAccountID int64
 	if sessionHash != "" && s.cache != nil {
@@ -456,41 +514,63 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 	}
 
 	if s.concurrencyService == nil || !cfg.LoadBatchEnabled {
-		account, err := s.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, groupID, sessionHash, requestedModel, excludedIDs)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+		// 复制排除列表，用于会话限制拒绝时的重试
+		localExcluded := make(map[int64]struct{})
+		for k, v := range excludedIDs {
+			localExcluded[k] = v
 		}
-		result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
-		if err == nil && result.Acquired {
-			return &AccountSelectionResult{
-				Account:     account,
-				Acquired:    true,
-				ReleaseFunc: result.ReleaseFunc,
-			}, nil
-		}
-		if stickyAccountID > 0 && stickyAccountID == account.ID && s.concurrencyService != nil {
-			waitingCount, _ := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountWaitingCount(ctx, account.ID)
-			if waitingCount < cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting {
+
+		for {
+			account, err := s.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, groupID, sessionHash, requestedModel, localExcluded)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+			if err == nil && result.Acquired {
+				// 获取槽位后检查会话限制（使用 sessionHash 作为会话标识符）
+				if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, account, sessionHash) {
+					result.ReleaseFunc()                   // 释放槽位
+					localExcluded[account.ID] = struct{}{} // 排除此账号
+					continue                               // 重新选择
+				}
 				return &AccountSelectionResult{
-					Account: account,
-					WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
-						AccountID:      account.ID,
-						MaxConcurrency: account.Concurrency,
-						Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
-						MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
-					},
+					Account:     account,
+					Acquired:    true,
+					ReleaseFunc: result.ReleaseFunc,
 				}, nil
 			}
+
+			// 对于等待计划的情况，也需要先检查会话限制
+			if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, account, sessionHash) {
+				localExcluded[account.ID] = struct{}{}
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if stickyAccountID > 0 && stickyAccountID == account.ID && s.concurrencyService != nil {
+				waitingCount, _ := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountWaitingCount(ctx, account.ID)
+				if waitingCount < cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting {
+					return &AccountSelectionResult{
+						Account: account,
+						WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
+							AccountID:      account.ID,
+							MaxConcurrency: account.Concurrency,
+							Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
+							MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
+						},
+					}, nil
+				}
+			}
+			return &AccountSelectionResult{
+				Account: account,
+				WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
+					AccountID:      account.ID,
+					MaxConcurrency: account.Concurrency,
+					Timeout:        cfg.FallbackWaitTimeout,
+					MaxWaiting:     cfg.FallbackMaxWaiting,
+				},
+			}, nil
 		}
-		return &AccountSelectionResult{
-			Account: account,
-			WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
-				AccountID:      account.ID,
-				MaxConcurrency: account.Concurrency,
-				Timeout:        cfg.FallbackWaitTimeout,
-				MaxWaiting:     cfg.FallbackMaxWaiting,
-			},
-		}, nil
 	}
 
 	platform, hasForcePlatform, err := s.resolvePlatform(ctx, groupID, group)
@@ -606,7 +686,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 							result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, stickyAccountID, stickyAccount.Concurrency)
 							if err == nil && result.Acquired {
 								// 会话数量限制检查
-								if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, stickyAccount, sessionUUID) {
+								if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, stickyAccount, sessionHash) {
 									result.ReleaseFunc() // 释放槽位
 									// 继续到负载感知选择
 								} else {
@@ -624,18 +704,25 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 
 							waitingCount, _ := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountWaitingCount(ctx, stickyAccountID)
 							if waitingCount < cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting {
-								return &AccountSelectionResult{
-									Account: stickyAccount,
-									WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
-										AccountID:      stickyAccountID,
-										MaxConcurrency: stickyAccount.Concurrency,
-										Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
-										MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
-									},
-								}, nil
+								// 会话数量限制检查（等待计划也需要占用会话配额）
+								if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, stickyAccount, sessionHash) {
+									// 会话限制已满，继续到负载感知选择
+								} else {
+									return &AccountSelectionResult{
+										Account: stickyAccount,
+										WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
+											AccountID:      stickyAccountID,
+											MaxConcurrency: stickyAccount.Concurrency,
+											Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
+											MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
+										},
+									}, nil
+								}
 							}
 							// 粘性账号槽位满且等待队列已满，继续使用负载感知选择
 						}
+					} else {
+						_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -693,7 +780,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 					result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, item.account.ID, item.account.Concurrency)
 					if err == nil && result.Acquired {
 						// 会话数量限制检查
-						if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, item.account, sessionUUID) {
+						if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, item.account, sessionHash) {
 							result.ReleaseFunc() // 释放槽位，继续尝试下一个账号
 							continue
 						}
@@ -711,20 +798,26 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 					}
 				}
 
-				// 5. 所有路由账号槽位满，返回等待计划（选择负载最低的）
-				acc := routingAvailable[0].account
-				if s.debugModelRoutingEnabled() {
-					log.Printf("[ModelRoutingDebug] routed wait: group_id=%v model=%s session=%s account=%d", derefGroupID(groupID), requestedModel, shortSessionHash(sessionHash), acc.ID)
+				// 5. 所有路由账号槽位满，尝试返回等待计划（选择负载最低的）
+				// 遍历找到第一个满足会话限制的账号
+				for _, item := range routingAvailable {
+					if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, item.account, sessionHash) {
+						continue // 会话限制已满，尝试下一个
+					}
+					if s.debugModelRoutingEnabled() {
+						log.Printf("[ModelRoutingDebug] routed wait: group_id=%v model=%s session=%s account=%d", derefGroupID(groupID), requestedModel, shortSessionHash(sessionHash), item.account.ID)
+					}
+					return &AccountSelectionResult{
+						Account: item.account,
+						WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
+							AccountID:      item.account.ID,
+							MaxConcurrency: item.account.Concurrency,
+							Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
+							MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
+						},
+					}, nil
 				}
-				return &AccountSelectionResult{
-					Account: acc,
-					WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
-						AccountID:      acc.ID,
-						MaxConcurrency: acc.Concurrency,
-						Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
-						MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
-					},
-				}, nil
+				// 所有路由账号会话限制都已满，继续到 Layer 2 回退
 			}
 			// 路由列表中的账号都不可用（负载率 >= 100），继续到 Layer 2 回退
 			log.Printf("[ModelRouting] All routed accounts unavailable for model=%s, falling back to normal selection", requestedModel)
@@ -736,37 +829,53 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 && !isExcluded(accountID) {
 			account, ok := accountByID[accountID]
-			if ok && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) &&
-				s.isAccountAllowedForPlatform(account, platform, useMixed) &&
-				account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) &&
-				(requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) &&
-				s.isAccountSchedulableForWindowCost(ctx, account, true) { // 粘性会话窗口费用检查
-				result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, accountID, account.Concurrency)
-				if err == nil && result.Acquired {
-					// 会话数量限制检查
-					if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, account, sessionUUID) {
-						result.ReleaseFunc() // 释放槽位，继续到 Layer 2
-					} else {
-						_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL)
-						return &AccountSelectionResult{
-							Account:     account,
-							Acquired:    true,
-							ReleaseFunc: result.ReleaseFunc,
-						}, nil
-					}
+			if ok {
+				// 检查账户是否需要清理粘性会话绑定
+				// Check if the account needs sticky session cleanup
+				clearSticky := shouldClearStickySession(account)
+				if clearSticky {
+					_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
 				}
+				if !clearSticky && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) &&
+					s.isAccountAllowedForPlatform(account, platform, useMixed) &&
+					account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) &&
+					(requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) &&
+					s.isAccountSchedulableForWindowCost(ctx, account, true) { // 粘性会话窗口费用检查
+					result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, accountID, account.Concurrency)
+					if err == nil && result.Acquired {
+						// 会话数量限制检查
+						// Session count limit check
+						if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, account, sessionHash) {
+							result.ReleaseFunc() // 释放槽位，继续到 Layer 2
+						} else {
+							_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL)
+							return &AccountSelectionResult{
+								Account:     account,
+								Acquired:    true,
+								ReleaseFunc: result.ReleaseFunc,
+							}, nil
+						}
+					}
 
-				waitingCount, _ := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountWaitingCount(ctx, accountID)
-				if waitingCount < cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting {
-					return &AccountSelectionResult{
-						Account: account,
-						WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
-							AccountID:      accountID,
-							MaxConcurrency: account.Concurrency,
-							Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
-							MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
-						},
-					}, nil
+					waitingCount, _ := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountWaitingCount(ctx, accountID)
+					if waitingCount < cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting {
+						// 会话数量限制检查（等待计划也需要占用会话配额）
+						// Session count limit check (wait plan also requires session quota)
+						if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, account, sessionHash) {
+							// 会话限制已满，继续到 Layer 2
+							// Session limit full, continue to Layer 2
+						} else {
+							return &AccountSelectionResult{
+								Account: account,
+								WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
+									AccountID:      accountID,
+									MaxConcurrency: account.Concurrency,
+									Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
+									MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
+								},
+							}, nil
+						}
+					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -815,7 +924,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 
 	loadMap, err := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountsLoadBatch(ctx, accountLoads)
 	if err != nil {
-		if result, ok := s.tryAcquireByLegacyOrder(ctx, candidates, groupID, sessionHash, preferOAuth, sessionUUID); ok {
+		if result, ok := s.tryAcquireByLegacyOrder(ctx, candidates, groupID, sessionHash, preferOAuth); ok {
 			return result, nil
 		}
 	} else {
@@ -865,7 +974,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 				result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, item.account.ID, item.account.Concurrency)
 				if err == nil && result.Acquired {
 					// 会话数量限制检查
-					if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, item.account, sessionUUID) {
+					if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, item.account, sessionHash) {
 						result.ReleaseFunc() // 释放槽位，继续尝试下一个账号
 						continue
 					}
@@ -885,6 +994,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 	// ============ Layer 3: 兜底排队 ============
 	s.sortCandidatesForFallback(candidates, preferOAuth, cfg.FallbackSelectionMode)
 	for _, acc := range candidates {
+		// 会话数量限制检查（等待计划也需要占用会话配额）
+		if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, acc, sessionHash) {
+			continue // 会话限制已满，尝试下一个账号
+		}
 		return &AccountSelectionResult{
 			Account: acc,
 			WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
@@ -898,7 +1011,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, gro
 	return nil, errors.New("no available accounts")
 }
 
-func (s *GatewayService) tryAcquireByLegacyOrder(ctx context.Context, candidates []*Account, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, preferOAuth bool, sessionUUID string) (*AccountSelectionResult, bool) {
+func (s *GatewayService) tryAcquireByLegacyOrder(ctx context.Context, candidates []*Account, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, preferOAuth bool) (*AccountSelectionResult, bool) {
 	ordered := append([]*Account(nil), candidates...)
 	sortAccountsByPriorityAndLastUsed(ordered, preferOAuth)
 
@@ -906,7 +1019,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) tryAcquireByLegacyOrder(ctx context.Context, candidates
 		result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, acc.ID, acc.Concurrency)
 		if err == nil && result.Acquired {
 			// 会话数量限制检查
-			if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, acc, sessionUUID) {
+			if !s.checkAndRegisterSession(ctx, acc, sessionHash) {
 				result.ReleaseFunc() // 释放槽位，继续尝试下一个账号
 				continue
 			}
@@ -1067,7 +1180,24 @@ func (s *GatewayService) resolvePlatform(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, gr
 
 func (s *GatewayService) listSchedulableAccounts(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, platform string, hasForcePlatform bool) ([]Account, bool, error) {
 	if s.schedulerSnapshot != nil {
-		return s.schedulerSnapshot.ListSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID, platform, hasForcePlatform)
+		accounts, useMixed, err := s.schedulerSnapshot.ListSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID, platform, hasForcePlatform)
+		if err == nil {
+			slog.Debug("account_scheduling_list_snapshot",
+				"group_id", derefGroupID(groupID),
+				"platform", platform,
+				"use_mixed", useMixed,
+				"count", len(accounts))
+			for _, acc := range accounts {
+				slog.Debug("account_scheduling_account_detail",
+					"account_id", acc.ID,
+					"name", acc.Name,
+					"platform", acc.Platform,
+					"type", acc.Type,
+					"status", acc.Status,
+					"tls_fingerprint", acc.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
+			}
+		}
+		return accounts, useMixed, err
 	}
 	useMixed := (platform == PlatformAnthropic || platform == PlatformGemini) && !hasForcePlatform
 	if useMixed {
@@ -1080,6 +1210,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) listSchedulableAccounts(ctx context.Context, groupID *i
 			accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx, platforms)
 		}
 		if err != nil {
+			slog.Debug("account_scheduling_list_failed",
+				"group_id", derefGroupID(groupID),
+				"platform", platform,
+				"error", err)
 			return nil, useMixed, err
 		}
 		filtered := make([]Account, 0, len(accounts))
@@ -1089,6 +1223,20 @@ func (s *GatewayService) listSchedulableAccounts(ctx context.Context, groupID *i
 			}
 			filtered = append(filtered, acc)
 		}
+		slog.Debug("account_scheduling_list_mixed",
+			"group_id", derefGroupID(groupID),
+			"platform", platform,
+			"raw_count", len(accounts),
+			"filtered_count", len(filtered))
+		for _, acc := range filtered {
+			slog.Debug("account_scheduling_account_detail",
+				"account_id", acc.ID,
+				"name", acc.Name,
+				"platform", acc.Platform,
+				"type", acc.Type,
+				"status", acc.Status,
+				"tls_fingerprint", acc.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
+		}
 		return filtered, useMixed, nil
 	}
 
@@ -1103,8 +1251,25 @@ func (s *GatewayService) listSchedulableAccounts(ctx context.Context, groupID *i
 		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, platform)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("account_scheduling_list_failed",
+			"group_id", derefGroupID(groupID),
+			"platform", platform,
+			"error", err)
 		return nil, useMixed, err
 	}
+	slog.Debug("account_scheduling_list_single",
+		"group_id", derefGroupID(groupID),
+		"platform", platform,
+		"count", len(accounts))
+	for _, acc := range accounts {
+		slog.Debug("account_scheduling_account_detail",
+			"account_id", acc.ID,
+			"name", acc.Name,
+			"platform", acc.Platform,
+			"type", acc.Type,
+			"status", acc.Status,
+			"tls_fingerprint", acc.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
+	}
 	return accounts, useMixed, nil
 }
 
@@ -1170,12 +1335,8 @@ func (s *GatewayService) isAccountSchedulableForWindowCost(ctx context.Context,
 
 	// 缓存未命中，从数据库查询
 	{
-		var startTime time.Time
-		if account.SessionWindowStart != nil {
-			startTime = *account.SessionWindowStart
-		} else {
-			startTime = time.Now().Add(-5 * time.Hour)
-		}
+		// 使用统一的窗口开始时间计算逻辑（考虑窗口过期情况）
+		startTime := account.GetCurrentWindowStartTime()
 
 		stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetAccountWindowStats(ctx, account.ID, startTime)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1208,15 +1369,16 @@ checkSchedulability:
 
 // checkAndRegisterSession 检查并注册会话，用于会话数量限制
 // 仅适用于 Anthropic OAuth/SetupToken 账号
+// sessionID: 会话标识符（使用粘性会话的 hash）
 // 返回 true 表示允许（在限制内或会话已存在），false 表示拒绝（超出限制且是新会话）
-func (s *GatewayService) checkAndRegisterSession(ctx context.Context, account *Account, sessionUUID string) bool {
+func (s *GatewayService) checkAndRegisterSession(ctx context.Context, account *Account, sessionID string) bool {
 	// 只检查 Anthropic OAuth/SetupToken 账号
 	if !account.IsAnthropicOAuthOrSetupToken() {
 		return true
 	}
 
 	maxSessions := account.GetMaxSessions()
-	if maxSessions <= 0 || sessionUUID == "" {
+	if maxSessions <= 0 || sessionID == "" {
 		return true // 未启用会话限制或无会话ID
 	}
 
@@ -1226,7 +1388,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) checkAndRegisterSession(ctx context.Context, account *A
 
 	idleTimeout := time.Duration(account.GetSessionIdleTimeoutMinutes()) * time.Minute
 
-	allowed, err := s.sessionLimitCache.RegisterSession(ctx, account.ID, sessionUUID, maxSessions, idleTimeout)
+	allowed, err := s.sessionLimitCache.RegisterSession(ctx, account.ID, sessionID, maxSessions, idleTimeout)
 	if err != nil {
 		// 失败开放：缓存错误时允许通过
 		return true
@@ -1234,18 +1396,6 @@ func (s *GatewayService) checkAndRegisterSession(ctx context.Context, account *A
 	return allowed
 }
 
-// extractSessionUUID 从 metadata.user_id 中提取会话 UUID
-// 格式: user_{64位hex}_account__session_{uuid}
-func extractSessionUUID(metadataUserID string) string {
-	if metadataUserID == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-	if match := sessionIDRegex.FindStringSubmatch(metadataUserID); len(match) > 1 {
-		return match[1]
-	}
-	return ""
-}
-
 func (s *GatewayService) getSchedulableAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*Account, error) {
 	if s.schedulerSnapshot != nil {
 		return s.schedulerSnapshot.GetAccount(ctx, accountID)
@@ -1348,14 +1498,20 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountForModelWithPlatform(ctx context.Context,
 				if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
 					account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 					// 检查账号分组归属和平台匹配（确保粘性会话不会跨分组或跨平台）
-					if err == nil && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.Platform == platform && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
-						if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
-							log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+					if err == nil {
+						clearSticky := shouldClearStickySession(account)
+						if clearSticky {
+							_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
 						}
-						if s.debugModelRoutingEnabled() {
-							log.Printf("[ModelRoutingDebug] legacy routed sticky hit: group_id=%v model=%s session=%s account=%d", derefGroupID(groupID), requestedModel, shortSessionHash(sessionHash), accountID)
+						if !clearSticky && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.Platform == platform && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
+							if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
+								log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+							}
+							if s.debugModelRoutingEnabled() {
+								log.Printf("[ModelRoutingDebug] legacy routed sticky hit: group_id=%v model=%s session=%s account=%d", derefGroupID(groupID), requestedModel, shortSessionHash(sessionHash), accountID)
+							}
+							return account, nil
 						}
-						return account, nil
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -1445,11 +1601,17 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountForModelWithPlatform(ctx context.Context,
 			if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
 				account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 				// 检查账号分组归属和平台匹配（确保粘性会话不会跨分组或跨平台）
-				if err == nil && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.Platform == platform && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
-					if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
-						log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+				if err == nil {
+					clearSticky := shouldClearStickySession(account)
+					if clearSticky {
+						_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
+					}
+					if !clearSticky && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.Platform == platform && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
+						if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
+							log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+						}
+						return account, nil
 					}
-					return account, nil
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -1549,15 +1711,21 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountWithMixedScheduling(ctx context.Context, g
 				if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
 					account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 					// 检查账号分组归属和有效性：原生平台直接匹配，antigravity 需要启用混合调度
-					if err == nil && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
-						if account.Platform == nativePlatform || (account.Platform == PlatformAntigravity && account.IsMixedSchedulingEnabled()) {
-							if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
-								log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+					if err == nil {
+						clearSticky := shouldClearStickySession(account)
+						if clearSticky {
+							_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
+						}
+						if !clearSticky && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
+							if account.Platform == nativePlatform || (account.Platform == PlatformAntigravity && account.IsMixedSchedulingEnabled()) {
+								if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
+									log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+								}
+								if s.debugModelRoutingEnabled() {
+									log.Printf("[ModelRoutingDebug] legacy mixed routed sticky hit: group_id=%v model=%s session=%s account=%d", derefGroupID(groupID), requestedModel, shortSessionHash(sessionHash), accountID)
+								}
+								return account, nil
 							}
-							if s.debugModelRoutingEnabled() {
-								log.Printf("[ModelRoutingDebug] legacy mixed routed sticky hit: group_id=%v model=%s session=%s account=%d", derefGroupID(groupID), requestedModel, shortSessionHash(sessionHash), accountID)
-							}
-							return account, nil
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -1648,12 +1816,18 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountWithMixedScheduling(ctx context.Context, g
 			if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
 				account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 				// 检查账号分组归属和有效性：原生平台直接匹配，antigravity 需要启用混合调度
-				if err == nil && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
-					if account.Platform == nativePlatform || (account.Platform == PlatformAntigravity && account.IsMixedSchedulingEnabled()) {
-						if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
-							log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+				if err == nil {
+					clearSticky := shouldClearStickySession(account)
+					if clearSticky {
+						_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
+					}
+					if !clearSticky && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
+						if account.Platform == nativePlatform || (account.Platform == PlatformAntigravity && account.IsMixedSchedulingEnabled()) {
+							if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
+								log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+							}
+							return account, nil
 						}
-						return account, nil
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -1741,6 +1915,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) isModelSupportedByAccount(account *Account, requestedMo
 	if account.Platform == PlatformAnthropic {
 		requestedModel = normalizeClaudeModelForAnthropic(requestedModel)
 	}
+	// Gemini API Key 账户直接透传，由上游判断模型是否支持
+	if account.Platform == PlatformGemini && account.Type == AccountTypeAPIKey {
+		return true
+	}
 	// 其他平台使用账户的模型支持检查
 	return account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)
 }
@@ -2173,6 +2351,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}
 
+	// 调试日志：记录即将转发的账号信息
+	log.Printf("[Forward] Using account: ID=%d Name=%s Platform=%s Type=%s TLSFingerprint=%v Proxy=%s",
+		account.ID, account.Name, account.Platform, account.Type, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled(), proxyURL)
+
 	// 重试循环
 	var resp *http.Response
 	retryStart := time.Now()
@@ -2187,7 +2369,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 		}
 
 		// 发送请求
-		resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+		resp, err = s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
 		if err != nil {
 			if resp != nil && resp.Body != nil {
 				_ = resp.Body.Close()
@@ -2261,7 +2443,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 					filteredBody := FilterThinkingBlocksForRetry(body)
 					retryReq, buildErr := s.buildUpstreamRequest(ctx, c, account, filteredBody, token, tokenType, reqModel)
 					if buildErr == nil {
-						retryResp, retryErr := s.httpUpstream.Do(retryReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+						retryResp, retryErr := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(retryReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
 						if retryErr == nil {
 							if retryResp.StatusCode < 400 {
 								log.Printf("Account %d: signature error retry succeeded (thinking downgraded)", account.ID)
@@ -2293,7 +2475,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 									filteredBody2 := FilterSignatureSensitiveBlocksForRetry(body)
 									retryReq2, buildErr2 := s.buildUpstreamRequest(ctx, c, account, filteredBody2, token, tokenType, reqModel)
 									if buildErr2 == nil {
-										retryResp2, retryErr2 := s.httpUpstream.Do(retryReq2, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+										retryResp2, retryErr2 := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(retryReq2, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
 										if retryErr2 == nil {
 											resp = retryResp2
 											break
@@ -2408,6 +2590,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 			_ = resp.Body.Close()
 			resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
 
+			// 调试日志：打印重试耗尽后的错误响应
+			log.Printf("[Forward] Upstream error (retry exhausted, failover): Account=%d(%s) Status=%d RequestID=%s Body=%s",
+				account.ID, account.Name, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"), truncateString(string(respBody), 1000))
+
 			s.handleRetryExhaustedSideEffects(ctx, resp, account)
 			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
 				Platform:           account.Platform,
@@ -2435,6 +2621,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 		_ = resp.Body.Close()
 		resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
 
+		// 调试日志：打印上游错误响应
+		log.Printf("[Forward] Upstream error (failover): Account=%d(%s) Status=%d RequestID=%s Body=%s",
+			account.ID, account.Name, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"), truncateString(string(respBody), 1000))
+
 		s.handleFailoverSideEffects(ctx, resp, account)
 		appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
 			Platform:           account.Platform,
@@ -2564,9 +2754,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 			fingerprint = fp
 
 			// 2. 重写metadata.user_id（需要指纹中的ClientID和账号的account_uuid）
+			// 如果启用了会话ID伪装，会在重写后替换 session 部分为固定值
 			accountUUID := account.GetExtraString("account_uuid")
 			if accountUUID != "" && fp.ClientID != "" {
-				if newBody, err := s.identityService.RewriteUserID(body, account.ID, accountUUID, fp.ClientID); err == nil && len(newBody) > 0 {
+				if newBody, err := s.identityService.RewriteUserIDWithMasking(ctx, body, account, accountUUID, fp.ClientID); err == nil && len(newBody) > 0 {
 					body = newBody
 				}
 			}
@@ -2785,6 +2976,10 @@ func extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body []byte) string {
 func (s *GatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, account *Account) (*ForwardResult, error) {
 	body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
 
+	// 调试日志：打印上游错误响应
+	log.Printf("[Forward] Upstream error (non-retryable): Account=%d(%s) Status=%d RequestID=%s Body=%s",
+		account.ID, account.Name, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"), truncateString(string(body), 1000))
+
 	upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body))
 	upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
 
@@ -3215,17 +3410,19 @@ func (s *GatewayService) parseSSEUsage(data string, usage *ClaudeUsage) {
 		} `json:"usage"`
 	}
 	if json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &msgDelta) == nil && msgDelta.Type == "message_delta" {
-		// output_tokens 总是从 message_delta 获取
-		usage.OutputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.OutputTokens
-
-		// 如果 message_start 中没有值，则从 message_delta 获取（兼容GLM等API）
-		if usage.InputTokens == 0 {
+		// message_delta 仅覆盖存在且非0的字段
+		// 避免覆盖 message_start 中已有的值（如 input_tokens）
+		// Claude API 的 message_delta 通常只包含 output_tokens
+		if msgDelta.Usage.InputTokens > 0 {
 			usage.InputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.InputTokens
 		}
-		if usage.CacheCreationInputTokens == 0 {
+		if msgDelta.Usage.OutputTokens > 0 {
+			usage.OutputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.OutputTokens
+		}
+		if msgDelta.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens > 0 {
 			usage.CacheCreationInputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens
 		}
-		if usage.CacheReadInputTokens == 0 {
+		if msgDelta.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens > 0 {
 			usage.CacheReadInputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
 		}
 	}
@@ -3505,7 +3702,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) ForwardCountTokens(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 	}
 
 	// 发送请求
-	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
 	if err != nil {
 		setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error()), "")
 		s.countTokensError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Request failed")
@@ -3527,7 +3724,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) ForwardCountTokens(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 		filteredBody := FilterThinkingBlocksForRetry(body)
 		retryReq, buildErr := s.buildCountTokensRequest(ctx, c, account, filteredBody, token, tokenType, reqModel)
 		if buildErr == nil {
-			retryResp, retryErr := s.httpUpstream.Do(retryReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+			retryResp, retryErr := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(retryReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
 			if retryErr == nil {
 				resp = retryResp
 				respBody, err = io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
@@ -3605,12 +3802,13 @@ func (s *GatewayService) buildCountTokensRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Con
 	}
 
 	// OAuth 账号：应用统一指纹和重写 userID
+	// 如果启用了会话ID伪装，会在重写后替换 session 部分为固定值
 	if account.IsOAuth() && s.identityService != nil {
 		fp, err := s.identityService.GetOrCreateFingerprint(ctx, account.ID, c.Request.Header)
 		if err == nil {
 			accountUUID := account.GetExtraString("account_uuid")
 			if accountUUID != "" && fp.ClientID != "" {
-				if newBody, err := s.identityService.RewriteUserID(body, account.ID, accountUUID, fp.ClientID); err == nil && len(newBody) > 0 {
+				if newBody, err := s.identityService.RewriteUserIDWithMasking(ctx, body, account, accountUUID, fp.ClientID); err == nil && len(newBody) > 0 {
 					body = newBody
 				}
 			}

backend/internal/service/gemini_messages_compat_service.go

@@ -82,70 +82,23 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForModel(ctx context.Context,
 }
 
 func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, requestedModel string, excludedIDs map[int64]struct{}) (*Account, error) {
-	// 优先检查 context 中的强制平台（/antigravity 路由）
-	var platform string
-	forcePlatform, hasForcePlatform := ctx.Value(ctxkey.ForcePlatform).(string)
-	if hasForcePlatform && forcePlatform != "" {
-		platform = forcePlatform
-	} else if groupID != nil {
-		// 根据分组 platform 决定查询哪种账号
-		var group *Group
-		if ctxGroup, ok := ctx.Value(ctxkey.Group).(*Group); ok && IsGroupContextValid(ctxGroup) && ctxGroup.ID == *groupID {
-			group = ctxGroup
-		} else {
-			var err error
-			group, err = s.groupRepo.GetByIDLite(ctx, *groupID)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("get group failed: %w", err)
-			}
-		}
-		platform = group.Platform
-	} else {
-		// 无分组时只使用原生 gemini 平台
-		platform = PlatformGemini
+	// 1. 确定目标平台和调度模式
+	// Determine target platform and scheduling mode
+	platform, useMixedScheduling, hasForcePlatform, err := s.resolvePlatformAndSchedulingMode(ctx, groupID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// gemini 分组支持混合调度（包含启用了 mixed_scheduling 的 antigravity 账户）
-	// 注意：强制平台模式不走混合调度
-	useMixedScheduling := platform == PlatformGemini && !hasForcePlatform
-
 	cacheKey := "gemini:" + sessionHash
 
-	if sessionHash != "" {
-		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey)
-		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
-			if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
-				account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
-				// 检查账号是否有效：原生平台直接匹配，antigravity 需要启用混合调度
-				if err == nil && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
-					valid := false
-					if account.Platform == platform {
-						valid = true
-					} else if useMixedScheduling && account.Platform == PlatformAntigravity && account.IsMixedSchedulingEnabled() {
-						valid = true
-					}
-					if valid {
-						usable := true
-						if s.rateLimitService != nil && requestedModel != "" {
-							ok, err := s.rateLimitService.PreCheckUsage(ctx, account, requestedModel)
-							if err != nil {
-								log.Printf("[Gemini PreCheck] Account %d precheck error: %v", account.ID, err)
-							}
-							if !ok {
-								usable = false
-							}
-						}
-						if usable {
-							_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey, geminiStickySessionTTL)
-							return account, nil
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
+	// 2. 尝试粘性会话命中
+	// Try sticky session hit
+	if account := s.tryStickySessionHit(ctx, groupID, sessionHash, cacheKey, requestedModel, excludedIDs, platform, useMixedScheduling); account != nil {
+		return account, nil
 	}
 
-	// 查询可调度账户（强制平台模式：优先按分组查找，找不到再查全部）
+	// 3. 查询可调度账户（强制平台模式：优先按分组查找，找不到再查全部）
+	// Query schedulable accounts (force platform mode: try group first, fallback to all)
 	accounts, err := s.listSchedulableAccountsOnce(ctx, groupID, platform, hasForcePlatform)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
@@ -158,56 +111,9 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx co
 		}
 	}
 
-	var selected *Account
-	for i := range accounts {
-		acc := &accounts[i]
-		if _, excluded := excludedIDs[acc.ID]; excluded {
-			continue
-		}
-		// 混合调度模式下：原生平台直接通过，antigravity 需要启用 mixed_scheduling
-		// 非混合调度模式（antigravity 分组）：不需要过滤
-		if useMixedScheduling && acc.Platform == PlatformAntigravity && !acc.IsMixedSchedulingEnabled() {
-			continue
-		}
-		if !acc.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) {
-			continue
-		}
-		if requestedModel != "" && !s.isModelSupportedByAccount(acc, requestedModel) {
-			continue
-		}
-		if s.rateLimitService != nil && requestedModel != "" {
-			ok, err := s.rateLimitService.PreCheckUsage(ctx, acc, requestedModel)
-			if err != nil {
-				log.Printf("[Gemini PreCheck] Account %d precheck error: %v", acc.ID, err)
-			}
-			if !ok {
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-		if selected == nil {
-			selected = acc
-			continue
-		}
-		if acc.Priority < selected.Priority {
-			selected = acc
-		} else if acc.Priority == selected.Priority {
-			switch {
-			case acc.LastUsedAt == nil && selected.LastUsedAt != nil:
-				selected = acc
-			case acc.LastUsedAt != nil && selected.LastUsedAt == nil:
-				// keep selected (never used is preferred)
-			case acc.LastUsedAt == nil && selected.LastUsedAt == nil:
-				// Prefer OAuth accounts when both are unused (more compatible for Code Assist flows).
-				if acc.Type == AccountTypeOAuth && selected.Type != AccountTypeOAuth {
-					selected = acc
-				}
-			default:
-				if acc.LastUsedAt.Before(*selected.LastUsedAt) {
-					selected = acc
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	// 4. 按优先级 + LRU 选择最佳账号
+	// Select best account by priority + LRU
+	selected := s.selectBestGeminiAccount(ctx, accounts, requestedModel, excludedIDs, platform, useMixedScheduling)
 
 	if selected == nil {
 		if requestedModel != "" {
@@ -216,6 +122,8 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx co
 		return nil, errors.New("no available Gemini accounts")
 	}
 
+	// 5. 设置粘性会话绑定
+	// Set sticky session binding
 	if sessionHash != "" {
 		_ = s.cache.SetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey, selected.ID, geminiStickySessionTTL)
 	}
@@ -223,6 +131,229 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx co
 	return selected, nil
 }
 
+// resolvePlatformAndSchedulingMode 解析目标平台和调度模式。
+// 返回：平台名称、是否使用混合调度、是否强制平台、错误。
+//
+// resolvePlatformAndSchedulingMode resolves target platform and scheduling mode.
+// Returns: platform name, whether to use mixed scheduling, whether force platform, error.
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) resolvePlatformAndSchedulingMode(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64) (platform string, useMixedScheduling bool, hasForcePlatform bool, err error) {
+	// 优先检查 context 中的强制平台（/antigravity 路由）
+	forcePlatform, hasForcePlatform := ctx.Value(ctxkey.ForcePlatform).(string)
+	if hasForcePlatform && forcePlatform != "" {
+		return forcePlatform, false, true, nil
+	}
+
+	if groupID != nil {
+		// 根据分组 platform 决定查询哪种账号
+		var group *Group
+		if ctxGroup, ok := ctx.Value(ctxkey.Group).(*Group); ok && IsGroupContextValid(ctxGroup) && ctxGroup.ID == *groupID {
+			group = ctxGroup
+		} else {
+			group, err = s.groupRepo.GetByIDLite(ctx, *groupID)
+			if err != nil {
+				return "", false, false, fmt.Errorf("get group failed: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+		// gemini 分组支持混合调度（包含启用了 mixed_scheduling 的 antigravity 账户）
+		return group.Platform, group.Platform == PlatformGemini, false, nil
+	}
+
+	// 无分组时只使用原生 gemini 平台
+	return PlatformGemini, true, false, nil
+}
+
+// tryStickySessionHit 尝试从粘性会话获取账号。
+// 如果命中且账号可用则返回账号；如果账号不可用则清理会话并返回 nil。
+//
+// tryStickySessionHit attempts to get account from sticky session.
+// Returns account if hit and usable; clears session and returns nil if account unavailable.
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) tryStickySessionHit(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	groupID *int64,
+	sessionHash, cacheKey, requestedModel string,
+	excludedIDs map[int64]struct{},
+	platform string,
+	useMixedScheduling bool,
+) *Account {
+	if sessionHash == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey)
+	if err != nil || accountID <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; excluded {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// 检查账号是否需要清理粘性会话
+	// Check if sticky session should be cleared
+	if shouldClearStickySession(account) {
+		_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// 验证账号是否可用于当前请求
+	// Verify account is usable for current request
+	if !s.isAccountUsableForRequest(ctx, account, requestedModel, platform, useMixedScheduling) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// 刷新会话 TTL 并返回账号
+	// Refresh session TTL and return account
+	_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey, geminiStickySessionTTL)
+	return account
+}
+
+// isAccountUsableForRequest 检查账号是否可用于当前请求。
+// 验证：模型调度、模型支持、平台匹配、速率限制预检。
+//
+// isAccountUsableForRequest checks if account is usable for current request.
+// Validates: model scheduling, model support, platform matching, rate limit precheck.
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) isAccountUsableForRequest(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	account *Account,
+	requestedModel, platform string,
+	useMixedScheduling bool,
+) bool {
+	// 检查模型调度能力
+	// Check model scheduling capability
+	if !account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 检查模型支持
+	// Check model support
+	if requestedModel != "" && !s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 检查平台匹配
+	// Check platform matching
+	if !s.isAccountValidForPlatform(account, platform, useMixedScheduling) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 速率限制预检
+	// Rate limit precheck
+	if !s.passesRateLimitPreCheck(ctx, account, requestedModel) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// isAccountValidForPlatform 检查账号是否匹配目标平台。
+// 原生平台直接匹配；混合调度模式下 antigravity 需要启用 mixed_scheduling。
+//
+// isAccountValidForPlatform checks if account matches target platform.
+// Native platform matches directly; mixed scheduling mode requires antigravity to enable mixed_scheduling.
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) isAccountValidForPlatform(account *Account, platform string, useMixedScheduling bool) bool {
+	if account.Platform == platform {
+		return true
+	}
+	if useMixedScheduling && account.Platform == PlatformAntigravity && account.IsMixedSchedulingEnabled() {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// passesRateLimitPreCheck 执行速率限制预检。
+// 返回 true 表示通过预检或无需预检。
+//
+// passesRateLimitPreCheck performs rate limit precheck.
+// Returns true if passed or precheck not required.
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) passesRateLimitPreCheck(ctx context.Context, account *Account, requestedModel string) bool {
+	if s.rateLimitService == nil || requestedModel == "" {
+		return true
+	}
+	ok, err := s.rateLimitService.PreCheckUsage(ctx, account, requestedModel)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Gemini PreCheck] Account %d precheck error: %v", account.ID, err)
+	}
+	return ok
+}
+
+// selectBestGeminiAccount 从候选账号中选择最佳账号（优先级 + LRU + OAuth 优先）。
+// 返回 nil 表示无可用账号。
+//
+// selectBestGeminiAccount selects best account from candidates (priority + LRU + OAuth preferred).
+// Returns nil if no available account.
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) selectBestGeminiAccount(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	accounts []Account,
+	requestedModel string,
+	excludedIDs map[int64]struct{},
+	platform string,
+	useMixedScheduling bool,
+) *Account {
+	var selected *Account
+
+	for i := range accounts {
+		acc := &accounts[i]
+
+		// 跳过被排除的账号
+		if _, excluded := excludedIDs[acc.ID]; excluded {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// 检查账号是否可用于当前请求
+		if !s.isAccountUsableForRequest(ctx, acc, requestedModel, platform, useMixedScheduling) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// 选择最佳账号
+		if selected == nil {
+			selected = acc
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if s.isBetterGeminiAccount(acc, selected) {
+			selected = acc
+		}
+	}
+
+	return selected
+}
+
+// isBetterGeminiAccount 判断 candidate 是否比 current 更优。
+// 规则：优先级更高（数值更小）优先；同优先级时，未使用过的优先（OAuth > 非 OAuth），其次是最久未使用的。
+//
+// isBetterGeminiAccount checks if candidate is better than current.
+// Rules: higher priority (lower value) wins; same priority: never used (OAuth > non-OAuth) > least recently used.
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) isBetterGeminiAccount(candidate, current *Account) bool {
+	// 优先级更高（数值更小）
+	if candidate.Priority < current.Priority {
+		return true
+	}
+	if candidate.Priority > current.Priority {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 同优先级，比较最后使用时间
+	switch {
+	case candidate.LastUsedAt == nil && current.LastUsedAt != nil:
+		// candidate 从未使用，优先
+		return true
+	case candidate.LastUsedAt != nil && current.LastUsedAt == nil:
+		// current 从未使用，保持
+		return false
+	case candidate.LastUsedAt == nil && current.LastUsedAt == nil:
+		// 都未使用，优先选择 OAuth 账号（更兼容 Code Assist 流程）
+		return candidate.Type == AccountTypeOAuth && current.Type != AccountTypeOAuth
+	default:
+		// 都使用过，选择最久未使用的
+		return candidate.LastUsedAt.Before(*current.LastUsedAt)
+	}
+}
+
 // isModelSupportedByAccount 根据账户平台检查模型支持
 func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) isModelSupportedByAccount(account *Account, requestedModel string) bool {
 	if account.Platform == PlatformAntigravity {
@@ -1864,6 +1995,7 @@ func collectGeminiSSE(body io.Reader, isOAuth bool) (map[string]any, *ClaudeUsag
 
 	var last map[string]any
 	var lastWithParts map[string]any
+	var collectedTextParts []string // Collect all text parts for aggregation
 	usage := &ClaudeUsage{}
 
 	for {
@@ -1875,7 +2007,7 @@ func collectGeminiSSE(body io.Reader, isOAuth bool) (map[string]any, *ClaudeUsag
 				switch payload {
 				case "", "[DONE]":
 					if payload == "[DONE]" {
-						return pickGeminiCollectResult(last, lastWithParts), usage, nil
+						return mergeCollectedTextParts(pickGeminiCollectResult(last, lastWithParts), collectedTextParts), usage, nil
 					}
 				default:
 					var parsed map[string]any
@@ -1894,6 +2026,12 @@ func collectGeminiSSE(body io.Reader, isOAuth bool) (map[string]any, *ClaudeUsag
 						}
 						if parts := extractGeminiParts(parsed); len(parts) > 0 {
 							lastWithParts = parsed
+							// Collect text from each part for aggregation
+							for _, part := range parts {
+								if text, ok := part["text"].(string); ok && text != "" {
+									collectedTextParts = append(collectedTextParts, text)
+								}
+							}
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -1908,7 +2046,7 @@ func collectGeminiSSE(body io.Reader, isOAuth bool) (map[string]any, *ClaudeUsag
 		}
 	}
 
-	return pickGeminiCollectResult(last, lastWithParts), usage, nil
+	return mergeCollectedTextParts(pickGeminiCollectResult(last, lastWithParts), collectedTextParts), usage, nil
 }
 
 func pickGeminiCollectResult(last map[string]any, lastWithParts map[string]any) map[string]any {
@@ -1921,6 +2059,83 @@ func pickGeminiCollectResult(last map[string]any, lastWithParts map[string]any)
 	return map[string]any{}
 }
 
+// mergeCollectedTextParts merges all collected text chunks into the final response.
+// This fixes the issue where non-streaming responses only returned the last chunk
+// instead of the complete aggregated text.
+func mergeCollectedTextParts(response map[string]any, textParts []string) map[string]any {
+	if len(textParts) == 0 {
+		return response
+	}
+
+	// Join all text parts
+	mergedText := strings.Join(textParts, "")
+
+	// Deep copy response
+	result := make(map[string]any)
+	for k, v := range response {
+		result[k] = v
+	}
+
+	// Get or create candidates
+	candidates, ok := result["candidates"].([]any)
+	if !ok || len(candidates) == 0 {
+		candidates = []any{map[string]any{}}
+	}
+
+	// Get first candidate
+	candidate, ok := candidates[0].(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		candidate = make(map[string]any)
+		candidates[0] = candidate
+	}
+
+	// Get or create content
+	content, ok := candidate["content"].(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		content = map[string]any{"role": "model"}
+		candidate["content"] = content
+	}
+
+	// Get existing parts
+	existingParts, ok := content["parts"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		existingParts = []any{}
+	}
+
+	// Find and update first text part, or create new one
+	newParts := make([]any, 0, len(existingParts)+1)
+	textUpdated := false
+
+	for _, p := range existingParts {
+		pm, ok := p.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			newParts = append(newParts, p)
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, hasText := pm["text"]; hasText && !textUpdated {
+			// Replace with merged text
+			newPart := make(map[string]any)
+			for k, v := range pm {
+				newPart[k] = v
+			}
+			newPart["text"] = mergedText
+			newParts = append(newParts, newPart)
+			textUpdated = true
+		} else {
+			newParts = append(newParts, pm)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !textUpdated {
+		newParts = append([]any{map[string]any{"text": mergedText}}, newParts...)
+	}
+
+	content["parts"] = newParts
+	result["candidates"] = candidates
+
+	return result
+}
+
 type geminiNativeStreamResult struct {
 	usage        *ClaudeUsage
 	firstTokenMs *int
@@ -2312,9 +2527,13 @@ func extractGeminiUsage(geminiResp map[string]any) *ClaudeUsage {
 	}
 	prompt, _ := asInt(usageMeta["promptTokenCount"])
 	cand, _ := asInt(usageMeta["candidatesTokenCount"])
+	cached, _ := asInt(usageMeta["cachedContentTokenCount"])
+	// 注意：Gemini 的 promptTokenCount 包含 cachedContentTokenCount，
+	// 但 Claude 的 input_tokens 不包含 cache_read_input_tokens，需要减去
 	return &ClaudeUsage{
-		InputTokens:  prompt,
-		OutputTokens: cand,
+		InputTokens:          prompt - cached,
+		OutputTokens:         cand,
+		CacheReadInputTokens: cached,
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/service/gemini_multiplatform_test.go

@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ import (
 
 // mockAccountRepoForGemini Gemini 测试用的 mock
 type mockAccountRepoForGemini struct {
-	accounts     []Account
-	accountsByID map[int64]*Account
+	accounts           []Account
+	accountsByID       map[int64]*Account
+	listByGroupFunc    func(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, platforms []string) ([]Account, error)
+	listByPlatformFunc func(ctx context.Context, platforms []string) ([]Account, error)
 }
 
 func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Account, error) {
@@ -81,9 +83,6 @@ func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]Account, e
 func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) ListByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]Account, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
-func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) ListByPlatformAndCredentialEmails(ctx context.Context, platform string, emails []string) ([]Account, error) {
-	return nil, nil
-}
 func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error { return nil }
 func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) BatchUpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, updates map[int64]time.Time) error {
 	return nil
@@ -110,6 +109,9 @@ func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx context.Context,
 	return nil, nil
 }
 func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx context.Context, platforms []string) ([]Account, error) {
+	if m.listByPlatformFunc != nil {
+		return m.listByPlatformFunc(ctx, platforms)
+	}
 	var result []Account
 	platformSet := make(map[string]bool)
 	for _, p := range platforms {
@@ -123,6 +125,9 @@ func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx context.Contex
 	return result, nil
 }
 func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatforms(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, platforms []string) ([]Account, error) {
+	if m.listByGroupFunc != nil {
+		return m.listByGroupFunc(ctx, groupID, platforms)
+	}
 	return m.ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx, platforms)
 }
 func (m *mockAccountRepoForGemini) SetRateLimited(ctx context.Context, id int64, resetAt time.Time) error {
@@ -218,6 +223,7 @@ var _ GroupRepository = (*mockGroupRepoForGemini)(nil)
 // mockGatewayCacheForGemini Gemini 测试用的 cache mock
 type mockGatewayCacheForGemini struct {
 	sessionBindings map[string]int64
+	deletedSessions map[string]int
 }
 
 func (m *mockGatewayCacheForGemini) GetSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string) (int64, error) {
@@ -239,6 +245,18 @@ func (m *mockGatewayCacheForGemini) RefreshSessionTTL(ctx context.Context, group
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *mockGatewayCacheForGemini) DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string) error {
+	if m.sessionBindings == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if m.deletedSessions == nil {
+		m.deletedSessions = make(map[string]int)
+	}
+	m.deletedSessions[sessionHash]++
+	delete(m.sessionBindings, sessionHash)
+	return nil
+}
+
 // TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_GeminiPlatform 测试 Gemini 单平台选择
 func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_GeminiPlatform(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -529,6 +547,274 @@ func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_StickyS
 		// 粘性会话未命中，按优先级选择
 		require.Equal(t, int64(2), acc.ID, "粘性会话未命中，应按优先级选择")
 	})
+
+	t.Run("粘性会话不可调度-清理并回退选择", func(t *testing.T) {
+		repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+			accounts: []Account{
+				{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 2, Status: StatusDisabled, Schedulable: true},
+				{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true},
+			},
+			accountsByID: map[int64]*Account{},
+		}
+		for i := range repo.accounts {
+			repo.accountsByID[repo.accounts[i].ID] = &repo.accounts[i]
+		}
+
+		cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{
+			sessionBindings: map[string]int64{"gemini:session-123": 1},
+		}
+		groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+		svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+			accountRepo: repo,
+			groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+			cache:       cache,
+		}
+
+		acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, nil, "session-123", "gemini-2.5-flash", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, acc)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(2), acc.ID)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, cache.deletedSessions["gemini:session-123"])
+		require.Equal(t, int64(2), cache.sessionBindings["gemini:session-123"])
+	})
+}
+
+func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_ForcePlatformFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	groupID := int64(9)
+	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ctxkey.ForcePlatform, PlatformAntigravity)
+
+	repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+		listByGroupFunc: func(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, platforms []string) ([]Account, error) {
+			return nil, nil
+		},
+		listByPlatformFunc: func(ctx context.Context, platforms []string) ([]Account, error) {
+			return []Account{
+				{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformAntigravity, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true},
+			}, nil
+		},
+		accountsByID: map[int64]*Account{
+			1: {ID: 1, Platform: PlatformAntigravity, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true},
+		},
+	}
+
+	cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{}
+	groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+	svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, &groupID, "", "gemini-2.5-flash", nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, acc)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), acc.ID)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_NoModelSupport(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{
+				ID:          1,
+				Platform:    PlatformGemini,
+				Priority:    1,
+				Status:      StatusActive,
+				Schedulable: true,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"model_mapping": map[string]any{"gemini-1.0-pro": "gemini-1.0-pro"}},
+			},
+		},
+		accountsByID: map[int64]*Account{},
+	}
+	for i := range repo.accounts {
+		repo.accountsByID[repo.accounts[i].ID] = &repo.accounts[i]
+	}
+
+	cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{}
+	groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+	svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, nil, "", "gemini-2.5-flash", nil)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, acc)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "supporting model")
+}
+
+func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_StickyMixedScheduling(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformAntigravity, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Extra: map[string]any{"mixed_scheduling": true}},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 2, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true},
+		},
+		accountsByID: map[int64]*Account{},
+	}
+	for i := range repo.accounts {
+		repo.accountsByID[repo.accounts[i].ID] = &repo.accounts[i]
+	}
+
+	cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{
+		sessionBindings: map[string]int64{"gemini:session-999": 1},
+	}
+	groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+	svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, nil, "session-999", "gemini-2.5-flash", nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, acc)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), acc.ID)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_SkipDisabledMixedScheduling(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformAntigravity, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 2, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true},
+		},
+		accountsByID: map[int64]*Account{},
+	}
+	for i := range repo.accounts {
+		repo.accountsByID[repo.accounts[i].ID] = &repo.accounts[i]
+	}
+
+	cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{}
+	groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+	svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, nil, "", "gemini-2.5-flash", nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, acc)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), acc.ID)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_ExcludedAccount(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 2, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true},
+		},
+		accountsByID: map[int64]*Account{},
+	}
+	for i := range repo.accounts {
+		repo.accountsByID[repo.accounts[i].ID] = &repo.accounts[i]
+	}
+
+	cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{}
+	groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+	svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	excluded := map[int64]struct{}{1: {}}
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, nil, "", "gemini-2.5-flash", excluded)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, acc)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), acc.ID)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_ListError(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+		listByPlatformFunc: func(ctx context.Context, platforms []string) ([]Account, error) {
+			return nil, errors.New("query failed")
+		},
+	}
+
+	cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{}
+	groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+	svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, nil, "", "gemini-2.5-flash", nil)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, acc)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "query accounts failed")
+}
+
+func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_PreferOAuth(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Type: AccountTypeAPIKey},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Type: AccountTypeOAuth},
+		},
+		accountsByID: map[int64]*Account{},
+	}
+	for i := range repo.accounts {
+		repo.accountsByID[repo.accounts[i].ID] = &repo.accounts[i]
+	}
+
+	cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{}
+	groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+	svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, nil, "", "gemini-2.5-pro", nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, acc)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), acc.ID)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_PreferLeastRecentlyUsed(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	oldTime := time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour)
+	newTime := time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+	repo := &mockAccountRepoForGemini{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, LastUsedAt: &newTime},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformGemini, Priority: 1, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, LastUsedAt: &oldTime},
+		},
+		accountsByID: map[int64]*Account{},
+	}
+	for i := range repo.accounts {
+		repo.accountsByID[repo.accounts[i].ID] = &repo.accounts[i]
+	}
+
+	cache := &mockGatewayCacheForGemini{}
+	groupRepo := &mockGroupRepoForGemini{groups: map[int64]*Group{}}
+
+	svc := &GeminiMessagesCompatService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx, nil, "", "gemini-2.5-pro", nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, acc)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), acc.ID)
 }
 
 // TestGeminiPlatformRouting_DocumentRouteDecision 测试平台路由决策逻辑
@@ -605,7 +891,7 @@ func TestGeminiMessagesCompatService_isModelSupportedByAccount(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "Gemini平台-有映射配置-只支持配置的模型",
 			account: &Account{
 				Platform:    PlatformGemini,
-				Credentials: map[string]any{"model_mapping": map[string]any{"gemini-1.5-pro": "x"}},
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"model_mapping": map[string]any{"gemini-2.5-pro": "x"}},
 			},
 			model:    "gemini-2.5-flash",
 			expected: false,

backend/internal/service/gemini_native_signature_cleaner.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+)
+
+// CleanGeminiNativeThoughtSignatures 从 Gemini 原生 API 请求中移除 thoughtSignature 字段，
+// 以避免跨账号签名验证错误。
+//
+// 当粘性会话切换账号时（例如原账号异常、不可调度等），旧账号返回的 thoughtSignature
+// 会导致新账号的签名验证失败。通过移除这些签名，让新账号重新生成有效的签名。
+//
+// CleanGeminiNativeThoughtSignatures removes thoughtSignature fields from Gemini native API requests
+// to avoid cross-account signature validation errors.
+//
+// When sticky session switches accounts (e.g., original account becomes unavailable),
+// thoughtSignatures from the old account will cause validation failures on the new account.
+// By removing these signatures, we allow the new account to generate valid signatures.
+func CleanGeminiNativeThoughtSignatures(body []byte) []byte {
+	if len(body) == 0 {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	// 解析 JSON
+	var data any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &data); err != nil {
+		// 如果解析失败，返回原始 body（可能不是 JSON 或格式不正确）
+		return body
+	}
+
+	// 递归清理 thoughtSignature
+	cleaned := cleanThoughtSignaturesRecursive(data)
+
+	// 重新序列化
+	result, err := json.Marshal(cleaned)
+	if err != nil {
+		// 如果序列化失败，返回原始 body
+		return body
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// cleanThoughtSignaturesRecursive 递归遍历数据结构，移除所有 thoughtSignature 字段
+func cleanThoughtSignaturesRecursive(data any) any {
+	switch v := data.(type) {
+	case map[string]any:
+		// 创建新的 map，移除 thoughtSignature
+		result := make(map[string]any, len(v))
+		for key, value := range v {
+			// 跳过 thoughtSignature 字段
+			if key == "thoughtSignature" {
+				continue
+			}
+			// 递归处理嵌套结构
+			result[key] = cleanThoughtSignaturesRecursive(value)
+		}
+		return result
+
+	case []any:
+		// 递归处理数组中的每个元素
+		result := make([]any, len(v))
+		for i, item := range v {
+			result[i] = cleanThoughtSignaturesRecursive(item)
+		}
+		return result
+
+	default:
+		// 基本类型（string, number, bool, null）直接返回
+		return v
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/gemini_token_provider.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -131,21 +132,32 @@ func (p *GeminiTokenProvider) GetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, account *Accou
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 3) Populate cache with TTL.
+	// 3) Populate cache with TTL（验证版本后再写入，避免异步刷新任务与请求线程的竞态条件）
 	if p.tokenCache != nil {
-		ttl := 30 * time.Minute
-		if expiresAt != nil {
-			until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
-			switch {
-			case until > geminiTokenCacheSkew:
-				ttl = until - geminiTokenCacheSkew
-			case until > 0:
-				ttl = until
-			default:
-				ttl = time.Minute
+		latestAccount, isStale := CheckTokenVersion(ctx, account, p.accountRepo)
+		if isStale && latestAccount != nil {
+			// 版本过时，使用 DB 中的最新 token
+			slog.Debug("gemini_token_version_stale_use_latest", "account_id", account.ID)
+			accessToken = latestAccount.GetCredential("access_token")
+			if strings.TrimSpace(accessToken) == "" {
+				return "", errors.New("access_token not found after version check")
 			}
+			// 不写入缓存，让下次请求重新处理
+		} else {
+			ttl := 30 * time.Minute
+			if expiresAt != nil {
+				until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
+				switch {
+				case until > geminiTokenCacheSkew:
+					ttl = until - geminiTokenCacheSkew
+				case until > 0:
+					ttl = until
+				default:
+					ttl = time.Minute
+				}
+			}
+			_ = p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl)
 		}
-		_ = p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl)
 	}
 
 	return accessToken, nil

backend/internal/service/http_upstream_port.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import "net/http"
 // - 支持可选代理配置
 // - 支持账户级连接池隔离
 // - 实现类负责连接池管理和复用
+// - 支持可选的 TLS 指纹伪装
 type HTTPUpstream interface {
 	// Do 执行 HTTP 请求
 	//
@@ -27,4 +28,28 @@ type HTTPUpstream interface {
 	//   - 调用方必须关闭 resp.Body，否则会导致连接泄漏
 	//   - 响应体可能已被包装以跟踪请求生命周期
 	Do(req *http.Request, proxyURL string, accountID int64, accountConcurrency int) (*http.Response, error)
+
+	// DoWithTLS 执行带 TLS 指纹伪装的 HTTP 请求
+	//
+	// 参数:
+	//   - req: HTTP 请求对象，由调用方构建
+	//   - proxyURL: 代理服务器地址，空字符串表示直连
+	//   - accountID: 账户 ID，用于连接池隔离和 TLS 指纹模板选择
+	//   - accountConcurrency: 账户并发限制，用于动态调整连接池大小
+	//   - enableTLSFingerprint: 是否启用 TLS 指纹伪装
+	//
+	// 返回:
+	//   - *http.Response: HTTP 响应，调用方必须关闭 Body
+	//   - error: 请求错误（网络错误、超时等）
+	//
+	// TLS 指纹说明:
+	//   - 当 enableTLSFingerprint=true 时，使用 utls 库模拟 Claude CLI 的 TLS 指纹
+	//   - TLS 指纹模板根据 accountID % len(profiles) 自动选择
+	//   - 支持直连、HTTP/HTTPS 代理、SOCKS5 代理三种场景
+	//   - 如果 enableTLSFingerprint=false，行为与 Do 方法相同
+	//
+	// 注意:
+	//   - 调用方必须关闭 resp.Body，否则会导致连接泄漏
+	//   - TLS 指纹客户端与普通客户端使用不同的缓存键，互不影响
+	DoWithTLS(req *http.Request, proxyURL string, accountID int64, accountConcurrency int, enableTLSFingerprint bool) (*http.Response, error)
 }

backend/internal/service/identity_service.go

@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -49,6 +51,13 @@ type Fingerprint struct {
 type IdentityCache interface {
 	GetFingerprint(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*Fingerprint, error)
 	SetFingerprint(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, fp *Fingerprint) error
+	// GetMaskedSessionID 获取固定的会话ID（用于会话ID伪装功能）
+	// 返回的 sessionID 是一个 UUID 格式的字符串
+	// 如果不存在或已过期（15分钟无请求），返回空字符串
+	GetMaskedSessionID(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (string, error)
+	// SetMaskedSessionID 设置固定的会话ID，TTL 为 15 分钟
+	// 每次调用都会刷新 TTL
+	SetMaskedSessionID(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, sessionID string) error
 }
 
 // IdentityService 管理OAuth账号的请求身份指纹
@@ -203,6 +212,94 @@ func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserID(body []byte, accountID int64, accountUUI
 	return json.Marshal(reqMap)
 }
 
+// RewriteUserIDWithMasking 重写body中的metadata.user_id，支持会话ID伪装
+// 如果账号启用了会话ID伪装（session_id_masking_enabled），
+// 则在完成常规重写后，将 session 部分替换为固定的伪装ID（15分钟内保持不变）
+func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserIDWithMasking(ctx context.Context, body []byte, account *Account, accountUUID, cachedClientID string) ([]byte, error) {
+	// 先执行常规的 RewriteUserID 逻辑
+	newBody, err := s.RewriteUserID(body, account.ID, accountUUID, cachedClientID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return newBody, err
+	}
+
+	// 检查是否启用会话ID伪装
+	if !account.IsSessionIDMaskingEnabled() {
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+
+	// 解析重写后的 body，提取 user_id
+	var reqMap map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(newBody, &reqMap); err != nil {
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+
+	metadata, ok := reqMap["metadata"].(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+
+	userID, ok := metadata["user_id"].(string)
+	if !ok || userID == "" {
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+
+	// 查找 _session_ 的位置，替换其后的内容
+	const sessionMarker = "_session_"
+	idx := strings.LastIndex(userID, sessionMarker)
+	if idx == -1 {
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+
+	// 获取或生成固定的伪装 session ID
+	maskedSessionID, err := s.cache.GetMaskedSessionID(ctx, account.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Warning: failed to get masked session ID for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+
+	if maskedSessionID == "" {
+		// 首次或已过期，生成新的伪装 session ID
+		maskedSessionID = generateRandomUUID()
+		log.Printf("Generated new masked session ID for account %d: %s", account.ID, maskedSessionID)
+	}
+
+	// 刷新 TTL（每次请求都刷新，保持 15 分钟有效期）
+	if err := s.cache.SetMaskedSessionID(ctx, account.ID, maskedSessionID); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Warning: failed to set masked session ID for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
+	}
+
+	// 替换 session 部分：保留 _session_ 之前的内容，替换之后的内容
+	newUserID := userID[:idx+len(sessionMarker)] + maskedSessionID
+
+	slog.Debug("session_id_masking_applied",
+		"account_id", account.ID,
+		"before", userID,
+		"after", newUserID,
+	)
+
+	metadata["user_id"] = newUserID
+	reqMap["metadata"] = metadata
+
+	return json.Marshal(reqMap)
+}
+
+// generateRandomUUID 生成随机 UUID v4 格式字符串
+func generateRandomUUID() string {
+	b := make([]byte, 16)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
+		// fallback: 使用时间戳生成
+		h := sha256.Sum256([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d", time.Now().UnixNano())))
+		b = h[:16]
+	}
+
+	// 设置 UUID v4 版本和变体位
+	b[6] = (b[6] & 0x0f) | 0x40
+	b[8] = (b[8] & 0x3f) | 0x80
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%x-%x-%x-%x-%x",
+		b[0:4], b[4:6], b[6:8], b[8:10], b[10:16])
+}
+
 // generateClientID 生成64位十六进制客户端ID（32字节随机数）
 func generateClientID() string {
 	b := make([]byte, 32)

backend/internal/service/oauth_service.go

@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ type GenerateAuthURLResult struct {
 
 // GenerateAuthURL generates an OAuth authorization URL with full scope
 func (s *OAuthService) GenerateAuthURL(ctx context.Context, proxyID *int64) (*GenerateAuthURLResult, error) {
-	scope := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", oauth.ScopeProfile, oauth.ScopeInference)
-	return s.generateAuthURLWithScope(ctx, scope, proxyID)
+	return s.generateAuthURLWithScope(ctx, oauth.ScopeOAuth, proxyID)
 }
 
 // GenerateSetupTokenURL generates an OAuth authorization URL for setup token (inference only)
@@ -123,6 +122,7 @@ type TokenInfo struct {
 	Scope        string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
 	OrgUUID      string `json:"org_uuid,omitempty"`
 	AccountUUID  string `json:"account_uuid,omitempty"`
+	EmailAddress string `json:"email_address,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // ExchangeCode exchanges authorization code for tokens
@@ -176,7 +176,8 @@ func (s *OAuthService) CookieAuth(ctx context.Context, input *CookieAuthInput) (
 	}
 
 	// Determine scope and if this is a setup token
-	scope := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", oauth.ScopeProfile, oauth.ScopeInference)
+	// Internal API call uses ScopeAPI (org:create_api_key not supported)
+	scope := oauth.ScopeAPI
 	isSetupToken := false
 	if input.Scope == "inference" {
 		scope = oauth.ScopeInference
@@ -252,9 +253,15 @@ func (s *OAuthService) exchangeCodeForToken(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerif
 		tokenInfo.OrgUUID = tokenResp.Organization.UUID
 		log.Printf("[OAuth] Got org_uuid: %s", tokenInfo.OrgUUID)
 	}
-	if tokenResp.Account != nil && tokenResp.Account.UUID != "" {
-		tokenInfo.AccountUUID = tokenResp.Account.UUID
-		log.Printf("[OAuth] Got account_uuid: %s", tokenInfo.AccountUUID)
+	if tokenResp.Account != nil {
+		if tokenResp.Account.UUID != "" {
+			tokenInfo.AccountUUID = tokenResp.Account.UUID
+			log.Printf("[OAuth] Got account_uuid: %s", tokenInfo.AccountUUID)
+		}
+		if tokenResp.Account.EmailAddress != "" {
+			tokenInfo.EmailAddress = tokenResp.Account.EmailAddress
+			log.Printf("[OAuth] Got email_address: %s", tokenInfo.EmailAddress)
+		}
 	}
 
 	return tokenInfo, nil

backend/internal/service/openai_codex_transform.go

@@ -394,19 +394,35 @@ func normalizeCodexTools(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
 	}
 
 	modified := false
-	for idx, tool := range tools {
+	validTools := make([]any, 0, len(tools))
+
+	for _, tool := range tools {
 		toolMap, ok := tool.(map[string]any)
 		if !ok {
+			// Keep unknown structure as-is to avoid breaking upstream behavior.
+			validTools = append(validTools, tool)
 			continue
 		}
 
 		toolType, _ := toolMap["type"].(string)
-		if strings.TrimSpace(toolType) != "function" {
+		toolType = strings.TrimSpace(toolType)
+		if toolType != "function" {
+			validTools = append(validTools, toolMap)
 			continue
 		}
 
-		function, ok := toolMap["function"].(map[string]any)
-		if !ok {
+		// OpenAI Responses-style tools use top-level name/parameters.
+		if name, ok := toolMap["name"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(name) != "" {
+			validTools = append(validTools, toolMap)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// ChatCompletions-style tools use {type:"function", function:{...}}.
+		functionValue, hasFunction := toolMap["function"]
+		function, ok := functionValue.(map[string]any)
+		if !hasFunction || functionValue == nil || !ok || function == nil {
+			// Drop invalid function tools.
+			modified = true
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -435,11 +451,11 @@ func normalizeCodexTools(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
 			}
 		}
 
-		tools[idx] = toolMap
+		validTools = append(validTools, toolMap)
 	}
 
 	if modified {
-		reqBody["tools"] = tools
+		reqBody["tools"] = validTools
 	}
 
 	return modified

backend/internal/service/openai_codex_transform_test.go

@@ -129,6 +129,37 @@ func TestFilterCodexInput_RemovesItemReferenceWhenNotPreserved(t *testing.T) {
 	require.False(t, hasID)
 }
 
+func TestApplyCodexOAuthTransform_NormalizeCodexTools_PreservesResponsesFunctionTools(t *testing.T) {
+	setupCodexCache(t)
+
+	reqBody := map[string]any{
+		"model": "gpt-5.1",
+		"tools": []any{
+			map[string]any{
+				"type":        "function",
+				"name":        "bash",
+				"description": "desc",
+				"parameters":  map[string]any{"type": "object"},
+			},
+			map[string]any{
+				"type":     "function",
+				"function": nil,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	applyCodexOAuthTransform(reqBody)
+
+	tools, ok := reqBody["tools"].([]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Len(t, tools, 1)
+
+	first, ok := tools[0].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, "function", first["type"])
+	require.Equal(t, "bash", first["name"])
+}
+
 func TestApplyCodexOAuthTransform_EmptyInput(t *testing.T) {
 	// 空 input 应保持为空且不触发异常。
 	setupCodexCache(t)

backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go

@@ -60,6 +60,92 @@ type OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot struct {
 	UpdatedAt                   string   `json:"updated_at,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// NormalizedCodexLimits contains normalized 5h/7d rate limit data
+type NormalizedCodexLimits struct {
+	Used5hPercent   *float64
+	Reset5hSeconds  *int
+	Window5hMinutes *int
+	Used7dPercent   *float64
+	Reset7dSeconds  *int
+	Window7dMinutes *int
+}
+
+// Normalize converts primary/secondary fields to canonical 5h/7d fields.
+// Strategy: Compare window_minutes to determine which is 5h vs 7d.
+// Returns nil if snapshot is nil or has no useful data.
+func (s *OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot) Normalize() *NormalizedCodexLimits {
+	if s == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	result := &NormalizedCodexLimits{}
+
+	primaryMins := 0
+	secondaryMins := 0
+	hasPrimaryWindow := false
+	hasSecondaryWindow := false
+
+	if s.PrimaryWindowMinutes != nil {
+		primaryMins = *s.PrimaryWindowMinutes
+		hasPrimaryWindow = true
+	}
+	if s.SecondaryWindowMinutes != nil {
+		secondaryMins = *s.SecondaryWindowMinutes
+		hasSecondaryWindow = true
+	}
+
+	// Determine mapping based on window_minutes
+	use5hFromPrimary := false
+	use7dFromPrimary := false
+
+	if hasPrimaryWindow && hasSecondaryWindow {
+		// Both known: smaller window is 5h, larger is 7d
+		if primaryMins < secondaryMins {
+			use5hFromPrimary = true
+		} else {
+			use7dFromPrimary = true
+		}
+	} else if hasPrimaryWindow {
+		// Only primary known: classify by threshold (<=360 min = 6h -> 5h window)
+		if primaryMins <= 360 {
+			use5hFromPrimary = true
+		} else {
+			use7dFromPrimary = true
+		}
+	} else if hasSecondaryWindow {
+		// Only secondary known: classify by threshold
+		if secondaryMins <= 360 {
+			// 5h from secondary, so primary (if any data) is 7d
+			use7dFromPrimary = true
+		} else {
+			// 7d from secondary, so primary (if any data) is 5h
+			use5hFromPrimary = true
+		}
+	} else {
+		// No window_minutes: fall back to legacy assumption (primary=7d, secondary=5h)
+		use7dFromPrimary = true
+	}
+
+	// Assign values
+	if use5hFromPrimary {
+		result.Used5hPercent = s.PrimaryUsedPercent
+		result.Reset5hSeconds = s.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds
+		result.Window5hMinutes = s.PrimaryWindowMinutes
+		result.Used7dPercent = s.SecondaryUsedPercent
+		result.Reset7dSeconds = s.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds
+		result.Window7dMinutes = s.SecondaryWindowMinutes
+	} else if use7dFromPrimary {
+		result.Used7dPercent = s.PrimaryUsedPercent
+		result.Reset7dSeconds = s.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds
+		result.Window7dMinutes = s.PrimaryWindowMinutes
+		result.Used5hPercent = s.SecondaryUsedPercent
+		result.Reset5hSeconds = s.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds
+		result.Window5hMinutes = s.SecondaryWindowMinutes
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
 // OpenAIUsage represents OpenAI API response usage
 type OpenAIUsage struct {
 	InputTokens              int `json:"input_tokens"`
@@ -133,12 +219,30 @@ func NewOpenAIGatewayService(
 	}
 }
 
-// GenerateSessionHash generates session hash from header (OpenAI uses session_id header)
-func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) GenerateSessionHash(c *gin.Context) string {
-	sessionID := c.GetHeader("session_id")
+// GenerateSessionHash generates a sticky-session hash for OpenAI requests.
+//
+// Priority:
+//  1. Header: session_id
+//  2. Header: conversation_id
+//  3. Body:   prompt_cache_key (opencode)
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) GenerateSessionHash(c *gin.Context, reqBody map[string]any) string {
+	if c == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	sessionID := strings.TrimSpace(c.GetHeader("session_id"))
+	if sessionID == "" {
+		sessionID = strings.TrimSpace(c.GetHeader("conversation_id"))
+	}
+	if sessionID == "" && reqBody != nil {
+		if v, ok := reqBody["prompt_cache_key"].(string); ok {
+			sessionID = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+		}
+	}
 	if sessionID == "" {
 		return ""
 	}
+
 	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(sessionID))
 	return hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])
 }
@@ -162,67 +266,26 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountForModel(ctx context.Context, groupI
 }
 
 // SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions selects an account supporting the requested model while excluding specified accounts.
+// SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions 选择支持指定模型的账号，同时排除指定的账号。
 func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, requestedModel string, excludedIDs map[int64]struct{}) (*Account, error) {
-	// 1. Check sticky session
-	if sessionHash != "" {
-		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash)
-		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
-			if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
-				account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
-				if err == nil && account.IsSchedulable() && account.IsOpenAI() && (requestedModel == "" || account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)) {
-					// Refresh sticky session TTL
-					_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash, openaiStickySessionTTL)
-					return account, nil
-				}
-			}
-		}
+	cacheKey := "openai:" + sessionHash
+
+	// 1. 尝试粘性会话命中
+	// Try sticky session hit
+	if account := s.tryStickySessionHit(ctx, groupID, sessionHash, cacheKey, requestedModel, excludedIDs); account != nil {
+		return account, nil
 	}
 
-	// 2. Get schedulable OpenAI accounts
+	// 2. 获取可调度的 OpenAI 账号
+	// Get schedulable OpenAI accounts
 	accounts, err := s.listSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// 3. Select by priority + LRU
-	var selected *Account
-	for i := range accounts {
-		acc := &accounts[i]
-		if _, excluded := excludedIDs[acc.ID]; excluded {
-			continue
-		}
-		// Scheduler snapshots can be temporarily stale; re-check schedulability here to
-		// avoid selecting accounts that were recently rate-limited/overloaded.
-		if !acc.IsSchedulable() {
-			continue
-		}
-		// Check model support
-		if requestedModel != "" && !acc.IsModelSupported(requestedModel) {
-			continue
-		}
-		if selected == nil {
-			selected = acc
-			continue
-		}
-		// Lower priority value means higher priority
-		if acc.Priority < selected.Priority {
-			selected = acc
-		} else if acc.Priority == selected.Priority {
-			switch {
-			case acc.LastUsedAt == nil && selected.LastUsedAt != nil:
-				selected = acc
-			case acc.LastUsedAt != nil && selected.LastUsedAt == nil:
-				// keep selected (never used is preferred)
-			case acc.LastUsedAt == nil && selected.LastUsedAt == nil:
-				// keep selected (both never used)
-			default:
-				// Same priority, select least recently used
-				if acc.LastUsedAt.Before(*selected.LastUsedAt) {
-					selected = acc
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	// 3. 按优先级 + LRU 选择最佳账号
+	// Select by priority + LRU
+	selected := s.selectBestAccount(accounts, requestedModel, excludedIDs)
 
 	if selected == nil {
 		if requestedModel != "" {
@@ -231,14 +294,138 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx context.C
 		return nil, errors.New("no available OpenAI accounts")
 	}
 
-	// 4. Set sticky session
+	// 4. 设置粘性会话绑定
+	// Set sticky session binding
 	if sessionHash != "" {
-		_ = s.cache.SetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash, selected.ID, openaiStickySessionTTL)
+		_ = s.cache.SetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey, selected.ID, openaiStickySessionTTL)
 	}
 
 	return selected, nil
 }
 
+// tryStickySessionHit 尝试从粘性会话获取账号。
+// 如果命中且账号可用则返回账号；如果账号不可用则清理会话并返回 nil。
+//
+// tryStickySessionHit attempts to get account from sticky session.
+// Returns account if hit and usable; clears session and returns nil if account is unavailable.
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) tryStickySessionHit(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash, cacheKey, requestedModel string, excludedIDs map[int64]struct{}) *Account {
+	if sessionHash == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey)
+	if err != nil || accountID <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; excluded {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// 检查账号是否需要清理粘性会话
+	// Check if sticky session should be cleared
+	if shouldClearStickySession(account) {
+		_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// 验证账号是否可用于当前请求
+	// Verify account is usable for current request
+	if !account.IsSchedulable() || !account.IsOpenAI() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if requestedModel != "" && !account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// 刷新会话 TTL 并返回账号
+	// Refresh session TTL and return account
+	_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey, openaiStickySessionTTL)
+	return account
+}
+
+// selectBestAccount 从候选账号中选择最佳账号（优先级 + LRU）。
+// 返回 nil 表示无可用账号。
+//
+// selectBestAccount selects the best account from candidates (priority + LRU).
+// Returns nil if no available account.
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) selectBestAccount(accounts []Account, requestedModel string, excludedIDs map[int64]struct{}) *Account {
+	var selected *Account
+
+	for i := range accounts {
+		acc := &accounts[i]
+
+		// 跳过被排除的账号
+		// Skip excluded accounts
+		if _, excluded := excludedIDs[acc.ID]; excluded {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// 调度器快照可能暂时过时，这里重新检查可调度性和平台
+		// Scheduler snapshots can be temporarily stale; re-check schedulability and platform
+		if !acc.IsSchedulable() || !acc.IsOpenAI() {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// 检查模型支持
+		// Check model support
+		if requestedModel != "" && !acc.IsModelSupported(requestedModel) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// 选择优先级最高且最久未使用的账号
+		// Select highest priority and least recently used
+		if selected == nil {
+			selected = acc
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if s.isBetterAccount(acc, selected) {
+			selected = acc
+		}
+	}
+
+	return selected
+}
+
+// isBetterAccount 判断 candidate 是否比 current 更优。
+// 规则：优先级更高（数值更小）优先；同优先级时，未使用过的优先，其次是最久未使用的。
+//
+// isBetterAccount checks if candidate is better than current.
+// Rules: higher priority (lower value) wins; same priority: never used > least recently used.
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) isBetterAccount(candidate, current *Account) bool {
+	// 优先级更高（数值更小）
+	// Higher priority (lower value)
+	if candidate.Priority < current.Priority {
+		return true
+	}
+	if candidate.Priority > current.Priority {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 同优先级，比较最后使用时间
+	// Same priority, compare last used time
+	switch {
+	case candidate.LastUsedAt == nil && current.LastUsedAt != nil:
+		// candidate 从未使用，优先
+		return true
+	case candidate.LastUsedAt != nil && current.LastUsedAt == nil:
+		// current 从未使用，保持
+		return false
+	case candidate.LastUsedAt == nil && current.LastUsedAt == nil:
+		// 都未使用，保持
+		return false
+	default:
+		// 都使用过，选择最久未使用的
+		return candidate.LastUsedAt.Before(*current.LastUsedAt)
+	}
+}
+
 // SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness selects an account with load-awareness and wait plan.
 func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, requestedModel string, excludedIDs map[int64]struct{}) (*AccountSelectionResult, error) {
 	cfg := s.schedulingConfig()
@@ -307,29 +494,35 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Contex
 		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash)
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 && !isExcluded(accountID) {
 			account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
-			if err == nil && account.IsSchedulable() && account.IsOpenAI() &&
-				(requestedModel == "" || account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)) {
-				result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, accountID, account.Concurrency)
-				if err == nil && result.Acquired {
-					_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash, openaiStickySessionTTL)
-					return &AccountSelectionResult{
-						Account:     account,
-						Acquired:    true,
-						ReleaseFunc: result.ReleaseFunc,
-					}, nil
+			if err == nil {
+				clearSticky := shouldClearStickySession(account)
+				if clearSticky {
+					_ = s.cache.DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash)
 				}
+				if !clearSticky && account.IsSchedulable() && account.IsOpenAI() &&
+					(requestedModel == "" || account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)) {
+					result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, accountID, account.Concurrency)
+					if err == nil && result.Acquired {
+						_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash, openaiStickySessionTTL)
+						return &AccountSelectionResult{
+							Account:     account,
+							Acquired:    true,
+							ReleaseFunc: result.ReleaseFunc,
+						}, nil
+					}
 
-				waitingCount, _ := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountWaitingCount(ctx, accountID)
-				if waitingCount < cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting {
-					return &AccountSelectionResult{
-						Account: account,
-						WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
-							AccountID:      accountID,
-							MaxConcurrency: account.Concurrency,
-							Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
-							MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
-						},
-					}, nil
+					waitingCount, _ := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountWaitingCount(ctx, accountID)
+					if waitingCount < cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting {
+						return &AccountSelectionResult{
+							Account: account,
+							WaitPlan: &AccountWaitPlan{
+								AccountID:      accountID,
+								MaxConcurrency: account.Concurrency,
+								Timeout:        cfg.StickySessionWaitTimeout,
+								MaxWaiting:     cfg.StickySessionMaxWaiting,
+							},
+						}, nil
+					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -760,7 +953,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, acco
 
 	// Extract and save Codex usage snapshot from response headers (for OAuth accounts)
 	if account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth {
-		if snapshot := extractCodexUsageHeaders(resp.Header); snapshot != nil {
+		if snapshot := ParseCodexRateLimitHeaders(resp.Header); snapshot != nil {
 			s.updateCodexUsageSnapshot(ctx, account.ID, snapshot)
 		}
 	}
@@ -1558,8 +1751,9 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *OpenAIRec
 	return nil
 }
 
-// extractCodexUsageHeaders extracts Codex usage limits from response headers
-func extractCodexUsageHeaders(headers http.Header) *OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot {
+// ParseCodexRateLimitHeaders extracts Codex usage limits from response headers.
+// Exported for use in ratelimit_service when handling OpenAI 429 responses.
+func ParseCodexRateLimitHeaders(headers http.Header) *OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot {
 	snapshot := &OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot{}
 	hasData := false
 
@@ -1633,6 +1827,8 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) updateCodexUsageSnapshot(ctx context.Context, acc
 
 	// Convert snapshot to map for merging into Extra
 	updates := make(map[string]any)
+
+	// Save raw primary/secondary fields for debugging/tracing
 	if snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent != nil {
 		updates["codex_primary_used_percent"] = *snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent
 	}
@@ -1656,109 +1852,25 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) updateCodexUsageSnapshot(ctx context.Context, acc
 	}
 	updates["codex_usage_updated_at"] = snapshot.UpdatedAt
 
-	// Normalize to canonical 5h/7d fields based on window_minutes
-	// This fixes the issue where OpenAI's primary/secondary naming is reversed
-	// Strategy: Compare the two windows and assign the smaller one to 5h, larger one to 7d
-
-	// IMPORTANT: We can only reliably determine window type from window_minutes field
-	// The reset_after_seconds is remaining time, not window size, so it cannot be used for comparison
-
-	var primaryWindowMins, secondaryWindowMins int
-	var hasPrimaryWindow, hasSecondaryWindow bool
-
-	// Only use window_minutes for reliable window size comparison
-	if snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes != nil {
-		primaryWindowMins = *snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes
-		hasPrimaryWindow = true
-	}
-
-	if snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes != nil {
-		secondaryWindowMins = *snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes
-		hasSecondaryWindow = true
-	}
-
-	// Determine which is 5h and which is 7d
-	var use5hFromPrimary, use7dFromPrimary bool
-	var use5hFromSecondary, use7dFromSecondary bool
-
-	if hasPrimaryWindow && hasSecondaryWindow {
-		// Both window sizes known: compare and assign smaller to 5h, larger to 7d
-		if primaryWindowMins < secondaryWindowMins {
-			use5hFromPrimary = true
-			use7dFromSecondary = true
-		} else {
-			use5hFromSecondary = true
-			use7dFromPrimary = true
+	// Normalize to canonical 5h/7d fields
+	if normalized := snapshot.Normalize(); normalized != nil {
+		if normalized.Used5hPercent != nil {
+			updates["codex_5h_used_percent"] = *normalized.Used5hPercent
 		}
-	} else if hasPrimaryWindow {
-		// Only primary window size known: classify by absolute threshold
-		if primaryWindowMins <= 360 {
-			use5hFromPrimary = true
-		} else {
-			use7dFromPrimary = true
+		if normalized.Reset5hSeconds != nil {
+			updates["codex_5h_reset_after_seconds"] = *normalized.Reset5hSeconds
 		}
-	} else if hasSecondaryWindow {
-		// Only secondary window size known: classify by absolute threshold
-		if secondaryWindowMins <= 360 {
-			use5hFromSecondary = true
-		} else {
-			use7dFromSecondary = true
+		if normalized.Window5hMinutes != nil {
+			updates["codex_5h_window_minutes"] = *normalized.Window5hMinutes
 		}
-	} else {
-		// No window_minutes available: cannot reliably determine window types
-		// Fall back to legacy assumption (may be incorrect)
-		// Assume primary=7d, secondary=5h based on historical observation
-		if snapshot.SecondaryUsedPercent != nil || snapshot.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds != nil || snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes != nil {
-			use5hFromSecondary = true
+		if normalized.Used7dPercent != nil {
+			updates["codex_7d_used_percent"] = *normalized.Used7dPercent
 		}
-		if snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent != nil || snapshot.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds != nil || snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes != nil {
-			use7dFromPrimary = true
+		if normalized.Reset7dSeconds != nil {
+			updates["codex_7d_reset_after_seconds"] = *normalized.Reset7dSeconds
 		}
-	}
-
-	// Write canonical 5h fields
-	if use5hFromPrimary {
-		if snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent != nil {
-			updates["codex_5h_used_percent"] = *snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent
-		}
-		if snapshot.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds != nil {
-			updates["codex_5h_reset_after_seconds"] = *snapshot.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds
-		}
-		if snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes != nil {
-			updates["codex_5h_window_minutes"] = *snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes
-		}
-	} else if use5hFromSecondary {
-		if snapshot.SecondaryUsedPercent != nil {
-			updates["codex_5h_used_percent"] = *snapshot.SecondaryUsedPercent
-		}
-		if snapshot.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds != nil {
-			updates["codex_5h_reset_after_seconds"] = *snapshot.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds
-		}
-		if snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes != nil {
-			updates["codex_5h_window_minutes"] = *snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Write canonical 7d fields
-	if use7dFromPrimary {
-		if snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent != nil {
-			updates["codex_7d_used_percent"] = *snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent
-		}
-		if snapshot.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds != nil {
-			updates["codex_7d_reset_after_seconds"] = *snapshot.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds
-		}
-		if snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes != nil {
-			updates["codex_7d_window_minutes"] = *snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes
-		}
-	} else if use7dFromSecondary {
-		if snapshot.SecondaryUsedPercent != nil {
-			updates["codex_7d_used_percent"] = *snapshot.SecondaryUsedPercent
-		}
-		if snapshot.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds != nil {
-			updates["codex_7d_reset_after_seconds"] = *snapshot.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds
-		}
-		if snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes != nil {
-			updates["codex_7d_window_minutes"] = *snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes
+		if normalized.Window7dMinutes != nil {
+			updates["codex_7d_window_minutes"] = *normalized.Window7dMinutes
 		}
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service_test.go

@@ -21,19 +21,50 @@ type stubOpenAIAccountRepo struct {
 	accounts []Account
 }
 
+func (r stubOpenAIAccountRepo) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Account, error) {
+	for i := range r.accounts {
+		if r.accounts[i].ID == id {
+			return &r.accounts[i], nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("account not found")
+}
+
 func (r stubOpenAIAccountRepo) ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, platform string) ([]Account, error) {
-	return append([]Account(nil), r.accounts...), nil
+	var result []Account
+	for _, acc := range r.accounts {
+		if acc.Platform == platform {
+			result = append(result, acc)
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 func (r stubOpenAIAccountRepo) ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]Account, error) {
-	return append([]Account(nil), r.accounts...), nil
+	var result []Account
+	for _, acc := range r.accounts {
+		if acc.Platform == platform {
+			result = append(result, acc)
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 type stubConcurrencyCache struct {
 	ConcurrencyCache
+	loadBatchErr    error
+	loadMap         map[int64]*AccountLoadInfo
+	acquireResults  map[int64]bool
+	waitCounts      map[int64]int
+	skipDefaultLoad bool
 }
 
 func (c stubConcurrencyCache) AcquireAccountSlot(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, maxConcurrency int, requestID string) (bool, error) {
+	if c.acquireResults != nil {
+		if result, ok := c.acquireResults[accountID]; ok {
+			return result, nil
+		}
+	}
 	return true, nil
 }
 
@@ -42,13 +73,118 @@ func (c stubConcurrencyCache) ReleaseAccountSlot(ctx context.Context, accountID
 }
 
 func (c stubConcurrencyCache) GetAccountsLoadBatch(ctx context.Context, accounts []AccountWithConcurrency) (map[int64]*AccountLoadInfo, error) {
+	if c.loadBatchErr != nil {
+		return nil, c.loadBatchErr
+	}
 	out := make(map[int64]*AccountLoadInfo, len(accounts))
+	if c.skipDefaultLoad && c.loadMap != nil {
+		for _, acc := range accounts {
+			if load, ok := c.loadMap[acc.ID]; ok {
+				out[acc.ID] = load
+			}
+		}
+		return out, nil
+	}
 	for _, acc := range accounts {
+		if c.loadMap != nil {
+			if load, ok := c.loadMap[acc.ID]; ok {
+				out[acc.ID] = load
+				continue
+			}
+		}
 		out[acc.ID] = &AccountLoadInfo{AccountID: acc.ID, LoadRate: 0}
 	}
 	return out, nil
 }
 
+func TestOpenAIGatewayService_GenerateSessionHash_Priority(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(rec)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/openai/v1/responses", nil)
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{}
+
+	// 1) session_id header wins
+	c.Request.Header.Set("session_id", "sess-123")
+	c.Request.Header.Set("conversation_id", "conv-456")
+	h1 := svc.GenerateSessionHash(c, map[string]any{"prompt_cache_key": "ses_aaa"})
+	if h1 == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-empty hash")
+	}
+
+	// 2) conversation_id used when session_id absent
+	c.Request.Header.Del("session_id")
+	h2 := svc.GenerateSessionHash(c, map[string]any{"prompt_cache_key": "ses_aaa"})
+	if h2 == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-empty hash")
+	}
+	if h1 == h2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected different hashes for different keys")
+	}
+
+	// 3) prompt_cache_key used when both headers absent
+	c.Request.Header.Del("conversation_id")
+	h3 := svc.GenerateSessionHash(c, map[string]any{"prompt_cache_key": "ses_aaa"})
+	if h3 == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-empty hash")
+	}
+	if h2 == h3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected different hashes for different keys")
+	}
+
+	// 4) empty when no signals
+	h4 := svc.GenerateSessionHash(c, map[string]any{})
+	if h4 != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty hash when no signals")
+	}
+}
+
+func (c stubConcurrencyCache) GetAccountWaitingCount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (int, error) {
+	if c.waitCounts != nil {
+		if count, ok := c.waitCounts[accountID]; ok {
+			return count, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+type stubGatewayCache struct {
+	sessionBindings map[string]int64
+	deletedSessions map[string]int
+}
+
+func (c *stubGatewayCache) GetSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string) (int64, error) {
+	if id, ok := c.sessionBindings[sessionHash]; ok {
+		return id, nil
+	}
+	return 0, errors.New("not found")
+}
+
+func (c *stubGatewayCache) SetSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string, accountID int64, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	if c.sessionBindings == nil {
+		c.sessionBindings = make(map[string]int64)
+	}
+	c.sessionBindings[sessionHash] = accountID
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *stubGatewayCache) RefreshSessionTTL(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *stubGatewayCache) DeleteSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, sessionHash string) error {
+	if c.sessionBindings == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if c.deletedSessions == nil {
+		c.deletedSessions = make(map[string]int)
+	}
+	c.deletedSessions[sessionHash]++
+	delete(c.sessionBindings, sessionHash)
+	return nil
+}
+
 func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_FiltersUnschedulable(t *testing.T) {
 	now := time.Now()
 	resetAt := now.Add(10 * time.Minute)
@@ -139,6 +275,515 @@ func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_FiltersUnschedulableWhenNoConcurre
 	}
 }
 
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_StickyUnschedulableClearsSession(t *testing.T) {
+	sessionHash := "session-1"
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusDisabled, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{
+		sessionBindings: map[string]int64{"openai:" + sessionHash: 1},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(context.Background(), nil, sessionHash, "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc == nil || acc.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2, got %+v", acc)
+	}
+	if cache.deletedSessions["openai:"+sessionHash] != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected sticky session to be deleted")
+	}
+	if cache.sessionBindings["openai:"+sessionHash] != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected sticky session to bind to account 2")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_StickyUnschedulableClearsSession(t *testing.T) {
+	sessionHash := "session-2"
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusDisabled, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{
+		sessionBindings: map[string]int64{"openai:" + sessionHash: 1},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(stubConcurrencyCache{}),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, sessionHash, "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.Account == nil || selection.Account.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2, got %+v", selection)
+	}
+	if cache.deletedSessions["openai:"+sessionHash] != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected sticky session to be deleted")
+	}
+	if cache.sessionBindings["openai:"+sessionHash] != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected sticky session to bind to account 2")
+	}
+	if selection.ReleaseFunc != nil {
+		selection.ReleaseFunc()
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_NoModelSupport(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{
+				ID:          1,
+				Platform:    PlatformOpenAI,
+				Status:      StatusActive,
+				Schedulable: true,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"model_mapping": map[string]any{"gpt-3.5-turbo": "gpt-3.5-turbo"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(context.Background(), nil, "", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error for unsupported model")
+	}
+	if acc != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected nil account for unsupported model")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "supporting model") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_LoadBatchErrorFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 2},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{
+		loadBatchErr: errors.New("load batch failed"),
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, "fallback", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.Account == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected selection")
+	}
+	if selection.Account.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2, got %d", selection.Account.ID)
+	}
+	if cache.sessionBindings["openai:fallback"] != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected sticky session updated")
+	}
+	if selection.ReleaseFunc != nil {
+		selection.ReleaseFunc()
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_NoSlotFallbackWait(t *testing.T) {
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{
+		acquireResults: map[int64]bool{1: false},
+		loadMap: map[int64]*AccountLoadInfo{
+			1: {AccountID: 1, LoadRate: 10},
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, "", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.WaitPlan == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected wait plan fallback")
+	}
+	if selection.Account == nil || selection.Account.ID != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 1")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_SetsStickyBinding(t *testing.T) {
+	sessionHash := "bind"
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(context.Background(), nil, sessionHash, "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc == nil || acc.ID != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 1")
+	}
+	if cache.sessionBindings["openai:"+sessionHash] != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected sticky session binding")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_StickyWaitPlan(t *testing.T) {
+	sessionHash := "sticky-wait"
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{
+		sessionBindings: map[string]int64{"openai:" + sessionHash: 1},
+	}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{
+		acquireResults: map[int64]bool{1: false},
+		waitCounts:     map[int64]int{1: 0},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, sessionHash, "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.WaitPlan == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected sticky wait plan")
+	}
+	if selection.Account == nil || selection.Account.ID != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 1")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_PrefersLowerLoad(t *testing.T) {
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{
+		loadMap: map[int64]*AccountLoadInfo{
+			1: {AccountID: 1, LoadRate: 80},
+			2: {AccountID: 2, LoadRate: 10},
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, "load", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.Account == nil || selection.Account.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2")
+	}
+	if cache.sessionBindings["openai:load"] != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected sticky session updated")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_StickyExcludedFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	sessionHash := "excluded"
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 2},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{
+		sessionBindings: map[string]int64{"openai:" + sessionHash: 1},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	excluded := map[int64]struct{}{1: {}}
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(context.Background(), nil, sessionHash, "gpt-4", excluded)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc == nil || acc.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_StickyNonOpenAI(t *testing.T) {
+	sessionHash := "non-openai"
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformAnthropic, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 2},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{
+		sessionBindings: map[string]int64{"openai:" + sessionHash: 1},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(context.Background(), nil, sessionHash, "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc == nil || acc.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_NoAccounts(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{accounts: []Account{}}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(context.Background(), nil, "", "", nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error for no accounts")
+	}
+	if acc != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected nil account")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "no available OpenAI accounts") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_NoCandidates(t *testing.T) {
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	resetAt := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1, RateLimitResetAt: &resetAt},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, "", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error for no candidates")
+	}
+	if selection != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected nil selection")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_AllFullWaitPlan(t *testing.T) {
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{
+		loadMap: map[int64]*AccountLoadInfo{
+			1: {AccountID: 1, LoadRate: 100},
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, "", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.WaitPlan == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected wait plan")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_LoadBatchErrorNoAcquire(t *testing.T) {
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{
+		loadBatchErr:   errors.New("load batch failed"),
+		acquireResults: map[int64]bool{1: false},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, "", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.WaitPlan == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected wait plan")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_MissingLoadInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{
+		loadMap: map[int64]*AccountLoadInfo{
+			1: {AccountID: 1, LoadRate: 50},
+		},
+		skipDefaultLoad: true,
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, "", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.Account == nil || selection.Account.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountForModelWithExclusions_LeastRecentlyUsed(t *testing.T) {
+	oldTime := time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour)
+	newTime := time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Priority: 1, LastUsedAt: &newTime},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Priority: 1, LastUsedAt: &oldTime},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo: repo,
+		cache:       cache,
+	}
+
+	acc, err := svc.SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(context.Background(), nil, "", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc == nil || acc.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAISelectAccountWithLoadAwareness_PreferNeverUsed(t *testing.T) {
+	groupID := int64(1)
+	lastUsed := time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+	repo := stubOpenAIAccountRepo{
+		accounts: []Account{
+			{ID: 1, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1, LastUsedAt: &lastUsed},
+			{ID: 2, Platform: PlatformOpenAI, Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Concurrency: 1, Priority: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cache := &stubGatewayCache{}
+	concurrencyCache := stubConcurrencyCache{
+		loadMap: map[int64]*AccountLoadInfo{
+			1: {AccountID: 1, LoadRate: 10},
+			2: {AccountID: 2, LoadRate: 10},
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:        repo,
+		cache:              cache,
+		concurrencyService: NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache),
+	}
+
+	selection, err := svc.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(context.Background(), &groupID, "", "gpt-4", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if selection == nil || selection.Account == nil || selection.Account.ID != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected account 2")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestOpenAIStreamingTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
 	cfg := &config.Config{

backend/internal/service/openai_oauth_service.go

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
 	"time"
 
+	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
 )
 
@@ -35,12 +36,12 @@ func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) GenerateAuthURL(ctx context.Context, proxyID *int64
 	// Generate PKCE values
 	state, err := openai.GenerateState()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate state: %w", err)
+		return nil, infraerrors.Newf(http.StatusInternalServerError, "OPENAI_OAUTH_STATE_FAILED", "failed to generate state: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	codeVerifier, err := openai.GenerateCodeVerifier()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate code verifier: %w", err)
+		return nil, infraerrors.Newf(http.StatusInternalServerError, "OPENAI_OAUTH_VERIFIER_FAILED", "failed to generate code verifier: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	codeChallenge := openai.GenerateCodeChallenge(codeVerifier)
@@ -48,14 +49,17 @@ func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) GenerateAuthURL(ctx context.Context, proxyID *int64
 	// Generate session ID
 	sessionID, err := openai.GenerateSessionID()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate session ID: %w", err)
+		return nil, infraerrors.Newf(http.StatusInternalServerError, "OPENAI_OAUTH_SESSION_FAILED", "failed to generate session ID: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Get proxy URL if specified
 	var proxyURL string
 	if proxyID != nil {
 		proxy, err := s.proxyRepo.GetByID(ctx, *proxyID)
-		if err == nil && proxy != nil {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, infraerrors.Newf(http.StatusBadRequest, "OPENAI_OAUTH_PROXY_NOT_FOUND", "proxy not found: %v", err)
+		}
+		if proxy != nil {
 			proxyURL = proxy.URL()
 		}
 	}
@@ -110,14 +114,17 @@ func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, input *OpenAIExch
 	// Get session
 	session, ok := s.sessionStore.Get(input.SessionID)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("session not found or expired")
+		return nil, infraerrors.New(http.StatusBadRequest, "OPENAI_OAUTH_SESSION_NOT_FOUND", "session not found or expired")
 	}
 
-	// Get proxy URL
+	// Get proxy URL: prefer input.ProxyID, fallback to session.ProxyURL
 	proxyURL := session.ProxyURL
 	if input.ProxyID != nil {
 		proxy, err := s.proxyRepo.GetByID(ctx, *input.ProxyID)
-		if err == nil && proxy != nil {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, infraerrors.Newf(http.StatusBadRequest, "OPENAI_OAUTH_PROXY_NOT_FOUND", "proxy not found: %v", err)
+		}
+		if proxy != nil {
 			proxyURL = proxy.URL()
 		}
 	}
@@ -131,7 +138,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, input *OpenAIExch
 	// Exchange code for token
 	tokenResp, err := s.oauthClient.ExchangeCode(ctx, input.Code, session.CodeVerifier, redirectURI, proxyURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to exchange code: %w", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	// Parse ID token to get user info
@@ -201,12 +208,12 @@ func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, refreshToken stri
 // RefreshAccountToken refreshes token for an OpenAI account
 func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) RefreshAccountToken(ctx context.Context, account *Account) (*OpenAITokenInfo, error) {
 	if !account.IsOpenAI() {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("account is not an OpenAI account")
+		return nil, infraerrors.New(http.StatusBadRequest, "OPENAI_OAUTH_INVALID_ACCOUNT", "account is not an OpenAI account")
 	}
 
 	refreshToken := account.GetOpenAIRefreshToken()
 	if refreshToken == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no refresh token available")
+		return nil, infraerrors.New(http.StatusBadRequest, "OPENAI_OAUTH_NO_REFRESH_TOKEN", "no refresh token available")
 	}
 
 	var proxyURL string

backend/internal/service/openai_token_provider.go

@@ -162,26 +162,37 @@ func (p *OpenAITokenProvider) GetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, account *Accou
 		return "", errors.New("access_token not found in credentials")
 	}
 
-	// 3. 存入缓存
+	// 3. 存入缓存（验证版本后再写入，避免异步刷新任务与请求线程的竞态条件）
 	if p.tokenCache != nil {
-		ttl := 30 * time.Minute
-		if refreshFailed {
-			// 刷新失败时使用短 TTL，避免失效 token 长时间缓存导致 401 抖动
-			ttl = time.Minute
-			slog.Debug("openai_token_cache_short_ttl", "account_id", account.ID, "reason", "refresh_failed")
-		} else if expiresAt != nil {
-			until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
-			switch {
-			case until > openAITokenCacheSkew:
-				ttl = until - openAITokenCacheSkew
-			case until > 0:
-				ttl = until
-			default:
-				ttl = time.Minute
+		latestAccount, isStale := CheckTokenVersion(ctx, account, p.accountRepo)
+		if isStale && latestAccount != nil {
+			// 版本过时，使用 DB 中的最新 token
+			slog.Debug("openai_token_version_stale_use_latest", "account_id", account.ID)
+			accessToken = latestAccount.GetOpenAIAccessToken()
+			if strings.TrimSpace(accessToken) == "" {
+				return "", errors.New("access_token not found after version check")
+			}
+			// 不写入缓存，让下次请求重新处理
+		} else {
+			ttl := 30 * time.Minute
+			if refreshFailed {
+				// 刷新失败时使用短 TTL，避免失效 token 长时间缓存导致 401 抖动
+				ttl = time.Minute
+				slog.Debug("openai_token_cache_short_ttl", "account_id", account.ID, "reason", "refresh_failed")
+			} else if expiresAt != nil {
+				until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
+				switch {
+				case until > openAITokenCacheSkew:
+					ttl = until - openAITokenCacheSkew
+				case until > 0:
+					ttl = until
+				default:
+					ttl = time.Minute
+				}
+			}
+			if err := p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl); err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("openai_token_cache_set_failed", "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
 			}
-		}
-		if err := p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl); err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("openai_token_cache_set_failed", "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
 		}
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/openai_tool_corrector.go

@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ var codexToolNameMapping = map[string]string{
 	"executeBash":  "bash",
 	"exec_bash":    "bash",
 	"execBash":     "bash",
+
+	// Some clients output generic fetch names.
+	"fetch":     "webfetch",
+	"web_fetch": "webfetch",
+	"webFetch":  "webfetch",
 }
 
 // ToolCorrectionStats 记录工具修正的统计信息（导出用于 JSON 序列化）
@@ -208,27 +213,67 @@ func (c *CodexToolCorrector) correctToolParameters(toolName string, functionCall
 	// 根据工具名称应用特定的参数修正规则
 	switch toolName {
 	case "bash":
-		// 移除 workdir 参数（OpenCode 不支持）
-		if _, exists := argsMap["workdir"]; exists {
-			delete(argsMap, "workdir")
-			corrected = true
-			log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Removed 'workdir' parameter from bash tool")
-		}
-		if _, exists := argsMap["work_dir"]; exists {
-			delete(argsMap, "work_dir")
-			corrected = true
-			log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Removed 'work_dir' parameter from bash tool")
+		// OpenCode bash 支持 workdir；有些来源会输出 work_dir。
+		if _, hasWorkdir := argsMap["workdir"]; !hasWorkdir {
+			if workDir, exists := argsMap["work_dir"]; exists {
+				argsMap["workdir"] = workDir
+				delete(argsMap, "work_dir")
+				corrected = true
+				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Renamed 'work_dir' to 'workdir' in bash tool")
+			}
+		} else {
+			if _, exists := argsMap["work_dir"]; exists {
+				delete(argsMap, "work_dir")
+				corrected = true
+				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Removed duplicate 'work_dir' parameter from bash tool")
+			}
 		}
 
 	case "edit":
-		// OpenCode edit 使用 old_string/new_string，Codex 可能使用其他名称
-		// 这里可以添加参数名称的映射逻辑
-		if _, exists := argsMap["file_path"]; !exists {
-			if path, exists := argsMap["path"]; exists {
-				argsMap["file_path"] = path
+		// OpenCode edit 参数为 filePath/oldString/newString（camelCase）。
+		if _, exists := argsMap["filePath"]; !exists {
+			if filePath, exists := argsMap["file_path"]; exists {
+				argsMap["filePath"] = filePath
+				delete(argsMap, "file_path")
+				corrected = true
+				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Renamed 'file_path' to 'filePath' in edit tool")
+			} else if filePath, exists := argsMap["path"]; exists {
+				argsMap["filePath"] = filePath
 				delete(argsMap, "path")
 				corrected = true
-				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Renamed 'path' to 'file_path' in edit tool")
+				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Renamed 'path' to 'filePath' in edit tool")
+			} else if filePath, exists := argsMap["file"]; exists {
+				argsMap["filePath"] = filePath
+				delete(argsMap, "file")
+				corrected = true
+				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Renamed 'file' to 'filePath' in edit tool")
+			}
+		}
+
+		if _, exists := argsMap["oldString"]; !exists {
+			if oldString, exists := argsMap["old_string"]; exists {
+				argsMap["oldString"] = oldString
+				delete(argsMap, "old_string")
+				corrected = true
+				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Renamed 'old_string' to 'oldString' in edit tool")
+			}
+		}
+
+		if _, exists := argsMap["newString"]; !exists {
+			if newString, exists := argsMap["new_string"]; exists {
+				argsMap["newString"] = newString
+				delete(argsMap, "new_string")
+				corrected = true
+				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Renamed 'new_string' to 'newString' in edit tool")
+			}
+		}
+
+		if _, exists := argsMap["replaceAll"]; !exists {
+			if replaceAll, exists := argsMap["replace_all"]; exists {
+				argsMap["replaceAll"] = replaceAll
+				delete(argsMap, "replace_all")
+				corrected = true
+				log.Printf("[CodexToolCorrector] Renamed 'replace_all' to 'replaceAll' in edit tool")
 			}
 		}
 	}

backend/internal/service/openai_tool_corrector_test.go

@@ -416,22 +416,23 @@ func TestCorrectToolParameters(t *testing.T) {
 		expected map[string]bool // key: 期待存在的参数, value: true表示应该存在
 	}{
 		{
-			name: "remove workdir from bash tool",
+			name: "rename work_dir to workdir in bash tool",
 			input: `{
 				"tool_calls": [{
 					"function": {
 						"name": "bash",
-						"arguments": "{\"command\":\"ls\",\"workdir\":\"/tmp\"}"
+						"arguments": "{\"command\":\"ls\",\"work_dir\":\"/tmp\"}"
 					}
 				}]
 			}`,
 			expected: map[string]bool{
-				"command": true,
-				"workdir": false,
+				"command":  true,
+				"workdir":  true,
+				"work_dir": false,
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			name: "rename path to file_path in edit tool",
+			name: "rename snake_case edit params to camelCase",
 			input: `{
 				"tool_calls": [{
 					"function": {
@@ -441,10 +442,12 @@ func TestCorrectToolParameters(t *testing.T) {
 				}]
 			}`,
 			expected: map[string]bool{
-				"file_path":  true,
+				"filePath":   true,
 				"path":       false,
-				"old_string": true,
-				"new_string": true,
+				"oldString":  true,
+				"old_string": false,
+				"newString":  true,
+				"new_string": false,
 			},
 		},
 	}

backend/internal/service/ops_settings_models.go

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ type OpsAdvancedSettings struct {
 	IgnoreCountTokensErrors   bool                     `json:"ignore_count_tokens_errors"`
 	IgnoreContextCanceled     bool                     `json:"ignore_context_canceled"`
 	IgnoreNoAvailableAccounts bool                     `json:"ignore_no_available_accounts"`
+	IgnoreInvalidApiKeyErrors bool                     `json:"ignore_invalid_api_key_errors"`
 	AutoRefreshEnabled        bool                     `json:"auto_refresh_enabled"`
 	AutoRefreshIntervalSec    int                      `json:"auto_refresh_interval_seconds"`
 }

backend/internal/service/pricing_service.go

@@ -531,8 +531,8 @@ func (s *PricingService) buildModelLookupCandidates(modelLower string) []string
 func normalizeModelNameForPricing(model string) string {
 	// Common Gemini/VertexAI forms:
 	// - models/gemini-2.0-flash-exp
-	// - publishers/google/models/gemini-1.5-pro
-	// - projects/.../locations/.../publishers/google/models/gemini-1.5-pro
+	// - publishers/google/models/gemini-2.5-pro
+	// - projects/.../locations/.../publishers/google/models/gemini-2.5-pro
 	model = strings.TrimSpace(model)
 	model = strings.TrimLeft(model, "/")
 	model = strings.TrimPrefix(model, "models/")

backend/internal/service/ratelimit_service.go

@@ -73,10 +73,14 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) HandleUpstreamError(ctx context.Context, account *Acc
 		return false
 	}
 
-	tempMatched := false
+	// 先尝试临时不可调度规则（401除外）
+	// 如果匹配成功，直接返回，不执行后续禁用逻辑
 	if statusCode != 401 {
-		tempMatched = s.tryTempUnschedulable(ctx, account, statusCode, responseBody)
+		if s.tryTempUnschedulable(ctx, account, statusCode, responseBody) {
+			return true
+		}
 	}
+
 	upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(responseBody))
 	upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
 	if upstreamMsg != "" {
@@ -84,6 +88,14 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) HandleUpstreamError(ctx context.Context, account *Acc
 	}
 
 	switch statusCode {
+	case 400:
+		// 只有当错误信息包含 "organization has been disabled" 时才禁用
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(upstreamMsg), "organization has been disabled") {
+			msg := "Organization disabled (400): " + upstreamMsg
+			s.handleAuthError(ctx, account, msg)
+			shouldDisable = true
+		}
+		// 其他 400 错误（如参数问题）不处理，不禁用账号
 	case 401:
 		// 对所有 OAuth 账号在 401 错误时调用缓存失效并强制下次刷新
 		if account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth {
@@ -148,9 +160,6 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) HandleUpstreamError(ctx context.Context, account *Acc
 		}
 	}
 
-	if tempMatched {
-		return true
-	}
 	return shouldDisable
 }
 
@@ -190,7 +199,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) PreCheckUsage(ctx context.Context, account *Account,
 			start := geminiDailyWindowStart(now)
 			totals, ok := s.getGeminiUsageTotals(account.ID, start, now)
 			if !ok {
-				stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, start, now, 0, 0, account.ID, 0, nil)
+				stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, start, now, 0, 0, account.ID, 0, nil, nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					return true, err
 				}
@@ -237,7 +246,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) PreCheckUsage(ctx context.Context, account *Account,
 
 		if limit > 0 {
 			start := now.Truncate(time.Minute)
-			stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, start, now, 0, 0, account.ID, 0, nil)
+			stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, start, now, 0, 0, account.ID, 0, nil, nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				return true, err
 			}
@@ -334,9 +343,48 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) handleCustomErrorCode(ctx context.Context, account *A
 // handle429 处理429限流错误
 // 解析响应头获取重置时间，标记账号为限流状态
 func (s *RateLimitService) handle429(ctx context.Context, account *Account, headers http.Header, responseBody []byte) {
-	// 解析重置时间戳
+	// 1. OpenAI 平台：优先尝试解析 x-codex-* 响应头（用于 rate_limit_exceeded）
+	if account.Platform == PlatformOpenAI {
+		if resetAt := s.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers); resetAt != nil {
+			if err := s.accountRepo.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, *resetAt); err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("rate_limit_set_failed", "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
+				return
+			}
+			slog.Info("openai_account_rate_limited", "account_id", account.ID, "reset_at", *resetAt)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 2. 尝试从响应头解析重置时间（Anthropic）
 	resetTimestamp := headers.Get("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-reset")
+
+	// 3. 如果响应头没有，尝试从响应体解析（OpenAI usage_limit_reached, Gemini）
 	if resetTimestamp == "" {
+		switch account.Platform {
+		case PlatformOpenAI:
+			// 尝试解析 OpenAI 的 usage_limit_reached 错误
+			if resetAt := parseOpenAIRateLimitResetTime(responseBody); resetAt != nil {
+				resetTime := time.Unix(*resetAt, 0)
+				if err := s.accountRepo.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetTime); err != nil {
+					slog.Warn("rate_limit_set_failed", "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
+					return
+				}
+				slog.Info("account_rate_limited", "account_id", account.ID, "platform", account.Platform, "reset_at", resetTime, "reset_in", time.Until(resetTime).Truncate(time.Second))
+				return
+			}
+		case PlatformGemini, PlatformAntigravity:
+			// 尝试解析 Gemini 格式（用于其他平台）
+			if resetAt := ParseGeminiRateLimitResetTime(responseBody); resetAt != nil {
+				resetTime := time.Unix(*resetAt, 0)
+				if err := s.accountRepo.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetTime); err != nil {
+					slog.Warn("rate_limit_set_failed", "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
+					return
+				}
+				slog.Info("account_rate_limited", "account_id", account.ID, "platform", account.Platform, "reset_at", resetTime, "reset_in", time.Until(resetTime).Truncate(time.Second))
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
 		// 没有重置时间，使用默认5分钟
 		resetAt := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute)
 		if s.shouldScopeClaudeSonnetRateLimit(account, responseBody) {
@@ -347,6 +395,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) handle429(ctx context.Context, account *Account, head
 			}
 			return
 		}
+		slog.Warn("rate_limit_no_reset_time", "account_id", account.ID, "platform", account.Platform, "using_default", "5m")
 		if err := s.accountRepo.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetAt); err != nil {
 			slog.Warn("rate_limit_set_failed", "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
 		}
@@ -410,6 +459,108 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) shouldScopeClaudeSonnetRateLimit(account *Account, re
 	return strings.Contains(msg, "sonnet")
 }
 
+// calculateOpenAI429ResetTime 从 OpenAI 429 响应头计算正确的重置时间
+// 返回 nil 表示无法从响应头中确定重置时间
+func (s *RateLimitService) calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers http.Header) *time.Time {
+	snapshot := ParseCodexRateLimitHeaders(headers)
+	if snapshot == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	normalized := snapshot.Normalize()
+	if normalized == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	// 判断哪个限制被触发（used_percent >= 100）
+	is7dExhausted := normalized.Used7dPercent != nil && *normalized.Used7dPercent >= 100
+	is5hExhausted := normalized.Used5hPercent != nil && *normalized.Used5hPercent >= 100
+
+	// 优先使用被触发限制的重置时间
+	if is7dExhausted && normalized.Reset7dSeconds != nil {
+		resetAt := now.Add(time.Duration(*normalized.Reset7dSeconds) * time.Second)
+		slog.Info("openai_429_7d_limit_exhausted", "reset_after_seconds", *normalized.Reset7dSeconds, "reset_at", resetAt)
+		return &resetAt
+	}
+	if is5hExhausted && normalized.Reset5hSeconds != nil {
+		resetAt := now.Add(time.Duration(*normalized.Reset5hSeconds) * time.Second)
+		slog.Info("openai_429_5h_limit_exhausted", "reset_after_seconds", *normalized.Reset5hSeconds, "reset_at", resetAt)
+		return &resetAt
+	}
+
+	// 都未达到100%但收到429，使用较长的重置时间
+	var maxResetSecs int
+	if normalized.Reset7dSeconds != nil && *normalized.Reset7dSeconds > maxResetSecs {
+		maxResetSecs = *normalized.Reset7dSeconds
+	}
+	if normalized.Reset5hSeconds != nil && *normalized.Reset5hSeconds > maxResetSecs {
+		maxResetSecs = *normalized.Reset5hSeconds
+	}
+	if maxResetSecs > 0 {
+		resetAt := now.Add(time.Duration(maxResetSecs) * time.Second)
+		slog.Info("openai_429_using_max_reset", "max_reset_seconds", maxResetSecs, "reset_at", resetAt)
+		return &resetAt
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// parseOpenAIRateLimitResetTime 解析 OpenAI 格式的 429 响应，返回重置时间的 Unix 时间戳
+// OpenAI 的 usage_limit_reached 错误格式：
+//
+//	{
+//	  "error": {
+//	    "message": "The usage limit has been reached",
+//	    "type": "usage_limit_reached",
+//	    "resets_at": 1769404154,
+//	    "resets_in_seconds": 133107
+//	  }
+//	}
+func parseOpenAIRateLimitResetTime(body []byte) *int64 {
+	var parsed map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &parsed); err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	errObj, ok := parsed["error"].(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// 检查是否为 usage_limit_reached 或 rate_limit_exceeded 类型
+	errType, _ := errObj["type"].(string)
+	if errType != "usage_limit_reached" && errType != "rate_limit_exceeded" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// 优先使用 resets_at（Unix 时间戳）
+	if resetsAt, ok := errObj["resets_at"].(float64); ok {
+		ts := int64(resetsAt)
+		return &ts
+	}
+	if resetsAt, ok := errObj["resets_at"].(string); ok {
+		if ts, err := strconv.ParseInt(resetsAt, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			return &ts
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 如果没有 resets_at，尝试使用 resets_in_seconds
+	if resetsInSeconds, ok := errObj["resets_in_seconds"].(float64); ok {
+		ts := time.Now().Unix() + int64(resetsInSeconds)
+		return &ts
+	}
+	if resetsInSeconds, ok := errObj["resets_in_seconds"].(string); ok {
+		if sec, err := strconv.ParseInt(resetsInSeconds, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			ts := time.Now().Unix() + sec
+			return &ts
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // handle529 处理529过载错误
 // 根据配置设置过载冷却时间
 func (s *RateLimitService) handle529(ctx context.Context, account *Account) {

backend/internal/service/ratelimit_service_openai_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestCalculateOpenAI429ResetTime_7dExhausted(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &RateLimitService{}
+
+	// Simulate headers when 7d limit is exhausted (100% used)
+	// Primary = 7d (10080 minutes), Secondary = 5h (300 minutes)
+	headers := http.Header{}
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-used-percent", "100")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-reset-after-seconds", "384607") // ~4.5 days
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-window-minutes", "10080")       // 7 days
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-used-percent", "3")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-reset-after-seconds", "17369") // ~4.8 hours
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-window-minutes", "300")        // 5 hours
+
+	before := time.Now()
+	resetAt := svc.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers)
+	after := time.Now()
+
+	if resetAt == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil resetAt")
+	}
+
+	// Should be approximately 384607 seconds from now
+	expectedDuration := 384607 * time.Second
+	minExpected := before.Add(expectedDuration)
+	maxExpected := after.Add(expectedDuration)
+
+	if resetAt.Before(minExpected) || resetAt.After(maxExpected) {
+		t.Errorf("resetAt %v not in expected range [%v, %v]", resetAt, minExpected, maxExpected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCalculateOpenAI429ResetTime_5hExhausted(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &RateLimitService{}
+
+	// Simulate headers when 5h limit is exhausted (100% used)
+	headers := http.Header{}
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-used-percent", "50")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-reset-after-seconds", "500000")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-window-minutes", "10080") // 7 days
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-used-percent", "100")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-reset-after-seconds", "3600") // 1 hour
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-window-minutes", "300")       // 5 hours
+
+	before := time.Now()
+	resetAt := svc.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers)
+	after := time.Now()
+
+	if resetAt == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil resetAt")
+	}
+
+	// Should be approximately 3600 seconds from now
+	expectedDuration := 3600 * time.Second
+	minExpected := before.Add(expectedDuration)
+	maxExpected := after.Add(expectedDuration)
+
+	if resetAt.Before(minExpected) || resetAt.After(maxExpected) {
+		t.Errorf("resetAt %v not in expected range [%v, %v]", resetAt, minExpected, maxExpected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCalculateOpenAI429ResetTime_NeitherExhausted_UsesMax(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &RateLimitService{}
+
+	// Neither limit at 100%, should use the longer reset time
+	headers := http.Header{}
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-used-percent", "80")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-reset-after-seconds", "100000")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-window-minutes", "10080")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-used-percent", "90")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-reset-after-seconds", "5000")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-window-minutes", "300")
+
+	before := time.Now()
+	resetAt := svc.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers)
+	after := time.Now()
+
+	if resetAt == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil resetAt")
+	}
+
+	// Should use the max (100000 seconds from 7d window)
+	expectedDuration := 100000 * time.Second
+	minExpected := before.Add(expectedDuration)
+	maxExpected := after.Add(expectedDuration)
+
+	if resetAt.Before(minExpected) || resetAt.After(maxExpected) {
+		t.Errorf("resetAt %v not in expected range [%v, %v]", resetAt, minExpected, maxExpected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCalculateOpenAI429ResetTime_NoCodexHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &RateLimitService{}
+
+	// No codex headers at all
+	headers := http.Header{}
+	headers.Set("content-type", "application/json")
+
+	resetAt := svc.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers)
+
+	if resetAt != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil resetAt when no codex headers, got %v", resetAt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCalculateOpenAI429ResetTime_ReversedWindowOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &RateLimitService{}
+
+	// Test when OpenAI sends primary as 5h and secondary as 7d (reversed)
+	headers := http.Header{}
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-used-percent", "100")         // This is 5h
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-reset-after-seconds", "3600") // 1 hour
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-window-minutes", "300")       // 5 hours - smaller!
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-used-percent", "50")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-reset-after-seconds", "500000")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-window-minutes", "10080") // 7 days - larger!
+
+	before := time.Now()
+	resetAt := svc.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers)
+	after := time.Now()
+
+	if resetAt == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil resetAt")
+	}
+
+	// Should correctly identify that primary is 5h (smaller window) and use its reset time
+	expectedDuration := 3600 * time.Second
+	minExpected := before.Add(expectedDuration)
+	maxExpected := after.Add(expectedDuration)
+
+	if resetAt.Before(minExpected) || resetAt.After(maxExpected) {
+		t.Errorf("resetAt %v not in expected range [%v, %v]", resetAt, minExpected, maxExpected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizedCodexLimits(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test the Normalize() method directly
+	pUsed := 100.0
+	pReset := 384607
+	pWindow := 10080
+	sUsed := 3.0
+	sReset := 17369
+	sWindow := 300
+
+	snapshot := &OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot{
+		PrimaryUsedPercent:         &pUsed,
+		PrimaryResetAfterSeconds:   &pReset,
+		PrimaryWindowMinutes:       &pWindow,
+		SecondaryUsedPercent:       &sUsed,
+		SecondaryResetAfterSeconds: &sReset,
+		SecondaryWindowMinutes:     &sWindow,
+	}
+
+	normalized := snapshot.Normalize()
+	if normalized == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil normalized")
+	}
+
+	// Primary has larger window (10080 > 300), so primary should be 7d
+	if normalized.Used7dPercent == nil || *normalized.Used7dPercent != 100.0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Used7dPercent=100, got %v", normalized.Used7dPercent)
+	}
+	if normalized.Reset7dSeconds == nil || *normalized.Reset7dSeconds != 384607 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Reset7dSeconds=384607, got %v", normalized.Reset7dSeconds)
+	}
+	if normalized.Used5hPercent == nil || *normalized.Used5hPercent != 3.0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Used5hPercent=3, got %v", normalized.Used5hPercent)
+	}
+	if normalized.Reset5hSeconds == nil || *normalized.Reset5hSeconds != 17369 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Reset5hSeconds=17369, got %v", normalized.Reset5hSeconds)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizedCodexLimits_OnlyPrimaryData(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test when only primary has data, no window_minutes
+	pUsed := 80.0
+	pReset := 50000
+
+	snapshot := &OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot{
+		PrimaryUsedPercent:       &pUsed,
+		PrimaryResetAfterSeconds: &pReset,
+		// No window_minutes, no secondary data
+	}
+
+	normalized := snapshot.Normalize()
+	if normalized == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil normalized")
+	}
+
+	// Legacy assumption: primary=7d, secondary=5h
+	if normalized.Used7dPercent == nil || *normalized.Used7dPercent != 80.0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Used7dPercent=80, got %v", normalized.Used7dPercent)
+	}
+	if normalized.Reset7dSeconds == nil || *normalized.Reset7dSeconds != 50000 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Reset7dSeconds=50000, got %v", normalized.Reset7dSeconds)
+	}
+	// Secondary (5h) should be nil
+	if normalized.Used5hPercent != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected Used5hPercent=nil, got %v", *normalized.Used5hPercent)
+	}
+	if normalized.Reset5hSeconds != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected Reset5hSeconds=nil, got %v", *normalized.Reset5hSeconds)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizedCodexLimits_OnlySecondaryData(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test when only secondary has data, no window_minutes
+	sUsed := 60.0
+	sReset := 3000
+
+	snapshot := &OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot{
+		SecondaryUsedPercent:       &sUsed,
+		SecondaryResetAfterSeconds: &sReset,
+		// No window_minutes, no primary data
+	}
+
+	normalized := snapshot.Normalize()
+	if normalized == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil normalized")
+	}
+
+	// Legacy assumption: primary=7d, secondary=5h
+	// So secondary goes to 5h
+	if normalized.Used5hPercent == nil || *normalized.Used5hPercent != 60.0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Used5hPercent=60, got %v", normalized.Used5hPercent)
+	}
+	if normalized.Reset5hSeconds == nil || *normalized.Reset5hSeconds != 3000 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Reset5hSeconds=3000, got %v", normalized.Reset5hSeconds)
+	}
+	// Primary (7d) should be nil
+	if normalized.Used7dPercent != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected Used7dPercent=nil, got %v", *normalized.Used7dPercent)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizedCodexLimits_BothDataNoWindowMinutes(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test when both have data but no window_minutes
+	pUsed := 100.0
+	pReset := 400000
+	sUsed := 50.0
+	sReset := 10000
+
+	snapshot := &OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot{
+		PrimaryUsedPercent:         &pUsed,
+		PrimaryResetAfterSeconds:   &pReset,
+		SecondaryUsedPercent:       &sUsed,
+		SecondaryResetAfterSeconds: &sReset,
+		// No window_minutes
+	}
+
+	normalized := snapshot.Normalize()
+	if normalized == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil normalized")
+	}
+
+	// Legacy assumption: primary=7d, secondary=5h
+	if normalized.Used7dPercent == nil || *normalized.Used7dPercent != 100.0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Used7dPercent=100, got %v", normalized.Used7dPercent)
+	}
+	if normalized.Reset7dSeconds == nil || *normalized.Reset7dSeconds != 400000 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Reset7dSeconds=400000, got %v", normalized.Reset7dSeconds)
+	}
+	if normalized.Used5hPercent == nil || *normalized.Used5hPercent != 50.0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Used5hPercent=50, got %v", normalized.Used5hPercent)
+	}
+	if normalized.Reset5hSeconds == nil || *normalized.Reset5hSeconds != 10000 {
+		t.Errorf("expected Reset5hSeconds=10000, got %v", normalized.Reset5hSeconds)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandle429_AnthropicPlatformUnaffected(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify that Anthropic platform accounts still use the original logic
+	// This test ensures we don't break existing Claude account rate limiting
+
+	svc := &RateLimitService{}
+
+	// Simulate Anthropic 429 headers
+	headers := http.Header{}
+	headers.Set("anthropic-ratelimit-unified-reset", "1737820800") // A future Unix timestamp
+
+	// For Anthropic platform, calculateOpenAI429ResetTime should return nil
+	// because it only handles OpenAI platform
+	resetAt := svc.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers)
+
+	// Should return nil since there are no x-codex-* headers
+	if resetAt != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil for Anthropic headers, got %v", resetAt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCalculateOpenAI429ResetTime_UserProvidedScenario(t *testing.T) {
+	// This is the exact scenario from the user:
+	// codex_7d_used_percent: 100
+	// codex_7d_reset_after_seconds: 384607 (约4.5天后重置)
+	// codex_5h_used_percent: 3
+	// codex_5h_reset_after_seconds: 17369 (约4.8小时后重置)
+
+	svc := &RateLimitService{}
+
+	// Simulate headers matching user's data
+	// Note: We need to map the canonical 5h/7d back to primary/secondary
+	// Based on typical OpenAI behavior: primary=7d (larger window), secondary=5h (smaller window)
+	headers := http.Header{}
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-used-percent", "100")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-reset-after-seconds", "384607")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-window-minutes", "10080") // 7 days = 10080 minutes
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-used-percent", "3")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-reset-after-seconds", "17369")
+	headers.Set("x-codex-secondary-window-minutes", "300") // 5 hours = 300 minutes
+
+	before := time.Now()
+	resetAt := svc.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers)
+	after := time.Now()
+
+	if resetAt == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil resetAt for user scenario")
+	}
+
+	// Should use the 7d reset time (384607 seconds) since 7d limit is exhausted (100%)
+	expectedDuration := 384607 * time.Second
+	minExpected := before.Add(expectedDuration)
+	maxExpected := after.Add(expectedDuration)
+
+	if resetAt.Before(minExpected) || resetAt.After(maxExpected) {
+		t.Errorf("resetAt %v not in expected range [%v, %v]", resetAt, minExpected, maxExpected)
+	}
+
+	// Verify it's approximately 4.45 days (384607 seconds)
+	duration := resetAt.Sub(before)
+	actualDays := duration.Hours() / 24.0
+
+	// 384607 / 86400 = ~4.45 days
+	if actualDays < 4.4 || actualDays > 4.5 {
+		t.Errorf("expected ~4.45 days, got %.2f days", actualDays)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("User scenario: reset_at=%v, duration=%.2f days", resetAt, actualDays)
+}
+
+func TestCalculateOpenAI429ResetTime_5MinFallbackWhenNoReset(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that we return nil when there's used_percent but no reset_after_seconds
+	// This should cause the caller to use the default 5-minute fallback
+
+	svc := &RateLimitService{}
+
+	headers := http.Header{}
+	headers.Set("x-codex-primary-used-percent", "100")
+	// No reset_after_seconds!
+
+	resetAt := svc.calculateOpenAI429ResetTime(headers)
+
+	// Should return nil since there's no reset time available
+	if resetAt != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil when no reset_after_seconds, got %v", resetAt)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/session_limit_cache.go

@@ -38,8 +38,9 @@ type SessionLimitCache interface {
 	GetActiveSessionCount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (int, error)
 
 	// GetActiveSessionCountBatch 批量获取多个账号的活跃会话数
+	// idleTimeouts: 每个账号的空闲超时时间配置，key 为 accountID；若为 nil 或某账号不在其中，则使用默认超时
 	// 返回 map[accountID]count，查询失败的账号不在 map 中
-	GetActiveSessionCountBatch(ctx context.Context, accountIDs []int64) (map[int64]int, error)
+	GetActiveSessionCountBatch(ctx context.Context, accountIDs []int64, idleTimeouts map[int64]time.Duration) (map[int64]int, error)
 
 	// IsSessionActive 检查特定会话是否活跃（未过期）
 	IsSessionActive(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, sessionUUID string) (bool, error)

backend/internal/service/setting_service.go

@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ func (s *SettingService) GetPublicSettings(ctx context.Context) (*PublicSettings
 	keys := []string{
 		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled,
 		SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled,
+		SettingKeyPromoCodeEnabled,
+		SettingKeyPasswordResetEnabled,
+		SettingKeyTotpEnabled,
 		SettingKeyTurnstileEnabled,
 		SettingKeyTurnstileSiteKey,
 		SettingKeySiteName,
@@ -69,6 +72,9 @@ func (s *SettingService) GetPublicSettings(ctx context.Context) (*PublicSettings
 		SettingKeyContactInfo,
 		SettingKeyDocURL,
 		SettingKeyHomeContent,
+		SettingKeyHideCcsImportButton,
+		SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionEnabled,
+		SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionURL,
 		SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled,
 	}
 
@@ -84,19 +90,29 @@ func (s *SettingService) GetPublicSettings(ctx context.Context) (*PublicSettings
 		linuxDoEnabled = s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.LinuxDo.Enabled
 	}
 
+	// Password reset requires email verification to be enabled
+	emailVerifyEnabled := settings[SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled] == "true"
+	passwordResetEnabled := emailVerifyEnabled && settings[SettingKeyPasswordResetEnabled] == "true"
+
 	return &PublicSettings{
-		RegistrationEnabled: settings[SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled] == "true",
-		EmailVerifyEnabled:  settings[SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled] == "true",
-		TurnstileEnabled:    settings[SettingKeyTurnstileEnabled] == "true",
-		TurnstileSiteKey:    settings[SettingKeyTurnstileSiteKey],
-		SiteName:            s.getStringOrDefault(settings, SettingKeySiteName, "Sub2API"),
-		SiteLogo:            settings[SettingKeySiteLogo],
-		SiteSubtitle:        s.getStringOrDefault(settings, SettingKeySiteSubtitle, "Subscription to API Conversion Platform"),
-		APIBaseURL:          settings[SettingKeyAPIBaseURL],
-		ContactInfo:         settings[SettingKeyContactInfo],
-		DocURL:              settings[SettingKeyDocURL],
-		HomeContent:         settings[SettingKeyHomeContent],
-		LinuxDoOAuthEnabled: linuxDoEnabled,
+		RegistrationEnabled:         settings[SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled] == "true",
+		EmailVerifyEnabled:          emailVerifyEnabled,
+		PromoCodeEnabled:            settings[SettingKeyPromoCodeEnabled] != "false", // 默认启用
+		PasswordResetEnabled:        passwordResetEnabled,
+		TotpEnabled:                 settings[SettingKeyTotpEnabled] == "true",
+		TurnstileEnabled:            settings[SettingKeyTurnstileEnabled] == "true",
+		TurnstileSiteKey:            settings[SettingKeyTurnstileSiteKey],
+		SiteName:                    s.getStringOrDefault(settings, SettingKeySiteName, "Sub2API"),
+		SiteLogo:                    settings[SettingKeySiteLogo],
+		SiteSubtitle:                s.getStringOrDefault(settings, SettingKeySiteSubtitle, "Subscription to API Conversion Platform"),
+		APIBaseURL:                  settings[SettingKeyAPIBaseURL],
+		ContactInfo:                 settings[SettingKeyContactInfo],
+		DocURL:                      settings[SettingKeyDocURL],
+		HomeContent:                 settings[SettingKeyHomeContent],
+		HideCcsImportButton:         settings[SettingKeyHideCcsImportButton] == "true",
+		PurchaseSubscriptionEnabled: settings[SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionEnabled] == "true",
+		PurchaseSubscriptionURL:     strings.TrimSpace(settings[SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionURL]),
+		LinuxDoOAuthEnabled:         linuxDoEnabled,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -121,33 +137,45 @@ func (s *SettingService) GetPublicSettingsForInjection(ctx context.Context) (any
 
 	// Return a struct that matches the frontend's expected format
 	return &struct {
-		RegistrationEnabled bool   `json:"registration_enabled"`
-		EmailVerifyEnabled  bool   `json:"email_verify_enabled"`
-		TurnstileEnabled    bool   `json:"turnstile_enabled"`
-		TurnstileSiteKey    string `json:"turnstile_site_key,omitempty"`
-		SiteName            string `json:"site_name"`
-		SiteLogo            string `json:"site_logo,omitempty"`
-		SiteSubtitle        string `json:"site_subtitle,omitempty"`
-		APIBaseURL          string `json:"api_base_url,omitempty"`
-		ContactInfo         string `json:"contact_info,omitempty"`
-		DocURL              string `json:"doc_url,omitempty"`
-		HomeContent         string `json:"home_content,omitempty"`
-		LinuxDoOAuthEnabled bool   `json:"linuxdo_oauth_enabled"`
-		Version             string `json:"version,omitempty"`
+		RegistrationEnabled         bool   `json:"registration_enabled"`
+		EmailVerifyEnabled          bool   `json:"email_verify_enabled"`
+		PromoCodeEnabled            bool   `json:"promo_code_enabled"`
+		PasswordResetEnabled        bool   `json:"password_reset_enabled"`
+		TotpEnabled                 bool   `json:"totp_enabled"`
+		TurnstileEnabled            bool   `json:"turnstile_enabled"`
+		TurnstileSiteKey            string `json:"turnstile_site_key,omitempty"`
+		SiteName                    string `json:"site_name"`
+		SiteLogo                    string `json:"site_logo,omitempty"`
+		SiteSubtitle                string `json:"site_subtitle,omitempty"`
+		APIBaseURL                  string `json:"api_base_url,omitempty"`
+		ContactInfo                 string `json:"contact_info,omitempty"`
+		DocURL                      string `json:"doc_url,omitempty"`
+		HomeContent                 string `json:"home_content,omitempty"`
+		HideCcsImportButton         bool   `json:"hide_ccs_import_button"`
+		PurchaseSubscriptionEnabled bool   `json:"purchase_subscription_enabled"`
+		PurchaseSubscriptionURL     string `json:"purchase_subscription_url,omitempty"`
+		LinuxDoOAuthEnabled         bool   `json:"linuxdo_oauth_enabled"`
+		Version                     string `json:"version,omitempty"`
 	}{
-		RegistrationEnabled: settings.RegistrationEnabled,
-		EmailVerifyEnabled:  settings.EmailVerifyEnabled,
-		TurnstileEnabled:    settings.TurnstileEnabled,
-		TurnstileSiteKey:    settings.TurnstileSiteKey,
-		SiteName:            settings.SiteName,
-		SiteLogo:            settings.SiteLogo,
-		SiteSubtitle:        settings.SiteSubtitle,
-		APIBaseURL:          settings.APIBaseURL,
-		ContactInfo:         settings.ContactInfo,
-		DocURL:              settings.DocURL,
-		HomeContent:         settings.HomeContent,
-		LinuxDoOAuthEnabled: settings.LinuxDoOAuthEnabled,
-		Version:             s.version,
+		RegistrationEnabled:         settings.RegistrationEnabled,
+		EmailVerifyEnabled:          settings.EmailVerifyEnabled,
+		PromoCodeEnabled:            settings.PromoCodeEnabled,
+		PasswordResetEnabled:        settings.PasswordResetEnabled,
+		TotpEnabled:                 settings.TotpEnabled,
+		TurnstileEnabled:            settings.TurnstileEnabled,
+		TurnstileSiteKey:            settings.TurnstileSiteKey,
+		SiteName:                    settings.SiteName,
+		SiteLogo:                    settings.SiteLogo,
+		SiteSubtitle:                settings.SiteSubtitle,
+		APIBaseURL:                  settings.APIBaseURL,
+		ContactInfo:                 settings.ContactInfo,
+		DocURL:                      settings.DocURL,
+		HomeContent:                 settings.HomeContent,
+		HideCcsImportButton:         settings.HideCcsImportButton,
+		PurchaseSubscriptionEnabled: settings.PurchaseSubscriptionEnabled,
+		PurchaseSubscriptionURL:     settings.PurchaseSubscriptionURL,
+		LinuxDoOAuthEnabled:         settings.LinuxDoOAuthEnabled,
+		Version:                     s.version,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -158,6 +186,9 @@ func (s *SettingService) UpdateSettings(ctx context.Context, settings *SystemSet
 	// 注册设置
 	updates[SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled] = strconv.FormatBool(settings.RegistrationEnabled)
 	updates[SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled] = strconv.FormatBool(settings.EmailVerifyEnabled)
+	updates[SettingKeyPromoCodeEnabled] = strconv.FormatBool(settings.PromoCodeEnabled)
+	updates[SettingKeyPasswordResetEnabled] = strconv.FormatBool(settings.PasswordResetEnabled)
+	updates[SettingKeyTotpEnabled] = strconv.FormatBool(settings.TotpEnabled)
 
 	// 邮件服务设置（只有非空才更新密码）
 	updates[SettingKeySMTPHost] = settings.SMTPHost
@@ -193,6 +224,9 @@ func (s *SettingService) UpdateSettings(ctx context.Context, settings *SystemSet
 	updates[SettingKeyContactInfo] = settings.ContactInfo
 	updates[SettingKeyDocURL] = settings.DocURL
 	updates[SettingKeyHomeContent] = settings.HomeContent
+	updates[SettingKeyHideCcsImportButton] = strconv.FormatBool(settings.HideCcsImportButton)
+	updates[SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionEnabled] = strconv.FormatBool(settings.PurchaseSubscriptionEnabled)
+	updates[SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionURL] = strings.TrimSpace(settings.PurchaseSubscriptionURL)
 
 	// 默认配置
 	updates[SettingKeyDefaultConcurrency] = strconv.Itoa(settings.DefaultConcurrency)
@@ -243,6 +277,44 @@ func (s *SettingService) IsEmailVerifyEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
 	return value == "true"
 }
 
+// IsPromoCodeEnabled 检查是否启用优惠码功能
+func (s *SettingService) IsPromoCodeEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	value, err := s.settingRepo.GetValue(ctx, SettingKeyPromoCodeEnabled)
+	if err != nil {
+		return true // 默认启用
+	}
+	return value != "false"
+}
+
+// IsPasswordResetEnabled 检查是否启用密码重置功能
+// 要求：必须同时开启邮件验证
+func (s *SettingService) IsPasswordResetEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	// Password reset requires email verification to be enabled
+	if !s.IsEmailVerifyEnabled(ctx) {
+		return false
+	}
+	value, err := s.settingRepo.GetValue(ctx, SettingKeyPasswordResetEnabled)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false // 默认关闭
+	}
+	return value == "true"
+}
+
+// IsTotpEnabled 检查是否启用 TOTP 双因素认证功能
+func (s *SettingService) IsTotpEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	value, err := s.settingRepo.GetValue(ctx, SettingKeyTotpEnabled)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false // 默认关闭
+	}
+	return value == "true"
+}
+
+// IsTotpEncryptionKeyConfigured 检查 TOTP 加密密钥是否已手动配置
+// 只有手动配置了密钥才允许在管理后台启用 TOTP 功能
+func (s *SettingService) IsTotpEncryptionKeyConfigured() bool {
+	return s.cfg.Totp.EncryptionKeyConfigured
+}
+
 // GetSiteName 获取网站名称
 func (s *SettingService) GetSiteName(ctx context.Context) string {
 	value, err := s.settingRepo.GetValue(ctx, SettingKeySiteName)
@@ -290,14 +362,17 @@ func (s *SettingService) InitializeDefaultSettings(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 	// 初始化默认设置
 	defaults := map[string]string{
-		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
-		SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled:  "false",
-		SettingKeySiteName:            "Sub2API",
-		SettingKeySiteLogo:            "",
-		SettingKeyDefaultConcurrency:  strconv.Itoa(s.cfg.Default.UserConcurrency),
-		SettingKeyDefaultBalance:      strconv.FormatFloat(s.cfg.Default.UserBalance, 'f', 8, 64),
-		SettingKeySMTPPort:            "587",
-		SettingKeySMTPUseTLS:          "false",
+		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled:         "true",
+		SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled:          "false",
+		SettingKeyPromoCodeEnabled:            "true", // 默认启用优惠码功能
+		SettingKeySiteName:                    "Sub2API",
+		SettingKeySiteLogo:                    "",
+		SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionEnabled: "false",
+		SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionURL:     "",
+		SettingKeyDefaultConcurrency:          strconv.Itoa(s.cfg.Default.UserConcurrency),
+		SettingKeyDefaultBalance:              strconv.FormatFloat(s.cfg.Default.UserBalance, 'f', 8, 64),
+		SettingKeySMTPPort:                    "587",
+		SettingKeySMTPUseTLS:                  "false",
 		// Model fallback defaults
 		SettingKeyEnableModelFallback:      "false",
 		SettingKeyFallbackModelAnthropic:   "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
@@ -320,9 +395,13 @@ func (s *SettingService) InitializeDefaultSettings(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 // parseSettings 解析设置到结构体
 func (s *SettingService) parseSettings(settings map[string]string) *SystemSettings {
+	emailVerifyEnabled := settings[SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled] == "true"
 	result := &SystemSettings{
 		RegistrationEnabled:          settings[SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled] == "true",
-		EmailVerifyEnabled:           settings[SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled] == "true",
+		EmailVerifyEnabled:           emailVerifyEnabled,
+		PromoCodeEnabled:             settings[SettingKeyPromoCodeEnabled] != "false", // 默认启用
+		PasswordResetEnabled:         emailVerifyEnabled && settings[SettingKeyPasswordResetEnabled] == "true",
+		TotpEnabled:                  settings[SettingKeyTotpEnabled] == "true",
 		SMTPHost:                     settings[SettingKeySMTPHost],
 		SMTPUsername:                 settings[SettingKeySMTPUsername],
 		SMTPFrom:                     settings[SettingKeySMTPFrom],
@@ -339,6 +418,9 @@ func (s *SettingService) parseSettings(settings map[string]string) *SystemSettin
 		ContactInfo:                  settings[SettingKeyContactInfo],
 		DocURL:                       settings[SettingKeyDocURL],
 		HomeContent:                  settings[SettingKeyHomeContent],
+		HideCcsImportButton:          settings[SettingKeyHideCcsImportButton] == "true",
+		PurchaseSubscriptionEnabled:  settings[SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionEnabled] == "true",
+		PurchaseSubscriptionURL:      strings.TrimSpace(settings[SettingKeyPurchaseSubscriptionURL]),
 	}
 
 	// 解析整数类型

backend/internal/service/settings_view.go

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package service
 
 type SystemSettings struct {
-	RegistrationEnabled bool
-	EmailVerifyEnabled  bool
+	RegistrationEnabled  bool
+	EmailVerifyEnabled   bool
+	PromoCodeEnabled     bool
+	PasswordResetEnabled bool
+	TotpEnabled          bool // TOTP 双因素认证
 
 	SMTPHost               string
 	SMTPPort               int
@@ -25,13 +28,16 @@ type SystemSettings struct {
 	LinuxDoConnectClientSecretConfigured bool
 	LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL            string
 
-	SiteName     string
-	SiteLogo     string
-	SiteSubtitle string
-	APIBaseURL   string
-	ContactInfo  string
-	DocURL       string
-	HomeContent  string
+	SiteName                    string
+	SiteLogo                    string
+	SiteSubtitle                string
+	APIBaseURL                  string
+	ContactInfo                 string
+	DocURL                      string
+	HomeContent                 string
+	HideCcsImportButton         bool
+	PurchaseSubscriptionEnabled bool
+	PurchaseSubscriptionURL     string
 
 	DefaultConcurrency int
 	DefaultBalance     float64
@@ -55,17 +61,25 @@ type SystemSettings struct {
 }
 
 type PublicSettings struct {
-	RegistrationEnabled bool
-	EmailVerifyEnabled  bool
-	TurnstileEnabled    bool
-	TurnstileSiteKey    string
-	SiteName            string
-	SiteLogo            string
-	SiteSubtitle        string
-	APIBaseURL          string
-	ContactInfo         string
-	DocURL              string
-	HomeContent         string
+	RegistrationEnabled  bool
+	EmailVerifyEnabled   bool
+	PromoCodeEnabled     bool
+	PasswordResetEnabled bool
+	TotpEnabled          bool // TOTP 双因素认证
+	TurnstileEnabled     bool
+	TurnstileSiteKey     string
+	SiteName             string
+	SiteLogo             string
+	SiteSubtitle         string
+	APIBaseURL           string
+	ContactInfo          string
+	DocURL               string
+	HomeContent          string
+	HideCcsImportButton  bool
+
+	PurchaseSubscriptionEnabled bool
+	PurchaseSubscriptionURL     string
+
 	LinuxDoOAuthEnabled bool
 	Version             string
 }

backend/internal/service/sticky_session_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+// Package service 提供 API 网关核心服务。
+// 本文件包含 shouldClearStickySession 函数的单元测试，
+// 验证粘性会话清理逻辑在各种账号状态下的正确行为。
+//
+// This file contains unit tests for the shouldClearStickySession function,
+// verifying correct sticky session clearing behavior under various account states.
+package service
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// TestShouldClearStickySession 测试粘性会话清理判断逻辑。
+// 验证在以下情况下是否正确判断需要清理粘性会话：
+//   - nil 账号：不清理（返回 false）
+//   - 状态为错误或禁用：清理
+//   - 不可调度：清理
+//   - 临时不可调度且未过期：清理
+//   - 临时不可调度已过期：不清理
+//   - 正常可调度状态：不清理
+//
+// TestShouldClearStickySession tests the sticky session clearing logic.
+// Verifies correct behavior for various account states including:
+// nil account, error/disabled status, unschedulable, temporary unschedulable.
+func TestShouldClearStickySession(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	future := now.Add(1 * time.Hour)
+	past := now.Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		account *Account
+		want    bool
+	}{
+		{name: "nil account", account: nil, want: false},
+		{name: "status error", account: &Account{Status: StatusError, Schedulable: true}, want: true},
+		{name: "status disabled", account: &Account{Status: StatusDisabled, Schedulable: true}, want: true},
+		{name: "schedulable false", account: &Account{Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: false}, want: true},
+		{name: "temp unschedulable", account: &Account{Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, TempUnschedulableUntil: &future}, want: true},
+		{name: "temp unschedulable expired", account: &Account{Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true, TempUnschedulableUntil: &past}, want: false},
+		{name: "active schedulable", account: &Account{Status: StatusActive, Schedulable: true}, want: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require.Equal(t, tt.want, shouldClearStickySession(tt.account))
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/subscription_expiry_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// SubscriptionExpiryService periodically updates expired subscription status.
+type SubscriptionExpiryService struct {
+	userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository
+	interval    time.Duration
+	stopCh      chan struct{}
+	stopOnce    sync.Once
+	wg          sync.WaitGroup
+}
+
+func NewSubscriptionExpiryService(userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository, interval time.Duration) *SubscriptionExpiryService {
+	return &SubscriptionExpiryService{
+		userSubRepo: userSubRepo,
+		interval:    interval,
+		stopCh:      make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *SubscriptionExpiryService) Start() {
+	if s == nil || s.userSubRepo == nil || s.interval <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	s.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer s.wg.Done()
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(s.interval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+
+		s.runOnce()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				s.runOnce()
+			case <-s.stopCh:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (s *SubscriptionExpiryService) Stop() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.stopOnce.Do(func() {
+		close(s.stopCh)
+	})
+	s.wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func (s *SubscriptionExpiryService) runOnce() {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	updated, err := s.userSubRepo.BatchUpdateExpiredStatus(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SubscriptionExpiry] Update expired subscriptions failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	if updated > 0 {
+		log.Printf("[SubscriptionExpiry] Updated %d expired subscriptions", updated)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/subscription_service.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ var (
 	ErrWeeklyLimitExceeded       = infraerrors.TooManyRequests("WEEKLY_LIMIT_EXCEEDED", "weekly usage limit exceeded")
 	ErrMonthlyLimitExceeded      = infraerrors.TooManyRequests("MONTHLY_LIMIT_EXCEEDED", "monthly usage limit exceeded")
 	ErrSubscriptionNilInput      = infraerrors.BadRequest("SUBSCRIPTION_NIL_INPUT", "subscription input cannot be nil")
+	ErrAdjustWouldExpire         = infraerrors.BadRequest("ADJUST_WOULD_EXPIRE", "adjustment would result in expired subscription (remaining days must be > 0)")
 )
 
 // SubscriptionService 订阅服务
@@ -308,24 +309,48 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) RevokeSubscription(ctx context.Context, subscripti
 	return nil
 }
 
-// ExtendSubscription 延长订阅
+// ExtendSubscription 调整订阅时长（正数延长，负数缩短）
 func (s *SubscriptionService) ExtendSubscription(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64, days int) (*UserSubscription, error) {
 	sub, err := s.userSubRepo.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, ErrSubscriptionNotFound
 	}
 
-	// 限制延长天数
+	// 限制调整天数范围
 	if days > MaxValidityDays {
 		days = MaxValidityDays
 	}
+	if days < -MaxValidityDays {
+		days = -MaxValidityDays
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	isExpired := !sub.ExpiresAt.After(now)
+
+	// 如果订阅已过期，不允许负向调整
+	if isExpired && days < 0 {
+		return nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("CANNOT_SHORTEN_EXPIRED", "cannot shorten an expired subscription")
+	}
 
 	// 计算新的过期时间
-	newExpiresAt := sub.ExpiresAt.AddDate(0, 0, days)
+	var newExpiresAt time.Time
+	if isExpired {
+		// 已过期：从当前时间开始增加天数
+		newExpiresAt = now.AddDate(0, 0, days)
+	} else {
+		// 未过期：从原过期时间增加/减少天数
+		newExpiresAt = sub.ExpiresAt.AddDate(0, 0, days)
+	}
+
 	if newExpiresAt.After(MaxExpiresAt) {
 		newExpiresAt = MaxExpiresAt
 	}
 
+	// 检查新的过期时间必须大于当前时间
+	if !newExpiresAt.After(now) {
+		return nil, ErrAdjustWouldExpire
+	}
+
 	if err := s.userSubRepo.ExtendExpiry(ctx, subscriptionID, newExpiresAt); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -371,6 +396,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) ListUserSubscriptions(ctx context.Context, userID
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	normalizeExpiredWindows(subs)
+	normalizeSubscriptionStatus(subs)
 	return subs, nil
 }
 
@@ -392,17 +418,19 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) ListGroupSubscriptions(ctx context.Context, groupI
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	normalizeExpiredWindows(subs)
+	normalizeSubscriptionStatus(subs)
 	return subs, pag, nil
 }
 
-// List 获取所有订阅（分页，支持筛选）
-func (s *SubscriptionService) List(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+// List 获取所有订阅（分页，支持筛选和排序）
+func (s *SubscriptionService) List(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, userID, groupID *int64, status, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
-	subs, pag, err := s.userSubRepo.List(ctx, params, userID, groupID, status)
+	subs, pag, err := s.userSubRepo.List(ctx, params, userID, groupID, status, sortBy, sortOrder)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	normalizeExpiredWindows(subs)
+	normalizeSubscriptionStatus(subs)
 	return subs, pag, nil
 }
 
@@ -429,6 +457,18 @@ func normalizeExpiredWindows(subs []UserSubscription) {
 	}
 }
 
+// normalizeSubscriptionStatus 根据实际过期时间修正状态（仅影响返回数据，不影响数据库）
+// 这确保前端显示正确的状态，即使定时任务尚未更新数据库
+func normalizeSubscriptionStatus(subs []UserSubscription) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	for i := range subs {
+		sub := &subs[i]
+		if sub.Status == SubscriptionStatusActive && !sub.ExpiresAt.After(now) {
+			sub.Status = SubscriptionStatusExpired
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // startOfDay 返回给定时间所在日期的零点（保持原时区）
 func startOfDay(t time.Time) time.Time {
 	return time.Date(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), 0, 0, 0, 0, t.Location())
@@ -647,11 +687,6 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) GetUserSubscriptionsWithProgress(ctx context.Conte
 	return progresses, nil
 }
 
-// UpdateExpiredSubscriptions 更新过期订阅状态（定时任务调用）
-func (s *SubscriptionService) UpdateExpiredSubscriptions(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
-	return s.userSubRepo.BatchUpdateExpiredStatus(ctx)
-}
-
 // ValidateSubscription 验证订阅是否有效
 func (s *SubscriptionService) ValidateSubscription(ctx context.Context, sub *UserSubscription) error {
 	if sub.Status == SubscriptionStatusExpired {

backend/internal/service/token_cache_invalidator.go

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package service
 
-import "context"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"strconv"
+)
 
 type TokenCacheInvalidator interface {
 	InvalidateToken(ctx context.Context, account *Account) error
@@ -24,18 +28,87 @@ func (c *CompositeTokenCacheInvalidator) InvalidateToken(ctx context.Context, ac
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	var cacheKey string
+	var keysToDelete []string
+	accountIDKey := "account:" + strconv.FormatInt(account.ID, 10)
+
 	switch account.Platform {
 	case PlatformGemini:
-		cacheKey = GeminiTokenCacheKey(account)
+		// Gemini 可能有两种缓存键：project_id 或 account_id
+		// 首次获取 token 时可能没有 project_id，之后自动检测到 project_id 后会使用新 key
+		// 刷新时需要同时删除两种可能的 key，确保不会遗留旧缓存
+		keysToDelete = append(keysToDelete, GeminiTokenCacheKey(account))
+		keysToDelete = append(keysToDelete, "gemini:"+accountIDKey)
 	case PlatformAntigravity:
-		cacheKey = AntigravityTokenCacheKey(account)
+		// Antigravity 同样可能有两种缓存键
+		keysToDelete = append(keysToDelete, AntigravityTokenCacheKey(account))
+		keysToDelete = append(keysToDelete, "ag:"+accountIDKey)
 	case PlatformOpenAI:
-		cacheKey = OpenAITokenCacheKey(account)
+		keysToDelete = append(keysToDelete, OpenAITokenCacheKey(account))
 	case PlatformAnthropic:
-		cacheKey = ClaudeTokenCacheKey(account)
+		keysToDelete = append(keysToDelete, ClaudeTokenCacheKey(account))
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}
-	return c.cache.DeleteAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey)
+
+	// 删除所有可能的缓存键（去重后）
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, key := range keysToDelete {
+		if seen[key] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[key] = true
+		if err := c.cache.DeleteAccessToken(ctx, key); err != nil {
+			slog.Warn("token_cache_delete_failed", "key", key, "account_id", account.ID, "error", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CheckTokenVersion 检查 account 的 token 版本是否已过时，并返回最新的 account
+// 用于解决异步刷新任务与请求线程的竞态条件：
+// 如果刷新任务已更新 token 并删除缓存，此时请求线程的旧 account 对象不应写入缓存
+//
+// 返回值:
+//   - latestAccount: 从 DB 获取的最新 account（如果查询失败则返回 nil）
+//   - isStale: true 表示 token 已过时（应使用 latestAccount），false 表示可以使用当前 account
+func CheckTokenVersion(ctx context.Context, account *Account, repo AccountRepository) (latestAccount *Account, isStale bool) {
+	if account == nil || repo == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	currentVersion := account.GetCredentialAsInt64("_token_version")
+
+	latestAccount, err := repo.GetByID(ctx, account.ID)
+	if err != nil || latestAccount == nil {
+		// 查询失败，默认允许缓存，不返回 latestAccount
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	latestVersion := latestAccount.GetCredentialAsInt64("_token_version")
+
+	// 情况1: 当前 account 没有版本号，但 DB 中已有版本号
+	// 说明异步刷新任务已更新 token，当前 account 已过时
+	if currentVersion == 0 && latestVersion > 0 {
+		slog.Debug("token_version_stale_no_current_version",
+			"account_id", account.ID,
+			"latest_version", latestVersion)
+		return latestAccount, true
+	}
+
+	// 情况2: 两边都没有版本号，说明从未被异步刷新过，允许缓存
+	if currentVersion == 0 && latestVersion == 0 {
+		return latestAccount, false
+	}
+
+	// 情况3: 比较版本号，如果 DB 中的版本更新，当前 account 已过时
+	if latestVersion > currentVersion {
+		slog.Debug("token_version_stale",
+			"account_id", account.ID,
+			"current_version", currentVersion,
+			"latest_version", latestVersion)
+		return latestAccount, true
+	}
+
+	return latestAccount, false
 }

backend/internal/service/token_cache_invalidator_test.go

@@ -51,7 +51,27 @@ func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_Gemini(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := invalidator.InvalidateToken(context.Background(), account)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"gemini:project-x"}, cache.deletedKeys)
+	// 新行为：同时删除基于 project_id 和 account_id 的缓存键
+	// 这是为了处理：首次获取 token 时可能没有 project_id，之后自动检测到后会使用新 key
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"gemini:project-x", "gemini:account:10"}, cache.deletedKeys)
+}
+
+func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_GeminiWithoutProjectID(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &geminiTokenCacheStub{}
+	invalidator := NewCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator(cache)
+	account := &Account{
+		ID:       10,
+		Platform: PlatformGemini,
+		Type:     AccountTypeOAuth,
+		Credentials: map[string]any{
+			"access_token": "gemini-token",
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := invalidator.InvalidateToken(context.Background(), account)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// 没有 project_id 时，两个 key 相同，去重后只删除一个
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"gemini:account:10"}, cache.deletedKeys)
 }
 
 func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_Antigravity(t *testing.T) {
@@ -68,7 +88,26 @@ func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_Antigravity(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := invalidator.InvalidateToken(context.Background(), account)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"ag:ag-project"}, cache.deletedKeys)
+	// 新行为：同时删除基于 project_id 和 account_id 的缓存键
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ag:ag-project", "ag:account:99"}, cache.deletedKeys)
+}
+
+func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_AntigravityWithoutProjectID(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &geminiTokenCacheStub{}
+	invalidator := NewCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator(cache)
+	account := &Account{
+		ID:       99,
+		Platform: PlatformAntigravity,
+		Type:     AccountTypeOAuth,
+		Credentials: map[string]any{
+			"access_token": "ag-token",
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := invalidator.InvalidateToken(context.Background(), account)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// 没有 project_id 时，两个 key 相同，去重后只删除一个
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ag:account:99"}, cache.deletedKeys)
 }
 
 func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_OpenAI(t *testing.T) {
@@ -233,9 +272,10 @@ func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_DeleteError(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// 新行为：删除失败只记录日志，不返回错误
+			// 这是因为缓存失效失败不应影响主业务流程
 			err := invalidator.InvalidateToken(context.Background(), tt.account)
-			require.Error(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, expectedErr, err)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -252,9 +292,12 @@ func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_AllPlatformsIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 		{ID: 4, Platform: PlatformAnthropic, Type: AccountTypeOAuth},
 	}
 
+	// 新行为：Gemini 和 Antigravity 会同时删除基于 project_id 和 account_id 的键
 	expectedKeys := []string{
 		"gemini:gemini-proj",
+		"gemini:account:1",
 		"ag:ag-proj",
+		"ag:account:2",
 		"openai:account:3",
 		"claude:account:4",
 	}
@@ -266,3 +309,239 @@ func TestCompositeTokenCacheInvalidator_AllPlatformsIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, expectedKeys, cache.deletedKeys)
 }
+
+// ========== GetCredentialAsInt64 测试 ==========
+
+func TestAccount_GetCredentialAsInt64(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		credentials map[string]any
+		key         string
+		expected    int64
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "int64_value",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(1737654321000)},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    1737654321000,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "float64_value",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": float64(1737654321000)},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    1737654321000,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "int_value",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": 12345},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    12345,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "string_value",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": "1737654321000"},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    1737654321000,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "string_with_spaces",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": "  1737654321000  "},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    1737654321000,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "nil_credentials",
+			credentials: nil,
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "missing_key",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"other_key": 123},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "nil_value",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": nil},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "invalid_string",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": "not_a_number"},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "empty_string",
+			credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": ""},
+			key:         "_token_version",
+			expected:    0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			account := &Account{Credentials: tt.credentials}
+			result := account.GetCredentialAsInt64(tt.key)
+			require.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAccount_GetCredentialAsInt64_NilAccount(t *testing.T) {
+	var account *Account
+	result := account.GetCredentialAsInt64("_token_version")
+	require.Equal(t, int64(0), result)
+}
+
+// ========== CheckTokenVersion 测试 ==========
+
+func TestCheckTokenVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		account       *Account
+		latestAccount *Account
+		repoErr       error
+		expectedStale bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:          "nil_account",
+			account:       nil,
+			latestAccount: nil,
+			expectedStale: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "no_version_in_account_but_db_has_version",
+			account: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{},
+			},
+			latestAccount: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(100)},
+			},
+			expectedStale: true, // 当前 account 无版本但 DB 有，说明已被异步刷新，当前已过时
+		},
+		{
+			name: "both_no_version",
+			account: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{},
+			},
+			latestAccount: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{},
+			},
+			expectedStale: false, // 两边都没有版本号，说明从未被异步刷新过，允许缓存
+		},
+		{
+			name: "same_version",
+			account: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(100)},
+			},
+			latestAccount: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(100)},
+			},
+			expectedStale: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "current_version_newer",
+			account: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(200)},
+			},
+			latestAccount: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(100)},
+			},
+			expectedStale: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "current_version_older_stale",
+			account: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(100)},
+			},
+			latestAccount: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(200)},
+			},
+			expectedStale: true, // 当前版本过时
+		},
+		{
+			name: "repo_error",
+			account: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(100)},
+			},
+			latestAccount: nil,
+			repoErr:       errors.New("db error"),
+			expectedStale: false, // 查询失败，默认允许缓存
+		},
+		{
+			name: "repo_returns_nil",
+			account: &Account{
+				ID:          1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(100)},
+			},
+			latestAccount: nil,
+			repoErr:       nil,
+			expectedStale: false, // 查询返回 nil，默认允许缓存
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// 由于 CheckTokenVersion 接受 AccountRepository 接口，而创建完整的 mock 很繁琐
+			// 这里我们直接测试函数的核心逻辑来验证行为
+
+			if tt.name == "nil_account" {
+				_, isStale := CheckTokenVersion(context.Background(), nil, nil)
+				require.Equal(t, tt.expectedStale, isStale)
+				return
+			}
+
+			// 模拟 CheckTokenVersion 的核心逻辑
+			account := tt.account
+			currentVersion := account.GetCredentialAsInt64("_token_version")
+
+			// 模拟 repo 查询
+			latestAccount := tt.latestAccount
+			if tt.repoErr != nil || latestAccount == nil {
+				require.Equal(t, tt.expectedStale, false)
+				return
+			}
+
+			latestVersion := latestAccount.GetCredentialAsInt64("_token_version")
+
+			// 情况1: 当前 account 没有版本号，但 DB 中已有版本号
+			if currentVersion == 0 && latestVersion > 0 {
+				require.Equal(t, tt.expectedStale, true)
+				return
+			}
+
+			// 情况2: 两边都没有版本号
+			if currentVersion == 0 && latestVersion == 0 {
+				require.Equal(t, tt.expectedStale, false)
+				return
+			}
+
+			// 情况3: 比较版本号
+			isStale := latestVersion > currentVersion
+			require.Equal(t, tt.expectedStale, isStale)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckTokenVersion_NilRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	account := &Account{
+		ID:          1,
+		Credentials: map[string]any{"_token_version": int64(100)},
+	}
+	_, isStale := CheckTokenVersion(context.Background(), account, nil)
+	require.False(t, isStale) // nil repo，默认允许缓存
+}

backend/internal/service/token_refresh_service.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ type TokenRefreshService struct {
 	refreshers       []TokenRefresher
 	cfg              *config.TokenRefreshConfig
 	cacheInvalidator TokenCacheInvalidator
+	schedulerCache   SchedulerCache // 用于同步更新调度器缓存，解决 token 刷新后缓存不一致问题
 
 	stopCh chan struct{}
 	wg     sync.WaitGroup
@@ -31,12 +32,14 @@ func NewTokenRefreshService(
 	geminiOAuthService *GeminiOAuthService,
 	antigravityOAuthService *AntigravityOAuthService,
 	cacheInvalidator TokenCacheInvalidator,
+	schedulerCache SchedulerCache,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *TokenRefreshService {
 	s := &TokenRefreshService{
 		accountRepo:      accountRepo,
 		cfg:              &cfg.TokenRefresh,
 		cacheInvalidator: cacheInvalidator,
+		schedulerCache:   schedulerCache,
 		stopCh:           make(chan struct{}),
 	}
 
@@ -169,6 +172,10 @@ func (s *TokenRefreshService) refreshWithRetry(ctx context.Context, account *Acc
 
 		// 如果有新凭证，先更新（即使有错误也要保存 token）
 		if newCredentials != nil {
+			// 记录刷新版本时间戳，用于解决缓存一致性问题
+			// TokenProvider 写入缓存前会检查此版本，如果版本已更新则跳过写入
+			newCredentials["_token_version"] = time.Now().UnixMilli()
+
 			account.Credentials = newCredentials
 			if saveErr := s.accountRepo.Update(ctx, account); saveErr != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to save credentials: %w", saveErr)
@@ -194,6 +201,15 @@ func (s *TokenRefreshService) refreshWithRetry(ctx context.Context, account *Acc
 					log.Printf("[TokenRefresh] Token cache invalidated for account %d", account.ID)
 				}
 			}
+			// 同步更新调度器缓存，确保调度获取的 Account 对象包含最新的 credentials
+			// 这解决了 token 刷新后调度器缓存数据不一致的问题（#445）
+			if s.schedulerCache != nil {
+				if err := s.schedulerCache.SetAccount(ctx, account); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("[TokenRefresh] Failed to sync scheduler cache for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
+				} else {
+					log.Printf("[TokenRefresh] Scheduler cache synced for account %d", account.ID)
+				}
+			}
 			return nil
 		}
 
@@ -233,7 +249,8 @@ func (s *TokenRefreshService) refreshWithRetry(ctx context.Context, account *Acc
 }
 
 // isNonRetryableRefreshError 判断是否为不可重试的刷新错误
-// 这些错误通常表示凭证已失效，需要用户重新授权
+// 这些错误通常表示凭证已失效或配置确实缺失，需要用户重新授权
+// 注意：missing_project_id 错误只在真正缺失（从未获取过）时返回，临时获取失败不会返回此错误
 func isNonRetryableRefreshError(err error) bool {
 	if err == nil {
 		return false

backend/internal/service/token_refresh_service_test.go

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_InvalidatesCache(t *testing.T) {
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       5,
 		Platform: PlatformGemini,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_InvalidatorErrorIgnored(t *testing
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       6,
 		Platform: PlatformGemini,
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_NilInvalidator(t *testing.T) {
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       7,
 		Platform: PlatformGemini,
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_Antigravity(t *testing.T) {
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       8,
 		Platform: PlatformAntigravity,
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_NonOAuthAccount(t *testing.T) {
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       9,
 		Platform: PlatformGemini,
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_OtherPlatformOAuth(t *testing.T) {
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       10,
 		Platform: PlatformOpenAI, // OpenAI OAuth 账户
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_UpdateFailed(t *testing.T) {
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       11,
 		Platform: PlatformGemini,
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_RefreshFailed(t *testing.T) {
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       12,
 		Platform: PlatformGemini,
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_AntigravityRefreshFailed(t *testin
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       13,
 		Platform: PlatformAntigravity,
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ func TestTokenRefreshService_RefreshWithRetry_AntigravityNonRetryableError(t *te
 			RetryBackoffSeconds: 0,
 		},
 	}
-	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, cfg)
+	service := NewTokenRefreshService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, invalidator, nil, cfg)
 	account := &Account{
 		ID:       14,
 		Platform: PlatformAntigravity,

backend/internal/service/totp_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/subtle"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pquerna/otp/totp"
+
+	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrTotpNotEnabled      = infraerrors.BadRequest("TOTP_NOT_ENABLED", "totp feature is not enabled")
+	ErrTotpAlreadyEnabled  = infraerrors.BadRequest("TOTP_ALREADY_ENABLED", "totp is already enabled for this account")
+	ErrTotpNotSetup        = infraerrors.BadRequest("TOTP_NOT_SETUP", "totp is not set up for this account")
+	ErrTotpInvalidCode     = infraerrors.BadRequest("TOTP_INVALID_CODE", "invalid totp code")
+	ErrTotpSetupExpired    = infraerrors.BadRequest("TOTP_SETUP_EXPIRED", "totp setup session expired")
+	ErrTotpTooManyAttempts = infraerrors.TooManyRequests("TOTP_TOO_MANY_ATTEMPTS", "too many verification attempts, please try again later")
+	ErrVerifyCodeRequired  = infraerrors.BadRequest("VERIFY_CODE_REQUIRED", "email verification code is required")
+	ErrPasswordRequired    = infraerrors.BadRequest("PASSWORD_REQUIRED", "password is required")
+)
+
+// TotpCache defines cache operations for TOTP service
+type TotpCache interface {
+	// Setup session methods
+	GetSetupSession(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (*TotpSetupSession, error)
+	SetSetupSession(ctx context.Context, userID int64, session *TotpSetupSession, ttl time.Duration) error
+	DeleteSetupSession(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error
+
+	// Login session methods (for 2FA login flow)
+	GetLoginSession(ctx context.Context, tempToken string) (*TotpLoginSession, error)
+	SetLoginSession(ctx context.Context, tempToken string, session *TotpLoginSession, ttl time.Duration) error
+	DeleteLoginSession(ctx context.Context, tempToken string) error
+
+	// Rate limiting
+	IncrementVerifyAttempts(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int, error)
+	GetVerifyAttempts(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int, error)
+	ClearVerifyAttempts(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error
+}
+
+// SecretEncryptor defines encryption operations for TOTP secrets
+type SecretEncryptor interface {
+	Encrypt(plaintext string) (string, error)
+	Decrypt(ciphertext string) (string, error)
+}
+
+// TotpSetupSession represents a TOTP setup session
+type TotpSetupSession struct {
+	Secret     string // Plain text TOTP secret (not encrypted yet)
+	SetupToken string // Random token to verify setup request
+	CreatedAt  time.Time
+}
+
+// TotpLoginSession represents a pending 2FA login session
+type TotpLoginSession struct {
+	UserID      int64
+	Email       string
+	TokenExpiry time.Time
+}
+
+// TotpStatus represents the TOTP status for a user
+type TotpStatus struct {
+	Enabled        bool       `json:"enabled"`
+	EnabledAt      *time.Time `json:"enabled_at,omitempty"`
+	FeatureEnabled bool       `json:"feature_enabled"`
+}
+
+// TotpSetupResponse represents the response for initiating TOTP setup
+type TotpSetupResponse struct {
+	Secret     string `json:"secret"`
+	QRCodeURL  string `json:"qr_code_url"`
+	SetupToken string `json:"setup_token"`
+	Countdown  int    `json:"countdown"` // seconds until setup expires
+}
+
+const (
+	totpSetupTTL    = 5 * time.Minute
+	totpLoginTTL    = 5 * time.Minute
+	totpAttemptsTTL = 15 * time.Minute
+	maxTotpAttempts = 5
+	totpIssuer      = "Sub2API"
+)
+
+// TotpService handles TOTP operations
+type TotpService struct {
+	userRepo          UserRepository
+	encryptor         SecretEncryptor
+	cache             TotpCache
+	settingService    *SettingService
+	emailService      *EmailService
+	emailQueueService *EmailQueueService
+}
+
+// NewTotpService creates a new TOTP service
+func NewTotpService(
+	userRepo UserRepository,
+	encryptor SecretEncryptor,
+	cache TotpCache,
+	settingService *SettingService,
+	emailService *EmailService,
+	emailQueueService *EmailQueueService,
+) *TotpService {
+	return &TotpService{
+		userRepo:          userRepo,
+		encryptor:         encryptor,
+		cache:             cache,
+		settingService:    settingService,
+		emailService:      emailService,
+		emailQueueService: emailQueueService,
+	}
+}
+
+// GetStatus returns the TOTP status for a user
+func (s *TotpService) GetStatus(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (*TotpStatus, error) {
+	featureEnabled := s.settingService.IsTotpEnabled(ctx)
+
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &TotpStatus{
+		Enabled:        user.TotpEnabled,
+		EnabledAt:      user.TotpEnabledAt,
+		FeatureEnabled: featureEnabled,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// InitiateSetup starts the TOTP setup process
+// If email verification is enabled, emailCode is required; otherwise password is required
+func (s *TotpService) InitiateSetup(ctx context.Context, userID int64, emailCode, password string) (*TotpSetupResponse, error) {
+	// Check if TOTP feature is enabled globally
+	if !s.settingService.IsTotpEnabled(ctx) {
+		return nil, ErrTotpNotEnabled
+	}
+
+	// Get user and check if TOTP is already enabled
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if user.TotpEnabled {
+		return nil, ErrTotpAlreadyEnabled
+	}
+
+	// Verify identity based on email verification setting
+	if s.settingService.IsEmailVerifyEnabled(ctx) {
+		// Email verification enabled - verify email code
+		if emailCode == "" {
+			return nil, ErrVerifyCodeRequired
+		}
+		if err := s.emailService.VerifyCode(ctx, user.Email, emailCode); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Email verification disabled - verify password
+		if password == "" {
+			return nil, ErrPasswordRequired
+		}
+		if !user.CheckPassword(password) {
+			return nil, ErrPasswordIncorrect
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Generate a new TOTP key
+	key, err := totp.Generate(totp.GenerateOpts{
+		Issuer:      totpIssuer,
+		AccountName: user.Email,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate totp key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Generate a random setup token
+	setupToken, err := generateRandomToken(32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate setup token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Store the setup session in cache
+	session := &TotpSetupSession{
+		Secret:     key.Secret(),
+		SetupToken: setupToken,
+		CreatedAt:  time.Now(),
+	}
+
+	if err := s.cache.SetSetupSession(ctx, userID, session, totpSetupTTL); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("store setup session: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &TotpSetupResponse{
+		Secret:     key.Secret(),
+		QRCodeURL:  key.URL(),
+		SetupToken: setupToken,
+		Countdown:  int(totpSetupTTL.Seconds()),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// CompleteSetup completes the TOTP setup by verifying the code
+func (s *TotpService) CompleteSetup(ctx context.Context, userID int64, totpCode, setupToken string) error {
+	// Check if TOTP feature is enabled globally
+	if !s.settingService.IsTotpEnabled(ctx) {
+		return ErrTotpNotEnabled
+	}
+
+	// Get the setup session
+	session, err := s.cache.GetSetupSession(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ErrTotpSetupExpired
+	}
+
+	if session == nil {
+		return ErrTotpSetupExpired
+	}
+
+	// Verify the setup token (constant-time comparison)
+	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(session.SetupToken), []byte(setupToken)) != 1 {
+		return ErrTotpSetupExpired
+	}
+
+	// Verify the TOTP code
+	if !totp.Validate(totpCode, session.Secret) {
+		return ErrTotpInvalidCode
+	}
+
+	setupSecretPrefix := "N/A"
+	if len(session.Secret) >= 4 {
+		setupSecretPrefix = session.Secret[:4]
+	}
+	slog.Debug("totp_complete_setup_before_encrypt",
+		"user_id", userID,
+		"secret_len", len(session.Secret),
+		"secret_prefix", setupSecretPrefix)
+
+	// Encrypt the secret
+	encryptedSecret, err := s.encryptor.Encrypt(session.Secret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encrypt totp secret: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	slog.Debug("totp_complete_setup_encrypted",
+		"user_id", userID,
+		"encrypted_len", len(encryptedSecret))
+
+	// Verify encryption by decrypting
+	decrypted, decErr := s.encryptor.Decrypt(encryptedSecret)
+	if decErr != nil {
+		slog.Debug("totp_complete_setup_verify_failed",
+			"user_id", userID,
+			"error", decErr)
+	} else {
+		decryptedPrefix := "N/A"
+		if len(decrypted) >= 4 {
+			decryptedPrefix = decrypted[:4]
+		}
+		slog.Debug("totp_complete_setup_verified",
+			"user_id", userID,
+			"original_len", len(session.Secret),
+			"decrypted_len", len(decrypted),
+			"match", session.Secret == decrypted,
+			"decrypted_prefix", decryptedPrefix)
+	}
+
+	// Update user with encrypted TOTP secret
+	if err := s.userRepo.UpdateTotpSecret(ctx, userID, &encryptedSecret); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("update totp secret: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Enable TOTP for the user
+	if err := s.userRepo.EnableTotp(ctx, userID); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("enable totp: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Clean up the setup session
+	_ = s.cache.DeleteSetupSession(ctx, userID)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Disable disables TOTP for a user
+// If email verification is enabled, emailCode is required; otherwise password is required
+func (s *TotpService) Disable(ctx context.Context, userID int64, emailCode, password string) error {
+	// Get user
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get user: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !user.TotpEnabled {
+		return ErrTotpNotSetup
+	}
+
+	// Verify identity based on email verification setting
+	if s.settingService.IsEmailVerifyEnabled(ctx) {
+		// Email verification enabled - verify email code
+		if emailCode == "" {
+			return ErrVerifyCodeRequired
+		}
+		if err := s.emailService.VerifyCode(ctx, user.Email, emailCode); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Email verification disabled - verify password
+		if password == "" {
+			return ErrPasswordRequired
+		}
+		if !user.CheckPassword(password) {
+			return ErrPasswordIncorrect
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Disable TOTP
+	if err := s.userRepo.DisableTotp(ctx, userID); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("disable totp: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// VerifyCode verifies a TOTP code for a user
+func (s *TotpService) VerifyCode(ctx context.Context, userID int64, code string) error {
+	slog.Debug("totp_verify_code_called",
+		"user_id", userID,
+		"code_len", len(code))
+
+	// Check rate limiting
+	attempts, err := s.cache.GetVerifyAttempts(ctx, userID)
+	if err == nil && attempts >= maxTotpAttempts {
+		return ErrTotpTooManyAttempts
+	}
+
+	// Get user
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("totp_verify_get_user_failed",
+			"user_id", userID,
+			"error", err)
+		return infraerrors.InternalServer("TOTP_VERIFY_ERROR", "failed to verify totp code")
+	}
+
+	if !user.TotpEnabled || user.TotpSecretEncrypted == nil {
+		slog.Debug("totp_verify_not_setup",
+			"user_id", userID,
+			"enabled", user.TotpEnabled,
+			"has_secret", user.TotpSecretEncrypted != nil)
+		return ErrTotpNotSetup
+	}
+
+	slog.Debug("totp_verify_encrypted_secret",
+		"user_id", userID,
+		"encrypted_len", len(*user.TotpSecretEncrypted))
+
+	// Decrypt the secret
+	secret, err := s.encryptor.Decrypt(*user.TotpSecretEncrypted)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("totp_verify_decrypt_failed",
+			"user_id", userID,
+			"error", err)
+		return infraerrors.InternalServer("TOTP_VERIFY_ERROR", "failed to verify totp code")
+	}
+
+	secretPrefix := "N/A"
+	if len(secret) >= 4 {
+		secretPrefix = secret[:4]
+	}
+	slog.Debug("totp_verify_decrypted",
+		"user_id", userID,
+		"secret_len", len(secret),
+		"secret_prefix", secretPrefix)
+
+	// Verify the code
+	valid := totp.Validate(code, secret)
+	slog.Debug("totp_verify_result",
+		"user_id", userID,
+		"valid", valid,
+		"secret_len", len(secret),
+		"secret_prefix", secretPrefix,
+		"server_time", time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339))
+
+	if !valid {
+		// Increment failed attempts
+		_, _ = s.cache.IncrementVerifyAttempts(ctx, userID)
+		return ErrTotpInvalidCode
+	}
+
+	// Clear attempt counter on success
+	_ = s.cache.ClearVerifyAttempts(ctx, userID)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CreateLoginSession creates a temporary login session for 2FA
+func (s *TotpService) CreateLoginSession(ctx context.Context, userID int64, email string) (string, error) {
+	// Generate a random temp token
+	tempToken, err := generateRandomToken(32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("generate temp token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	session := &TotpLoginSession{
+		UserID:      userID,
+		Email:       email,
+		TokenExpiry: time.Now().Add(totpLoginTTL),
+	}
+
+	if err := s.cache.SetLoginSession(ctx, tempToken, session, totpLoginTTL); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("store login session: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return tempToken, nil
+}
+
+// GetLoginSession retrieves a login session
+func (s *TotpService) GetLoginSession(ctx context.Context, tempToken string) (*TotpLoginSession, error) {
+	return s.cache.GetLoginSession(ctx, tempToken)
+}
+
+// DeleteLoginSession deletes a login session
+func (s *TotpService) DeleteLoginSession(ctx context.Context, tempToken string) error {
+	return s.cache.DeleteLoginSession(ctx, tempToken)
+}
+
+// IsTotpEnabledForUser checks if TOTP is enabled for a specific user
+func (s *TotpService) IsTotpEnabledForUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (bool, error) {
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("get user: %w", err)
+	}
+	return user.TotpEnabled, nil
+}
+
+// MaskEmail masks an email address for display
+func MaskEmail(email string) string {
+	if len(email) < 3 {
+		return "***"
+	}
+
+	atIdx := -1
+	for i, c := range email {
+		if c == '@' {
+			atIdx = i
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if atIdx == -1 || atIdx < 1 {
+		return email[:1] + "***"
+	}
+
+	localPart := email[:atIdx]
+	domain := email[atIdx:]
+
+	if len(localPart) <= 2 {
+		return localPart[:1] + "***" + domain
+	}
+
+	return localPart[:1] + "***" + localPart[len(localPart)-1:] + domain
+}
+
+// generateRandomToken generates a random hex-encoded token
+func generateRandomToken(byteLength int) (string, error) {
+	b := make([]byte, byteLength)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(b), nil
+}
+
+// VerificationMethod represents the method required for TOTP operations
+type VerificationMethod struct {
+	Method string `json:"method"` // "email" or "password"
+}
+
+// GetVerificationMethod returns the verification method for TOTP operations
+func (s *TotpService) GetVerificationMethod(ctx context.Context) *VerificationMethod {
+	if s.settingService.IsEmailVerifyEnabled(ctx) {
+		return &VerificationMethod{Method: "email"}
+	}
+	return &VerificationMethod{Method: "password"}
+}
+
+// SendVerifyCode sends an email verification code for TOTP operations
+func (s *TotpService) SendVerifyCode(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	// Check if email verification is enabled
+	if !s.settingService.IsEmailVerifyEnabled(ctx) {
+		return infraerrors.BadRequest("EMAIL_VERIFY_NOT_ENABLED", "email verification is not enabled")
+	}
+
+	// Get user email
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get user: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get site name for email
+	siteName := s.settingService.GetSiteName(ctx)
+
+	// Send verification code via queue
+	return s.emailQueueService.EnqueueVerifyCode(user.Email, siteName)
+}

backend/internal/service/usage_cleanup.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+const (
+	UsageCleanupStatusPending   = "pending"
+	UsageCleanupStatusRunning   = "running"
+	UsageCleanupStatusSucceeded = "succeeded"
+	UsageCleanupStatusFailed    = "failed"
+	UsageCleanupStatusCanceled  = "canceled"
+)
+
+// UsageCleanupFilters 定义清理任务过滤条件
+// 时间范围为必填，其他字段可选
+// JSON 序列化用于存储任务参数
+//
+// start_time/end_time 使用 RFC3339 时间格式
+// 以 UTC 或用户时区解析后的时间为准
+//
+// 说明：
+// - nil 表示未设置该过滤条件
+// - 过滤条件均为精确匹配
+type UsageCleanupFilters struct {
+	StartTime   time.Time `json:"start_time"`
+	EndTime     time.Time `json:"end_time"`
+	UserID      *int64    `json:"user_id,omitempty"`
+	APIKeyID    *int64    `json:"api_key_id,omitempty"`
+	AccountID   *int64    `json:"account_id,omitempty"`
+	GroupID     *int64    `json:"group_id,omitempty"`
+	Model       *string   `json:"model,omitempty"`
+	Stream      *bool     `json:"stream,omitempty"`
+	BillingType *int8     `json:"billing_type,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// UsageCleanupTask 表示使用记录清理任务
+// 状态包含 pending/running/succeeded/failed/canceled
+type UsageCleanupTask struct {
+	ID          int64
+	Status      string
+	Filters     UsageCleanupFilters
+	CreatedBy   int64
+	DeletedRows int64
+	ErrorMsg    *string
+	CanceledBy  *int64
+	CanceledAt  *time.Time
+	StartedAt   *time.Time
+	FinishedAt  *time.Time
+	CreatedAt   time.Time
+	UpdatedAt   time.Time
+}
+
+// UsageCleanupRepository 定义清理任务持久层接口
+type UsageCleanupRepository interface {
+	CreateTask(ctx context.Context, task *UsageCleanupTask) error
+	ListTasks(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]UsageCleanupTask, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	// ClaimNextPendingTask 抢占下一条可执行任务：
+	// - 优先 pending
+	// - 若 running 超过 staleRunningAfterSeconds（可能由于进程退出/崩溃/超时），允许重新抢占继续执行
+	ClaimNextPendingTask(ctx context.Context, staleRunningAfterSeconds int64) (*UsageCleanupTask, error)
+	// GetTaskStatus 查询任务状态；若不存在返回 sql.ErrNoRows
+	GetTaskStatus(ctx context.Context, taskID int64) (string, error)
+	// UpdateTaskProgress 更新任务进度（deleted_rows）用于断点续跑/展示
+	UpdateTaskProgress(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, deletedRows int64) error
+	// CancelTask 将任务标记为 canceled（仅允许 pending/running）
+	CancelTask(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, canceledBy int64) (bool, error)
+	MarkTaskSucceeded(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, deletedRows int64) error
+	MarkTaskFailed(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, deletedRows int64, errorMsg string) error
+	DeleteUsageLogsBatch(ctx context.Context, filters UsageCleanupFilters, limit int) (int64, error)
+}

backend/internal/service/usage_cleanup_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+const (
+	usageCleanupWorkerName = "usage_cleanup_worker"
+)
+
+// UsageCleanupService 负责创建与执行使用记录清理任务
+type UsageCleanupService struct {
+	repo        UsageCleanupRepository
+	timingWheel *TimingWheelService
+	dashboard   *DashboardAggregationService
+	cfg         *config.Config
+
+	running   int32
+	startOnce sync.Once
+	stopOnce  sync.Once
+
+	workerCtx    context.Context
+	workerCancel context.CancelFunc
+}
+
+func NewUsageCleanupService(repo UsageCleanupRepository, timingWheel *TimingWheelService, dashboard *DashboardAggregationService, cfg *config.Config) *UsageCleanupService {
+	workerCtx, workerCancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	return &UsageCleanupService{
+		repo:         repo,
+		timingWheel:  timingWheel,
+		dashboard:    dashboard,
+		cfg:          cfg,
+		workerCtx:    workerCtx,
+		workerCancel: workerCancel,
+	}
+}
+
+func describeUsageCleanupFilters(filters UsageCleanupFilters) string {
+	var parts []string
+	parts = append(parts, "start="+filters.StartTime.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339))
+	parts = append(parts, "end="+filters.EndTime.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339))
+	if filters.UserID != nil {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("user_id=%d", *filters.UserID))
+	}
+	if filters.APIKeyID != nil {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("api_key_id=%d", *filters.APIKeyID))
+	}
+	if filters.AccountID != nil {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("account_id=%d", *filters.AccountID))
+	}
+	if filters.GroupID != nil {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("group_id=%d", *filters.GroupID))
+	}
+	if filters.Model != nil {
+		parts = append(parts, "model="+strings.TrimSpace(*filters.Model))
+	}
+	if filters.Stream != nil {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("stream=%t", *filters.Stream))
+	}
+	if filters.BillingType != nil {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("billing_type=%d", *filters.BillingType))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, " ")
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) Start() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.cfg != nil && !s.cfg.UsageCleanup.Enabled {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] not started (disabled)")
+		return
+	}
+	if s.repo == nil || s.timingWheel == nil {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] not started (missing deps)")
+		return
+	}
+
+	interval := s.workerInterval()
+	s.startOnce.Do(func() {
+		s.timingWheel.ScheduleRecurring(usageCleanupWorkerName, interval, s.runOnce)
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] started (interval=%s max_range_days=%d batch_size=%d task_timeout=%s)", interval, s.maxRangeDays(), s.batchSize(), s.taskTimeout())
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) Stop() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.stopOnce.Do(func() {
+		if s.workerCancel != nil {
+			s.workerCancel()
+		}
+		if s.timingWheel != nil {
+			s.timingWheel.Cancel(usageCleanupWorkerName)
+		}
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] stopped")
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) ListTasks(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]UsageCleanupTask, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	if s == nil || s.repo == nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("cleanup service not ready")
+	}
+	return s.repo.ListTasks(ctx, params)
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) CreateTask(ctx context.Context, filters UsageCleanupFilters, createdBy int64) (*UsageCleanupTask, error) {
+	if s == nil || s.repo == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cleanup service not ready")
+	}
+	if s.cfg != nil && !s.cfg.UsageCleanup.Enabled {
+		return nil, infraerrors.New(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "USAGE_CLEANUP_DISABLED", "usage cleanup is disabled")
+	}
+	if createdBy <= 0 {
+		return nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("USAGE_CLEANUP_INVALID_CREATOR", "invalid creator")
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] create_task requested: operator=%d %s", createdBy, describeUsageCleanupFilters(filters))
+	sanitizeUsageCleanupFilters(&filters)
+	if err := s.validateFilters(filters); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] create_task rejected: operator=%d err=%v %s", createdBy, err, describeUsageCleanupFilters(filters))
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		Status:    UsageCleanupStatusPending,
+		Filters:   filters,
+		CreatedBy: createdBy,
+	}
+	if err := s.repo.CreateTask(ctx, task); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] create_task persist failed: operator=%d err=%v %s", createdBy, err, describeUsageCleanupFilters(filters))
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create cleanup task: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] create_task persisted: task=%d operator=%d status=%s deleted_rows=%d %s", task.ID, createdBy, task.Status, task.DeletedRows, describeUsageCleanupFilters(filters))
+	go s.runOnce()
+	return task, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) runOnce() {
+	svc := s
+	if svc == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&svc.running, 0, 1) {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] run_once skipped: already_running=true")
+		return
+	}
+	defer atomic.StoreInt32(&svc.running, 0)
+
+	parent := context.Background()
+	if svc.workerCtx != nil {
+		parent = svc.workerCtx
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parent, svc.taskTimeout())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	task, err := svc.repo.ClaimNextPendingTask(ctx, int64(svc.taskTimeout().Seconds()))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] claim pending task failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	if task == nil {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] run_once done: no_task=true")
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task claimed: task=%d status=%s created_by=%d deleted_rows=%d %s", task.ID, task.Status, task.CreatedBy, task.DeletedRows, describeUsageCleanupFilters(task.Filters))
+	svc.executeTask(ctx, task)
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) executeTask(ctx context.Context, task *UsageCleanupTask) {
+	if task == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	batchSize := s.batchSize()
+	deletedTotal := task.DeletedRows
+	start := time.Now()
+	log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task started: task=%d batch_size=%d deleted_rows=%d %s", task.ID, batchSize, deletedTotal, describeUsageCleanupFilters(task.Filters))
+	var batchNum int
+
+	for {
+		if ctx != nil && ctx.Err() != nil {
+			log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task interrupted: task=%d err=%v", task.ID, ctx.Err())
+			return
+		}
+		canceled, err := s.isTaskCanceled(ctx, task.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			s.markTaskFailed(task.ID, deletedTotal, err)
+			return
+		}
+		if canceled {
+			log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task canceled: task=%d deleted_rows=%d duration=%s", task.ID, deletedTotal, time.Since(start))
+			return
+		}
+
+		batchNum++
+		deleted, err := s.repo.DeleteUsageLogsBatch(ctx, task.Filters, batchSize)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				// 任务被中断（例如服务停止/超时），保持 running 状态，后续通过 stale reclaim 续跑。
+				log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task interrupted: task=%d err=%v", task.ID, err)
+				return
+			}
+			s.markTaskFailed(task.ID, deletedTotal, err)
+			return
+		}
+		deletedTotal += deleted
+		if deleted > 0 {
+			updateCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 3*time.Second)
+			if err := s.repo.UpdateTaskProgress(updateCtx, task.ID, deletedTotal); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task progress update failed: task=%d deleted_rows=%d err=%v", task.ID, deletedTotal, err)
+			}
+			cancel()
+		}
+		if batchNum <= 3 || batchNum%20 == 0 || deleted < int64(batchSize) {
+			log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task batch done: task=%d batch=%d deleted=%d deleted_total=%d", task.ID, batchNum, deleted, deletedTotal)
+		}
+		if deleted == 0 || deleted < int64(batchSize) {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	updateCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	if err := s.repo.MarkTaskSucceeded(updateCtx, task.ID, deletedTotal); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] update task succeeded failed: task=%d err=%v", task.ID, err)
+	} else {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task succeeded: task=%d deleted_rows=%d duration=%s", task.ID, deletedTotal, time.Since(start))
+	}
+
+	if s.dashboard != nil {
+		if err := s.dashboard.TriggerRecomputeRange(task.Filters.StartTime, task.Filters.EndTime); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] trigger dashboard recompute failed: task=%d err=%v", task.ID, err)
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] trigger dashboard recompute: task=%d start=%s end=%s", task.ID, task.Filters.StartTime.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339), task.Filters.EndTime.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) markTaskFailed(taskID int64, deletedRows int64, err error) {
+	msg := strings.TrimSpace(err.Error())
+	if len(msg) > 500 {
+		msg = msg[:500]
+	}
+	log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task failed: task=%d deleted_rows=%d err=%s", taskID, deletedRows, msg)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	if updateErr := s.repo.MarkTaskFailed(ctx, taskID, deletedRows, msg); updateErr != nil {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] update task failed failed: task=%d err=%v", taskID, updateErr)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) isTaskCanceled(ctx context.Context, taskID int64) (bool, error) {
+	if s == nil || s.repo == nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("cleanup service not ready")
+	}
+	checkCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	status, err := s.repo.GetTaskStatus(checkCtx, taskID)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if status == UsageCleanupStatusCanceled {
+		log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] task cancel detected: task=%d", taskID)
+	}
+	return status == UsageCleanupStatusCanceled, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) validateFilters(filters UsageCleanupFilters) error {
+	if filters.StartTime.IsZero() || filters.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		return infraerrors.BadRequest("USAGE_CLEANUP_MISSING_RANGE", "start_date and end_date are required")
+	}
+	if filters.EndTime.Before(filters.StartTime) {
+		return infraerrors.BadRequest("USAGE_CLEANUP_INVALID_RANGE", "end_date must be after start_date")
+	}
+	maxDays := s.maxRangeDays()
+	if maxDays > 0 {
+		delta := filters.EndTime.Sub(filters.StartTime)
+		if delta > time.Duration(maxDays)*24*time.Hour {
+			return infraerrors.BadRequest("USAGE_CLEANUP_RANGE_TOO_LARGE", fmt.Sprintf("date range exceeds %d days", maxDays))
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) CancelTask(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, canceledBy int64) error {
+	if s == nil || s.repo == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cleanup service not ready")
+	}
+	if s.cfg != nil && !s.cfg.UsageCleanup.Enabled {
+		return infraerrors.New(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "USAGE_CLEANUP_DISABLED", "usage cleanup is disabled")
+	}
+	if canceledBy <= 0 {
+		return infraerrors.BadRequest("USAGE_CLEANUP_INVALID_CANCELLER", "invalid canceller")
+	}
+	status, err := s.repo.GetTaskStatus(ctx, taskID)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+			return infraerrors.New(http.StatusNotFound, "USAGE_CLEANUP_TASK_NOT_FOUND", "cleanup task not found")
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] cancel_task requested: task=%d operator=%d status=%s", taskID, canceledBy, status)
+	if status != UsageCleanupStatusPending && status != UsageCleanupStatusRunning {
+		return infraerrors.New(http.StatusConflict, "USAGE_CLEANUP_CANCEL_CONFLICT", "cleanup task cannot be canceled in current status")
+	}
+	ok, err := s.repo.CancelTask(ctx, taskID, canceledBy)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		// 状态可能并发改变
+		return infraerrors.New(http.StatusConflict, "USAGE_CLEANUP_CANCEL_CONFLICT", "cleanup task cannot be canceled in current status")
+	}
+	log.Printf("[UsageCleanup] cancel_task done: task=%d operator=%d", taskID, canceledBy)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func sanitizeUsageCleanupFilters(filters *UsageCleanupFilters) {
+	if filters == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if filters.UserID != nil && *filters.UserID <= 0 {
+		filters.UserID = nil
+	}
+	if filters.APIKeyID != nil && *filters.APIKeyID <= 0 {
+		filters.APIKeyID = nil
+	}
+	if filters.AccountID != nil && *filters.AccountID <= 0 {
+		filters.AccountID = nil
+	}
+	if filters.GroupID != nil && *filters.GroupID <= 0 {
+		filters.GroupID = nil
+	}
+	if filters.Model != nil {
+		model := strings.TrimSpace(*filters.Model)
+		if model == "" {
+			filters.Model = nil
+		} else {
+			filters.Model = &model
+		}
+	}
+	if filters.BillingType != nil && *filters.BillingType < 0 {
+		filters.BillingType = nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) maxRangeDays() int {
+	if s == nil || s.cfg == nil {
+		return 31
+	}
+	if s.cfg.UsageCleanup.MaxRangeDays > 0 {
+		return s.cfg.UsageCleanup.MaxRangeDays
+	}
+	return 31
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) batchSize() int {
+	if s == nil || s.cfg == nil {
+		return 5000
+	}
+	if s.cfg.UsageCleanup.BatchSize > 0 {
+		return s.cfg.UsageCleanup.BatchSize
+	}
+	return 5000
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) workerInterval() time.Duration {
+	if s == nil || s.cfg == nil {
+		return 10 * time.Second
+	}
+	if s.cfg.UsageCleanup.WorkerIntervalSeconds > 0 {
+		return time.Duration(s.cfg.UsageCleanup.WorkerIntervalSeconds) * time.Second
+	}
+	return 10 * time.Second
+}
+
+func (s *UsageCleanupService) taskTimeout() time.Duration {
+	if s == nil || s.cfg == nil {
+		return 30 * time.Minute
+	}
+	if s.cfg.UsageCleanup.TaskTimeoutSeconds > 0 {
+		return time.Duration(s.cfg.UsageCleanup.TaskTimeoutSeconds) * time.Second
+	}
+	return 30 * time.Minute
+}

backend/internal/service/usage_cleanup_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type cleanupDeleteResponse struct {
+	deleted int64
+	err     error
+}
+
+type cleanupDeleteCall struct {
+	filters UsageCleanupFilters
+	limit   int
+}
+
+type cleanupMarkCall struct {
+	taskID      int64
+	deletedRows int64
+	errMsg      string
+}
+
+type cleanupRepoStub struct {
+	mu            sync.Mutex
+	created       []*UsageCleanupTask
+	createErr     error
+	listTasks     []UsageCleanupTask
+	listResult    *pagination.PaginationResult
+	listErr       error
+	claimQueue    []*UsageCleanupTask
+	claimErr      error
+	deleteQueue   []cleanupDeleteResponse
+	deleteCalls   []cleanupDeleteCall
+	markSucceeded []cleanupMarkCall
+	markFailed    []cleanupMarkCall
+	statusByID    map[int64]string
+	statusErr     error
+	progressCalls []cleanupMarkCall
+	updateErr     error
+	cancelCalls   []int64
+	cancelErr     error
+	cancelResult  *bool
+	markFailedErr error
+}
+
+type dashboardRepoStub struct {
+	recomputeErr error
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardRepoStub) AggregateRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardRepoStub) RecomputeRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	return s.recomputeErr
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardRepoStub) GetAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, error) {
+	return time.Time{}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardRepoStub) UpdateAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context, aggregatedAt time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardRepoStub) CleanupAggregates(ctx context.Context, hourlyCutoff, dailyCutoff time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardRepoStub) CleanupUsageLogs(ctx context.Context, cutoff time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardRepoStub) EnsureUsageLogsPartitions(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) CreateTask(ctx context.Context, task *UsageCleanupTask) error {
+	if task == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	if s.createErr != nil {
+		return s.createErr
+	}
+	if task.ID == 0 {
+		task.ID = int64(len(s.created) + 1)
+	}
+	if task.CreatedAt.IsZero() {
+		task.CreatedAt = time.Now().UTC()
+	}
+	if task.UpdatedAt.IsZero() {
+		task.UpdatedAt = task.CreatedAt
+	}
+	clone := *task
+	s.created = append(s.created, &clone)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) ListTasks(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]UsageCleanupTask, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	return s.listTasks, s.listResult, s.listErr
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) ClaimNextPendingTask(ctx context.Context, staleRunningAfterSeconds int64) (*UsageCleanupTask, error) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	if s.claimErr != nil {
+		return nil, s.claimErr
+	}
+	if len(s.claimQueue) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	task := s.claimQueue[0]
+	s.claimQueue = s.claimQueue[1:]
+	if s.statusByID == nil {
+		s.statusByID = map[int64]string{}
+	}
+	s.statusByID[task.ID] = UsageCleanupStatusRunning
+	return task, nil
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) GetTaskStatus(ctx context.Context, taskID int64) (string, error) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	if s.statusErr != nil {
+		return "", s.statusErr
+	}
+	if s.statusByID == nil {
+		return "", sql.ErrNoRows
+	}
+	status, ok := s.statusByID[taskID]
+	if !ok {
+		return "", sql.ErrNoRows
+	}
+	return status, nil
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) UpdateTaskProgress(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, deletedRows int64) error {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.progressCalls = append(s.progressCalls, cleanupMarkCall{taskID: taskID, deletedRows: deletedRows})
+	if s.updateErr != nil {
+		return s.updateErr
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) CancelTask(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, canceledBy int64) (bool, error) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.cancelCalls = append(s.cancelCalls, taskID)
+	if s.cancelErr != nil {
+		return false, s.cancelErr
+	}
+	if s.cancelResult != nil {
+		ok := *s.cancelResult
+		if ok {
+			if s.statusByID == nil {
+				s.statusByID = map[int64]string{}
+			}
+			s.statusByID[taskID] = UsageCleanupStatusCanceled
+		}
+		return ok, nil
+	}
+	if s.statusByID == nil {
+		s.statusByID = map[int64]string{}
+	}
+	status := s.statusByID[taskID]
+	if status != UsageCleanupStatusPending && status != UsageCleanupStatusRunning {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	s.statusByID[taskID] = UsageCleanupStatusCanceled
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) MarkTaskSucceeded(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, deletedRows int64) error {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.markSucceeded = append(s.markSucceeded, cleanupMarkCall{taskID: taskID, deletedRows: deletedRows})
+	if s.statusByID == nil {
+		s.statusByID = map[int64]string{}
+	}
+	s.statusByID[taskID] = UsageCleanupStatusSucceeded
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) MarkTaskFailed(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, deletedRows int64, errorMsg string) error {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.markFailed = append(s.markFailed, cleanupMarkCall{taskID: taskID, deletedRows: deletedRows, errMsg: errorMsg})
+	if s.statusByID == nil {
+		s.statusByID = map[int64]string{}
+	}
+	s.statusByID[taskID] = UsageCleanupStatusFailed
+	if s.markFailedErr != nil {
+		return s.markFailedErr
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *cleanupRepoStub) DeleteUsageLogsBatch(ctx context.Context, filters UsageCleanupFilters, limit int) (int64, error) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.deleteCalls = append(s.deleteCalls, cleanupDeleteCall{filters: filters, limit: limit})
+	if len(s.deleteQueue) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	resp := s.deleteQueue[0]
+	s.deleteQueue = s.deleteQueue[1:]
+	return resp.deleted, resp.err
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCreateTaskSanitizeFilters(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, MaxRangeDays: 31}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	start := time.Date(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	end := start.Add(24 * time.Hour)
+	userID := int64(-1)
+	apiKeyID := int64(10)
+	model := "  gpt-4  "
+	billingType := int8(-2)
+	filters := UsageCleanupFilters{
+		StartTime:   start,
+		EndTime:     end,
+		UserID:      &userID,
+		APIKeyID:    &apiKeyID,
+		Model:       &model,
+		BillingType: &billingType,
+	}
+
+	task, err := svc.CreateTask(context.Background(), filters, 9)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, UsageCleanupStatusPending, task.Status)
+	require.Nil(t, task.Filters.UserID)
+	require.NotNil(t, task.Filters.APIKeyID)
+	require.Equal(t, apiKeyID, *task.Filters.APIKeyID)
+	require.NotNil(t, task.Filters.Model)
+	require.Equal(t, "gpt-4", *task.Filters.Model)
+	require.Nil(t, task.Filters.BillingType)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(9), task.CreatedBy)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCreateTaskInvalidCreator(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	filters := UsageCleanupFilters{
+		StartTime: time.Now(),
+		EndTime:   time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
+	}
+	_, err := svc.CreateTask(context.Background(), filters, 0)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_INVALID_CREATOR", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCreateTaskDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: false}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	filters := UsageCleanupFilters{
+		StartTime: time.Now(),
+		EndTime:   time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
+	}
+	_, err := svc.CreateTask(context.Background(), filters, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, infraerrors.Code(err))
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_DISABLED", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCreateTaskRangeTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, MaxRangeDays: 1}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	start := time.Date(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	end := start.Add(48 * time.Hour)
+	filters := UsageCleanupFilters{StartTime: start, EndTime: end}
+
+	_, err := svc.CreateTask(context.Background(), filters, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_RANGE_TOO_LARGE", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCreateTaskMissingRange(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	_, err := svc.CreateTask(context.Background(), UsageCleanupFilters{}, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_MISSING_RANGE", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCreateTaskRepoError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{createErr: errors.New("db down")}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	filters := UsageCleanupFilters{
+		StartTime: time.Now(),
+		EndTime:   time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
+	}
+	_, err := svc.CreateTask(context.Background(), filters, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "create cleanup task")
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceRunOnceSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	start := time.Date(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	end := start.Add(2 * time.Hour)
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		claimQueue: []*UsageCleanupTask{
+			{ID: 5, Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{StartTime: start, EndTime: end}},
+		},
+		deleteQueue: []cleanupDeleteResponse{
+			{deleted: 2},
+			{deleted: 2},
+			{deleted: 1},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 2, TaskTimeoutSeconds: 30}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	svc.runOnce()
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Len(t, repo.deleteCalls, 3)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, repo.deleteCalls[0].limit)
+	require.True(t, repo.deleteCalls[0].filters.StartTime.Equal(start))
+	require.True(t, repo.deleteCalls[0].filters.EndTime.Equal(end))
+	require.Len(t, repo.markSucceeded, 1)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markFailed)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(5), repo.markSucceeded[0].taskID)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(5), repo.markSucceeded[0].deletedRows)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, repo.deleteCalls[0].limit)
+	require.Equal(t, start, repo.deleteCalls[0].filters.StartTime)
+	require.Equal(t, end, repo.deleteCalls[0].filters.EndTime)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceRunOnceClaimError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{claimErr: errors.New("claim failed")}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+	svc.runOnce()
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markSucceeded)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markFailed)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceRunOnceAlreadyRunning(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+	svc.running = 1
+	svc.runOnce()
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceExecuteTaskFailed(t *testing.T) {
+	longMsg := strings.Repeat("x", 600)
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		deleteQueue: []cleanupDeleteResponse{
+			{err: errors.New(longMsg)},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 3}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		ID: 11,
+		Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{
+			StartTime: time.Now(),
+			EndTime:   time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.executeTask(context.Background(), task)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Len(t, repo.markFailed, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(11), repo.markFailed[0].taskID)
+	require.Equal(t, 500, len(repo.markFailed[0].errMsg))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceExecuteTaskProgressError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		deleteQueue: []cleanupDeleteResponse{
+			{deleted: 2},
+			{deleted: 0},
+		},
+		updateErr: errors.New("update failed"),
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 2}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		ID: 8,
+		Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{
+			StartTime: time.Now().UTC(),
+			EndTime:   time.Now().UTC().Add(time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.executeTask(context.Background(), task)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Len(t, repo.markSucceeded, 1)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markFailed)
+	require.Len(t, repo.progressCalls, 1)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceExecuteTaskDeleteCanceled(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		deleteQueue: []cleanupDeleteResponse{
+			{err: context.Canceled},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 2}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		ID: 12,
+		Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{
+			StartTime: time.Now().UTC(),
+			EndTime:   time.Now().UTC().Add(time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.executeTask(context.Background(), task)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markSucceeded)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markFailed)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceExecuteTaskContextCanceled(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 2}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		ID: 9,
+		Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{
+			StartTime: time.Now().UTC(),
+			EndTime:   time.Now().UTC().Add(time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel()
+
+	svc.executeTask(ctx, task)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markSucceeded)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markFailed)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.deleteCalls)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceExecuteTaskMarkFailedUpdateError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		deleteQueue: []cleanupDeleteResponse{
+			{err: errors.New("boom")},
+		},
+		markFailedErr: errors.New("update failed"),
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 2}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		ID: 13,
+		Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{
+			StartTime: time.Now().UTC(),
+			EndTime:   time.Now().UTC().Add(time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.executeTask(context.Background(), task)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Len(t, repo.markFailed, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(13), repo.markFailed[0].taskID)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceExecuteTaskDashboardRecomputeError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		deleteQueue: []cleanupDeleteResponse{
+			{deleted: 0},
+		},
+	}
+	dashboard := NewDashboardAggregationService(&dashboardRepoStub{}, nil, &config.Config{
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{Enabled: false},
+	})
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 2}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, dashboard, cfg)
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		ID: 14,
+		Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{
+			StartTime: time.Now().UTC(),
+			EndTime:   time.Now().UTC().Add(time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.executeTask(context.Background(), task)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Len(t, repo.markSucceeded, 1)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceExecuteTaskDashboardRecomputeSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		deleteQueue: []cleanupDeleteResponse{
+			{deleted: 0},
+		},
+	}
+	dashboard := NewDashboardAggregationService(&dashboardRepoStub{}, nil, &config.Config{
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{Enabled: true},
+	})
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 2}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, dashboard, cfg)
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		ID: 15,
+		Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{
+			StartTime: time.Now().UTC(),
+			EndTime:   time.Now().UTC().Add(time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.executeTask(context.Background(), task)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Len(t, repo.markSucceeded, 1)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceExecuteTaskCanceled(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		statusByID: map[int64]string{
+			3: UsageCleanupStatusCanceled,
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, BatchSize: 2}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+	task := &UsageCleanupTask{
+		ID: 3,
+		Filters: UsageCleanupFilters{
+			StartTime: time.Now().UTC(),
+			EndTime:   time.Now().UTC().Add(time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.executeTask(context.Background(), task)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Empty(t, repo.deleteCalls)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markSucceeded)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.markFailed)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCancelTaskSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		statusByID: map[int64]string{
+			5: UsageCleanupStatusPending,
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	err := svc.CancelTask(context.Background(), 5, 9)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	repo.mu.Lock()
+	defer repo.mu.Unlock()
+	require.Equal(t, UsageCleanupStatusCanceled, repo.statusByID[5])
+	require.Len(t, repo.cancelCalls, 1)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCancelTaskDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: false}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	err := svc.CancelTask(context.Background(), 1, 2)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, infraerrors.Code(err))
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_DISABLED", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCancelTaskNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	err := svc.CancelTask(context.Background(), 999, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, infraerrors.Code(err))
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_TASK_NOT_FOUND", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCancelTaskStatusError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{statusErr: errors.New("status broken")}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	err := svc.CancelTask(context.Background(), 7, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "status broken")
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCancelTaskConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		statusByID: map[int64]string{
+			7: UsageCleanupStatusSucceeded,
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	err := svc.CancelTask(context.Background(), 7, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusConflict, infraerrors.Code(err))
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_CANCEL_CONFLICT", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCancelTaskRepoConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	shouldCancel := false
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		statusByID: map[int64]string{
+			7: UsageCleanupStatusPending,
+		},
+		cancelResult: &shouldCancel,
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	err := svc.CancelTask(context.Background(), 7, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusConflict, infraerrors.Code(err))
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_CANCEL_CONFLICT", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCancelTaskRepoError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		statusByID: map[int64]string{
+			7: UsageCleanupStatusPending,
+		},
+		cancelErr: errors.New("cancel failed"),
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	err := svc.CancelTask(context.Background(), 7, 1)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "cancel failed")
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceCancelTaskInvalidCanceller(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		statusByID: map[int64]string{
+			7: UsageCleanupStatusRunning,
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	err := svc.CancelTask(context.Background(), 7, 0)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "USAGE_CLEANUP_INVALID_CANCELLER", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceListTasks(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{
+		listTasks: []UsageCleanupTask{{ID: 1}, {ID: 2}},
+		listResult: &pagination.PaginationResult{
+			Total:    2,
+			Page:     1,
+			PageSize: 20,
+			Pages:    1,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}})
+
+	tasks, result, err := svc.ListTasks(context.Background(), pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 20})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, tasks, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), result.Total)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceListTasksNotReady(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSvc *UsageCleanupService
+	_, _, err := nilSvc.ListTasks(context.Background(), pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 20})
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(nil, nil, nil, &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}})
+	_, _, err = svc.ListTasks(context.Background(), pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 20})
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceDefaultsAndLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSvc *UsageCleanupService
+	require.Equal(t, 31, nilSvc.maxRangeDays())
+	require.Equal(t, 5000, nilSvc.batchSize())
+	require.Equal(t, 10*time.Second, nilSvc.workerInterval())
+	require.Equal(t, 30*time.Minute, nilSvc.taskTimeout())
+	nilSvc.Start()
+	nilSvc.Stop()
+
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	cfgDisabled := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: false}}
+	svcDisabled := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, cfgDisabled)
+	svcDisabled.Start()
+	svcDisabled.Stop()
+
+	timingWheel, err := NewTimingWheelService()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true, WorkerIntervalSeconds: 5}}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, timingWheel, nil, cfg)
+	require.Equal(t, 5*time.Second, svc.workerInterval())
+	svc.Start()
+	svc.Stop()
+
+	cfgFallback := &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}}
+	svcFallback := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, timingWheel, nil, cfgFallback)
+	require.Equal(t, 31, svcFallback.maxRangeDays())
+	require.Equal(t, 5000, svcFallback.batchSize())
+	require.Equal(t, 10*time.Second, svcFallback.workerInterval())
+
+	svcMissingDeps := NewUsageCleanupService(nil, nil, nil, cfgFallback)
+	svcMissingDeps.Start()
+}
+
+func TestSanitizeUsageCleanupFiltersModelEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	model := "   "
+	apiKeyID := int64(-5)
+	accountID := int64(-1)
+	groupID := int64(-2)
+	filters := UsageCleanupFilters{
+		UserID:    &apiKeyID,
+		APIKeyID:  &apiKeyID,
+		AccountID: &accountID,
+		GroupID:   &groupID,
+		Model:     &model,
+	}
+
+	sanitizeUsageCleanupFilters(&filters)
+	require.Nil(t, filters.UserID)
+	require.Nil(t, filters.APIKeyID)
+	require.Nil(t, filters.AccountID)
+	require.Nil(t, filters.GroupID)
+	require.Nil(t, filters.Model)
+}
+
+func TestDescribeUsageCleanupFiltersAllFields(t *testing.T) {
+	start := time.Date(2024, 2, 1, 10, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	end := start.Add(2 * time.Hour)
+	userID := int64(1)
+	apiKeyID := int64(2)
+	accountID := int64(3)
+	groupID := int64(4)
+	model := " gpt-4 "
+	stream := true
+	billingType := int8(2)
+	filters := UsageCleanupFilters{
+		StartTime:   start,
+		EndTime:     end,
+		UserID:      &userID,
+		APIKeyID:    &apiKeyID,
+		AccountID:   &accountID,
+		GroupID:     &groupID,
+		Model:       &model,
+		Stream:      &stream,
+		BillingType: &billingType,
+	}
+
+	desc := describeUsageCleanupFilters(filters)
+	require.Equal(t, "start=2024-02-01T10:00:00Z end=2024-02-01T12:00:00Z user_id=1 api_key_id=2 account_id=3 group_id=4 model=gpt-4 stream=true billing_type=2", desc)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceIsTaskCanceledNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}})
+
+	canceled, err := svc.isTaskCanceled(context.Background(), 9)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, canceled)
+}
+
+func TestUsageCleanupServiceIsTaskCanceledError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &cleanupRepoStub{statusErr: errors.New("status err")}
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, nil, nil, &config.Config{UsageCleanup: config.UsageCleanupConfig{Enabled: true}})
+
+	_, err := svc.isTaskCanceled(context.Background(), 9)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "status err")
+}

backend/internal/service/user_service.go

@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ type UserRepository interface {
 	UpdateConcurrency(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount int) error
 	ExistsByEmail(ctx context.Context, email string) (bool, error)
 	RemoveGroupFromAllowedGroups(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
+
+	// TOTP 相关方法
+	UpdateTotpSecret(ctx context.Context, userID int64, encryptedSecret *string) error
+	EnableTotp(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error
+	DisableTotp(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error
 }
 
 // UpdateProfileRequest 更新用户资料请求

backend/internal/service/user_subscription_port.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type UserSubscriptionRepository interface {
 	ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]UserSubscription, error)
 	ListActiveByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]UserSubscription, error)
 	ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
-	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
 
 	ExistsByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (bool, error)
 	ExtendExpiry(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64, newExpiresAt time.Time) error

backend/internal/service/wire.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"time"
 
@@ -43,9 +44,10 @@ func ProvideTokenRefreshService(
 	geminiOAuthService *GeminiOAuthService,
 	antigravityOAuthService *AntigravityOAuthService,
 	cacheInvalidator TokenCacheInvalidator,
+	schedulerCache SchedulerCache,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *TokenRefreshService {
-	svc := NewTokenRefreshService(accountRepo, oauthService, openaiOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, antigravityOAuthService, cacheInvalidator, cfg)
+	svc := NewTokenRefreshService(accountRepo, oauthService, openaiOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, antigravityOAuthService, cacheInvalidator, schedulerCache, cfg)
 	svc.Start()
 	return svc
 }
@@ -57,6 +59,13 @@ func ProvideDashboardAggregationService(repo DashboardAggregationRepository, tim
 	return svc
 }
 
+// ProvideUsageCleanupService 创建并启动使用记录清理任务服务
+func ProvideUsageCleanupService(repo UsageCleanupRepository, timingWheel *TimingWheelService, dashboardAgg *DashboardAggregationService, cfg *config.Config) *UsageCleanupService {
+	svc := NewUsageCleanupService(repo, timingWheel, dashboardAgg, cfg)
+	svc.Start()
+	return svc
+}
+
 // ProvideAccountExpiryService creates and starts AccountExpiryService.
 func ProvideAccountExpiryService(accountRepo AccountRepository) *AccountExpiryService {
 	svc := NewAccountExpiryService(accountRepo, time.Minute)
@@ -64,6 +73,13 @@ func ProvideAccountExpiryService(accountRepo AccountRepository) *AccountExpirySe
 	return svc
 }
 
+// ProvideSubscriptionExpiryService creates and starts SubscriptionExpiryService.
+func ProvideSubscriptionExpiryService(userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository) *SubscriptionExpiryService {
+	svc := NewSubscriptionExpiryService(userSubRepo, time.Minute)
+	svc.Start()
+	return svc
+}
+
 // ProvideTimingWheelService creates and starts TimingWheelService
 func ProvideTimingWheelService() (*TimingWheelService, error) {
 	svc, err := NewTimingWheelService()
@@ -189,6 +205,8 @@ func ProvideOpsScheduledReportService(
 
 // ProvideAPIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator 提供 API Key 认证缓存失效能力
 func ProvideAPIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator(apiKeyService *APIKeyService) APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator {
+	// Start Pub/Sub subscriber for L1 cache invalidation across instances
+	apiKeyService.StartAuthCacheInvalidationSubscriber(context.Background())
 	return apiKeyService
 }
 
@@ -209,6 +227,7 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	ProvidePricingService,
 	NewBillingService,
 	NewBillingCacheService,
+	NewAnnouncementService,
 	NewAdminService,
 	NewGatewayService,
 	NewOpenAIGatewayService,
@@ -246,10 +265,13 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	ProvideUpdateService,
 	ProvideTokenRefreshService,
 	ProvideAccountExpiryService,
+	ProvideSubscriptionExpiryService,
 	ProvideTimingWheelService,
 	ProvideDashboardAggregationService,
+	ProvideUsageCleanupService,
 	ProvideDeferredService,
 	NewAntigravityQuotaFetcher,
 	NewUserAttributeService,
 	NewUsageCache,
+	NewTotpService,
 )