fix(admin): 修复退款金额精度问题

- 显示完整余额精度，避免四舍五入导致的退款失败
- 添加"全部"按钮，一键填入完整余额
- 移除最小金额限制，支持任意正数金额

.gitignore

@@ -126,6 +126,4 @@ backend/cmd/server/server
 deploy/docker-compose.override.yml
 .gocache/
 vite.config.js
-!docs/
 docs/*
-!docs/dependency-security.md

README_CN.md

@@ -57,6 +57,13 @@ Sub2API 是一个 AI API 网关平台，用于分发和管理 AI 产品订阅（
 
 ---
 
+## OpenAI Responses 兼容注意事项
+
+- 当请求包含 `function_call_output` 时，需要携带 `previous_response_id`，或在 `input` 中包含带 `call_id` 的 `tool_call`/`function_call`，或带非空 `id` 且与 `function_call_output.call_id` 匹配的 `item_reference`。
+- 若依赖上游历史记录，网关会强制 `store=true` 并需要复用 `previous_response_id`，以避免出现 “No tool call found for function call output” 错误。
+
+---
+
 ## 部署方式
 
 ### 方式一：脚本安装（推荐）

backend/.dockerignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+.cache/
+.DS_Store

backend/.golangci.yml

@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ linters:
           list-mode: original
           files:
             - "**/internal/service/**"
+            - "!**/internal/service/ops_aggregation_service.go"
+            - "!**/internal/service/ops_alert_evaluator_service.go"
+            - "!**/internal/service/ops_cleanup_service.go"
+            - "!**/internal/service/ops_metrics_collector.go"
+            - "!**/internal/service/ops_scheduled_report_service.go"
+            - "!**/internal/service/wire.go"
           deny:
             - pkg: github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/repository
               desc: "service must not import repository"

backend/cmd/server/wire.go

@@ -62,6 +62,12 @@ func provideServiceBuildInfo(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) service.BuildInfo {
 func provideCleanup(
 	entClient *ent.Client,
 	rdb *redis.Client,
+	opsMetricsCollector *service.OpsMetricsCollector,
+	opsAggregation *service.OpsAggregationService,
+	opsAlertEvaluator *service.OpsAlertEvaluatorService,
+	opsCleanup *service.OpsCleanupService,
+	opsScheduledReport *service.OpsScheduledReportService,
+	schedulerSnapshot *service.SchedulerSnapshotService,
 	tokenRefresh *service.TokenRefreshService,
 	accountExpiry *service.AccountExpiryService,
 	pricing *service.PricingService,
@@ -81,6 +87,42 @@ func provideCleanup(
 			name string
 			fn   func() error
 		}{
+			{"OpsScheduledReportService", func() error {
+				if opsScheduledReport != nil {
+					opsScheduledReport.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpsCleanupService", func() error {
+				if opsCleanup != nil {
+					opsCleanup.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpsAlertEvaluatorService", func() error {
+				if opsAlertEvaluator != nil {
+					opsAlertEvaluator.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpsAggregationService", func() error {
+				if opsAggregation != nil {
+					opsAggregation.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpsMetricsCollector", func() error {
+				if opsMetricsCollector != nil {
+					opsMetricsCollector.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"SchedulerSnapshotService", func() error {
+				if schedulerSnapshot != nil {
+					schedulerSnapshot.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
 			{"TokenRefreshService", func() error {
 				tokenRefresh.Stop()
 				return nil

backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go

@@ -55,31 +55,36 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	billingCache := repository.NewBillingCache(redisClient)
 	userSubscriptionRepository := repository.NewUserSubscriptionRepository(client)
 	billingCacheService := service.NewBillingCacheService(billingCache, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, configConfig)
-	promoService := service.NewPromoService(promoCodeRepository, userRepository, billingCacheService, client)
-	authService := service.NewAuthService(userRepository, configConfig, settingService, emailService, turnstileService, emailQueueService, promoService)
-	userService := service.NewUserService(userRepository)
-	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(configConfig, authService, userService, settingService, promoService)
-	userHandler := handler.NewUserHandler(userService)
 	apiKeyRepository := repository.NewAPIKeyRepository(client)
 	groupRepository := repository.NewGroupRepository(client, db)
 	apiKeyCache := repository.NewAPIKeyCache(redisClient)
 	apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepository, userRepository, groupRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, apiKeyCache, configConfig)
+	apiKeyAuthCacheInvalidator := service.ProvideAPIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator(apiKeyService)
+	promoService := service.NewPromoService(promoCodeRepository, userRepository, billingCacheService, client, apiKeyAuthCacheInvalidator)
+	authService := service.NewAuthService(userRepository, configConfig, settingService, emailService, turnstileService, emailQueueService, promoService)
+	userService := service.NewUserService(userRepository, apiKeyAuthCacheInvalidator)
+	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(configConfig, authService, userService, settingService, promoService)
+	userHandler := handler.NewUserHandler(userService)
 	apiKeyHandler := handler.NewAPIKeyHandler(apiKeyService)
 	usageLogRepository := repository.NewUsageLogRepository(client, db)
-	usageService := service.NewUsageService(usageLogRepository, userRepository, client)
+	dashboardAggregationRepository := repository.NewDashboardAggregationRepository(db)
+	usageService := service.NewUsageService(usageLogRepository, userRepository, client, apiKeyAuthCacheInvalidator)
 	usageHandler := handler.NewUsageHandler(usageService, apiKeyService)
 	redeemCodeRepository := repository.NewRedeemCodeRepository(client)
 	subscriptionService := service.NewSubscriptionService(groupRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, billingCacheService)
 	redeemCache := repository.NewRedeemCache(redisClient)
-	redeemService := service.NewRedeemService(redeemCodeRepository, userRepository, subscriptionService, redeemCache, billingCacheService, client)
+	redeemService := service.NewRedeemService(redeemCodeRepository, userRepository, subscriptionService, redeemCache, billingCacheService, client, apiKeyAuthCacheInvalidator)
 	redeemHandler := handler.NewRedeemHandler(redeemService)
 	subscriptionHandler := handler.NewSubscriptionHandler(subscriptionService)
-	dashboardService := service.NewDashboardService(usageLogRepository)
-	dashboardHandler := admin.NewDashboardHandler(dashboardService)
+	dashboardStatsCache := repository.NewDashboardCache(redisClient, configConfig)
+	timingWheelService := service.ProvideTimingWheelService()
+	dashboardAggregationService := service.ProvideDashboardAggregationService(dashboardAggregationRepository, timingWheelService, configConfig)
+	dashboardService := service.NewDashboardService(usageLogRepository, dashboardAggregationRepository, dashboardStatsCache, configConfig)
+	dashboardHandler := admin.NewDashboardHandler(dashboardService, dashboardAggregationService)
 	accountRepository := repository.NewAccountRepository(client, db)
 	proxyRepository := repository.NewProxyRepository(client, db)
 	proxyExitInfoProber := repository.NewProxyExitInfoProber(configConfig)
-	adminService := service.NewAdminService(userRepository, groupRepository, accountRepository, proxyRepository, apiKeyRepository, redeemCodeRepository, billingCacheService, proxyExitInfoProber)
+	adminService := service.NewAdminService(userRepository, groupRepository, accountRepository, proxyRepository, apiKeyRepository, redeemCodeRepository, billingCacheService, proxyExitInfoProber, apiKeyAuthCacheInvalidator)
 	adminUserHandler := admin.NewUserHandler(adminService)
 	groupHandler := admin.NewGroupHandler(adminService)
 	claudeOAuthClient := repository.NewClaudeOAuthClient()
@@ -92,7 +97,8 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	antigravityOAuthService := service.NewAntigravityOAuthService(proxyRepository)
 	geminiQuotaService := service.NewGeminiQuotaService(configConfig, settingRepository)
 	tempUnschedCache := repository.NewTempUnschedCache(redisClient)
-	rateLimitService := service.NewRateLimitService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, configConfig, geminiQuotaService, tempUnschedCache)
+	timeoutCounterCache := repository.NewTimeoutCounterCache(redisClient)
+	rateLimitService := service.ProvideRateLimitService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, configConfig, geminiQuotaService, tempUnschedCache, timeoutCounterCache, settingService)
 	claudeUsageFetcher := repository.NewClaudeUsageFetcher()
 	antigravityQuotaFetcher := service.NewAntigravityQuotaFetcher(proxyRepository)
 	usageCache := service.NewUsageCache()
@@ -106,6 +112,9 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	accountTestService := service.NewAccountTestService(accountRepository, geminiTokenProvider, antigravityGatewayService, httpUpstream, configConfig)
 	concurrencyCache := repository.ProvideConcurrencyCache(redisClient, configConfig)
 	concurrencyService := service.ProvideConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache, accountRepository, configConfig)
+	schedulerCache := repository.NewSchedulerCache(redisClient)
+	schedulerOutboxRepository := repository.NewSchedulerOutboxRepository(db)
+	schedulerSnapshotService := service.ProvideSchedulerSnapshotService(schedulerCache, schedulerOutboxRepository, accountRepository, groupRepository, configConfig)
 	crsSyncService := service.NewCRSSyncService(accountRepository, proxyRepository, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, configConfig)
 	accountHandler := admin.NewAccountHandler(adminService, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, antigravityOAuthService, rateLimitService, accountUsageService, accountTestService, concurrencyService, crsSyncService)
 	oAuthHandler := admin.NewOAuthHandler(oAuthService)
@@ -115,7 +124,22 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	proxyHandler := admin.NewProxyHandler(adminService)
 	adminRedeemHandler := admin.NewRedeemHandler(adminService)
 	promoHandler := admin.NewPromoHandler(promoService)
-	settingHandler := admin.NewSettingHandler(settingService, emailService, turnstileService)
+	opsRepository := repository.NewOpsRepository(db)
+	pricingRemoteClient := repository.ProvidePricingRemoteClient(configConfig)
+	pricingService, err := service.ProvidePricingService(configConfig, pricingRemoteClient)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	billingService := service.NewBillingService(configConfig, pricingService)
+	identityCache := repository.NewIdentityCache(redisClient)
+	identityService := service.NewIdentityService(identityCache)
+	deferredService := service.ProvideDeferredService(accountRepository, timingWheelService)
+	gatewayService := service.NewGatewayService(accountRepository, groupRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, schedulerSnapshotService, concurrencyService, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, identityService, httpUpstream, deferredService)
+	openAIGatewayService := service.NewOpenAIGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, schedulerSnapshotService, concurrencyService, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, httpUpstream, deferredService)
+	geminiMessagesCompatService := service.NewGeminiMessagesCompatService(accountRepository, groupRepository, gatewayCache, schedulerSnapshotService, geminiTokenProvider, rateLimitService, httpUpstream, antigravityGatewayService, configConfig)
+	opsService := service.NewOpsService(opsRepository, settingRepository, configConfig, accountRepository, concurrencyService, gatewayService, openAIGatewayService, geminiMessagesCompatService, antigravityGatewayService)
+	settingHandler := admin.NewSettingHandler(settingService, emailService, turnstileService, opsService)
+	opsHandler := admin.NewOpsHandler(opsService)
 	updateCache := repository.NewUpdateCache(redisClient)
 	gitHubReleaseClient := repository.ProvideGitHubReleaseClient(configConfig)
 	serviceBuildInfo := provideServiceBuildInfo(buildInfo)
@@ -127,32 +151,24 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	userAttributeValueRepository := repository.NewUserAttributeValueRepository(client)
 	userAttributeService := service.NewUserAttributeService(userAttributeDefinitionRepository, userAttributeValueRepository)
 	userAttributeHandler := admin.NewUserAttributeHandler(userAttributeService)
-	adminHandlers := handler.ProvideAdminHandlers(dashboardHandler, adminUserHandler, groupHandler, accountHandler, oAuthHandler, openAIOAuthHandler, geminiOAuthHandler, antigravityOAuthHandler, proxyHandler, adminRedeemHandler, promoHandler, settingHandler, systemHandler, adminSubscriptionHandler, adminUsageHandler, userAttributeHandler)
-	pricingRemoteClient := repository.ProvidePricingRemoteClient(configConfig)
-	pricingService, err := service.ProvidePricingService(configConfig, pricingRemoteClient)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	billingService := service.NewBillingService(configConfig, pricingService)
-	identityCache := repository.NewIdentityCache(redisClient)
-	identityService := service.NewIdentityService(identityCache)
-	timingWheelService := service.ProvideTimingWheelService()
-	deferredService := service.ProvideDeferredService(accountRepository, timingWheelService)
-	gatewayService := service.NewGatewayService(accountRepository, groupRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, concurrencyService, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, identityService, httpUpstream, deferredService)
-	geminiMessagesCompatService := service.NewGeminiMessagesCompatService(accountRepository, groupRepository, gatewayCache, geminiTokenProvider, rateLimitService, httpUpstream, antigravityGatewayService, configConfig)
+	adminHandlers := handler.ProvideAdminHandlers(dashboardHandler, adminUserHandler, groupHandler, accountHandler, oAuthHandler, openAIOAuthHandler, geminiOAuthHandler, antigravityOAuthHandler, proxyHandler, adminRedeemHandler, promoHandler, settingHandler, opsHandler, systemHandler, adminSubscriptionHandler, adminUsageHandler, userAttributeHandler)
 	gatewayHandler := handler.NewGatewayHandler(gatewayService, geminiMessagesCompatService, antigravityGatewayService, userService, concurrencyService, billingCacheService, configConfig)
-	openAIGatewayService := service.NewOpenAIGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, concurrencyService, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, httpUpstream, deferredService)
 	openAIGatewayHandler := handler.NewOpenAIGatewayHandler(openAIGatewayService, concurrencyService, billingCacheService, configConfig)
 	handlerSettingHandler := handler.ProvideSettingHandler(settingService, buildInfo)
 	handlers := handler.ProvideHandlers(authHandler, userHandler, apiKeyHandler, usageHandler, redeemHandler, subscriptionHandler, adminHandlers, gatewayHandler, openAIGatewayHandler, handlerSettingHandler)
 	jwtAuthMiddleware := middleware.NewJWTAuthMiddleware(authService, userService)
 	adminAuthMiddleware := middleware.NewAdminAuthMiddleware(authService, userService, settingService)
 	apiKeyAuthMiddleware := middleware.NewAPIKeyAuthMiddleware(apiKeyService, subscriptionService, configConfig)
-	engine := server.ProvideRouter(configConfig, handlers, jwtAuthMiddleware, adminAuthMiddleware, apiKeyAuthMiddleware, apiKeyService, subscriptionService, settingService, redisClient)
+	engine := server.ProvideRouter(configConfig, handlers, jwtAuthMiddleware, adminAuthMiddleware, apiKeyAuthMiddleware, apiKeyService, subscriptionService, opsService, settingService, redisClient)
 	httpServer := server.ProvideHTTPServer(configConfig, engine)
+	opsMetricsCollector := service.ProvideOpsMetricsCollector(opsRepository, settingRepository, accountRepository, concurrencyService, db, redisClient, configConfig)
+	opsAggregationService := service.ProvideOpsAggregationService(opsRepository, settingRepository, db, redisClient, configConfig)
+	opsAlertEvaluatorService := service.ProvideOpsAlertEvaluatorService(opsService, opsRepository, emailService, redisClient, configConfig)
+	opsCleanupService := service.ProvideOpsCleanupService(opsRepository, db, redisClient, configConfig)
+	opsScheduledReportService := service.ProvideOpsScheduledReportService(opsService, userService, emailService, redisClient, configConfig)
 	tokenRefreshService := service.ProvideTokenRefreshService(accountRepository, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, antigravityOAuthService, configConfig)
 	accountExpiryService := service.ProvideAccountExpiryService(accountRepository)
-	v := provideCleanup(client, redisClient, tokenRefreshService, accountExpiryService, pricingService, emailQueueService, billingCacheService, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, antigravityOAuthService)
+	v := provideCleanup(client, redisClient, opsMetricsCollector, opsAggregationService, opsAlertEvaluatorService, opsCleanupService, opsScheduledReportService, schedulerSnapshotService, tokenRefreshService, accountExpiryService, pricingService, emailQueueService, billingCacheService, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, antigravityOAuthService)
 	application := &Application{
 		Server:  httpServer,
 		Cleanup: v,
@@ -177,6 +193,12 @@ func provideServiceBuildInfo(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) service.BuildInfo {
 func provideCleanup(
 	entClient *ent.Client,
 	rdb *redis.Client,
+	opsMetricsCollector *service.OpsMetricsCollector,
+	opsAggregation *service.OpsAggregationService,
+	opsAlertEvaluator *service.OpsAlertEvaluatorService,
+	opsCleanup *service.OpsCleanupService,
+	opsScheduledReport *service.OpsScheduledReportService,
+	schedulerSnapshot *service.SchedulerSnapshotService,
 	tokenRefresh *service.TokenRefreshService,
 	accountExpiry *service.AccountExpiryService,
 	pricing *service.PricingService,
@@ -195,6 +217,42 @@ func provideCleanup(
 			name string
 			fn   func() error
 		}{
+			{"OpsScheduledReportService", func() error {
+				if opsScheduledReport != nil {
+					opsScheduledReport.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpsCleanupService", func() error {
+				if opsCleanup != nil {
+					opsCleanup.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpsAlertEvaluatorService", func() error {
+				if opsAlertEvaluator != nil {
+					opsAlertEvaluator.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpsAggregationService", func() error {
+				if opsAggregation != nil {
+					opsAggregation.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpsMetricsCollector", func() error {
+				if opsMetricsCollector != nil {
+					opsMetricsCollector.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"SchedulerSnapshotService", func() error {
+				if schedulerSnapshot != nil {
+					schedulerSnapshot.Stop()
+				}
+				return nil
+			}},
 			{"TokenRefreshService", func() error {
 				tokenRefresh.Stop()
 				return nil

backend/go.mod

@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/google/wire v0.7.0
+	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3
 	github.com/imroc/req/v3 v3.57.0
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9
 	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.17.2
+	github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4 v4.25.6
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.18.2
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/modules/postgres v0.40.0
@@ -44,11 +46,13 @@ require (
 	github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
+	github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
 	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/docker v28.5.1+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.4 // indirect
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
@@ -104,9 +108,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.57.1 // indirect
 	github.com/refraction-networking/utls v1.8.1 // indirect
 	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sagikazarmark/slog-shim v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4 v4.25.6 // indirect
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 // indirect

backend/go.sum

@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSs
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc h1:U9qPSI2PIWSS1VwoXQT9A3Wy9MM3WgvqSxFWenqJduM=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.2.0 h1:XAfl+7cmoUDWW/2Lx8TGZQjjxIQ2Ley9DSf52dru4WE=
+github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.2.0/go.mod h1:8uBHCU/PBV4Ag0CJrP47b9Ofby5dqWNh4FicAdoqFNU=
 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f h1:lO4WD4F/rVNCu3HqELle0jiPLLBs70cWOduZpkS1E78=
 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f/go.mod h1:cuUVRXasLTGF7a8hSLbxyZXjz+1KgoB3wDUb6vlszIc=
 github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 h1:0IXCQ5g4/QMHHkarYzh5l+u8T3t73zM5QvfrDyIgxBk=
@@ -61,6 +63,8 @@ github.com/docker/go-connections v0.6.0 h1:LlMG9azAe1TqfR7sO+NJttz1gy6KO7VJBh+pM
 github.com/docker/go-connections v0.6.0/go.mod h1:AahvXYshr6JgfUJGdDCs2b5EZG/vmaMAntpSFH5BFKE=
 github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 h1:69rxXcBk27SvSaaxTtLh/8llcHD8vYHT7WSdRZ/jvr4=
 github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDDbaIK4Dk=
+github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 h1:GzkhY7T5VNhEkwH0PVJgjz+fX1rhBrR7pRT3mDkpeCY=
+github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Mu1zIs6XwVuF/gI1OepvI0qD18qycQx+mFykh5fBlto=
 github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.4 h1:CF7LEKg5FFOsASUj0+QwaXf8Ht6TlFxg09+S9wz0omw=
 github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.4/go.mod h1:iIjxzd6CiRiOG0UyXP+V1+jWqUXVjPKLAI0mRfJZTmQ=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0 h1:S8gINlzdQ840/4pfAwic/ZE0djQEH3wM94VfqLTZcOM=
@@ -113,6 +117,8 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/google/wire v0.7.0 h1:JxUKI6+CVBgCO2WToKy/nQk0sS+amI9z9EjVmdaocj4=
 github.com/google/wire v0.7.0/go.mod h1:n6YbUQD9cPKTnHXEBN2DXlOp/mVADhVErcMFb0v3J18=
+github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3 h1:saDtZ6Pbx/0u+bgYQ3q96pZgCzfhKXGPqt7kZ72aNNg=
+github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3/go.mod h1:YR8l580nyteQvAITg2hZ9XVh4b55+EU/adAjf1fMHhE=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.27.3 h1:NmZ1PKzSTQbuGHw9DGPFomqkkLWMC+vZCkfs+FHv1Vg=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.27.3/go.mod h1:zQrxl1YP88HQlA6i9c63DSVPFklWpGX4OWAc9bFuaH4=
 github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 h1:0Anlzjpi4vEasTeNFn2mLJgTSwt0+6sfsiTG8qcWGx4=
@@ -220,6 +226,8 @@ github.com/refraction-networking/utls v1.8.1 h1:yNY1kapmQU8JeM1sSw2H2asfTIwWxIkr
 github.com/refraction-networking/utls v1.8.1/go.mod h1:jkSOEkLqn+S/jtpEHPOsVv/4V4EVnelwbMQl4vCWXAM=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 h1:S1pD9weZBuJdFmowNwbpi7BJ8TNftyUImj/0WQi72jY=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
+github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 h1:WdRxkvbJztn8LMz/QEvLN5sBU+xKpSqwwUO1Pjr4qDs=
+github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:eQICP3HwyT7UooqI/z+Ov+PtYAWygg1TEWWzGIFLtro=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1 h1:KvO1DLK/DRN07sQ1LQKScxyZJuNnedQ5/wKSR38lUII=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1/go.mod h1:uMEvuHeurkdAXX61udpOXGD/AzZDWNMNyH2VO9fmH0o=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=

backend/internal/config/config.go

@@ -36,33 +36,29 @@ const (
 )
 
 type Config struct {
-	Server       ServerConfig         `mapstructure:"server"`
-	CORS         CORSConfig           `mapstructure:"cors"`
-	Security     SecurityConfig       `mapstructure:"security"`
-	Billing      BillingConfig        `mapstructure:"billing"`
-	Turnstile    TurnstileConfig      `mapstructure:"turnstile"`
-	Database     DatabaseConfig       `mapstructure:"database"`
-	Redis        RedisConfig          `mapstructure:"redis"`
-	JWT          JWTConfig            `mapstructure:"jwt"`
-	LinuxDo      LinuxDoConnectConfig `mapstructure:"linuxdo_connect"`
-	Default      DefaultConfig        `mapstructure:"default"`
-	RateLimit    RateLimitConfig      `mapstructure:"rate_limit"`
-	Pricing      PricingConfig        `mapstructure:"pricing"`
-	Gateway      GatewayConfig        `mapstructure:"gateway"`
-	Concurrency  ConcurrencyConfig    `mapstructure:"concurrency"`
-	TokenRefresh TokenRefreshConfig   `mapstructure:"token_refresh"`
-	RunMode      string               `mapstructure:"run_mode" yaml:"run_mode"`
-	Timezone     string               `mapstructure:"timezone"` // e.g. "Asia/Shanghai", "UTC"
-	Gemini       GeminiConfig         `mapstructure:"gemini"`
-	Update       UpdateConfig         `mapstructure:"update"`
-}
-
-// UpdateConfig 在线更新相关配置
-type UpdateConfig struct {
-	// ProxyURL 用于访问 GitHub 的代理地址
-	// 支持 http/https/socks5/socks5h 协议
-	// 例如: "http://127.0.0.1:7890", "socks5://127.0.0.1:1080"
-	ProxyURL string `mapstructure:"proxy_url"`
+	Server       ServerConfig               `mapstructure:"server"`
+	CORS         CORSConfig                 `mapstructure:"cors"`
+	Security     SecurityConfig             `mapstructure:"security"`
+	Billing      BillingConfig              `mapstructure:"billing"`
+	Turnstile    TurnstileConfig            `mapstructure:"turnstile"`
+	Database     DatabaseConfig             `mapstructure:"database"`
+	Redis        RedisConfig                `mapstructure:"redis"`
+	Ops          OpsConfig                  `mapstructure:"ops"`
+	JWT          JWTConfig                  `mapstructure:"jwt"`
+	LinuxDo      LinuxDoConnectConfig       `mapstructure:"linuxdo_connect"`
+	Default      DefaultConfig              `mapstructure:"default"`
+	RateLimit    RateLimitConfig            `mapstructure:"rate_limit"`
+	Pricing      PricingConfig              `mapstructure:"pricing"`
+	Gateway      GatewayConfig              `mapstructure:"gateway"`
+	APIKeyAuth   APIKeyAuthCacheConfig      `mapstructure:"api_key_auth_cache"`
+	Dashboard    DashboardCacheConfig       `mapstructure:"dashboard_cache"`
+	DashboardAgg DashboardAggregationConfig `mapstructure:"dashboard_aggregation"`
+	Concurrency  ConcurrencyConfig          `mapstructure:"concurrency"`
+	TokenRefresh TokenRefreshConfig         `mapstructure:"token_refresh"`
+	RunMode      string                     `mapstructure:"run_mode" yaml:"run_mode"`
+	Timezone     string                     `mapstructure:"timezone"` // e.g. "Asia/Shanghai", "UTC"
+	Gemini       GeminiConfig               `mapstructure:"gemini"`
+	Update       UpdateConfig               `mapstructure:"update"`
 }
 
 type GeminiConfig struct {
@@ -87,6 +83,33 @@ type GeminiTierQuotaConfig struct {
 	CooldownMinutes *int   `mapstructure:"cooldown_minutes" json:"cooldown_minutes"`
 }
 
+type UpdateConfig struct {
+	// ProxyURL 用于访问 GitHub 的代理地址
+	// 支持 http/https/socks5/socks5h 协议
+	// 例如: "http://127.0.0.1:7890", "socks5://127.0.0.1:1080"
+	ProxyURL string `mapstructure:"proxy_url"`
+}
+
+type LinuxDoConnectConfig struct {
+	Enabled             bool   `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+	ClientID            string `mapstructure:"client_id"`
+	ClientSecret        string `mapstructure:"client_secret"`
+	AuthorizeURL        string `mapstructure:"authorize_url"`
+	TokenURL            string `mapstructure:"token_url"`
+	UserInfoURL         string `mapstructure:"userinfo_url"`
+	Scopes              string `mapstructure:"scopes"`
+	RedirectURL         string `mapstructure:"redirect_url"`          // 后端回调地址（需在提供方后台登记）
+	FrontendRedirectURL string `mapstructure:"frontend_redirect_url"` // 前端接收 token 的路由（默认：/auth/linuxdo/callback）
+	TokenAuthMethod     string `mapstructure:"token_auth_method"`     // client_secret_post / client_secret_basic / none
+	UsePKCE             bool   `mapstructure:"use_pkce"`
+
+	// 可选：用于从 userinfo JSON 中提取字段的 gjson 路径。
+	// 为空时，服务端会尝试一组常见字段名。
+	UserInfoEmailPath    string `mapstructure:"userinfo_email_path"`
+	UserInfoIDPath       string `mapstructure:"userinfo_id_path"`
+	UserInfoUsernamePath string `mapstructure:"userinfo_username_path"`
+}
+
 // TokenRefreshConfig OAuth token自动刷新配置
 type TokenRefreshConfig struct {
 	// 是否启用自动刷新
@@ -247,6 +270,29 @@ type GatewaySchedulingConfig struct {
 
 	// 过期槽位清理周期（0 表示禁用）
 	SlotCleanupInterval time.Duration `mapstructure:"slot_cleanup_interval"`
+
+	// 受控回源配置
+	DbFallbackEnabled bool `mapstructure:"db_fallback_enabled"`
+	// 受控回源超时（秒），0 表示不额外收紧超时
+	DbFallbackTimeoutSeconds int `mapstructure:"db_fallback_timeout_seconds"`
+	// 受控回源限流（实例级 QPS），0 表示不限制
+	DbFallbackMaxQPS int `mapstructure:"db_fallback_max_qps"`
+
+	// Outbox 轮询与滞后阈值配置
+	// Outbox 轮询周期（秒）
+	OutboxPollIntervalSeconds int `mapstructure:"outbox_poll_interval_seconds"`
+	// Outbox 滞后告警阈值（秒）
+	OutboxLagWarnSeconds int `mapstructure:"outbox_lag_warn_seconds"`
+	// Outbox 触发强制重建阈值（秒）
+	OutboxLagRebuildSeconds int `mapstructure:"outbox_lag_rebuild_seconds"`
+	// Outbox 连续滞后触发次数
+	OutboxLagRebuildFailures int `mapstructure:"outbox_lag_rebuild_failures"`
+	// Outbox 积压触发重建阈值（行数）
+	OutboxBacklogRebuildRows int `mapstructure:"outbox_backlog_rebuild_rows"`
+
+	// 全量重建周期配置
+	// 全量重建周期（秒），0 表示禁用
+	FullRebuildIntervalSeconds int `mapstructure:"full_rebuild_interval_seconds"`
 }
 
 func (s *ServerConfig) Address() string {
@@ -329,6 +375,47 @@ func (r *RedisConfig) Address() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", r.Host, r.Port)
 }
 
+type OpsConfig struct {
+	// Enabled controls whether ops features should run.
+	//
+	// NOTE: vNext still has a DB-backed feature flag (ops_monitoring_enabled) for runtime on/off.
+	// This config flag is the "hard switch" for deployments that want to disable ops completely.
+	Enabled bool `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+
+	// UsePreaggregatedTables prefers ops_metrics_hourly/daily for long-window dashboard queries.
+	UsePreaggregatedTables bool `mapstructure:"use_preaggregated_tables"`
+
+	// Cleanup controls periodic deletion of old ops data to prevent unbounded growth.
+	Cleanup OpsCleanupConfig `mapstructure:"cleanup"`
+
+	// MetricsCollectorCache controls Redis caching for expensive per-window collector queries.
+	MetricsCollectorCache OpsMetricsCollectorCacheConfig `mapstructure:"metrics_collector_cache"`
+
+	// Pre-aggregation configuration.
+	Aggregation OpsAggregationConfig `mapstructure:"aggregation"`
+}
+
+type OpsCleanupConfig struct {
+	Enabled  bool   `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+	Schedule string `mapstructure:"schedule"`
+
+	// Retention days (0 disables that cleanup target).
+	//
+	// vNext requirement: default 30 days across ops datasets.
+	ErrorLogRetentionDays      int `mapstructure:"error_log_retention_days"`
+	MinuteMetricsRetentionDays int `mapstructure:"minute_metrics_retention_days"`
+	HourlyMetricsRetentionDays int `mapstructure:"hourly_metrics_retention_days"`
+}
+
+type OpsAggregationConfig struct {
+	Enabled bool `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+}
+
+type OpsMetricsCollectorCacheConfig struct {
+	Enabled bool          `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+	TTL     time.Duration `mapstructure:"ttl"`
+}
+
 type JWTConfig struct {
 	Secret     string `mapstructure:"secret"`
 	ExpireHour int    `mapstructure:"expire_hour"`
@@ -338,30 +425,6 @@ type TurnstileConfig struct {
 	Required bool `mapstructure:"required"`
 }
 
-// LinuxDoConnectConfig 用于 LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）。
-//
-// 注意：这与上游账号的 OAuth（例如 OpenAI/Gemini 账号接入）不是一回事。
-// 这里是用于登录 Sub2API 本身的用户体系。
-type LinuxDoConnectConfig struct {
-	Enabled             bool   `mapstructure:"enabled"`
-	ClientID            string `mapstructure:"client_id"`
-	ClientSecret        string `mapstructure:"client_secret"`
-	AuthorizeURL        string `mapstructure:"authorize_url"`
-	TokenURL            string `mapstructure:"token_url"`
-	UserInfoURL         string `mapstructure:"userinfo_url"`
-	Scopes              string `mapstructure:"scopes"`
-	RedirectURL         string `mapstructure:"redirect_url"`          // 后端回调地址（需在提供方后台登记）
-	FrontendRedirectURL string `mapstructure:"frontend_redirect_url"` // 前端接收 token 的路由（默认：/auth/linuxdo/callback）
-	TokenAuthMethod     string `mapstructure:"token_auth_method"`     // client_secret_post / client_secret_basic / none
-	UsePKCE             bool   `mapstructure:"use_pkce"`
-
-	// 可选：用于从 userinfo JSON 中提取字段的 gjson 路径。
-	// 为空时，服务端会尝试一组常见字段名。
-	UserInfoEmailPath    string `mapstructure:"userinfo_email_path"`
-	UserInfoIDPath       string `mapstructure:"userinfo_id_path"`
-	UserInfoUsernamePath string `mapstructure:"userinfo_username_path"`
-}
-
 type DefaultConfig struct {
 	AdminEmail      string  `mapstructure:"admin_email"`
 	AdminPassword   string  `mapstructure:"admin_password"`
@@ -375,6 +438,55 @@ type RateLimitConfig struct {
 	OverloadCooldownMinutes int `mapstructure:"overload_cooldown_minutes"` // 529过载冷却时间(分钟)
 }
 
+// APIKeyAuthCacheConfig API Key 认证缓存配置
+type APIKeyAuthCacheConfig struct {
+	L1Size             int  `mapstructure:"l1_size"`
+	L1TTLSeconds       int  `mapstructure:"l1_ttl_seconds"`
+	L2TTLSeconds       int  `mapstructure:"l2_ttl_seconds"`
+	NegativeTTLSeconds int  `mapstructure:"negative_ttl_seconds"`
+	JitterPercent      int  `mapstructure:"jitter_percent"`
+	Singleflight       bool `mapstructure:"singleflight"`
+}
+
+// DashboardCacheConfig 仪表盘统计缓存配置
+type DashboardCacheConfig struct {
+	// Enabled: 是否启用仪表盘缓存
+	Enabled bool `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+	// KeyPrefix: Redis key 前缀，用于多环境隔离
+	KeyPrefix string `mapstructure:"key_prefix"`
+	// StatsFreshTTLSeconds: 缓存命中认为“新鲜”的时间窗口（秒）
+	StatsFreshTTLSeconds int `mapstructure:"stats_fresh_ttl_seconds"`
+	// StatsTTLSeconds: Redis 缓存总 TTL（秒）
+	StatsTTLSeconds int `mapstructure:"stats_ttl_seconds"`
+	// StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds: 异步刷新超时（秒）
+	StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds int `mapstructure:"stats_refresh_timeout_seconds"`
+}
+
+// DashboardAggregationConfig 仪表盘预聚合配置
+type DashboardAggregationConfig struct {
+	// Enabled: 是否启用预聚合作业
+	Enabled bool `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+	// IntervalSeconds: 聚合刷新间隔（秒）
+	IntervalSeconds int `mapstructure:"interval_seconds"`
+	// LookbackSeconds: 回看窗口（秒）
+	LookbackSeconds int `mapstructure:"lookback_seconds"`
+	// BackfillEnabled: 是否允许全量回填
+	BackfillEnabled bool `mapstructure:"backfill_enabled"`
+	// BackfillMaxDays: 回填最大跨度（天）
+	BackfillMaxDays int `mapstructure:"backfill_max_days"`
+	// Retention: 各表保留窗口（天）
+	Retention DashboardAggregationRetentionConfig `mapstructure:"retention"`
+	// RecomputeDays: 启动时重算最近 N 天
+	RecomputeDays int `mapstructure:"recompute_days"`
+}
+
+// DashboardAggregationRetentionConfig 预聚合保留窗口
+type DashboardAggregationRetentionConfig struct {
+	UsageLogsDays int `mapstructure:"usage_logs_days"`
+	HourlyDays    int `mapstructure:"hourly_days"`
+	DailyDays     int `mapstructure:"daily_days"`
+}
+
 func NormalizeRunMode(value string) string {
 	normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(value))
 	switch normalized {
@@ -440,6 +552,7 @@ func Load() (*Config, error) {
 	cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoEmailPath = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoEmailPath)
 	cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoIDPath = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoIDPath)
 	cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoUsernamePath = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoUsernamePath)
+	cfg.Dashboard.KeyPrefix = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.Dashboard.KeyPrefix)
 	cfg.CORS.AllowedOrigins = normalizeStringSlice(cfg.CORS.AllowedOrigins)
 	cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders.AdditionalAllowed = normalizeStringSlice(cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders.AdditionalAllowed)
 	cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders.ForceRemove = normalizeStringSlice(cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders.ForceRemove)
@@ -478,81 +591,6 @@ func Load() (*Config, error) {
 	return &cfg, nil
 }
 
-// ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL 校验一个绝对 http(s) URL（禁止 fragment）。
-func ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(raw string) error {
-	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
-	if raw == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("empty url")
-	}
-	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if !u.IsAbs() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("must be absolute")
-	}
-	if !isHTTPScheme(u.Scheme) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported scheme: %s", u.Scheme)
-	}
-	if strings.TrimSpace(u.Host) == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("missing host")
-	}
-	if u.Fragment != "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("must not include fragment")
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// ValidateFrontendRedirectURL 校验前端回调地址：
-// - 允许同源相对路径（以 / 开头）
-// - 或绝对 http(s) URL（禁止 fragment）
-func ValidateFrontendRedirectURL(raw string) error {
-	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
-	if raw == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("empty url")
-	}
-	if strings.ContainsAny(raw, "\r\n") {
-		return fmt.Errorf("contains invalid characters")
-	}
-	if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "/") {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "//") {
-			return fmt.Errorf("must not start with //")
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if !u.IsAbs() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("must be absolute http(s) url or relative path")
-	}
-	if !isHTTPScheme(u.Scheme) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported scheme: %s", u.Scheme)
-	}
-	if strings.TrimSpace(u.Host) == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("missing host")
-	}
-	if u.Fragment != "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("must not include fragment")
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func isHTTPScheme(scheme string) bool {
-	return strings.EqualFold(scheme, "http") || strings.EqualFold(scheme, "https")
-}
-
-func warnIfInsecureURL(field, raw string) {
-	u, err := url.Parse(strings.TrimSpace(raw))
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	if strings.EqualFold(u.Scheme, "http") {
-		log.Printf("Warning: %s uses http scheme; use https in production to avoid token leakage.", field)
-	}
-}
-
 func setDefaults() {
 	viper.SetDefault("run_mode", RunModeStandard)
 
@@ -602,7 +640,7 @@ func setDefaults() {
 	// Turnstile
 	viper.SetDefault("turnstile.required", false)
 
-	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）
+	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录
 	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.enabled", false)
 	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.client_id", "")
 	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.client_secret", "")
@@ -641,6 +679,20 @@ func setDefaults() {
 	viper.SetDefault("redis.pool_size", 128)
 	viper.SetDefault("redis.min_idle_conns", 10)
 
+	// Ops (vNext)
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.enabled", true)
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.use_preaggregated_tables", false)
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.cleanup.enabled", true)
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.cleanup.schedule", "0 2 * * *")
+	// Retention days: vNext defaults to 30 days across ops datasets.
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.cleanup.error_log_retention_days", 30)
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.cleanup.minute_metrics_retention_days", 30)
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.cleanup.hourly_metrics_retention_days", 30)
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.aggregation.enabled", true)
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.metrics_collector_cache.enabled", true)
+	// TTL should be slightly larger than collection interval (1m) to maximize cross-replica cache hits.
+	viper.SetDefault("ops.metrics_collector_cache.ttl", 65*time.Second)
+
 	// JWT
 	viper.SetDefault("jwt.secret", "")
 	viper.SetDefault("jwt.expire_hour", 24)
@@ -669,9 +721,35 @@ func setDefaults() {
 	// Timezone (default to Asia/Shanghai for Chinese users)
 	viper.SetDefault("timezone", "Asia/Shanghai")
 
+	// API Key auth cache
+	viper.SetDefault("api_key_auth_cache.l1_size", 65535)
+	viper.SetDefault("api_key_auth_cache.l1_ttl_seconds", 15)
+	viper.SetDefault("api_key_auth_cache.l2_ttl_seconds", 300)
+	viper.SetDefault("api_key_auth_cache.negative_ttl_seconds", 30)
+	viper.SetDefault("api_key_auth_cache.jitter_percent", 10)
+	viper.SetDefault("api_key_auth_cache.singleflight", true)
+
+	// Dashboard cache
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_cache.enabled", true)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_cache.key_prefix", "sub2api:")
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_cache.stats_fresh_ttl_seconds", 15)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_cache.stats_ttl_seconds", 30)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_cache.stats_refresh_timeout_seconds", 30)
+
+	// Dashboard aggregation
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.enabled", true)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.interval_seconds", 60)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.lookback_seconds", 120)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.backfill_enabled", false)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.backfill_max_days", 31)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.retention.usage_logs_days", 90)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.retention.hourly_days", 180)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.retention.daily_days", 730)
+	viper.SetDefault("dashboard_aggregation.recompute_days", 2)
+
 	// Gateway
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.response_header_timeout", 600) // 600秒(10分钟)等待上游响应头，LLM高负载时可能排队较久
-	viper.SetDefault("gateway.log_upstream_error_body", false)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.log_upstream_error_body", true)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.log_upstream_error_body_max_bytes", 2048)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.inject_beta_for_apikey", false)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.failover_on_400", false)
@@ -687,13 +765,22 @@ func setDefaults() {
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.concurrency_slot_ttl_minutes", 30) // 并发槽位过期时间（支持超长请求）
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.stream_data_interval_timeout", 180)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.stream_keepalive_interval", 10)
-	viper.SetDefault("gateway.max_line_size", 40*1024*1024)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.max_line_size", 10*1024*1024)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.sticky_session_max_waiting", 3)
-	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.sticky_session_wait_timeout", 45*time.Second)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.sticky_session_wait_timeout", 120*time.Second)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.fallback_wait_timeout", 30*time.Second)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.fallback_max_waiting", 100)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.load_batch_enabled", true)
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.slot_cleanup_interval", 30*time.Second)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.db_fallback_enabled", true)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.db_fallback_timeout_seconds", 0)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.db_fallback_max_qps", 0)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.outbox_poll_interval_seconds", 1)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.outbox_lag_warn_seconds", 5)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.outbox_lag_rebuild_seconds", 10)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.outbox_lag_rebuild_failures", 3)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.outbox_backlog_rebuild_rows", 10000)
+	viper.SetDefault("gateway.scheduling.full_rebuild_interval_seconds", 300)
 	viper.SetDefault("concurrency.ping_interval", 10)
 
 	// TokenRefresh
@@ -710,10 +797,6 @@ func setDefaults() {
 	viper.SetDefault("gemini.oauth.client_secret", "")
 	viper.SetDefault("gemini.oauth.scopes", "")
 	viper.SetDefault("gemini.quota.policy", "")
-
-	// Update - 在线更新配置
-	// 代理地址为空表示直连 GitHub（适用于海外服务器）
-	viper.SetDefault("update.proxy_url", "")
 }
 
 func (c *Config) Validate() error {
@@ -754,7 +837,8 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 		if method == "none" && !c.LinuxDo.UsePKCE {
 			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.use_pkce must be true when linuxdo_connect.token_auth_method=none")
 		}
-		if (method == "" || method == "client_secret_post" || method == "client_secret_basic") && strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.ClientSecret) == "" {
+		if (method == "" || method == "client_secret_post" || method == "client_secret_basic") &&
+			strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.ClientSecret) == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.client_secret is required when linuxdo_connect.enabled=true and token_auth_method is client_secret_post/client_secret_basic")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.FrontendRedirectURL) == "" {
@@ -827,6 +911,78 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 	if c.Redis.MinIdleConns > c.Redis.PoolSize {
 		return fmt.Errorf("redis.min_idle_conns cannot exceed redis.pool_size")
 	}
+	if c.Dashboard.Enabled {
+		if c.Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_cache.stats_fresh_ttl_seconds must be positive")
+		}
+		if c.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_cache.stats_ttl_seconds must be positive")
+		}
+		if c.Dashboard.StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_cache.stats_refresh_timeout_seconds must be positive")
+		}
+		if c.Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds > c.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_cache.stats_fresh_ttl_seconds must be <= dashboard_cache.stats_ttl_seconds")
+		}
+	} else {
+		if c.Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_cache.stats_fresh_ttl_seconds must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_cache.stats_ttl_seconds must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.Dashboard.StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_cache.stats_refresh_timeout_seconds must be non-negative")
+		}
+	}
+	if c.DashboardAgg.Enabled {
+		if c.DashboardAgg.IntervalSeconds <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.interval_seconds must be positive")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.LookbackSeconds < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.lookback_seconds must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.BackfillMaxDays < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.backfill_max_days must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.BackfillEnabled && c.DashboardAgg.BackfillMaxDays == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.backfill_max_days must be positive")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.Retention.UsageLogsDays <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.retention.usage_logs_days must be positive")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.Retention.HourlyDays <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.retention.hourly_days must be positive")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.Retention.DailyDays <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.retention.daily_days must be positive")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.RecomputeDays < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.recompute_days must be non-negative")
+		}
+	} else {
+		if c.DashboardAgg.IntervalSeconds < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.interval_seconds must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.LookbackSeconds < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.lookback_seconds must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.BackfillMaxDays < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.backfill_max_days must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.Retention.UsageLogsDays < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.retention.usage_logs_days must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.Retention.HourlyDays < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.retention.hourly_days must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.Retention.DailyDays < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.retention.daily_days must be non-negative")
+		}
+		if c.DashboardAgg.RecomputeDays < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("dashboard_aggregation.recompute_days must be non-negative")
+		}
+	}
 	if c.Gateway.MaxBodySize <= 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.max_body_size must be positive")
 	}
@@ -897,6 +1053,50 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.SlotCleanupInterval < 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.slot_cleanup_interval must be non-negative")
 	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.DbFallbackTimeoutSeconds < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.db_fallback_timeout_seconds must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.DbFallbackMaxQPS < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.db_fallback_max_qps must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxPollIntervalSeconds <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.outbox_poll_interval_seconds must be positive")
+	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxLagWarnSeconds < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.outbox_lag_warn_seconds must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxLagRebuildSeconds < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.outbox_lag_rebuild_seconds must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxLagRebuildFailures <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.outbox_lag_rebuild_failures must be positive")
+	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxBacklogRebuildRows < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.outbox_backlog_rebuild_rows must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.FullRebuildIntervalSeconds < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.full_rebuild_interval_seconds must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxLagWarnSeconds > 0 &&
+		c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxLagRebuildSeconds > 0 &&
+		c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxLagRebuildSeconds < c.Gateway.Scheduling.OutboxLagWarnSeconds {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gateway.scheduling.outbox_lag_rebuild_seconds must be >= outbox_lag_warn_seconds")
+	}
+	if c.Ops.MetricsCollectorCache.TTL < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ops.metrics_collector_cache.ttl must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Ops.Cleanup.ErrorLogRetentionDays < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ops.cleanup.error_log_retention_days must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Ops.Cleanup.MinuteMetricsRetentionDays < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ops.cleanup.minute_metrics_retention_days must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Ops.Cleanup.HourlyMetricsRetentionDays < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ops.cleanup.hourly_metrics_retention_days must be non-negative")
+	}
+	if c.Ops.Cleanup.Enabled && strings.TrimSpace(c.Ops.Cleanup.Schedule) == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ops.cleanup.schedule is required when ops.cleanup.enabled=true")
+	}
 	if c.Concurrency.PingInterval < 5 || c.Concurrency.PingInterval > 30 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("concurrency.ping_interval must be between 5-30 seconds")
 	}
@@ -973,3 +1173,77 @@ func GetServerAddress() string {
 	port := v.GetInt("server.port")
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", host, port)
 }
+
+// ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL 验证是否为有效的绝对 HTTP(S) URL
+func ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(raw string) error {
+	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("empty url")
+	}
+	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !u.IsAbs() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must be absolute")
+	}
+	if !isHTTPScheme(u.Scheme) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported scheme: %s", u.Scheme)
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(u.Host) == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("missing host")
+	}
+	if u.Fragment != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must not include fragment")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValidateFrontendRedirectURL 验证前端重定向 URL（可以是绝对 URL 或相对路径）
+func ValidateFrontendRedirectURL(raw string) error {
+	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("empty url")
+	}
+	if strings.ContainsAny(raw, "\r\n") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("contains invalid characters")
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "/") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "//") {
+			return fmt.Errorf("must not start with //")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !u.IsAbs() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must be absolute http(s) url or relative path")
+	}
+	if !isHTTPScheme(u.Scheme) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported scheme: %s", u.Scheme)
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(u.Host) == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("missing host")
+	}
+	if u.Fragment != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must not include fragment")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isHTTPScheme 检查是否为 HTTP 或 HTTPS 协议
+func isHTTPScheme(scheme string) bool {
+	return strings.EqualFold(scheme, "http") || strings.EqualFold(scheme, "https")
+}
+
+func warnIfInsecureURL(field, raw string) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(strings.TrimSpace(raw))
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if strings.EqualFold(u.Scheme, "http") {
+		log.Printf("Warning: %s uses http scheme; use https in production to avoid token leakage.", field)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/config/config_test.go

@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ func TestLoadDefaultSchedulingConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	if cfg.Gateway.Scheduling.StickySessionMaxWaiting != 3 {
 		t.Fatalf("StickySessionMaxWaiting = %d, want 3", cfg.Gateway.Scheduling.StickySessionMaxWaiting)
 	}
-	if cfg.Gateway.Scheduling.StickySessionWaitTimeout != 45*time.Second {
-		t.Fatalf("StickySessionWaitTimeout = %v, want 45s", cfg.Gateway.Scheduling.StickySessionWaitTimeout)
+	if cfg.Gateway.Scheduling.StickySessionWaitTimeout != 120*time.Second {
+		t.Fatalf("StickySessionWaitTimeout = %v, want 120s", cfg.Gateway.Scheduling.StickySessionWaitTimeout)
 	}
 	if cfg.Gateway.Scheduling.FallbackWaitTimeout != 30*time.Second {
 		t.Fatalf("FallbackWaitTimeout = %v, want 30s", cfg.Gateway.Scheduling.FallbackWaitTimeout)
@@ -141,3 +141,142 @@ func TestValidateLinuxDoPKCERequiredForPublicClient(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected use_pkce error, got: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestLoadDefaultDashboardCacheConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	viper.Reset()
+
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !cfg.Dashboard.Enabled {
+		t.Fatalf("Dashboard.Enabled = false, want true")
+	}
+	if cfg.Dashboard.KeyPrefix != "sub2api:" {
+		t.Fatalf("Dashboard.KeyPrefix = %q, want %q", cfg.Dashboard.KeyPrefix, "sub2api:")
+	}
+	if cfg.Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds != 15 {
+		t.Fatalf("Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds = %d, want 15", cfg.Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds)
+	}
+	if cfg.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds != 30 {
+		t.Fatalf("Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds = %d, want 30", cfg.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds)
+	}
+	if cfg.Dashboard.StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds != 30 {
+		t.Fatalf("Dashboard.StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds = %d, want 30", cfg.Dashboard.StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateDashboardCacheConfigEnabled(t *testing.T) {
+	viper.Reset()
+
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg.Dashboard.Enabled = true
+	cfg.Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds = 10
+	cfg.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds = 5
+	err = cfg.Validate()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected error for stats_fresh_ttl_seconds > stats_ttl_seconds, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "dashboard_cache.stats_fresh_ttl_seconds") {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected stats_fresh_ttl_seconds error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateDashboardCacheConfigDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	viper.Reset()
+
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg.Dashboard.Enabled = false
+	cfg.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds = -1
+	err = cfg.Validate()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected error for negative stats_ttl_seconds, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "dashboard_cache.stats_ttl_seconds") {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected stats_ttl_seconds error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadDefaultDashboardAggregationConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	viper.Reset()
+
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !cfg.DashboardAgg.Enabled {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.Enabled = false, want true")
+	}
+	if cfg.DashboardAgg.IntervalSeconds != 60 {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.IntervalSeconds = %d, want 60", cfg.DashboardAgg.IntervalSeconds)
+	}
+	if cfg.DashboardAgg.LookbackSeconds != 120 {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.LookbackSeconds = %d, want 120", cfg.DashboardAgg.LookbackSeconds)
+	}
+	if cfg.DashboardAgg.BackfillEnabled {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.BackfillEnabled = true, want false")
+	}
+	if cfg.DashboardAgg.BackfillMaxDays != 31 {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.BackfillMaxDays = %d, want 31", cfg.DashboardAgg.BackfillMaxDays)
+	}
+	if cfg.DashboardAgg.Retention.UsageLogsDays != 90 {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.Retention.UsageLogsDays = %d, want 90", cfg.DashboardAgg.Retention.UsageLogsDays)
+	}
+	if cfg.DashboardAgg.Retention.HourlyDays != 180 {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.Retention.HourlyDays = %d, want 180", cfg.DashboardAgg.Retention.HourlyDays)
+	}
+	if cfg.DashboardAgg.Retention.DailyDays != 730 {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.Retention.DailyDays = %d, want 730", cfg.DashboardAgg.Retention.DailyDays)
+	}
+	if cfg.DashboardAgg.RecomputeDays != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("DashboardAgg.RecomputeDays = %d, want 2", cfg.DashboardAgg.RecomputeDays)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateDashboardAggregationConfigDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	viper.Reset()
+
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg.DashboardAgg.Enabled = false
+	cfg.DashboardAgg.IntervalSeconds = -1
+	err = cfg.Validate()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected error for negative dashboard_aggregation.interval_seconds, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "dashboard_aggregation.interval_seconds") {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected interval_seconds error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateDashboardAggregationBackfillMaxDays(t *testing.T) {
+	viper.Reset()
+
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg.DashboardAgg.BackfillEnabled = true
+	cfg.DashboardAgg.BackfillMaxDays = 0
+	err = cfg.Validate()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected error for dashboard_aggregation.backfill_max_days, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "dashboard_aggregation.backfill_max_days") {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected backfill_max_days error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/dashboard_handler.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package admin
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
@@ -13,15 +14,17 @@ import (
 
 // DashboardHandler handles admin dashboard statistics
 type DashboardHandler struct {
-	dashboardService *service.DashboardService
-	startTime        time.Time // Server start time for uptime calculation
+	dashboardService   *service.DashboardService
+	aggregationService *service.DashboardAggregationService
+	startTime          time.Time // Server start time for uptime calculation
 }
 
 // NewDashboardHandler creates a new admin dashboard handler
-func NewDashboardHandler(dashboardService *service.DashboardService) *DashboardHandler {
+func NewDashboardHandler(dashboardService *service.DashboardService, aggregationService *service.DashboardAggregationService) *DashboardHandler {
 	return &DashboardHandler{
-		dashboardService: dashboardService,
-		startTime:        time.Now(),
+		dashboardService:   dashboardService,
+		aggregationService: aggregationService,
+		startTime:          time.Now(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -114,6 +117,58 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetStats(c *gin.Context) {
 		// 性能指标
 		"rpm": stats.Rpm,
 		"tpm": stats.Tpm,
+
+		// 预聚合新鲜度
+		"hourly_active_users": stats.HourlyActiveUsers,
+		"stats_updated_at":    stats.StatsUpdatedAt,
+		"stats_stale":         stats.StatsStale,
+	})
+}
+
+type DashboardAggregationBackfillRequest struct {
+	Start string `json:"start"`
+	End   string `json:"end"`
+}
+
+// BackfillAggregation handles triggering aggregation backfill
+// POST /api/v1/admin/dashboard/aggregation/backfill
+func (h *DashboardHandler) BackfillAggregation(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.aggregationService == nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Aggregation service not available")
+		return
+	}
+
+	var req DashboardAggregationBackfillRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+	start, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, req.Start)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid start time")
+		return
+	}
+	end, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, req.End)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid end time")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := h.aggregationService.TriggerBackfill(start, end); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, service.ErrDashboardBackfillDisabled) {
+			response.Forbidden(c, "Backfill is disabled")
+			return
+		}
+		if errors.Is(err, service.ErrDashboardBackfillTooLarge) {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Backfill range too large")
+			return
+		}
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to trigger backfill")
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, gin.H{
+		"status": "accepted",
 	})
 }
 

backend/internal/handler/admin/ops_alerts_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
+)
+
+var validOpsAlertMetricTypes = []string{
+	"success_rate",
+	"error_rate",
+	"upstream_error_rate",
+	"p95_latency_ms",
+	"p99_latency_ms",
+	"cpu_usage_percent",
+	"memory_usage_percent",
+	"concurrency_queue_depth",
+}
+
+var validOpsAlertMetricTypeSet = func() map[string]struct{} {
+	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(validOpsAlertMetricTypes))
+	for _, v := range validOpsAlertMetricTypes {
+		set[v] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return set
+}()
+
+var validOpsAlertOperators = []string{">", "<", ">=", "<=", "==", "!="}
+
+var validOpsAlertOperatorSet = func() map[string]struct{} {
+	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(validOpsAlertOperators))
+	for _, v := range validOpsAlertOperators {
+		set[v] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return set
+}()
+
+var validOpsAlertSeverities = []string{"P0", "P1", "P2", "P3"}
+
+var validOpsAlertSeveritySet = func() map[string]struct{} {
+	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(validOpsAlertSeverities))
+	for _, v := range validOpsAlertSeverities {
+		set[v] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return set
+}()
+
+type opsAlertRuleValidatedInput struct {
+	Name       string
+	MetricType string
+	Operator   string
+	Threshold  float64
+
+	Severity string
+
+	WindowMinutes    int
+	SustainedMinutes int
+	CooldownMinutes  int
+
+	Enabled     bool
+	NotifyEmail bool
+
+	WindowProvided    bool
+	SustainedProvided bool
+	CooldownProvided  bool
+	SeverityProvided  bool
+	EnabledProvided   bool
+	NotifyProvided    bool
+}
+
+func isPercentOrRateMetric(metricType string) bool {
+	switch metricType {
+	case "success_rate",
+		"error_rate",
+		"upstream_error_rate",
+		"cpu_usage_percent",
+		"memory_usage_percent":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func validateOpsAlertRulePayload(raw map[string]json.RawMessage) (*opsAlertRuleValidatedInput, error) {
+	if raw == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid request body")
+	}
+
+	requiredFields := []string{"name", "metric_type", "operator", "threshold"}
+	for _, field := range requiredFields {
+		if _, ok := raw[field]; !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s is required", field)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var name string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw["name"], &name); err != nil || strings.TrimSpace(name) == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("name is required")
+	}
+	name = strings.TrimSpace(name)
+
+	var metricType string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw["metric_type"], &metricType); err != nil || strings.TrimSpace(metricType) == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("metric_type is required")
+	}
+	metricType = strings.TrimSpace(metricType)
+	if _, ok := validOpsAlertMetricTypeSet[metricType]; !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("metric_type must be one of: %s", strings.Join(validOpsAlertMetricTypes, ", "))
+	}
+
+	var operator string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw["operator"], &operator); err != nil || strings.TrimSpace(operator) == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("operator is required")
+	}
+	operator = strings.TrimSpace(operator)
+	if _, ok := validOpsAlertOperatorSet[operator]; !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("operator must be one of: %s", strings.Join(validOpsAlertOperators, ", "))
+	}
+
+	var threshold float64
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw["threshold"], &threshold); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("threshold must be a number")
+	}
+	if math.IsNaN(threshold) || math.IsInf(threshold, 0) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("threshold must be a finite number")
+	}
+	if isPercentOrRateMetric(metricType) {
+		if threshold < 0 || threshold > 100 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("threshold must be between 0 and 100 for metric_type %s", metricType)
+		}
+	} else if threshold < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("threshold must be >= 0")
+	}
+
+	validated := &opsAlertRuleValidatedInput{
+		Name:       name,
+		MetricType: metricType,
+		Operator:   operator,
+		Threshold:  threshold,
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := raw["severity"]; ok {
+		validated.SeverityProvided = true
+		var sev string
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(v, &sev); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("severity must be a string")
+		}
+		sev = strings.ToUpper(strings.TrimSpace(sev))
+		if sev != "" {
+			if _, ok := validOpsAlertSeveritySet[sev]; !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("severity must be one of: %s", strings.Join(validOpsAlertSeverities, ", "))
+			}
+			validated.Severity = sev
+		}
+	}
+	if validated.Severity == "" {
+		validated.Severity = "P2"
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := raw["enabled"]; ok {
+		validated.EnabledProvided = true
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(v, &validated.Enabled); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("enabled must be a boolean")
+		}
+	} else {
+		validated.Enabled = true
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := raw["notify_email"]; ok {
+		validated.NotifyProvided = true
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(v, &validated.NotifyEmail); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("notify_email must be a boolean")
+		}
+	} else {
+		validated.NotifyEmail = true
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := raw["window_minutes"]; ok {
+		validated.WindowProvided = true
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(v, &validated.WindowMinutes); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("window_minutes must be an integer")
+		}
+		switch validated.WindowMinutes {
+		case 1, 5, 60:
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("window_minutes must be one of: 1, 5, 60")
+		}
+	} else {
+		validated.WindowMinutes = 1
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := raw["sustained_minutes"]; ok {
+		validated.SustainedProvided = true
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(v, &validated.SustainedMinutes); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("sustained_minutes must be an integer")
+		}
+		if validated.SustainedMinutes < 1 || validated.SustainedMinutes > 1440 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("sustained_minutes must be between 1 and 1440")
+		}
+	} else {
+		validated.SustainedMinutes = 1
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := raw["cooldown_minutes"]; ok {
+		validated.CooldownProvided = true
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(v, &validated.CooldownMinutes); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cooldown_minutes must be an integer")
+		}
+		if validated.CooldownMinutes < 0 || validated.CooldownMinutes > 1440 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cooldown_minutes must be between 0 and 1440")
+		}
+	} else {
+		validated.CooldownMinutes = 0
+	}
+
+	return validated, nil
+}
+
+// ListAlertRules returns all ops alert rules.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/alert-rules
+func (h *OpsHandler) ListAlertRules(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	rules, err := h.opsService.ListAlertRules(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, rules)
+}
+
+// CreateAlertRule creates an ops alert rule.
+// POST /api/v1/admin/ops/alert-rules
+func (h *OpsHandler) CreateAlertRule(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var raw map[string]json.RawMessage
+	if err := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&raw, binding.JSON); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+	validated, err := validateOpsAlertRulePayload(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	var rule service.OpsAlertRule
+	if err := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&rule, binding.JSON); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	rule.Name = validated.Name
+	rule.MetricType = validated.MetricType
+	rule.Operator = validated.Operator
+	rule.Threshold = validated.Threshold
+	rule.WindowMinutes = validated.WindowMinutes
+	rule.SustainedMinutes = validated.SustainedMinutes
+	rule.CooldownMinutes = validated.CooldownMinutes
+	rule.Severity = validated.Severity
+	rule.Enabled = validated.Enabled
+	rule.NotifyEmail = validated.NotifyEmail
+
+	created, err := h.opsService.CreateAlertRule(c.Request.Context(), &rule)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, created)
+}
+
+// UpdateAlertRule updates an existing ops alert rule.
+// PUT /api/v1/admin/ops/alert-rules/:id
+func (h *OpsHandler) UpdateAlertRule(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid rule ID")
+		return
+	}
+
+	var raw map[string]json.RawMessage
+	if err := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&raw, binding.JSON); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+	validated, err := validateOpsAlertRulePayload(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	var rule service.OpsAlertRule
+	if err := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&rule, binding.JSON); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	rule.ID = id
+	rule.Name = validated.Name
+	rule.MetricType = validated.MetricType
+	rule.Operator = validated.Operator
+	rule.Threshold = validated.Threshold
+	rule.WindowMinutes = validated.WindowMinutes
+	rule.SustainedMinutes = validated.SustainedMinutes
+	rule.CooldownMinutes = validated.CooldownMinutes
+	rule.Severity = validated.Severity
+	rule.Enabled = validated.Enabled
+	rule.NotifyEmail = validated.NotifyEmail
+
+	updated, err := h.opsService.UpdateAlertRule(c.Request.Context(), &rule)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, updated)
+}
+
+// DeleteAlertRule deletes an ops alert rule.
+// DELETE /api/v1/admin/ops/alert-rules/:id
+func (h *OpsHandler) DeleteAlertRule(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid rule ID")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := h.opsService.DeleteAlertRule(c.Request.Context(), id); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, gin.H{"deleted": true})
+}
+
+// ListAlertEvents lists recent ops alert events.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/alert-events
+func (h *OpsHandler) ListAlertEvents(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	limit := 100
+	if raw := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("limit")); raw != "" {
+		n, err := strconv.Atoi(raw)
+		if err != nil || n <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid limit")
+			return
+		}
+		limit = n
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsAlertEventFilter{
+		Limit:    limit,
+		Status:   strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("status")),
+		Severity: strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("severity")),
+	}
+
+	// Optional global filter support (platform/group/time range).
+	if platform := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform")); platform != "" {
+		filter.Platform = platform
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.GroupID = &id
+	}
+	if startTime, endTime, err := parseOpsTimeRange(c, "24h"); err == nil {
+		// Only apply when explicitly provided to avoid surprising default narrowing.
+		if strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("start_time")) != "" || strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("end_time")) != "" || strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("time_range")) != "" {
+			filter.StartTime = &startTime
+			filter.EndTime = &endTime
+		}
+	} else {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	events, err := h.opsService.ListAlertEvents(c.Request.Context(), filter)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, events)
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/ops_dashboard_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// GetDashboardOverview returns vNext ops dashboard overview (raw path).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/dashboard/overview
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetDashboardOverview(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	startTime, endTime, err := parseOpsTimeRange(c, "1h")
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsDashboardFilter{
+		StartTime: startTime,
+		EndTime:   endTime,
+		Platform:  strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform")),
+		QueryMode: parseOpsQueryMode(c),
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.GroupID = &id
+	}
+
+	data, err := h.opsService.GetDashboardOverview(c.Request.Context(), filter)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, data)
+}
+
+// GetDashboardThroughputTrend returns throughput time series (raw path).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/dashboard/throughput-trend
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetDashboardThroughputTrend(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	startTime, endTime, err := parseOpsTimeRange(c, "1h")
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsDashboardFilter{
+		StartTime: startTime,
+		EndTime:   endTime,
+		Platform:  strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform")),
+		QueryMode: parseOpsQueryMode(c),
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.GroupID = &id
+	}
+
+	bucketSeconds := pickThroughputBucketSeconds(endTime.Sub(startTime))
+	data, err := h.opsService.GetThroughputTrend(c.Request.Context(), filter, bucketSeconds)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, data)
+}
+
+// GetDashboardLatencyHistogram returns the latency distribution histogram (success requests).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/dashboard/latency-histogram
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetDashboardLatencyHistogram(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	startTime, endTime, err := parseOpsTimeRange(c, "1h")
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsDashboardFilter{
+		StartTime: startTime,
+		EndTime:   endTime,
+		Platform:  strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform")),
+		QueryMode: parseOpsQueryMode(c),
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.GroupID = &id
+	}
+
+	data, err := h.opsService.GetLatencyHistogram(c.Request.Context(), filter)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, data)
+}
+
+// GetDashboardErrorTrend returns error counts time series (raw path).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/dashboard/error-trend
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetDashboardErrorTrend(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	startTime, endTime, err := parseOpsTimeRange(c, "1h")
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsDashboardFilter{
+		StartTime: startTime,
+		EndTime:   endTime,
+		Platform:  strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform")),
+		QueryMode: parseOpsQueryMode(c),
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.GroupID = &id
+	}
+
+	bucketSeconds := pickThroughputBucketSeconds(endTime.Sub(startTime))
+	data, err := h.opsService.GetErrorTrend(c.Request.Context(), filter, bucketSeconds)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, data)
+}
+
+// GetDashboardErrorDistribution returns error distribution by status code (raw path).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/dashboard/error-distribution
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetDashboardErrorDistribution(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	startTime, endTime, err := parseOpsTimeRange(c, "1h")
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsDashboardFilter{
+		StartTime: startTime,
+		EndTime:   endTime,
+		Platform:  strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform")),
+		QueryMode: parseOpsQueryMode(c),
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.GroupID = &id
+	}
+
+	data, err := h.opsService.GetErrorDistribution(c.Request.Context(), filter)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, data)
+}
+
+func pickThroughputBucketSeconds(window time.Duration) int {
+	// Keep buckets predictable and avoid huge responses.
+	switch {
+	case window <= 2*time.Hour:
+		return 60
+	case window <= 24*time.Hour:
+		return 300
+	default:
+		return 3600
+	}
+}
+
+func parseOpsQueryMode(c *gin.Context) service.OpsQueryMode {
+	if c == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	raw := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("mode"))
+	if raw == "" {
+		// Empty means "use server default" (DB setting ops_query_mode_default).
+		return ""
+	}
+	return service.ParseOpsQueryMode(raw)
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/ops_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+type OpsHandler struct {
+	opsService *service.OpsService
+}
+
+func NewOpsHandler(opsService *service.OpsService) *OpsHandler {
+	return &OpsHandler{opsService: opsService}
+}
+
+// GetErrorLogs lists ops error logs.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/errors
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetErrorLogs(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	page, pageSize := response.ParsePagination(c)
+	// Ops list can be larger than standard admin tables.
+	if pageSize > 500 {
+		pageSize = 500
+	}
+
+	startTime, endTime, err := parseOpsTimeRange(c, "1h")
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsErrorLogFilter{
+		Page:     page,
+		PageSize: pageSize,
+	}
+	if !startTime.IsZero() {
+		filter.StartTime = &startTime
+	}
+	if !endTime.IsZero() {
+		filter.EndTime = &endTime
+	}
+
+	if platform := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform")); platform != "" {
+		filter.Platform = platform
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.GroupID = &id
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("account_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid account_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.AccountID = &id
+	}
+	if phase := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("phase")); phase != "" {
+		filter.Phase = phase
+	}
+	if q := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("q")); q != "" {
+		filter.Query = q
+	}
+	if statusCodesStr := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("status_codes")); statusCodesStr != "" {
+		parts := strings.Split(statusCodesStr, ",")
+		out := make([]int, 0, len(parts))
+		for _, part := range parts {
+			p := strings.TrimSpace(part)
+			if p == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			n, err := strconv.Atoi(p)
+			if err != nil || n < 0 {
+				response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid status_codes")
+				return
+			}
+			out = append(out, n)
+		}
+		filter.StatusCodes = out
+	}
+
+	result, err := h.opsService.GetErrorLogs(c.Request.Context(), filter)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Paginated(c, result.Errors, int64(result.Total), result.Page, result.PageSize)
+}
+
+// GetErrorLogByID returns a single error log detail.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/errors/:id
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetErrorLogByID(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	idStr := strings.TrimSpace(c.Param("id"))
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(idStr, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid error id")
+		return
+	}
+
+	detail, err := h.opsService.GetErrorLogByID(c.Request.Context(), id)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, detail)
+}
+
+// ListRequestDetails returns a request-level list (success + error) for drill-down.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/requests
+func (h *OpsHandler) ListRequestDetails(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	page, pageSize := response.ParsePagination(c)
+	if pageSize > 100 {
+		pageSize = 100
+	}
+
+	startTime, endTime, err := parseOpsTimeRange(c, "1h")
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsRequestDetailFilter{
+		Page:      page,
+		PageSize:  pageSize,
+		StartTime: &startTime,
+		EndTime:   &endTime,
+	}
+
+	filter.Kind = strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("kind"))
+	filter.Platform = strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform"))
+	filter.Model = strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("model"))
+	filter.RequestID = strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("request_id"))
+	filter.Query = strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("q"))
+	filter.Sort = strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("sort"))
+
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("user_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid user_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.UserID = &id
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("api_key_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid api_key_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.APIKeyID = &id
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("account_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid account_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.AccountID = &id
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.GroupID = &id
+	}
+
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("min_duration_ms")); v != "" {
+		parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(v)
+		if err != nil || parsed < 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid min_duration_ms")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.MinDurationMs = &parsed
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("max_duration_ms")); v != "" {
+		parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(v)
+		if err != nil || parsed < 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid max_duration_ms")
+			return
+		}
+		filter.MaxDurationMs = &parsed
+	}
+
+	out, err := h.opsService.ListRequestDetails(c.Request.Context(), filter)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Invalid sort/kind/platform etc should be a bad request; keep it simple.
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "invalid") {
+			response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+			return
+		}
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to list request details")
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Paginated(c, out.Items, out.Total, out.Page, out.PageSize)
+}
+
+type opsRetryRequest struct {
+	Mode            string `json:"mode"`
+	PinnedAccountID *int64 `json:"pinned_account_id"`
+}
+
+// RetryErrorRequest retries a failed request using stored request_body.
+// POST /api/v1/admin/ops/errors/:id/retry
+func (h *OpsHandler) RetryErrorRequest(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	subject, ok := middleware.GetAuthSubjectFromContext(c)
+	if !ok || subject.UserID <= 0 {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusUnauthorized, "Unauthorized")
+		return
+	}
+
+	idStr := strings.TrimSpace(c.Param("id"))
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(idStr, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid error id")
+		return
+	}
+
+	req := opsRetryRequest{Mode: service.OpsRetryModeClient}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(req.Mode) == "" {
+		req.Mode = service.OpsRetryModeClient
+	}
+
+	result, err := h.opsService.RetryError(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID, id, req.Mode, req.PinnedAccountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, result)
+}
+
+func parseOpsTimeRange(c *gin.Context, defaultRange string) (time.Time, time.Time, error) {
+	startStr := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("start_time"))
+	endStr := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("end_time"))
+
+	parseTS := func(s string) (time.Time, error) {
+		if s == "" {
+			return time.Time{}, nil
+		}
+		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, s); err == nil {
+			return t, nil
+		}
+		return time.Parse(time.RFC3339, s)
+	}
+
+	start, err := parseTS(startStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, time.Time{}, err
+	}
+	end, err := parseTS(endStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, time.Time{}, err
+	}
+
+	// start/end explicitly provided (even partially)
+	if startStr != "" || endStr != "" {
+		if end.IsZero() {
+			end = time.Now()
+		}
+		if start.IsZero() {
+			dur, _ := parseOpsDuration(defaultRange)
+			start = end.Add(-dur)
+		}
+		if start.After(end) {
+			return time.Time{}, time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid time range: start_time must be <= end_time")
+		}
+		if end.Sub(start) > 30*24*time.Hour {
+			return time.Time{}, time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid time range: max window is 30 days")
+		}
+		return start, end, nil
+	}
+
+	// time_range fallback
+	tr := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("time_range"))
+	if tr == "" {
+		tr = defaultRange
+	}
+	dur, ok := parseOpsDuration(tr)
+	if !ok {
+		dur, _ = parseOpsDuration(defaultRange)
+	}
+
+	end = time.Now()
+	start = end.Add(-dur)
+	if end.Sub(start) > 30*24*time.Hour {
+		return time.Time{}, time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid time range: max window is 30 days")
+	}
+	return start, end, nil
+}
+
+func parseOpsDuration(v string) (time.Duration, bool) {
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(v) {
+	case "5m":
+		return 5 * time.Minute, true
+	case "30m":
+		return 30 * time.Minute, true
+	case "1h":
+		return time.Hour, true
+	case "6h":
+		return 6 * time.Hour, true
+	case "24h":
+		return 24 * time.Hour, true
+	default:
+		return 0, false
+	}
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/ops_realtime_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// GetConcurrencyStats returns real-time concurrency usage aggregated by platform/group/account.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/concurrency
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetConcurrencyStats(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if !h.opsService.IsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()) {
+		response.Success(c, gin.H{
+			"enabled":   false,
+			"platform":  map[string]*service.PlatformConcurrencyInfo{},
+			"group":     map[int64]*service.GroupConcurrencyInfo{},
+			"account":   map[int64]*service.AccountConcurrencyInfo{},
+			"timestamp": time.Now().UTC(),
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	platformFilter := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform"))
+	var groupID *int64
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		groupID = &id
+	}
+
+	platform, group, account, collectedAt, err := h.opsService.GetConcurrencyStats(c.Request.Context(), platformFilter, groupID)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	payload := gin.H{
+		"enabled":  true,
+		"platform": platform,
+		"group":    group,
+		"account":  account,
+	}
+	if collectedAt != nil {
+		payload["timestamp"] = collectedAt.UTC()
+	}
+	response.Success(c, payload)
+}
+
+// GetAccountAvailability returns account availability statistics.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/account-availability
+//
+// Query params:
+// - platform: optional
+// - group_id: optional
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetAccountAvailability(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if !h.opsService.IsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()) {
+		response.Success(c, gin.H{
+			"enabled":   false,
+			"platform":  map[string]*service.PlatformAvailability{},
+			"group":     map[int64]*service.GroupAvailability{},
+			"account":   map[int64]*service.AccountAvailability{},
+			"timestamp": time.Now().UTC(),
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	platform := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform"))
+	var groupID *int64
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		groupID = &id
+	}
+
+	platformStats, groupStats, accountStats, collectedAt, err := h.opsService.GetAccountAvailabilityStats(c.Request.Context(), platform, groupID)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	payload := gin.H{
+		"enabled":  true,
+		"platform": platformStats,
+		"group":    groupStats,
+		"account":  accountStats,
+	}
+	if collectedAt != nil {
+		payload["timestamp"] = collectedAt.UTC()
+	}
+	response.Success(c, payload)
+}
+
+func parseOpsRealtimeWindow(v string) (time.Duration, string, bool) {
+	switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v)) {
+	case "", "1min", "1m":
+		return 1 * time.Minute, "1min", true
+	case "5min", "5m":
+		return 5 * time.Minute, "5min", true
+	case "30min", "30m":
+		return 30 * time.Minute, "30min", true
+	case "1h", "60m", "60min":
+		return 1 * time.Hour, "1h", true
+	default:
+		return 0, "", false
+	}
+}
+
+// GetRealtimeTrafficSummary returns QPS/TPS current/peak/avg for the selected window.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/realtime-traffic
+//
+// Query params:
+// - window: 1min|5min|30min|1h (default: 1min)
+// - platform: optional
+// - group_id: optional
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetRealtimeTrafficSummary(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	windowDur, windowLabel, ok := parseOpsRealtimeWindow(c.Query("window"))
+	if !ok {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid window")
+		return
+	}
+
+	platform := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("platform"))
+	var groupID *int64
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("group_id")); v != "" {
+		id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil || id <= 0 {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid group_id")
+			return
+		}
+		groupID = &id
+	}
+
+	endTime := time.Now().UTC()
+	startTime := endTime.Add(-windowDur)
+
+	if !h.opsService.IsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()) {
+		disabledSummary := &service.OpsRealtimeTrafficSummary{
+			Window:    windowLabel,
+			StartTime: startTime,
+			EndTime:   endTime,
+			Platform:  platform,
+			GroupID:   groupID,
+			QPS:       service.OpsRateSummary{},
+			TPS:       service.OpsRateSummary{},
+		}
+		response.Success(c, gin.H{
+			"enabled":   false,
+			"summary":   disabledSummary,
+			"timestamp": endTime,
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	filter := &service.OpsDashboardFilter{
+		StartTime: startTime,
+		EndTime:   endTime,
+		Platform:  platform,
+		GroupID:   groupID,
+		QueryMode: service.OpsQueryModeRaw,
+	}
+
+	summary, err := h.opsService.GetRealtimeTrafficSummary(c.Request.Context(), filter)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	if summary != nil {
+		summary.Window = windowLabel
+	}
+	response.Success(c, gin.H{
+		"enabled":   true,
+		"summary":   summary,
+		"timestamp": endTime,
+	})
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/ops_settings_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// GetEmailNotificationConfig returns Ops email notification config (DB-backed).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/email-notification/config
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetEmailNotificationConfig(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := h.opsService.GetEmailNotificationConfig(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to get email notification config")
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, cfg)
+}
+
+// UpdateEmailNotificationConfig updates Ops email notification config (DB-backed).
+// PUT /api/v1/admin/ops/email-notification/config
+func (h *OpsHandler) UpdateEmailNotificationConfig(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var req service.OpsEmailNotificationConfigUpdateRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	updated, err := h.opsService.UpdateEmailNotificationConfig(c.Request.Context(), &req)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Most failures here are validation errors from request payload; treat as 400.
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, updated)
+}
+
+// GetAlertRuntimeSettings returns Ops alert evaluator runtime settings (DB-backed).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/runtime/alert
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetAlertRuntimeSettings(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := h.opsService.GetOpsAlertRuntimeSettings(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to get alert runtime settings")
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, cfg)
+}
+
+// UpdateAlertRuntimeSettings updates Ops alert evaluator runtime settings (DB-backed).
+// PUT /api/v1/admin/ops/runtime/alert
+func (h *OpsHandler) UpdateAlertRuntimeSettings(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var req service.OpsAlertRuntimeSettings
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	updated, err := h.opsService.UpdateOpsAlertRuntimeSettings(c.Request.Context(), &req)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, updated)
+}
+
+// GetAdvancedSettings returns Ops advanced settings (DB-backed).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/advanced-settings
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetAdvancedSettings(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := h.opsService.GetOpsAdvancedSettings(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to get advanced settings")
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, cfg)
+}
+
+// UpdateAdvancedSettings updates Ops advanced settings (DB-backed).
+// PUT /api/v1/admin/ops/advanced-settings
+func (h *OpsHandler) UpdateAdvancedSettings(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var req service.OpsAdvancedSettings
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	updated, err := h.opsService.UpdateOpsAdvancedSettings(c.Request.Context(), &req)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, updated)
+}
+
+// GetMetricThresholds returns Ops metric thresholds (DB-backed).
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/settings/metric-thresholds
+func (h *OpsHandler) GetMetricThresholds(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := h.opsService.GetMetricThresholds(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to get metric thresholds")
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, cfg)
+}
+
+// UpdateMetricThresholds updates Ops metric thresholds (DB-backed).
+// PUT /api/v1/admin/ops/settings/metric-thresholds
+func (h *OpsHandler) UpdateMetricThresholds(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.opsService == nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "Ops service not available")
+		return
+	}
+	if err := h.opsService.RequireMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var req service.OpsMetricThresholds
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	updated, err := h.opsService.UpdateMetricThresholds(c.Request.Context(), &req)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, updated)
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/ops_ws_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"log"
+	"math"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
+)
+
+type OpsWSProxyConfig struct {
+	TrustProxy     bool
+	TrustedProxies []netip.Prefix
+	OriginPolicy   string
+}
+
+const (
+	envOpsWSTrustProxy     = "OPS_WS_TRUST_PROXY"
+	envOpsWSTrustedProxies = "OPS_WS_TRUSTED_PROXIES"
+	envOpsWSOriginPolicy   = "OPS_WS_ORIGIN_POLICY"
+	envOpsWSMaxConns       = "OPS_WS_MAX_CONNS"
+	envOpsWSMaxConnsPerIP  = "OPS_WS_MAX_CONNS_PER_IP"
+)
+
+const (
+	OriginPolicyStrict     = "strict"
+	OriginPolicyPermissive = "permissive"
+)
+
+var opsWSProxyConfig = loadOpsWSProxyConfigFromEnv()
+
+var upgrader = websocket.Upgrader{
+	CheckOrigin: func(r *http.Request) bool {
+		return isAllowedOpsWSOrigin(r)
+	},
+	// Subprotocol negotiation:
+	// - The frontend passes ["sub2api-admin", "jwt.<token>"].
+	// - We always select "sub2api-admin" so the token is never echoed back in the handshake response.
+	Subprotocols: []string{"sub2api-admin"},
+}
+
+const (
+	qpsWSPushInterval       = 2 * time.Second
+	qpsWSRefreshInterval    = 5 * time.Second
+	qpsWSRequestCountWindow = 1 * time.Minute
+
+	defaultMaxWSConns      = 100
+	defaultMaxWSConnsPerIP = 20
+)
+
+var wsConnCount atomic.Int32
+var wsConnCountByIP sync.Map // map[string]*atomic.Int32
+
+const qpsWSIdleStopDelay = 30 * time.Second
+
+const (
+	opsWSCloseRealtimeDisabled = 4001
+)
+
+var qpsWSIdleStopMu sync.Mutex
+var qpsWSIdleStopTimer *time.Timer
+
+func cancelQPSWSIdleStop() {
+	qpsWSIdleStopMu.Lock()
+	if qpsWSIdleStopTimer != nil {
+		qpsWSIdleStopTimer.Stop()
+		qpsWSIdleStopTimer = nil
+	}
+	qpsWSIdleStopMu.Unlock()
+}
+
+func scheduleQPSWSIdleStop() {
+	qpsWSIdleStopMu.Lock()
+	if qpsWSIdleStopTimer != nil {
+		qpsWSIdleStopMu.Unlock()
+		return
+	}
+	qpsWSIdleStopTimer = time.AfterFunc(qpsWSIdleStopDelay, func() {
+		// Only stop if truly idle at fire time.
+		if wsConnCount.Load() == 0 {
+			qpsWSCache.Stop()
+		}
+		qpsWSIdleStopMu.Lock()
+		qpsWSIdleStopTimer = nil
+		qpsWSIdleStopMu.Unlock()
+	})
+	qpsWSIdleStopMu.Unlock()
+}
+
+type opsWSRuntimeLimits struct {
+	MaxConns      int32
+	MaxConnsPerIP int32
+}
+
+var opsWSLimits = loadOpsWSRuntimeLimitsFromEnv()
+
+const (
+	qpsWSWriteTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+	qpsWSPongWait     = 60 * time.Second
+	qpsWSPingInterval = 30 * time.Second
+
+	// We don't expect clients to send application messages; we only read to process control frames (Pong/Close).
+	qpsWSMaxReadBytes = 1024
+)
+
+type opsWSQPSCache struct {
+	refreshInterval    time.Duration
+	requestCountWindow time.Duration
+
+	lastUpdatedUnixNano atomic.Int64
+	payload             atomic.Value // []byte
+
+	opsService *service.OpsService
+	cancel     context.CancelFunc
+	done       chan struct{}
+
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+	running bool
+}
+
+var qpsWSCache = &opsWSQPSCache{
+	refreshInterval:    qpsWSRefreshInterval,
+	requestCountWindow: qpsWSRequestCountWindow,
+}
+
+func (c *opsWSQPSCache) start(opsService *service.OpsService) {
+	if c == nil || opsService == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	for {
+		c.mu.Lock()
+		if c.running {
+			c.mu.Unlock()
+			return
+		}
+
+		// If a previous refresh loop is currently stopping, wait for it to fully exit.
+		done := c.done
+		if done != nil {
+			c.mu.Unlock()
+			<-done
+
+			c.mu.Lock()
+			if c.done == done && !c.running {
+				c.done = nil
+			}
+			c.mu.Unlock()
+			continue
+		}
+
+		c.opsService = opsService
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		c.cancel = cancel
+		c.done = make(chan struct{})
+		done = c.done
+		c.running = true
+		c.mu.Unlock()
+
+		go func() {
+			defer close(done)
+			c.refreshLoop(ctx)
+		}()
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// Stop stops the background refresh loop.
+// It is safe to call multiple times.
+func (c *opsWSQPSCache) Stop() {
+	if c == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	if !c.running {
+		done := c.done
+		c.mu.Unlock()
+		if done != nil {
+			<-done
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	cancel := c.cancel
+	c.cancel = nil
+	c.running = false
+	c.opsService = nil
+	done := c.done
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if cancel != nil {
+		cancel()
+	}
+	if done != nil {
+		<-done
+	}
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	if c.done == done && !c.running {
+		c.done = nil
+	}
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (c *opsWSQPSCache) refreshLoop(ctx context.Context) {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(c.refreshInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	c.refresh(ctx)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			c.refresh(ctx)
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *opsWSQPSCache) refresh(parentCtx context.Context) {
+	if c == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	opsService := c.opsService
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+	if opsService == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if parentCtx == nil {
+		parentCtx = context.Background()
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parentCtx, 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	stats, err := opsService.GetWindowStats(ctx, now.Add(-c.requestCountWindow), now)
+	if err != nil || stats == nil {
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[OpsWS] refresh: get window stats failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	requestCount := stats.SuccessCount + stats.ErrorCountTotal
+	qps := 0.0
+	tps := 0.0
+	if c.requestCountWindow > 0 {
+		seconds := c.requestCountWindow.Seconds()
+		qps = roundTo1DP(float64(requestCount) / seconds)
+		tps = roundTo1DP(float64(stats.TokenConsumed) / seconds)
+	}
+
+	payload := gin.H{
+		"type":      "qps_update",
+		"timestamp": now.Format(time.RFC3339),
+		"data": gin.H{
+			"qps":           qps,
+			"tps":           tps,
+			"request_count": requestCount,
+		},
+	}
+
+	msg, err := json.Marshal(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[OpsWS] refresh: marshal payload failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.payload.Store(msg)
+	c.lastUpdatedUnixNano.Store(now.UnixNano())
+}
+
+func roundTo1DP(v float64) float64 {
+	return math.Round(v*10) / 10
+}
+
+func (c *opsWSQPSCache) getPayload() []byte {
+	if c == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if cached, ok := c.payload.Load().([]byte); ok && cached != nil {
+		return cached
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func closeWS(conn *websocket.Conn, code int, reason string) {
+	if conn == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	msg := websocket.FormatCloseMessage(code, reason)
+	_ = conn.WriteControl(websocket.CloseMessage, msg, time.Now().Add(qpsWSWriteTimeout))
+	_ = conn.Close()
+}
+
+// QPSWSHandler handles realtime QPS push via WebSocket.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/ops/ws/qps
+func (h *OpsHandler) QPSWSHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	clientIP := requestClientIP(c.Request)
+
+	if h == nil || h.opsService == nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, gin.H{"error": "ops service not initialized"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// If realtime monitoring is disabled, prefer a successful WS upgrade followed by a clean close
+	// with a deterministic close code. This prevents clients from spinning on 404/1006 reconnect loops.
+	if !h.opsService.IsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()) {
+		conn, err := upgrader.Upgrade(c.Writer, c.Request, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": "ops realtime monitoring is disabled"})
+			return
+		}
+		closeWS(conn, opsWSCloseRealtimeDisabled, "realtime_disabled")
+		return
+	}
+
+	cancelQPSWSIdleStop()
+	// Lazily start the background refresh loop so unit tests that never hit the
+	// websocket route don't spawn goroutines that depend on DB/Redis stubs.
+	qpsWSCache.start(h.opsService)
+
+	// Reserve a global slot before upgrading the connection to keep the limit strict.
+	if !tryAcquireOpsWSTotalSlot(opsWSLimits.MaxConns) {
+		log.Printf("[OpsWS] connection limit reached: %d/%d", wsConnCount.Load(), opsWSLimits.MaxConns)
+		c.JSON(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, gin.H{"error": "too many connections"})
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if wsConnCount.Add(-1) == 0 {
+			scheduleQPSWSIdleStop()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if opsWSLimits.MaxConnsPerIP > 0 && clientIP != "" {
+		if !tryAcquireOpsWSIPSlot(clientIP, opsWSLimits.MaxConnsPerIP) {
+			log.Printf("[OpsWS] per-ip connection limit reached: ip=%s limit=%d", clientIP, opsWSLimits.MaxConnsPerIP)
+			c.JSON(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, gin.H{"error": "too many connections"})
+			return
+		}
+		defer releaseOpsWSIPSlot(clientIP)
+	}
+
+	conn, err := upgrader.Upgrade(c.Writer, c.Request, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[OpsWS] upgrade failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		_ = conn.Close()
+	}()
+
+	handleQPSWebSocket(c.Request.Context(), conn)
+}
+
+func tryAcquireOpsWSTotalSlot(limit int32) bool {
+	if limit <= 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	for {
+		current := wsConnCount.Load()
+		if current >= limit {
+			return false
+		}
+		if wsConnCount.CompareAndSwap(current, current+1) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func tryAcquireOpsWSIPSlot(clientIP string, limit int32) bool {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(clientIP) == "" || limit <= 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	v, _ := wsConnCountByIP.LoadOrStore(clientIP, &atomic.Int32{})
+	counter, ok := v.(*atomic.Int32)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for {
+		current := counter.Load()
+		if current >= limit {
+			return false
+		}
+		if counter.CompareAndSwap(current, current+1) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func releaseOpsWSIPSlot(clientIP string) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(clientIP) == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	v, ok := wsConnCountByIP.Load(clientIP)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	counter, ok := v.(*atomic.Int32)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	next := counter.Add(-1)
+	if next <= 0 {
+		// Best-effort cleanup; safe even if a new slot was acquired concurrently.
+		wsConnCountByIP.Delete(clientIP)
+	}
+}
+
+func handleQPSWebSocket(parentCtx context.Context, conn *websocket.Conn) {
+	if conn == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(parentCtx)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var closeOnce sync.Once
+	closeConn := func() {
+		closeOnce.Do(func() {
+			_ = conn.Close()
+		})
+	}
+
+	closeFrameCh := make(chan []byte, 1)
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		defer cancel()
+
+		conn.SetReadLimit(qpsWSMaxReadBytes)
+		if err := conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(qpsWSPongWait)); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[OpsWS] set read deadline failed: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		conn.SetPongHandler(func(string) error {
+			return conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(qpsWSPongWait))
+		})
+		conn.SetCloseHandler(func(code int, text string) error {
+			select {
+			case closeFrameCh <- websocket.FormatCloseMessage(code, text):
+			default:
+			}
+			cancel()
+			return nil
+		})
+
+		for {
+			_, _, err := conn.ReadMessage()
+			if err != nil {
+				if websocket.IsUnexpectedCloseError(err, websocket.CloseNormalClosure, websocket.CloseGoingAway, websocket.CloseNoStatusReceived) {
+					log.Printf("[OpsWS] read failed: %v", err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Push QPS data every 2 seconds (values are globally cached and refreshed at most once per qpsWSRefreshInterval).
+	pushTicker := time.NewTicker(qpsWSPushInterval)
+	defer pushTicker.Stop()
+
+	// Heartbeat ping every 30 seconds.
+	pingTicker := time.NewTicker(qpsWSPingInterval)
+	defer pingTicker.Stop()
+
+	writeWithTimeout := func(messageType int, data []byte) error {
+		if err := conn.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(qpsWSWriteTimeout)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return conn.WriteMessage(messageType, data)
+	}
+
+	sendClose := func(closeFrame []byte) {
+		if closeFrame == nil {
+			closeFrame = websocket.FormatCloseMessage(websocket.CloseNormalClosure, "")
+		}
+		_ = writeWithTimeout(websocket.CloseMessage, closeFrame)
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-pushTicker.C:
+			msg := qpsWSCache.getPayload()
+			if msg == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			if err := writeWithTimeout(websocket.TextMessage, msg); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[OpsWS] write failed: %v", err)
+				cancel()
+				closeConn()
+				wg.Wait()
+				return
+			}
+
+		case <-pingTicker.C:
+			if err := writeWithTimeout(websocket.PingMessage, nil); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[OpsWS] ping failed: %v", err)
+				cancel()
+				closeConn()
+				wg.Wait()
+				return
+			}
+
+		case closeFrame := <-closeFrameCh:
+			sendClose(closeFrame)
+			closeConn()
+			wg.Wait()
+			return
+
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			var closeFrame []byte
+			select {
+			case closeFrame = <-closeFrameCh:
+			default:
+			}
+			sendClose(closeFrame)
+
+			closeConn()
+			wg.Wait()
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func isAllowedOpsWSOrigin(r *http.Request) bool {
+	if r == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	origin := strings.TrimSpace(r.Header.Get("Origin"))
+	if origin == "" {
+		switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(opsWSProxyConfig.OriginPolicy)) {
+		case OriginPolicyStrict:
+			return false
+		case OriginPolicyPermissive, "":
+			return true
+		default:
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	parsed, err := url.Parse(origin)
+	if err != nil || parsed.Hostname() == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	originHost := strings.ToLower(parsed.Hostname())
+
+	trustProxyHeaders := shouldTrustOpsWSProxyHeaders(r)
+	reqHost := hostWithoutPort(r.Host)
+	if trustProxyHeaders {
+		xfHost := strings.TrimSpace(r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-Host"))
+		if xfHost != "" {
+			xfHost = strings.TrimSpace(strings.Split(xfHost, ",")[0])
+			if xfHost != "" {
+				reqHost = hostWithoutPort(xfHost)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	reqHost = strings.ToLower(reqHost)
+	if reqHost == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	return originHost == reqHost
+}
+
+func shouldTrustOpsWSProxyHeaders(r *http.Request) bool {
+	if r == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !opsWSProxyConfig.TrustProxy {
+		return false
+	}
+	peerIP, ok := requestPeerIP(r)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return isAddrInTrustedProxies(peerIP, opsWSProxyConfig.TrustedProxies)
+}
+
+func requestPeerIP(r *http.Request) (netip.Addr, bool) {
+	if r == nil {
+		return netip.Addr{}, false
+	}
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(strings.TrimSpace(r.RemoteAddr))
+	if err != nil {
+		host = strings.TrimSpace(r.RemoteAddr)
+	}
+	host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "[")
+	host = strings.TrimSuffix(host, "]")
+	if host == "" {
+		return netip.Addr{}, false
+	}
+	addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(host)
+	if err != nil {
+		return netip.Addr{}, false
+	}
+	return addr.Unmap(), true
+}
+
+func requestClientIP(r *http.Request) string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	trustProxyHeaders := shouldTrustOpsWSProxyHeaders(r)
+	if trustProxyHeaders {
+		xff := strings.TrimSpace(r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For"))
+		if xff != "" {
+			// Use the left-most entry (original client). If multiple proxies add values, they are comma-separated.
+			xff = strings.TrimSpace(strings.Split(xff, ",")[0])
+			xff = strings.TrimPrefix(xff, "[")
+			xff = strings.TrimSuffix(xff, "]")
+			if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(xff); err == nil && addr.IsValid() {
+				return addr.Unmap().String()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if peer, ok := requestPeerIP(r); ok && peer.IsValid() {
+		return peer.String()
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func isAddrInTrustedProxies(addr netip.Addr, trusted []netip.Prefix) bool {
+	if !addr.IsValid() {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, p := range trusted {
+		if p.Contains(addr) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func loadOpsWSProxyConfigFromEnv() OpsWSProxyConfig {
+	cfg := OpsWSProxyConfig{
+		TrustProxy:     true,
+		TrustedProxies: defaultTrustedProxies(),
+		OriginPolicy:   OriginPolicyPermissive,
+	}
+
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv(envOpsWSTrustProxy)); v != "" {
+		if parsed, err := strconv.ParseBool(v); err == nil {
+			cfg.TrustProxy = parsed
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("[OpsWS] invalid %s=%q (expected bool); using default=%v", envOpsWSTrustProxy, v, cfg.TrustProxy)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if raw := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv(envOpsWSTrustedProxies)); raw != "" {
+		prefixes, invalid := parseTrustedProxyList(raw)
+		if len(invalid) > 0 {
+			log.Printf("[OpsWS] invalid %s entries ignored: %s", envOpsWSTrustedProxies, strings.Join(invalid, ", "))
+		}
+		cfg.TrustedProxies = prefixes
+	}
+
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv(envOpsWSOriginPolicy)); v != "" {
+		normalized := strings.ToLower(v)
+		switch normalized {
+		case OriginPolicyStrict, OriginPolicyPermissive:
+			cfg.OriginPolicy = normalized
+		default:
+			log.Printf("[OpsWS] invalid %s=%q (expected %q or %q); using default=%q", envOpsWSOriginPolicy, v, OriginPolicyStrict, OriginPolicyPermissive, cfg.OriginPolicy)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return cfg
+}
+
+func loadOpsWSRuntimeLimitsFromEnv() opsWSRuntimeLimits {
+	cfg := opsWSRuntimeLimits{
+		MaxConns:      defaultMaxWSConns,
+		MaxConnsPerIP: defaultMaxWSConnsPerIP,
+	}
+
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv(envOpsWSMaxConns)); v != "" {
+		if parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(v); err == nil && parsed > 0 {
+			cfg.MaxConns = int32(parsed)
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("[OpsWS] invalid %s=%q (expected int>0); using default=%d", envOpsWSMaxConns, v, cfg.MaxConns)
+		}
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv(envOpsWSMaxConnsPerIP)); v != "" {
+		if parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(v); err == nil && parsed >= 0 {
+			cfg.MaxConnsPerIP = int32(parsed)
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("[OpsWS] invalid %s=%q (expected int>=0); using default=%d", envOpsWSMaxConnsPerIP, v, cfg.MaxConnsPerIP)
+		}
+	}
+	return cfg
+}
+
+func defaultTrustedProxies() []netip.Prefix {
+	prefixes, _ := parseTrustedProxyList("127.0.0.0/8,::1/128")
+	return prefixes
+}
+
+func parseTrustedProxyList(raw string) (prefixes []netip.Prefix, invalid []string) {
+	for _, token := range strings.Split(raw, ",") {
+		item := strings.TrimSpace(token)
+		if item == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var (
+			p   netip.Prefix
+			err error
+		)
+		if strings.Contains(item, "/") {
+			p, err = netip.ParsePrefix(item)
+		} else {
+			var addr netip.Addr
+			addr, err = netip.ParseAddr(item)
+			if err == nil {
+				addr = addr.Unmap()
+				bits := 128
+				if addr.Is4() {
+					bits = 32
+				}
+				p = netip.PrefixFrom(addr, bits)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err != nil || !p.IsValid() {
+			invalid = append(invalid, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		prefixes = append(prefixes, p.Masked())
+	}
+	return prefixes, invalid
+}
+
+func hostWithoutPort(hostport string) string {
+	hostport = strings.TrimSpace(hostport)
+	if hostport == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(hostport); err == nil {
+		return host
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(hostport, "[") && strings.HasSuffix(hostport, "]") {
+		return strings.Trim(hostport, "[]")
+	}
+	parts := strings.Split(hostport, ":")
+	return parts[0]
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/setting_handler.go

@@ -19,14 +19,16 @@ type SettingHandler struct {
 	settingService   *service.SettingService
 	emailService     *service.EmailService
 	turnstileService *service.TurnstileService
+	opsService       *service.OpsService
 }
 
 // NewSettingHandler 创建系统设置处理器
-func NewSettingHandler(settingService *service.SettingService, emailService *service.EmailService, turnstileService *service.TurnstileService) *SettingHandler {
+func NewSettingHandler(settingService *service.SettingService, emailService *service.EmailService, turnstileService *service.TurnstileService, opsService *service.OpsService) *SettingHandler {
 	return &SettingHandler{
 		settingService:   settingService,
 		emailService:     emailService,
 		turnstileService: turnstileService,
+		opsService:       opsService,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -39,6 +41,9 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) GetSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	// Check if ops monitoring is enabled (respects config.ops.enabled)
+	opsEnabled := h.opsService != nil && h.opsService.IsMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context())
+
 	response.Success(c, dto.SystemSettings{
 		RegistrationEnabled:                  settings.RegistrationEnabled,
 		EmailVerifyEnabled:                   settings.EmailVerifyEnabled,
@@ -72,6 +77,10 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) GetSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 		FallbackModelAntigravity:             settings.FallbackModelAntigravity,
 		EnableIdentityPatch:                  settings.EnableIdentityPatch,
 		IdentityPatchPrompt:                  settings.IdentityPatchPrompt,
+		OpsMonitoringEnabled:                 opsEnabled && settings.OpsMonitoringEnabled,
+		OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled:         settings.OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled,
+		OpsQueryModeDefault:                  settings.OpsQueryModeDefault,
+		OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds:            settings.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds,
 	})
 }
 
@@ -95,7 +104,7 @@ type UpdateSettingsRequest struct {
 	TurnstileSiteKey   string `json:"turnstile_site_key"`
 	TurnstileSecretKey string `json:"turnstile_secret_key"`
 
-	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）
+	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录
 	LinuxDoConnectEnabled      bool   `json:"linuxdo_connect_enabled"`
 	LinuxDoConnectClientID     string `json:"linuxdo_connect_client_id"`
 	LinuxDoConnectClientSecret string `json:"linuxdo_connect_client_secret"`
@@ -124,6 +133,12 @@ type UpdateSettingsRequest struct {
 	// Identity patch configuration (Claude -> Gemini)
 	EnableIdentityPatch bool   `json:"enable_identity_patch"`
 	IdentityPatchPrompt string `json:"identity_patch_prompt"`
+
+	// Ops monitoring (vNext)
+	OpsMonitoringEnabled         *bool   `json:"ops_monitoring_enabled"`
+	OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled *bool   `json:"ops_realtime_monitoring_enabled"`
+	OpsQueryModeDefault          *string `json:"ops_query_mode_default"`
+	OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds    *int    `json:"ops_metrics_interval_seconds"`
 }
 
 // UpdateSettings 更新系统设置
@@ -208,6 +223,18 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) UpdateSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Ops metrics collector interval validation (seconds).
+	if req.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds != nil {
+		v := *req.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds
+		if v < 60 {
+			v = 60
+		}
+		if v > 3600 {
+			v = 3600
+		}
+		req.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds = &v
+	}
+
 	settings := &service.SystemSettings{
 		RegistrationEnabled:        req.RegistrationEnabled,
 		EmailVerifyEnabled:         req.EmailVerifyEnabled,
@@ -241,6 +268,30 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) UpdateSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 		FallbackModelAntigravity:   req.FallbackModelAntigravity,
 		EnableIdentityPatch:        req.EnableIdentityPatch,
 		IdentityPatchPrompt:        req.IdentityPatchPrompt,
+		OpsMonitoringEnabled: func() bool {
+			if req.OpsMonitoringEnabled != nil {
+				return *req.OpsMonitoringEnabled
+			}
+			return previousSettings.OpsMonitoringEnabled
+		}(),
+		OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled: func() bool {
+			if req.OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled != nil {
+				return *req.OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled
+			}
+			return previousSettings.OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled
+		}(),
+		OpsQueryModeDefault: func() string {
+			if req.OpsQueryModeDefault != nil {
+				return *req.OpsQueryModeDefault
+			}
+			return previousSettings.OpsQueryModeDefault
+		}(),
+		OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds: func() int {
+			if req.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds != nil {
+				return *req.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds
+			}
+			return previousSettings.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds
+		}(),
 	}
 
 	if err := h.settingService.UpdateSettings(c.Request.Context(), settings); err != nil {
@@ -290,6 +341,10 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) UpdateSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 		FallbackModelAntigravity:             updatedSettings.FallbackModelAntigravity,
 		EnableIdentityPatch:                  updatedSettings.EnableIdentityPatch,
 		IdentityPatchPrompt:                  updatedSettings.IdentityPatchPrompt,
+		OpsMonitoringEnabled:                 updatedSettings.OpsMonitoringEnabled,
+		OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled:         updatedSettings.OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled,
+		OpsQueryModeDefault:                  updatedSettings.OpsQueryModeDefault,
+		OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds:            updatedSettings.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds,
 	})
 }
 
@@ -411,6 +466,18 @@ func diffSettings(before *service.SystemSettings, after *service.SystemSettings,
 	if before.IdentityPatchPrompt != after.IdentityPatchPrompt {
 		changed = append(changed, "identity_patch_prompt")
 	}
+	if before.OpsMonitoringEnabled != after.OpsMonitoringEnabled {
+		changed = append(changed, "ops_monitoring_enabled")
+	}
+	if before.OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled != after.OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled {
+		changed = append(changed, "ops_realtime_monitoring_enabled")
+	}
+	if before.OpsQueryModeDefault != after.OpsQueryModeDefault {
+		changed = append(changed, "ops_query_mode_default")
+	}
+	if before.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds != after.OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds {
+		changed = append(changed, "ops_metrics_interval_seconds")
+	}
 	return changed
 }
 
@@ -587,3 +654,68 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) DeleteAdminAPIKey(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	response.Success(c, gin.H{"message": "Admin API key deleted"})
 }
+
+// GetStreamTimeoutSettings 获取流超时处理配置
+// GET /api/v1/admin/settings/stream-timeout
+func (h *SettingHandler) GetStreamTimeoutSettings(c *gin.Context) {
+	settings, err := h.settingService.GetStreamTimeoutSettings(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, dto.StreamTimeoutSettings{
+		Enabled:                settings.Enabled,
+		Action:                 settings.Action,
+		TempUnschedMinutes:     settings.TempUnschedMinutes,
+		ThresholdCount:         settings.ThresholdCount,
+		ThresholdWindowMinutes: settings.ThresholdWindowMinutes,
+	})
+}
+
+// UpdateStreamTimeoutSettingsRequest 更新流超时配置请求
+type UpdateStreamTimeoutSettingsRequest struct {
+	Enabled                bool   `json:"enabled"`
+	Action                 string `json:"action"`
+	TempUnschedMinutes     int    `json:"temp_unsched_minutes"`
+	ThresholdCount         int    `json:"threshold_count"`
+	ThresholdWindowMinutes int    `json:"threshold_window_minutes"`
+}
+
+// UpdateStreamTimeoutSettings 更新流超时处理配置
+// PUT /api/v1/admin/settings/stream-timeout
+func (h *SettingHandler) UpdateStreamTimeoutSettings(c *gin.Context) {
+	var req UpdateStreamTimeoutSettingsRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	settings := &service.StreamTimeoutSettings{
+		Enabled:                req.Enabled,
+		Action:                 req.Action,
+		TempUnschedMinutes:     req.TempUnschedMinutes,
+		ThresholdCount:         req.ThresholdCount,
+		ThresholdWindowMinutes: req.ThresholdWindowMinutes,
+	}
+
+	if err := h.settingService.SetStreamTimeoutSettings(c.Request.Context(), settings); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 重新获取设置返回
+	updatedSettings, err := h.settingService.GetStreamTimeoutSettings(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, dto.StreamTimeoutSettings{
+		Enabled:                updatedSettings.Enabled,
+		Action:                 updatedSettings.Action,
+		TempUnschedMinutes:     updatedSettings.TempUnschedMinutes,
+		ThresholdCount:         updatedSettings.ThresholdCount,
+		ThresholdWindowMinutes: updatedSettings.ThresholdWindowMinutes,
+	})
+}

backend/internal/handler/auth_handler.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package handler
 import (
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler/dto"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ip"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	middleware2 "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) Register(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	// Turnstile 验证（当提供了邮箱验证码时跳过，因为发送验证码时已验证过）
 	if req.VerifyCode == "" {
-		if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, c.ClientIP()); err != nil {
+		if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, ip.GetClientIP(c)); err != nil {
 			response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 			return
 		}
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) SendVerifyCode(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	// Turnstile 验证
-	if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, c.ClientIP()); err != nil {
+	if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, ip.GetClientIP(c)); err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) Login(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	// Turnstile 验证
-	if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, c.ClientIP()); err != nil {
+	if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, ip.GetClientIP(c)); err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return
 	}

backend/internal/handler/dto/settings.go

@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@ type SystemSettings struct {
 	// Identity patch configuration (Claude -> Gemini)
 	EnableIdentityPatch bool   `json:"enable_identity_patch"`
 	IdentityPatchPrompt string `json:"identity_patch_prompt"`
+
+	// Ops monitoring (vNext)
+	OpsMonitoringEnabled         bool   `json:"ops_monitoring_enabled"`
+	OpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled bool   `json:"ops_realtime_monitoring_enabled"`
+	OpsQueryModeDefault          string `json:"ops_query_mode_default"`
+	OpsMetricsIntervalSeconds    int    `json:"ops_metrics_interval_seconds"`
 }
 
 type PublicSettings struct {
@@ -60,3 +66,12 @@ type PublicSettings struct {
 	LinuxDoOAuthEnabled bool   `json:"linuxdo_oauth_enabled"`
 	Version             string `json:"version"`
 }
+
+// StreamTimeoutSettings 流超时处理配置 DTO
+type StreamTimeoutSettings struct {
+	Enabled                bool   `json:"enabled"`
+	Action                 string `json:"action"`
+	TempUnschedMinutes     int    `json:"temp_unsched_minutes"`
+	ThresholdCount         int    `json:"threshold_count"`
+	ThresholdWindowMinutes int    `json:"threshold_window_minutes"`
+}

backend/internal/handler/gateway_handler.go

@@ -89,6 +89,11 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	// 检查是否为 Claude Code 客户端，设置到 context 中
+	SetClaudeCodeClientContext(c, body)
+
+	setOpsRequestContext(c, "", false, body)
+
 	parsedReq, err := service.ParseGatewayRequest(body)
 	if err != nil {
 		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "Failed to parse request body")
@@ -97,8 +102,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 	reqModel := parsedReq.Model
 	reqStream := parsedReq.Stream
 
-	// 设置 Claude Code 客户端标识到 context（用于分组限制检查）
-	SetClaudeCodeClientContext(c, body)
+	setOpsRequestContext(c, reqModel, reqStream, body)
 
 	// 验证 model 必填
 	if reqModel == "" {
@@ -112,15 +116,10 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 	// 获取订阅信息（可能为nil）- 提前获取用于后续检查
 	subscription, _ := middleware2.GetSubscriptionFromContext(c)
 
-	// 获取 User-Agent
-	userAgent := c.Request.UserAgent()
-
-	// 获取客户端 IP
-	clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
-
 	// 0. 检查wait队列是否已满
 	maxWait := service.CalculateMaxWait(subject.Concurrency)
 	canWait, err := h.concurrencyHelper.IncrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID, maxWait)
+	waitCounted := false
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Increment wait count failed: %v", err)
 		// On error, allow request to proceed
@@ -128,8 +127,15 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "rate_limit_error", "Too many pending requests, please retry later")
 		return
 	}
-	// 确保在函数退出时减少wait计数
-	defer h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID)
+	if err == nil && canWait {
+		waitCounted = true
+	}
+	// Ensure we decrement if we exit before acquiring the user slot.
+	defer func() {
+		if waitCounted {
+			h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID)
+		}
+	}()
 
 	// 1. 首先获取用户并发槽位
 	userReleaseFunc, err := h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireUserSlotWithWait(c, subject.UserID, subject.Concurrency, reqStream, &streamStarted)
@@ -138,6 +144,11 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 		h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "user", streamStarted)
 		return
 	}
+	// User slot acquired: no longer waiting in the queue.
+	if waitCounted {
+		h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID)
+		waitCounted = false
+	}
 	// 在请求结束或 Context 取消时确保释放槽位，避免客户端断开造成泄漏
 	userReleaseFunc = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), userReleaseFunc)
 	if userReleaseFunc != nil {
@@ -184,6 +195,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 				return
 			}
 			account := selection.Account
+			setOpsSelectedAccount(c, account.ID)
 
 			// 检查预热请求拦截（在账号选择后、转发前检查）
 			if account.IsInterceptWarmupEnabled() && isWarmupRequest(body) {
@@ -200,12 +212,12 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 
 			// 3. 获取账号并发槽位
 			accountReleaseFunc := selection.ReleaseFunc
-			var accountWaitRelease func()
 			if !selection.Acquired {
 				if selection.WaitPlan == nil {
 					h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts", streamStarted)
 					return
 				}
+				accountWaitCounted := false
 				canWait, err := h.concurrencyHelper.IncrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID, selection.WaitPlan.MaxWaiting)
 				if err != nil {
 					log.Printf("Increment account wait count failed: %v", err)
@@ -213,12 +225,16 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 					log.Printf("Account wait queue full: account=%d", account.ID)
 					h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "rate_limit_error", "Too many pending requests, please retry later", streamStarted)
 					return
-				} else {
-					// Only set release function if increment succeeded
-					accountWaitRelease = func() {
+				}
+				if err == nil && canWait {
+					accountWaitCounted = true
+				}
+				// Ensure the wait counter is decremented if we exit before acquiring the slot.
+				defer func() {
+					if accountWaitCounted {
 						h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID)
 					}
-				}
+				}()
 
 				accountReleaseFunc, err = h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireAccountSlotWithWaitTimeout(
 					c,
@@ -229,20 +245,21 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 					&streamStarted,
 				)
 				if err != nil {
-					if accountWaitRelease != nil {
-						accountWaitRelease()
-					}
 					log.Printf("Account concurrency acquire failed: %v", err)
 					h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "account", streamStarted)
 					return
 				}
+				// Slot acquired: no longer waiting in queue.
+				if accountWaitCounted {
+					h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID)
+					accountWaitCounted = false
+				}
 				if err := h.gatewayService.BindStickySession(c.Request.Context(), apiKey.GroupID, sessionKey, account.ID); err != nil {
 					log.Printf("Bind sticky session failed: %v", err)
 				}
 			}
 			// 账号槽位/等待计数需要在超时或断开时安全回收
 			accountReleaseFunc = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), accountReleaseFunc)
-			accountWaitRelease = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), accountWaitRelease)
 
 			// 转发请求 - 根据账号平台分流
 			var result *service.ForwardResult
@@ -254,19 +271,15 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 			if accountReleaseFunc != nil {
 				accountReleaseFunc()
 			}
-			if accountWaitRelease != nil {
-				accountWaitRelease()
-			}
 			if err != nil {
 				var failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError
 				if errors.As(err, &failoverErr) {
 					failedAccountIDs[account.ID] = struct{}{}
+					lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
 					if switchCount >= maxAccountSwitches {
-						lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
 						h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus, streamStarted)
 						return
 					}
-					lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
 					switchCount++
 					log.Printf("Account %d: upstream error %d, switching account %d/%d", account.ID, failoverErr.StatusCode, switchCount, maxAccountSwitches)
 					continue
@@ -276,8 +289,12 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 				return
 			}
 
+			// 捕获请求信息（用于异步记录，避免在 goroutine 中访问 gin.Context）
+			userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
+			clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
+
 			// 异步记录使用量（subscription已在函数开头获取）
-			go func(result *service.ForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua string, cip string) {
+			go func(result *service.ForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua, clientIP string) {
 				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 				defer cancel()
 				if err := h.gatewayService.RecordUsage(ctx, &service.RecordUsageInput{
@@ -287,7 +304,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 					Account:      usedAccount,
 					Subscription: subscription,
 					UserAgent:    ua,
-					IPAddress:    cip,
+					IPAddress:    clientIP,
 				}); err != nil {
 					log.Printf("Record usage failed: %v", err)
 				}
@@ -313,6 +330,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 		account := selection.Account
+		setOpsSelectedAccount(c, account.ID)
 
 		// 检查预热请求拦截（在账号选择后、转发前检查）
 		if account.IsInterceptWarmupEnabled() && isWarmupRequest(body) {
@@ -329,12 +347,12 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 
 		// 3. 获取账号并发槽位
 		accountReleaseFunc := selection.ReleaseFunc
-		var accountWaitRelease func()
 		if !selection.Acquired {
 			if selection.WaitPlan == nil {
 				h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts", streamStarted)
 				return
 			}
+			accountWaitCounted := false
 			canWait, err := h.concurrencyHelper.IncrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID, selection.WaitPlan.MaxWaiting)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Increment account wait count failed: %v", err)
@@ -342,12 +360,15 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 				log.Printf("Account wait queue full: account=%d", account.ID)
 				h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "rate_limit_error", "Too many pending requests, please retry later", streamStarted)
 				return
-			} else {
-				// Only set release function if increment succeeded
-				accountWaitRelease = func() {
+			}
+			if err == nil && canWait {
+				accountWaitCounted = true
+			}
+			defer func() {
+				if accountWaitCounted {
 					h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID)
 				}
-			}
+			}()
 
 			accountReleaseFunc, err = h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireAccountSlotWithWaitTimeout(
 				c,
@@ -358,20 +379,20 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 				&streamStarted,
 			)
 			if err != nil {
-				if accountWaitRelease != nil {
-					accountWaitRelease()
-				}
 				log.Printf("Account concurrency acquire failed: %v", err)
 				h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "account", streamStarted)
 				return
 			}
+			if accountWaitCounted {
+				h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID)
+				accountWaitCounted = false
+			}
 			if err := h.gatewayService.BindStickySession(c.Request.Context(), apiKey.GroupID, sessionKey, account.ID); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Bind sticky session failed: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 		// 账号槽位/等待计数需要在超时或断开时安全回收
 		accountReleaseFunc = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), accountReleaseFunc)
-		accountWaitRelease = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), accountWaitRelease)
 
 		// 转发请求 - 根据账号平台分流
 		var result *service.ForwardResult
@@ -383,19 +404,15 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 		if accountReleaseFunc != nil {
 			accountReleaseFunc()
 		}
-		if accountWaitRelease != nil {
-			accountWaitRelease()
-		}
 		if err != nil {
 			var failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError
 			if errors.As(err, &failoverErr) {
 				failedAccountIDs[account.ID] = struct{}{}
+				lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
 				if switchCount >= maxAccountSwitches {
-					lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
 					h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus, streamStarted)
 					return
 				}
-				lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
 				switchCount++
 				log.Printf("Account %d: upstream error %d, switching account %d/%d", account.ID, failoverErr.StatusCode, switchCount, maxAccountSwitches)
 				continue
@@ -405,8 +422,12 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 
+		// 捕获请求信息（用于异步记录，避免在 goroutine 中访问 gin.Context）
+		userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
+		clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
+
 		// 异步记录使用量（subscription已在函数开头获取）
-		go func(result *service.ForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua string, cip string) {
+		go func(result *service.ForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua, clientIP string) {
 			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 			defer cancel()
 			if err := h.gatewayService.RecordUsage(ctx, &service.RecordUsageInput{
@@ -416,7 +437,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 				Account:      usedAccount,
 				Subscription: subscription,
 				UserAgent:    ua,
-				IPAddress:    cip,
+				IPAddress:    clientIP,
 			}); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Record usage failed: %v", err)
 			}
@@ -686,21 +707,22 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) CountTokens(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	setOpsRequestContext(c, "", false, body)
+
 	parsedReq, err := service.ParseGatewayRequest(body)
 	if err != nil {
 		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "Failed to parse request body")
 		return
 	}
 
-	// 设置 Claude Code 客户端标识到 context（用于分组限制检查）
-	SetClaudeCodeClientContext(c, body)
-
 	// 验证 model 必填
 	if parsedReq.Model == "" {
 		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "model is required")
 		return
 	}
 
+	setOpsRequestContext(c, parsedReq.Model, parsedReq.Stream, body)
+
 	// 获取订阅信息（可能为nil）
 	subscription, _ := middleware2.GetSubscriptionFromContext(c)
 
@@ -721,6 +743,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) CountTokens(c *gin.Context) {
 		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts: "+err.Error())
 		return
 	}
+	setOpsSelectedAccount(c, account.ID)
 
 	// 转发请求（不记录使用量）
 	if err := h.gatewayService.ForwardCountTokens(c.Request.Context(), c, account, parsedReq); err != nil {

backend/internal/handler/gemini_v1beta_handler.go

@@ -162,28 +162,32 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	setOpsRequestContext(c, modelName, stream, body)
+
 	// Get subscription (may be nil)
 	subscription, _ := middleware.GetSubscriptionFromContext(c)
 
-	// 获取 User-Agent
-	userAgent := c.Request.UserAgent()
-
-	// 获取客户端 IP
-	clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
-
 	// For Gemini native API, do not send Claude-style ping frames.
 	geminiConcurrency := NewConcurrencyHelper(h.concurrencyHelper.concurrencyService, SSEPingFormatNone, 0)
 
 	// 0) wait queue check
 	maxWait := service.CalculateMaxWait(authSubject.Concurrency)
 	canWait, err := geminiConcurrency.IncrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), authSubject.UserID, maxWait)
+	waitCounted := false
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Increment wait count failed: %v", err)
 	} else if !canWait {
 		googleError(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "Too many pending requests, please retry later")
 		return
 	}
-	defer geminiConcurrency.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), authSubject.UserID)
+	if err == nil && canWait {
+		waitCounted = true
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if waitCounted {
+			geminiConcurrency.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), authSubject.UserID)
+		}
+	}()
 
 	// 1) user concurrency slot
 	streamStarted := false
@@ -192,6 +196,10 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 		googleError(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, err.Error())
 		return
 	}
+	if waitCounted {
+		geminiConcurrency.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), authSubject.UserID)
+		waitCounted = false
+	}
 	// 确保请求取消时也会释放槽位，避免长连接被动中断造成泄漏
 	userReleaseFunc = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), userReleaseFunc)
 	if userReleaseFunc != nil {
@@ -207,10 +215,6 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	// 3) select account (sticky session based on request body)
 	parsedReq, _ := service.ParseGatewayRequest(body)
-
-	// 设置 Claude Code 客户端标识到 context（用于分组限制检查）
-	SetClaudeCodeClientContext(c, body)
-
 	sessionHash := h.gatewayService.GenerateSessionHash(parsedReq)
 	sessionKey := sessionHash
 	if sessionHash != "" {
@@ -232,15 +236,16 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 		account := selection.Account
+		setOpsSelectedAccount(c, account.ID)
 
 		// 4) account concurrency slot
 		accountReleaseFunc := selection.ReleaseFunc
-		var accountWaitRelease func()
 		if !selection.Acquired {
 			if selection.WaitPlan == nil {
 				googleError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "No available Gemini accounts")
 				return
 			}
+			accountWaitCounted := false
 			canWait, err := geminiConcurrency.IncrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID, selection.WaitPlan.MaxWaiting)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Increment account wait count failed: %v", err)
@@ -248,12 +253,15 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 				log.Printf("Account wait queue full: account=%d", account.ID)
 				googleError(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "Too many pending requests, please retry later")
 				return
-			} else {
-				// Only set release function if increment succeeded
-				accountWaitRelease = func() {
+			}
+			if err == nil && canWait {
+				accountWaitCounted = true
+			}
+			defer func() {
+				if accountWaitCounted {
 					geminiConcurrency.DecrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID)
 				}
-			}
+			}()
 
 			accountReleaseFunc, err = geminiConcurrency.AcquireAccountSlotWithWaitTimeout(
 				c,
@@ -264,19 +272,19 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 				&streamStarted,
 			)
 			if err != nil {
-				if accountWaitRelease != nil {
-					accountWaitRelease()
-				}
 				googleError(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, err.Error())
 				return
 			}
+			if accountWaitCounted {
+				geminiConcurrency.DecrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID)
+				accountWaitCounted = false
+			}
 			if err := h.gatewayService.BindStickySession(c.Request.Context(), apiKey.GroupID, sessionKey, account.ID); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Bind sticky session failed: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 		// 账号槽位/等待计数需要在超时或断开时安全回收
 		accountReleaseFunc = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), accountReleaseFunc)
-		accountWaitRelease = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), accountWaitRelease)
 
 		// 5) forward (根据平台分流)
 		var result *service.ForwardResult
@@ -288,9 +296,6 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 		if accountReleaseFunc != nil {
 			accountReleaseFunc()
 		}
-		if accountWaitRelease != nil {
-			accountWaitRelease()
-		}
 		if err != nil {
 			var failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError
 			if errors.As(err, &failoverErr) {
@@ -310,8 +315,12 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 
+		// 捕获请求信息（用于异步记录，避免在 goroutine 中访问 gin.Context）
+		userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
+		clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
+
 		// 6) record usage async
-		go func(result *service.ForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua string, cip string) {
+		go func(result *service.ForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua, ip string) {
 			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 			defer cancel()
 			if err := h.gatewayService.RecordUsage(ctx, &service.RecordUsageInput{
@@ -321,7 +330,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 				Account:      usedAccount,
 				Subscription: subscription,
 				UserAgent:    ua,
-				IPAddress:    cip,
+				IPAddress:    ip,
 			}); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Record usage failed: %v", err)
 			}

backend/internal/handler/handler.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ type AdminHandlers struct {
 	Redeem           *admin.RedeemHandler
 	Promo            *admin.PromoHandler
 	Setting          *admin.SettingHandler
+	Ops              *admin.OpsHandler
 	System           *admin.SystemHandler
 	Subscription     *admin.SubscriptionHandler
 	Usage            *admin.UsageHandler

backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
@@ -76,6 +77,8 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	setOpsRequestContext(c, "", false, body)
+
 	// Parse request body to map for potential modification
 	var reqBody map[string]any
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &reqBody); err != nil {
@@ -93,19 +96,41 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// For non-Codex CLI requests, set default instructions
 	userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
-
-	// 获取客户端 IP
-	clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
-
 	if !openai.IsCodexCLIRequest(userAgent) {
-		reqBody["instructions"] = openai.DefaultInstructions
-		// Re-serialize body
-		body, err = json.Marshal(reqBody)
-		if err != nil {
-			h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "api_error", "Failed to process request")
-			return
+		existingInstructions, _ := reqBody["instructions"].(string)
+		if strings.TrimSpace(existingInstructions) == "" {
+			if instructions := strings.TrimSpace(service.GetOpenCodeInstructions()); instructions != "" {
+				reqBody["instructions"] = instructions
+				// Re-serialize body
+				body, err = json.Marshal(reqBody)
+				if err != nil {
+					h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "api_error", "Failed to process request")
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	setOpsRequestContext(c, reqModel, reqStream, body)
+
+	// 提前校验 function_call_output 是否具备可关联上下文，避免上游 400。
+	// 要求 previous_response_id，或 input 内存在带 call_id 的 tool_call/function_call，
+	// 或带 id 且与 call_id 匹配的 item_reference。
+	if service.HasFunctionCallOutput(reqBody) {
+		previousResponseID, _ := reqBody["previous_response_id"].(string)
+		if strings.TrimSpace(previousResponseID) == "" && !service.HasToolCallContext(reqBody) {
+			if service.HasFunctionCallOutputMissingCallID(reqBody) {
+				log.Printf("[OpenAI Handler] function_call_output 缺少 call_id: model=%s", reqModel)
+				h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "function_call_output requires call_id or previous_response_id; if relying on history, ensure store=true and reuse previous_response_id")
+				return
+			}
+			callIDs := service.FunctionCallOutputCallIDs(reqBody)
+			if !service.HasItemReferenceForCallIDs(reqBody, callIDs) {
+				log.Printf("[OpenAI Handler] function_call_output 缺少匹配的 item_reference: model=%s", reqModel)
+				h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "function_call_output requires item_reference ids matching each call_id, or previous_response_id/tool_call context; if relying on history, ensure store=true and reuse previous_response_id")
+				return
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -118,6 +143,7 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 	// 0. Check if wait queue is full
 	maxWait := service.CalculateMaxWait(subject.Concurrency)
 	canWait, err := h.concurrencyHelper.IncrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID, maxWait)
+	waitCounted := false
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Increment wait count failed: %v", err)
 		// On error, allow request to proceed
@@ -125,8 +151,14 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "rate_limit_error", "Too many pending requests, please retry later")
 		return
 	}
-	// Ensure wait count is decremented when function exits
-	defer h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID)
+	if err == nil && canWait {
+		waitCounted = true
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if waitCounted {
+			h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID)
+		}
+	}()
 
 	// 1. First acquire user concurrency slot
 	userReleaseFunc, err := h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireUserSlotWithWait(c, subject.UserID, subject.Concurrency, reqStream, &streamStarted)
@@ -135,6 +167,11 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 		h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "user", streamStarted)
 		return
 	}
+	// User slot acquired: no longer waiting.
+	if waitCounted {
+		h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID)
+		waitCounted = false
+	}
 	// 确保请求取消时也会释放槽位，避免长连接被动中断造成泄漏
 	userReleaseFunc = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), userReleaseFunc)
 	if userReleaseFunc != nil {
@@ -172,15 +209,16 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 		account := selection.Account
 		log.Printf("[OpenAI Handler] Selected account: id=%d name=%s", account.ID, account.Name)
+		setOpsSelectedAccount(c, account.ID)
 
 		// 3. Acquire account concurrency slot
 		accountReleaseFunc := selection.ReleaseFunc
-		var accountWaitRelease func()
 		if !selection.Acquired {
 			if selection.WaitPlan == nil {
 				h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts", streamStarted)
 				return
 			}
+			accountWaitCounted := false
 			canWait, err := h.concurrencyHelper.IncrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID, selection.WaitPlan.MaxWaiting)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Increment account wait count failed: %v", err)
@@ -188,12 +226,15 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 				log.Printf("Account wait queue full: account=%d", account.ID)
 				h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "rate_limit_error", "Too many pending requests, please retry later", streamStarted)
 				return
-			} else {
-				// Only set release function if increment succeeded
-				accountWaitRelease = func() {
+			}
+			if err == nil && canWait {
+				accountWaitCounted = true
+			}
+			defer func() {
+				if accountWaitCounted {
 					h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID)
 				}
-			}
+			}()
 
 			accountReleaseFunc, err = h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireAccountSlotWithWaitTimeout(
 				c,
@@ -204,29 +245,26 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 				&streamStarted,
 			)
 			if err != nil {
-				if accountWaitRelease != nil {
-					accountWaitRelease()
-				}
 				log.Printf("Account concurrency acquire failed: %v", err)
 				h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "account", streamStarted)
 				return
 			}
+			if accountWaitCounted {
+				h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementAccountWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), account.ID)
+				accountWaitCounted = false
+			}
 			if err := h.gatewayService.BindStickySession(c.Request.Context(), apiKey.GroupID, sessionHash, account.ID); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Bind sticky session failed: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 		// 账号槽位/等待计数需要在超时或断开时安全回收
 		accountReleaseFunc = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), accountReleaseFunc)
-		accountWaitRelease = wrapReleaseOnDone(c.Request.Context(), accountWaitRelease)
 
 		// Forward request
 		result, err := h.gatewayService.Forward(c.Request.Context(), c, account, body)
 		if accountReleaseFunc != nil {
 			accountReleaseFunc()
 		}
-		if accountWaitRelease != nil {
-			accountWaitRelease()
-		}
 		if err != nil {
 			var failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError
 			if errors.As(err, &failoverErr) {
@@ -246,8 +284,12 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 
+		// 捕获请求信息（用于异步记录，避免在 goroutine 中访问 gin.Context）
+		userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
+		clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
+
 		// Async record usage
-		go func(result *service.OpenAIForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua string, cip string) {
+		go func(result *service.OpenAIForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua, ip string) {
 			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 			defer cancel()
 			if err := h.gatewayService.RecordUsage(ctx, &service.OpenAIRecordUsageInput{
@@ -257,7 +299,7 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 				Account:      usedAccount,
 				Subscription: subscription,
 				UserAgent:    ua,
-				IPAddress:    cip,
+				IPAddress:    ip,
 			}); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Record usage failed: %v", err)
 			}

backend/internal/handler/ops_error_logger.go

@@ -0,0 +1,965 @@
+package handler
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"log"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ctxkey"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ip"
+	middleware2 "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+const (
+	opsModelKey       = "ops_model"
+	opsStreamKey      = "ops_stream"
+	opsRequestBodyKey = "ops_request_body"
+	opsAccountIDKey   = "ops_account_id"
+)
+
+const (
+	opsErrorLogTimeout      = 5 * time.Second
+	opsErrorLogDrainTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+
+	opsErrorLogMinWorkerCount = 4
+	opsErrorLogMaxWorkerCount = 32
+
+	opsErrorLogQueueSizePerWorker = 128
+	opsErrorLogMinQueueSize       = 256
+	opsErrorLogMaxQueueSize       = 8192
+)
+
+type opsErrorLogJob struct {
+	ops         *service.OpsService
+	entry       *service.OpsInsertErrorLogInput
+	requestBody []byte
+}
+
+var (
+	opsErrorLogOnce  sync.Once
+	opsErrorLogQueue chan opsErrorLogJob
+
+	opsErrorLogStopOnce  sync.Once
+	opsErrorLogWorkersWg sync.WaitGroup
+	opsErrorLogMu        sync.RWMutex
+	opsErrorLogStopping  bool
+	opsErrorLogQueueLen  atomic.Int64
+	opsErrorLogEnqueued  atomic.Int64
+	opsErrorLogDropped   atomic.Int64
+	opsErrorLogProcessed atomic.Int64
+
+	opsErrorLogLastDropLogAt atomic.Int64
+
+	opsErrorLogShutdownCh   = make(chan struct{})
+	opsErrorLogShutdownOnce sync.Once
+	opsErrorLogDrained      atomic.Bool
+)
+
+func startOpsErrorLogWorkers() {
+	opsErrorLogMu.Lock()
+	defer opsErrorLogMu.Unlock()
+
+	if opsErrorLogStopping {
+		return
+	}
+
+	workerCount, queueSize := opsErrorLogConfig()
+	opsErrorLogQueue = make(chan opsErrorLogJob, queueSize)
+	opsErrorLogQueueLen.Store(0)
+
+	opsErrorLogWorkersWg.Add(workerCount)
+	for i := 0; i < workerCount; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			defer opsErrorLogWorkersWg.Done()
+			for job := range opsErrorLogQueue {
+				opsErrorLogQueueLen.Add(-1)
+				if job.ops == nil || job.entry == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				func() {
+					defer func() {
+						if r := recover(); r != nil {
+							log.Printf("[OpsErrorLogger] worker panic: %v\n%s", r, debug.Stack())
+						}
+					}()
+					ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), opsErrorLogTimeout)
+					_ = job.ops.RecordError(ctx, job.entry, job.requestBody)
+					cancel()
+					opsErrorLogProcessed.Add(1)
+				}()
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+}
+
+func enqueueOpsErrorLog(ops *service.OpsService, entry *service.OpsInsertErrorLogInput, requestBody []byte) {
+	if ops == nil || entry == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-opsErrorLogShutdownCh:
+		return
+	default:
+	}
+
+	opsErrorLogMu.RLock()
+	stopping := opsErrorLogStopping
+	opsErrorLogMu.RUnlock()
+	if stopping {
+		return
+	}
+
+	opsErrorLogOnce.Do(startOpsErrorLogWorkers)
+
+	opsErrorLogMu.RLock()
+	defer opsErrorLogMu.RUnlock()
+	if opsErrorLogStopping || opsErrorLogQueue == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case opsErrorLogQueue <- opsErrorLogJob{ops: ops, entry: entry, requestBody: requestBody}:
+		opsErrorLogQueueLen.Add(1)
+		opsErrorLogEnqueued.Add(1)
+	default:
+		// Queue is full; drop to avoid blocking request handling.
+		opsErrorLogDropped.Add(1)
+		maybeLogOpsErrorLogDrop()
+	}
+}
+
+func StopOpsErrorLogWorkers() bool {
+	opsErrorLogStopOnce.Do(func() {
+		opsErrorLogShutdownOnce.Do(func() {
+			close(opsErrorLogShutdownCh)
+		})
+		opsErrorLogDrained.Store(stopOpsErrorLogWorkers())
+	})
+	return opsErrorLogDrained.Load()
+}
+
+func stopOpsErrorLogWorkers() bool {
+	opsErrorLogMu.Lock()
+	opsErrorLogStopping = true
+	ch := opsErrorLogQueue
+	if ch != nil {
+		close(ch)
+	}
+	opsErrorLogQueue = nil
+	opsErrorLogMu.Unlock()
+
+	if ch == nil {
+		opsErrorLogQueueLen.Store(0)
+		return true
+	}
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		opsErrorLogWorkersWg.Wait()
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		opsErrorLogQueueLen.Store(0)
+		return true
+	case <-time.After(opsErrorLogDrainTimeout):
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func OpsErrorLogQueueLength() int64 {
+	return opsErrorLogQueueLen.Load()
+}
+
+func OpsErrorLogQueueCapacity() int {
+	opsErrorLogMu.RLock()
+	ch := opsErrorLogQueue
+	opsErrorLogMu.RUnlock()
+	if ch == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return cap(ch)
+}
+
+func OpsErrorLogDroppedTotal() int64 {
+	return opsErrorLogDropped.Load()
+}
+
+func OpsErrorLogEnqueuedTotal() int64 {
+	return opsErrorLogEnqueued.Load()
+}
+
+func OpsErrorLogProcessedTotal() int64 {
+	return opsErrorLogProcessed.Load()
+}
+
+func maybeLogOpsErrorLogDrop() {
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+
+	for {
+		last := opsErrorLogLastDropLogAt.Load()
+		if last != 0 && now-last < 60 {
+			return
+		}
+		if opsErrorLogLastDropLogAt.CompareAndSwap(last, now) {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	queued := opsErrorLogQueueLen.Load()
+	queueCap := OpsErrorLogQueueCapacity()
+
+	log.Printf(
+		"[OpsErrorLogger] queue is full; dropping logs (queued=%d cap=%d enqueued_total=%d dropped_total=%d processed_total=%d)",
+		queued,
+		queueCap,
+		opsErrorLogEnqueued.Load(),
+		opsErrorLogDropped.Load(),
+		opsErrorLogProcessed.Load(),
+	)
+}
+
+func opsErrorLogConfig() (workerCount int, queueSize int) {
+	workerCount = runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0) * 2
+	if workerCount < opsErrorLogMinWorkerCount {
+		workerCount = opsErrorLogMinWorkerCount
+	}
+	if workerCount > opsErrorLogMaxWorkerCount {
+		workerCount = opsErrorLogMaxWorkerCount
+	}
+
+	queueSize = workerCount * opsErrorLogQueueSizePerWorker
+	if queueSize < opsErrorLogMinQueueSize {
+		queueSize = opsErrorLogMinQueueSize
+	}
+	if queueSize > opsErrorLogMaxQueueSize {
+		queueSize = opsErrorLogMaxQueueSize
+	}
+
+	return workerCount, queueSize
+}
+
+func setOpsRequestContext(c *gin.Context, model string, stream bool, requestBody []byte) {
+	if c == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	c.Set(opsModelKey, model)
+	c.Set(opsStreamKey, stream)
+	if len(requestBody) > 0 {
+		c.Set(opsRequestBodyKey, requestBody)
+	}
+}
+
+func setOpsSelectedAccount(c *gin.Context, accountID int64) {
+	if c == nil || accountID <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	c.Set(opsAccountIDKey, accountID)
+}
+
+type opsCaptureWriter struct {
+	gin.ResponseWriter
+	limit int
+	buf   bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+func (w *opsCaptureWriter) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	if w.Status() >= 400 && w.limit > 0 && w.buf.Len() < w.limit {
+		remaining := w.limit - w.buf.Len()
+		if len(b) > remaining {
+			_, _ = w.buf.Write(b[:remaining])
+		} else {
+			_, _ = w.buf.Write(b)
+		}
+	}
+	return w.ResponseWriter.Write(b)
+}
+
+func (w *opsCaptureWriter) WriteString(s string) (int, error) {
+	if w.Status() >= 400 && w.limit > 0 && w.buf.Len() < w.limit {
+		remaining := w.limit - w.buf.Len()
+		if len(s) > remaining {
+			_, _ = w.buf.WriteString(s[:remaining])
+		} else {
+			_, _ = w.buf.WriteString(s)
+		}
+	}
+	return w.ResponseWriter.WriteString(s)
+}
+
+// OpsErrorLoggerMiddleware records error responses (status >= 400) into ops_error_logs.
+//
+// Notes:
+// - It buffers response bodies only when status >= 400 to avoid overhead for successful traffic.
+// - Streaming errors after the response has started (SSE) may still need explicit logging.
+func OpsErrorLoggerMiddleware(ops *service.OpsService) gin.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		w := &opsCaptureWriter{ResponseWriter: c.Writer, limit: 64 * 1024}
+		c.Writer = w
+		c.Next()
+
+		if ops == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if !ops.IsMonitoringEnabled(c.Request.Context()) {
+			return
+		}
+
+		status := c.Writer.Status()
+		if status < 400 {
+			// Even when the client request succeeds, we still want to persist upstream error attempts
+			// (retries/failover) so ops can observe upstream instability that gets "covered" by retries.
+			var events []*service.OpsUpstreamErrorEvent
+			if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamErrorsKey); ok {
+				if arr, ok := v.([]*service.OpsUpstreamErrorEvent); ok && len(arr) > 0 {
+					events = arr
+				}
+			}
+			// Also accept single upstream fields set by gateway services (rare for successful requests).
+			hasUpstreamContext := len(events) > 0
+			if !hasUpstreamContext {
+				if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamStatusCodeKey); ok {
+					switch t := v.(type) {
+					case int:
+						hasUpstreamContext = t > 0
+					case int64:
+						hasUpstreamContext = t > 0
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if !hasUpstreamContext {
+				if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamErrorMessageKey); ok {
+					if s, ok := v.(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
+						hasUpstreamContext = true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if !hasUpstreamContext {
+				if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamErrorDetailKey); ok {
+					if s, ok := v.(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
+						hasUpstreamContext = true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if !hasUpstreamContext {
+				return
+			}
+
+			apiKey, _ := middleware2.GetAPIKeyFromContext(c)
+			clientRequestID, _ := c.Request.Context().Value(ctxkey.ClientRequestID).(string)
+
+			model, _ := c.Get(opsModelKey)
+			streamV, _ := c.Get(opsStreamKey)
+			accountIDV, _ := c.Get(opsAccountIDKey)
+
+			var modelName string
+			if s, ok := model.(string); ok {
+				modelName = s
+			}
+			stream := false
+			if b, ok := streamV.(bool); ok {
+				stream = b
+			}
+
+			// Prefer showing the account that experienced the upstream error (if we have events),
+			// otherwise fall back to the final selected account (best-effort).
+			var accountID *int64
+			if len(events) > 0 {
+				if last := events[len(events)-1]; last != nil && last.AccountID > 0 {
+					v := last.AccountID
+					accountID = &v
+				}
+			}
+			if accountID == nil {
+				if v, ok := accountIDV.(int64); ok && v > 0 {
+					accountID = &v
+				}
+			}
+
+			fallbackPlatform := guessPlatformFromPath(c.Request.URL.Path)
+			platform := resolveOpsPlatform(apiKey, fallbackPlatform)
+
+			requestID := c.Writer.Header().Get("X-Request-Id")
+			if requestID == "" {
+				requestID = c.Writer.Header().Get("x-request-id")
+			}
+
+			// Best-effort backfill single upstream fields from the last event (if present).
+			var upstreamStatusCode *int
+			var upstreamErrorMessage *string
+			var upstreamErrorDetail *string
+			if len(events) > 0 {
+				last := events[len(events)-1]
+				if last != nil {
+					if last.UpstreamStatusCode > 0 {
+						code := last.UpstreamStatusCode
+						upstreamStatusCode = &code
+					}
+					if msg := strings.TrimSpace(last.Message); msg != "" {
+						upstreamErrorMessage = &msg
+					}
+					if detail := strings.TrimSpace(last.Detail); detail != "" {
+						upstreamErrorDetail = &detail
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if upstreamStatusCode == nil {
+				if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamStatusCodeKey); ok {
+					switch t := v.(type) {
+					case int:
+						if t > 0 {
+							code := t
+							upstreamStatusCode = &code
+						}
+					case int64:
+						if t > 0 {
+							code := int(t)
+							upstreamStatusCode = &code
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if upstreamErrorMessage == nil {
+				if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamErrorMessageKey); ok {
+					if s, ok := v.(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
+						msg := strings.TrimSpace(s)
+						upstreamErrorMessage = &msg
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if upstreamErrorDetail == nil {
+				if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamErrorDetailKey); ok {
+					if s, ok := v.(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
+						detail := strings.TrimSpace(s)
+						upstreamErrorDetail = &detail
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// If we still have nothing meaningful, skip.
+			if upstreamStatusCode == nil && upstreamErrorMessage == nil && upstreamErrorDetail == nil && len(events) == 0 {
+				return
+			}
+
+			effectiveUpstreamStatus := 0
+			if upstreamStatusCode != nil {
+				effectiveUpstreamStatus = *upstreamStatusCode
+			}
+
+			recoveredMsg := "Recovered upstream error"
+			if effectiveUpstreamStatus > 0 {
+				recoveredMsg += " " + strconvItoa(effectiveUpstreamStatus)
+			}
+			if upstreamErrorMessage != nil && strings.TrimSpace(*upstreamErrorMessage) != "" {
+				recoveredMsg += ": " + strings.TrimSpace(*upstreamErrorMessage)
+			}
+			recoveredMsg = truncateString(recoveredMsg, 2048)
+
+			entry := &service.OpsInsertErrorLogInput{
+				RequestID:       requestID,
+				ClientRequestID: clientRequestID,
+
+				AccountID: accountID,
+				Platform:  platform,
+				Model:     modelName,
+				RequestPath: func() string {
+					if c.Request != nil && c.Request.URL != nil {
+						return c.Request.URL.Path
+					}
+					return ""
+				}(),
+				Stream:    stream,
+				UserAgent: c.GetHeader("User-Agent"),
+
+				ErrorPhase: "upstream",
+				ErrorType:  "upstream_error",
+				// Severity/retryability should reflect the upstream failure, not the final client status (200).
+				Severity:          classifyOpsSeverity("upstream_error", effectiveUpstreamStatus),
+				StatusCode:        status,
+				IsBusinessLimited: false,
+				IsCountTokens:     isCountTokensRequest(c),
+
+				ErrorMessage: recoveredMsg,
+				ErrorBody:    "",
+
+				ErrorSource: "upstream_http",
+				ErrorOwner:  "provider",
+
+				UpstreamStatusCode:   upstreamStatusCode,
+				UpstreamErrorMessage: upstreamErrorMessage,
+				UpstreamErrorDetail:  upstreamErrorDetail,
+				UpstreamErrors:       events,
+
+				IsRetryable: classifyOpsIsRetryable("upstream_error", effectiveUpstreamStatus),
+				RetryCount:  0,
+				CreatedAt:   time.Now(),
+			}
+
+			if apiKey != nil {
+				entry.APIKeyID = &apiKey.ID
+				if apiKey.User != nil {
+					entry.UserID = &apiKey.User.ID
+				}
+				if apiKey.GroupID != nil {
+					entry.GroupID = apiKey.GroupID
+				}
+				// Prefer group platform if present (more stable than inferring from path).
+				if apiKey.Group != nil && apiKey.Group.Platform != "" {
+					entry.Platform = apiKey.Group.Platform
+				}
+			}
+
+			var clientIP string
+			if ip := strings.TrimSpace(ip.GetClientIP(c)); ip != "" {
+				clientIP = ip
+				entry.ClientIP = &clientIP
+			}
+
+			var requestBody []byte
+			if v, ok := c.Get(opsRequestBodyKey); ok {
+				if b, ok := v.([]byte); ok && len(b) > 0 {
+					requestBody = b
+				}
+			}
+			// Store request headers/body only when an upstream error occurred to keep overhead minimal.
+			entry.RequestHeadersJSON = extractOpsRetryRequestHeaders(c)
+
+			enqueueOpsErrorLog(ops, entry, requestBody)
+			return
+		}
+
+		body := w.buf.Bytes()
+		parsed := parseOpsErrorResponse(body)
+
+		apiKey, _ := middleware2.GetAPIKeyFromContext(c)
+
+		clientRequestID, _ := c.Request.Context().Value(ctxkey.ClientRequestID).(string)
+
+		model, _ := c.Get(opsModelKey)
+		streamV, _ := c.Get(opsStreamKey)
+		accountIDV, _ := c.Get(opsAccountIDKey)
+
+		var modelName string
+		if s, ok := model.(string); ok {
+			modelName = s
+		}
+		stream := false
+		if b, ok := streamV.(bool); ok {
+			stream = b
+		}
+		var accountID *int64
+		if v, ok := accountIDV.(int64); ok && v > 0 {
+			accountID = &v
+		}
+
+		fallbackPlatform := guessPlatformFromPath(c.Request.URL.Path)
+		platform := resolveOpsPlatform(apiKey, fallbackPlatform)
+
+		requestID := c.Writer.Header().Get("X-Request-Id")
+		if requestID == "" {
+			requestID = c.Writer.Header().Get("x-request-id")
+		}
+
+		phase := classifyOpsPhase(parsed.ErrorType, parsed.Message, parsed.Code)
+		isBusinessLimited := classifyOpsIsBusinessLimited(parsed.ErrorType, phase, parsed.Code, status, parsed.Message)
+
+		errorOwner := classifyOpsErrorOwner(phase, parsed.Message)
+		errorSource := classifyOpsErrorSource(phase, parsed.Message)
+
+		entry := &service.OpsInsertErrorLogInput{
+			RequestID:       requestID,
+			ClientRequestID: clientRequestID,
+
+			AccountID: accountID,
+			Platform:  platform,
+			Model:     modelName,
+			RequestPath: func() string {
+				if c.Request != nil && c.Request.URL != nil {
+					return c.Request.URL.Path
+				}
+				return ""
+			}(),
+			Stream:    stream,
+			UserAgent: c.GetHeader("User-Agent"),
+
+			ErrorPhase:        phase,
+			ErrorType:         normalizeOpsErrorType(parsed.ErrorType, parsed.Code),
+			Severity:          classifyOpsSeverity(parsed.ErrorType, status),
+			StatusCode:        status,
+			IsBusinessLimited: isBusinessLimited,
+			IsCountTokens:     isCountTokensRequest(c),
+
+			ErrorMessage: parsed.Message,
+			// Keep the full captured error body (capture is already capped at 64KB) so the
+			// service layer can sanitize JSON before truncating for storage.
+			ErrorBody:   string(body),
+			ErrorSource: errorSource,
+			ErrorOwner:  errorOwner,
+
+			IsRetryable: classifyOpsIsRetryable(parsed.ErrorType, status),
+			RetryCount:  0,
+			CreatedAt:   time.Now(),
+		}
+
+		// Capture upstream error context set by gateway services (if present).
+		// This does NOT affect the client response; it enriches Ops troubleshooting data.
+		{
+			if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamStatusCodeKey); ok {
+				switch t := v.(type) {
+				case int:
+					if t > 0 {
+						code := t
+						entry.UpstreamStatusCode = &code
+					}
+				case int64:
+					if t > 0 {
+						code := int(t)
+						entry.UpstreamStatusCode = &code
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamErrorMessageKey); ok {
+				if s, ok := v.(string); ok {
+					if msg := strings.TrimSpace(s); msg != "" {
+						entry.UpstreamErrorMessage = &msg
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamErrorDetailKey); ok {
+				if s, ok := v.(string); ok {
+					if detail := strings.TrimSpace(s); detail != "" {
+						entry.UpstreamErrorDetail = &detail
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if v, ok := c.Get(service.OpsUpstreamErrorsKey); ok {
+				if events, ok := v.([]*service.OpsUpstreamErrorEvent); ok && len(events) > 0 {
+					entry.UpstreamErrors = events
+					// Best-effort backfill the single upstream fields from the last event when missing.
+					last := events[len(events)-1]
+					if last != nil {
+						if entry.UpstreamStatusCode == nil && last.UpstreamStatusCode > 0 {
+							code := last.UpstreamStatusCode
+							entry.UpstreamStatusCode = &code
+						}
+						if entry.UpstreamErrorMessage == nil && strings.TrimSpace(last.Message) != "" {
+							msg := strings.TrimSpace(last.Message)
+							entry.UpstreamErrorMessage = &msg
+						}
+						if entry.UpstreamErrorDetail == nil && strings.TrimSpace(last.Detail) != "" {
+							detail := strings.TrimSpace(last.Detail)
+							entry.UpstreamErrorDetail = &detail
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if apiKey != nil {
+			entry.APIKeyID = &apiKey.ID
+			if apiKey.User != nil {
+				entry.UserID = &apiKey.User.ID
+			}
+			if apiKey.GroupID != nil {
+				entry.GroupID = apiKey.GroupID
+			}
+			// Prefer group platform if present (more stable than inferring from path).
+			if apiKey.Group != nil && apiKey.Group.Platform != "" {
+				entry.Platform = apiKey.Group.Platform
+			}
+		}
+
+		var clientIP string
+		if ip := strings.TrimSpace(ip.GetClientIP(c)); ip != "" {
+			clientIP = ip
+			entry.ClientIP = &clientIP
+		}
+
+		var requestBody []byte
+		if v, ok := c.Get(opsRequestBodyKey); ok {
+			if b, ok := v.([]byte); ok && len(b) > 0 {
+				requestBody = b
+			}
+		}
+		// Persist only a minimal, whitelisted set of request headers to improve retry fidelity.
+		// Do NOT store Authorization/Cookie/etc.
+		entry.RequestHeadersJSON = extractOpsRetryRequestHeaders(c)
+
+		enqueueOpsErrorLog(ops, entry, requestBody)
+	}
+}
+
+var opsRetryRequestHeaderAllowlist = []string{
+	"anthropic-beta",
+	"anthropic-version",
+}
+
+// isCountTokensRequest checks if the request is a count_tokens request
+func isCountTokensRequest(c *gin.Context) bool {
+	if c == nil || c.Request == nil || c.Request.URL == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return strings.Contains(c.Request.URL.Path, "/count_tokens")
+}
+
+func extractOpsRetryRequestHeaders(c *gin.Context) *string {
+	if c == nil || c.Request == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	headers := make(map[string]string, 4)
+	for _, key := range opsRetryRequestHeaderAllowlist {
+		v := strings.TrimSpace(c.GetHeader(key))
+		if v == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Keep headers small even if a client sends something unexpected.
+		headers[key] = truncateString(v, 512)
+	}
+	if len(headers) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	raw, err := json.Marshal(headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	s := string(raw)
+	return &s
+}
+
+type parsedOpsError struct {
+	ErrorType string
+	Message   string
+	Code      string
+}
+
+func parseOpsErrorResponse(body []byte) parsedOpsError {
+	if len(body) == 0 {
+		return parsedOpsError{}
+	}
+
+	// Fast path: attempt to decode into a generic map.
+	var m map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &m); err != nil {
+		return parsedOpsError{Message: truncateString(string(body), 1024)}
+	}
+
+	// Claude/OpenAI-style gateway error: { type:"error", error:{ type, message } }
+	if errObj, ok := m["error"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		t, _ := errObj["type"].(string)
+		msg, _ := errObj["message"].(string)
+		// Gemini googleError also uses "error": { code, message, status }
+		if msg == "" {
+			if v, ok := errObj["message"]; ok {
+				msg, _ = v.(string)
+			}
+		}
+		if t == "" {
+			// Gemini error does not have "type" field.
+			t = "api_error"
+		}
+		// For gemini error, capture numeric code as string for business-limited mapping if needed.
+		var code string
+		if v, ok := errObj["code"]; ok {
+			switch n := v.(type) {
+			case float64:
+				code = strconvItoa(int(n))
+			case int:
+				code = strconvItoa(n)
+			}
+		}
+		return parsedOpsError{ErrorType: t, Message: msg, Code: code}
+	}
+
+	// APIKeyAuth-style: { code:"INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE", message:"..." }
+	code, _ := m["code"].(string)
+	msg, _ := m["message"].(string)
+	if code != "" || msg != "" {
+		return parsedOpsError{ErrorType: "api_error", Message: msg, Code: code}
+	}
+
+	return parsedOpsError{Message: truncateString(string(body), 1024)}
+}
+
+func resolveOpsPlatform(apiKey *service.APIKey, fallback string) string {
+	if apiKey != nil && apiKey.Group != nil && apiKey.Group.Platform != "" {
+		return apiKey.Group.Platform
+	}
+	return fallback
+}
+
+func guessPlatformFromPath(path string) string {
+	p := strings.ToLower(path)
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasPrefix(p, "/antigravity/"):
+		return service.PlatformAntigravity
+	case strings.HasPrefix(p, "/v1beta/"):
+		return service.PlatformGemini
+	case strings.Contains(p, "/responses"):
+		return service.PlatformOpenAI
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+func normalizeOpsErrorType(errType string, code string) string {
+	if errType != "" {
+		return errType
+	}
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(code) {
+	case "INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE":
+		return "billing_error"
+	case "USAGE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED", "SUBSCRIPTION_NOT_FOUND", "SUBSCRIPTION_INVALID":
+		return "subscription_error"
+	default:
+		return "api_error"
+	}
+}
+
+func classifyOpsPhase(errType, message, code string) string {
+	msg := strings.ToLower(message)
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(code) {
+	case "INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE", "USAGE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED", "SUBSCRIPTION_NOT_FOUND", "SUBSCRIPTION_INVALID":
+		return "billing"
+	}
+
+	switch errType {
+	case "authentication_error":
+		return "auth"
+	case "billing_error", "subscription_error":
+		return "billing"
+	case "rate_limit_error":
+		if strings.Contains(msg, "concurrency") || strings.Contains(msg, "pending") || strings.Contains(msg, "queue") {
+			return "concurrency"
+		}
+		return "upstream"
+	case "invalid_request_error":
+		return "response"
+	case "upstream_error", "overloaded_error":
+		return "upstream"
+	case "api_error":
+		if strings.Contains(msg, "no available accounts") {
+			return "scheduling"
+		}
+		return "internal"
+	default:
+		return "internal"
+	}
+}
+
+func classifyOpsSeverity(errType string, status int) string {
+	switch errType {
+	case "invalid_request_error", "authentication_error", "billing_error", "subscription_error":
+		return "P3"
+	}
+	if status >= 500 {
+		return "P1"
+	}
+	if status == 429 {
+		return "P1"
+	}
+	if status >= 400 {
+		return "P2"
+	}
+	return "P3"
+}
+
+func classifyOpsIsRetryable(errType string, statusCode int) bool {
+	switch errType {
+	case "authentication_error", "invalid_request_error":
+		return false
+	case "timeout_error":
+		return true
+	case "rate_limit_error":
+		// May be transient (upstream or queue); retry can help.
+		return true
+	case "billing_error", "subscription_error":
+		return false
+	case "upstream_error", "overloaded_error":
+		return statusCode >= 500 || statusCode == 429 || statusCode == 529
+	default:
+		return statusCode >= 500
+	}
+}
+
+func classifyOpsIsBusinessLimited(errType, phase, code string, status int, message string) bool {
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(code) {
+	case "INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE", "USAGE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED", "SUBSCRIPTION_NOT_FOUND", "SUBSCRIPTION_INVALID":
+		return true
+	}
+	if phase == "billing" || phase == "concurrency" {
+		// SLA/错误率排除“用户级业务限制”
+		return true
+	}
+	// Avoid treating upstream rate limits as business-limited.
+	if errType == "rate_limit_error" && strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(message), "upstream") {
+		return false
+	}
+	_ = status
+	return false
+}
+
+func classifyOpsErrorOwner(phase string, message string) string {
+	switch phase {
+	case "upstream", "network":
+		return "provider"
+	case "billing", "concurrency", "auth", "response":
+		return "client"
+	default:
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(message), "upstream") {
+			return "provider"
+		}
+		return "sub2api"
+	}
+}
+
+func classifyOpsErrorSource(phase string, message string) string {
+	switch phase {
+	case "upstream":
+		return "upstream_http"
+	case "network":
+		return "upstream_network"
+	case "billing":
+		return "billing"
+	case "concurrency":
+		return "concurrency"
+	default:
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(message), "upstream") {
+			return "upstream_http"
+		}
+		return "internal"
+	}
+}
+
+func truncateString(s string, max int) string {
+	if max <= 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if len(s) <= max {
+		return s
+	}
+	cut := s[:max]
+	// Ensure truncation does not split multi-byte characters.
+	for len(cut) > 0 && !utf8.ValidString(cut) {
+		cut = cut[:len(cut)-1]
+	}
+	return cut
+}
+
+func strconvItoa(v int) string {
+	return strconv.Itoa(v)
+}

backend/internal/handler/wire.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ func ProvideAdminHandlers(
 	redeemHandler *admin.RedeemHandler,
 	promoHandler *admin.PromoHandler,
 	settingHandler *admin.SettingHandler,
+	opsHandler *admin.OpsHandler,
 	systemHandler *admin.SystemHandler,
 	subscriptionHandler *admin.SubscriptionHandler,
 	usageHandler *admin.UsageHandler,
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ func ProvideAdminHandlers(
 		Redeem:           redeemHandler,
 		Promo:            promoHandler,
 		Setting:          settingHandler,
+		Ops:              opsHandler,
 		System:           systemHandler,
 		Subscription:     subscriptionHandler,
 		Usage:            usageHandler,
@@ -109,6 +111,7 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	admin.NewRedeemHandler,
 	admin.NewPromoHandler,
 	admin.NewSettingHandler,
+	admin.NewOpsHandler,
 	ProvideSystemHandler,
 	admin.NewSubscriptionHandler,
 	admin.NewUsageHandler,

backend/internal/middleware/rate_limiter.go

@@ -1,13 +1,63 @@
 package middleware
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
+// RateLimitFailureMode Redis 故障策略
+type RateLimitFailureMode int
+
+const (
+	RateLimitFailOpen RateLimitFailureMode = iota
+	RateLimitFailClose
+)
+
+// RateLimitOptions 限流可选配置
+type RateLimitOptions struct {
+	FailureMode RateLimitFailureMode
+}
+
+var rateLimitScript = redis.NewScript(`
+local current = redis.call('INCR', KEYS[1])
+local ttl = redis.call('PTTL', KEYS[1])
+local repaired = 0
+if current == 1 then
+  redis.call('PEXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[1])
+elseif ttl == -1 then
+  redis.call('PEXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[1])
+  repaired = 1
+end
+return {current, repaired}
+`)
+
+// rateLimitRun 允许测试覆写脚本执行逻辑
+var rateLimitRun = func(ctx context.Context, client *redis.Client, key string, windowMillis int64) (int64, bool, error) {
+	values, err := rateLimitScript.Run(ctx, client, []string{key}, windowMillis).Slice()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, false, err
+	}
+	if len(values) < 2 {
+		return 0, false, fmt.Errorf("rate limit script returned %d values", len(values))
+	}
+	count, err := parseInt64(values[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, false, err
+	}
+	repaired, err := parseInt64(values[1])
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, false, err
+	}
+	return count, repaired == 1, nil
+}
+
 // RateLimiter Redis 速率限制器
 type RateLimiter struct {
 	redis  *redis.Client
@@ -27,34 +77,85 @@ func NewRateLimiter(redisClient *redis.Client) *RateLimiter {
 // limit: 时间窗口内最大请求数
 // window: 时间窗口
 func (r *RateLimiter) Limit(key string, limit int, window time.Duration) gin.HandlerFunc {
+	return r.LimitWithOptions(key, limit, window, RateLimitOptions{})
+}
+
+// LimitWithOptions 返回速率限制中间件（带可选配置）
+func (r *RateLimiter) LimitWithOptions(key string, limit int, window time.Duration, opts RateLimitOptions) gin.HandlerFunc {
+	failureMode := opts.FailureMode
+	if failureMode != RateLimitFailClose {
+		failureMode = RateLimitFailOpen
+	}
+
 	return func(c *gin.Context) {
 		ip := c.ClientIP()
 		redisKey := r.prefix + key + ":" + ip
 
 		ctx := c.Request.Context()
 
-		// 使用 INCR 原子操作增加计数
-		count, err := r.redis.Incr(ctx, redisKey).Result()
+		windowMillis := windowTTLMillis(window)
+
+		// 使用 Lua 脚本原子操作增加计数并设置过期
+		count, repaired, err := rateLimitRun(ctx, r.redis, redisKey, windowMillis)
 		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[RateLimit] redis error: key=%s mode=%s err=%v", redisKey, failureModeLabel(failureMode), err)
+			if failureMode == RateLimitFailClose {
+				abortRateLimit(c)
+				return
+			}
 			// Redis 错误时放行，避免影响正常服务
 			c.Next()
 			return
 		}
-
-		// 首次访问时设置过期时间
-		if count == 1 {
-			r.redis.Expire(ctx, redisKey, window)
+		if repaired {
+			log.Printf("[RateLimit] ttl repaired: key=%s window_ms=%d", redisKey, windowMillis)
 		}
 
 		// 超过限制
 		if count > int64(limit) {
-			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusTooManyRequests, gin.H{
-				"error":   "rate limit exceeded",
-				"message": "Too many requests, please try again later",
-			})
+			abortRateLimit(c)
 			return
 		}
 
 		c.Next()
 	}
 }
+
+func windowTTLMillis(window time.Duration) int64 {
+	ttl := window.Milliseconds()
+	if ttl < 1 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return ttl
+}
+
+func abortRateLimit(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusTooManyRequests, gin.H{
+		"error":   "rate limit exceeded",
+		"message": "Too many requests, please try again later",
+	})
+}
+
+func failureModeLabel(mode RateLimitFailureMode) string {
+	if mode == RateLimitFailClose {
+		return "fail-close"
+	}
+	return "fail-open"
+}
+
+func parseInt64(value any) (int64, error) {
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case int64:
+		return v, nil
+	case int:
+		return int64(v), nil
+	case string:
+		parsed, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		return parsed, nil
+	default:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unexpected value type %T", value)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/middleware/rate_limiter_integration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//go:build integration
+
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	tcredis "github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/modules/redis"
+)
+
+const redisImageTag = "redis:8.4-alpine"
+
+func TestRateLimiterSetsTTLAndDoesNotRefresh(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	rdb := startRedis(t, ctx)
+	limiter := NewRateLimiter(rdb)
+
+	router := gin.New()
+	router.Use(limiter.Limit("ttl-test", 10, 2*time.Second))
+	router.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"ok": true})
+	})
+
+	recorder := performRequest(router)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+
+	redisKey := limiter.prefix + "ttl-test:127.0.0.1"
+	ttlBefore, err := rdb.PTTL(ctx, redisKey).Result()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Greater(t, ttlBefore, time.Duration(0))
+	require.LessOrEqual(t, ttlBefore, 2*time.Second)
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	recorder = performRequest(router)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+
+	ttlAfter, err := rdb.PTTL(ctx, redisKey).Result()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Less(t, ttlAfter, ttlBefore)
+}
+
+func TestRateLimiterFixesMissingTTL(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	rdb := startRedis(t, ctx)
+	limiter := NewRateLimiter(rdb)
+
+	router := gin.New()
+	router.Use(limiter.Limit("ttl-missing", 10, 2*time.Second))
+	router.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"ok": true})
+	})
+
+	redisKey := limiter.prefix + "ttl-missing:127.0.0.1"
+	require.NoError(t, rdb.Set(ctx, redisKey, 5, 0).Err())
+
+	ttlBefore, err := rdb.PTTL(ctx, redisKey).Result()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Less(t, ttlBefore, time.Duration(0))
+
+	recorder := performRequest(router)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+
+	ttlAfter, err := rdb.PTTL(ctx, redisKey).Result()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Greater(t, ttlAfter, time.Duration(0))
+}
+
+func performRequest(router *gin.Engine) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req.RemoteAddr = "127.0.0.1:1234"
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
+	return recorder
+}
+
+func startRedis(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) *redis.Client {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	redisContainer, err := tcredis.Run(ctx, redisImageTag)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		_ = redisContainer.Terminate(ctx)
+	})
+
+	redisHost, err := redisContainer.Host(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	redisPort, err := redisContainer.MappedPort(ctx, "6379/tcp")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	rdb := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
+		Addr: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", redisHost, redisPort.Int()),
+		DB:   0,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, rdb.Ping(ctx).Err())
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		_ = rdb.Close()
+	})
+
+	return rdb
+}

backend/internal/middleware/rate_limiter_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestWindowTTLMillis(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), windowTTLMillis(500*time.Microsecond))
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), windowTTLMillis(1500*time.Microsecond))
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), windowTTLMillis(2500*time.Microsecond))
+}
+
+func TestRateLimiterFailureModes(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	rdb := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
+		Addr:         "127.0.0.1:1",
+		DialTimeout:  50 * time.Millisecond,
+		ReadTimeout:  50 * time.Millisecond,
+		WriteTimeout: 50 * time.Millisecond,
+	})
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		_ = rdb.Close()
+	})
+
+	limiter := NewRateLimiter(rdb)
+
+	failOpenRouter := gin.New()
+	failOpenRouter.Use(limiter.Limit("test", 1, time.Second))
+	failOpenRouter.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"ok": true})
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req.RemoteAddr = "127.0.0.1:1234"
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	failOpenRouter.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+
+	failCloseRouter := gin.New()
+	failCloseRouter.Use(limiter.LimitWithOptions("test", 1, time.Second, RateLimitOptions{
+		FailureMode: RateLimitFailClose,
+	}))
+	failCloseRouter.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"ok": true})
+	})
+
+	req = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req.RemoteAddr = "127.0.0.1:1234"
+	recorder = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	failCloseRouter.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusTooManyRequests, recorder.Code)
+}
+
+func TestRateLimiterSuccessAndLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	originalRun := rateLimitRun
+	counts := []int64{1, 2}
+	callIndex := 0
+	rateLimitRun = func(ctx context.Context, client *redis.Client, key string, windowMillis int64) (int64, bool, error) {
+		if callIndex >= len(counts) {
+			return counts[len(counts)-1], false, nil
+		}
+		value := counts[callIndex]
+		callIndex++
+		return value, false, nil
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		rateLimitRun = originalRun
+	})
+
+	limiter := NewRateLimiter(redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{Addr: "127.0.0.1:1"}))
+
+	router := gin.New()
+	router.Use(limiter.Limit("test", 1, time.Second))
+	router.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"ok": true})
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req.RemoteAddr = "127.0.0.1:1234"
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, recorder.Code)
+
+	req = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req.RemoteAddr = "127.0.0.1:1234"
+	recorder = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusTooManyRequests, recorder.Code)
+}

backend/internal/pkg/ctxkey/ctxkey.go

@@ -7,7 +7,14 @@ type Key string
 const (
 	// ForcePlatform 强制平台（用于 /antigravity 路由），由 middleware.ForcePlatform 设置
 	ForcePlatform Key = "ctx_force_platform"
-	// IsClaudeCodeClient 是否为 Claude Code 客户端，由中间件设置
+
+	// ClientRequestID 客户端请求的唯一标识，用于追踪请求全生命周期（用于 Ops 监控与排障）。
+	ClientRequestID Key = "ctx_client_request_id"
+
+	// RetryCount 表示当前请求在网关层的重试次数（用于 Ops 记录与排障）。
+	RetryCount Key = "ctx_retry_count"
+
+	// IsClaudeCodeClient 标识当前请求是否来自 Claude Code 客户端
 	IsClaudeCodeClient Key = "ctx_is_claude_code_client"
 	// Group 认证后的分组信息，由 API Key 认证中间件设置
 	Group Key = "ctx_group"

backend/internal/pkg/usagestats/usage_log_types.go

@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@ type DashboardStats struct {
 	TotalUsers    int64 `json:"total_users"`
 	TodayNewUsers int64 `json:"today_new_users"` // 今日新增用户数
 	ActiveUsers   int64 `json:"active_users"`    // 今日有请求的用户数
+	// 小时活跃用户数（UTC 当前小时）
+	HourlyActiveUsers int64 `json:"hourly_active_users"`
+
+	// 预聚合新鲜度
+	StatsUpdatedAt string `json:"stats_updated_at"`
+	StatsStale     bool   `json:"stats_stale"`
 
 	// API Key 统计
 	TotalAPIKeys  int64 `json:"total_api_keys"`

backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
+	"log"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
@@ -115,6 +116,9 @@ func (r *accountRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, account *service.Account
 	account.ID = created.ID
 	account.CreatedAt = created.CreatedAt
 	account.UpdatedAt = created.UpdatedAt
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &account.ID, nil, buildSchedulerGroupPayload(account.GroupIDs)); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue account create failed: account=%d err=%v", account.ID, err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -341,10 +345,17 @@ func (r *accountRepository) Update(ctx context.Context, account *service.Account
 		return translatePersistenceError(err, service.ErrAccountNotFound, nil)
 	}
 	account.UpdatedAt = updated.UpdatedAt
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &account.ID, nil, buildSchedulerGroupPayload(account.GroupIDs)); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue account update failed: account=%d err=%v", account.ID, err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	groupIDs, err := r.loadAccountGroupIDs(ctx, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// 使用事务保证账号与关联分组的删除原子性
 	tx, err := r.client.Tx(ctx)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, dbent.ErrTxStarted) {
@@ -368,7 +379,12 @@ func (r *accountRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	}
 
 	if tx != nil {
-		return tx.Commit()
+		if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, buildSchedulerGroupPayload(groupIDs)); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue account delete failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -455,7 +471,18 @@ func (r *accountRepository) UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
 		Where(dbaccount.IDEQ(id)).
 		SetLastUsedAt(now).
 		Save(ctx)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	payload := map[string]any{
+		"last_used": map[string]int64{
+			strconv.FormatInt(id, 10): now.Unix(),
+		},
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountLastUsed, &id, nil, payload); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue last used failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) BatchUpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, updates map[int64]time.Time) error {
@@ -479,7 +506,18 @@ func (r *accountRepository) BatchUpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, updates map
 	args = append(args, pq.Array(ids))
 
 	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, caseSQL, args...)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	lastUsedPayload := make(map[string]int64, len(updates))
+	for id, ts := range updates {
+		lastUsedPayload[strconv.FormatInt(id, 10)] = ts.Unix()
+	}
+	payload := map[string]any{"last_used": lastUsedPayload}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountLastUsed, nil, nil, payload); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue batch last used failed: err=%v", err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) SetError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg string) error {
@@ -488,7 +526,13 @@ func (r *accountRepository) SetError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg str
 		SetStatus(service.StatusError).
 		SetErrorMessage(errorMsg).
 		Save(ctx)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue set error failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) AddToGroup(ctx context.Context, accountID, groupID int64, priority int) error {
@@ -497,7 +541,14 @@ func (r *accountRepository) AddToGroup(ctx context.Context, accountID, groupID i
 		SetGroupID(groupID).
 		SetPriority(priority).
 		Save(ctx)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	payload := buildSchedulerGroupPayload([]int64{groupID})
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountGroupsChanged, &accountID, nil, payload); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue add to group failed: account=%d group=%d err=%v", accountID, groupID, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) RemoveFromGroup(ctx context.Context, accountID, groupID int64) error {
@@ -507,7 +558,14 @@ func (r *accountRepository) RemoveFromGroup(ctx context.Context, accountID, grou
 			dbaccountgroup.GroupIDEQ(groupID),
 		).
 		Exec(ctx)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	payload := buildSchedulerGroupPayload([]int64{groupID})
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountGroupsChanged, &accountID, nil, payload); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue remove from group failed: account=%d group=%d err=%v", accountID, groupID, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) GetGroups(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) ([]service.Group, error) {
@@ -528,6 +586,10 @@ func (r *accountRepository) GetGroups(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) ([]s
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) BindGroups(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, groupIDs []int64) error {
+	existingGroupIDs, err := r.loadAccountGroupIDs(ctx, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// 使用事务保证删除旧绑定与创建新绑定的原子性
 	tx, err := r.client.Tx(ctx)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, dbent.ErrTxStarted) {
@@ -568,7 +630,13 @@ func (r *accountRepository) BindGroups(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, gro
 	}
 
 	if tx != nil {
-		return tx.Commit()
+		if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	payload := buildSchedulerGroupPayload(mergeGroupIDs(existingGroupIDs, groupIDs))
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountGroupsChanged, &accountID, nil, payload); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue bind groups failed: account=%d err=%v", accountID, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -672,7 +740,13 @@ func (r *accountRepository) SetRateLimited(ctx context.Context, id int64, resetA
 		SetRateLimitedAt(now).
 		SetRateLimitResetAt(resetAt).
 		Save(ctx)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue rate limit failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) SetAntigravityQuotaScopeLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64, scope service.AntigravityQuotaScope, resetAt time.Time) error {
@@ -706,6 +780,9 @@ func (r *accountRepository) SetAntigravityQuotaScopeLimit(ctx context.Context, i
 	if affected == 0 {
 		return service.ErrAccountNotFound
 	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue quota scope failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -714,7 +791,13 @@ func (r *accountRepository) SetOverloaded(ctx context.Context, id int64, until t
 		Where(dbaccount.IDEQ(id)).
 		SetOverloadUntil(until).
 		Save(ctx)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue overload failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) SetTempUnschedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64, until time.Time, reason string) error {
@@ -727,7 +810,13 @@ func (r *accountRepository) SetTempUnschedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64,
 			AND deleted_at IS NULL
 			AND (temp_unschedulable_until IS NULL OR temp_unschedulable_until < $1)
 	`, until, reason, id)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue temp unschedulable failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) ClearTempUnschedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
@@ -739,7 +828,13 @@ func (r *accountRepository) ClearTempUnschedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64
 		WHERE id = $1
 			AND deleted_at IS NULL
 	`, id)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue clear temp unschedulable failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) ClearRateLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
@@ -749,7 +844,13 @@ func (r *accountRepository) ClearRateLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
 		ClearRateLimitResetAt().
 		ClearOverloadUntil().
 		Save(ctx)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue clear rate limit failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) ClearAntigravityQuotaScopes(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
@@ -770,6 +871,9 @@ func (r *accountRepository) ClearAntigravityQuotaScopes(ctx context.Context, id
 	if affected == 0 {
 		return service.ErrAccountNotFound
 	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue clear quota scopes failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -792,7 +896,13 @@ func (r *accountRepository) SetSchedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64, schedu
 		Where(dbaccount.IDEQ(id)).
 		SetSchedulable(schedulable).
 		Save(ctx)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue schedulable change failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *accountRepository) AutoPauseExpiredAccounts(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) (int64, error) {
@@ -813,6 +923,11 @@ func (r *accountRepository) AutoPauseExpiredAccounts(ctx context.Context, now ti
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
+	if rows > 0 {
+		if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventFullRebuild, nil, nil, nil); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue auto pause rebuild failed: err=%v", err)
+		}
+	}
 	return rows, nil
 }
 
@@ -844,6 +959,9 @@ func (r *accountRepository) UpdateExtra(ctx context.Context, id int64, updates m
 	if affected == 0 {
 		return service.ErrAccountNotFound
 	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountChanged, &id, nil, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue extra update failed: account=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -928,6 +1046,12 @@ func (r *accountRepository) BulkUpdate(ctx context.Context, ids []int64, updates
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
+	if rows > 0 {
+		payload := map[string]any{"account_ids": ids}
+		if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventAccountBulkChanged, nil, nil, payload); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue bulk update failed: err=%v", err)
+		}
+	}
 	return rows, nil
 }
 
@@ -1170,6 +1294,54 @@ func (r *accountRepository) loadAccountGroups(ctx context.Context, accountIDs []
 	return groupsByAccount, groupIDsByAccount, accountGroupsByAccount, nil
 }
 
+func (r *accountRepository) loadAccountGroupIDs(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) ([]int64, error) {
+	entries, err := r.client.AccountGroup.
+		Query().
+		Where(dbaccountgroup.AccountIDEQ(accountID)).
+		All(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	ids := make([]int64, 0, len(entries))
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		ids = append(ids, entry.GroupID)
+	}
+	return ids, nil
+}
+
+func mergeGroupIDs(a []int64, b []int64) []int64 {
+	seen := make(map[int64]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	out := make([]int64, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, id := range a {
+		if id <= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, ok := seen[id]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[id] = struct{}{}
+		out = append(out, id)
+	}
+	for _, id := range b {
+		if id <= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, ok := seen[id]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[id] = struct{}{}
+		out = append(out, id)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func buildSchedulerGroupPayload(groupIDs []int64) map[string]any {
+	if len(groupIDs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return map[string]any{"group_ids": groupIDs}
+}
+
 func accountEntityToService(m *dbent.Account) *service.Account {
 	if m == nil {
 		return nil

backend/internal/repository/api_key_cache.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package repository
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 const (
 	apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix = "apikey:ratelimit:"
 	apiKeyRateLimitDuration  = 24 * time.Hour
+	apiKeyAuthCachePrefix    = "apikey:auth:"
 )
 
 // apiKeyRateLimitKey generates the Redis key for API key creation rate limiting.
@@ -20,6 +22,10 @@ func apiKeyRateLimitKey(userID int64) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix, userID)
 }
 
+func apiKeyAuthCacheKey(key string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", apiKeyAuthCachePrefix, key)
+}
+
 type apiKeyCache struct {
 	rdb *redis.Client
 }
@@ -58,3 +64,30 @@ func (c *apiKeyCache) IncrementDailyUsage(ctx context.Context, apiKey string) er
 func (c *apiKeyCache) SetDailyUsageExpiry(ctx context.Context, apiKey string, ttl time.Duration) error {
 	return c.rdb.Expire(ctx, apiKey, ttl).Err()
 }
+
+func (c *apiKeyCache) GetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+	val, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, apiKeyAuthCacheKey(key)).Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var entry service.APIKeyAuthCacheEntry
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(val, &entry); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &entry, nil
+}
+
+func (c *apiKeyCache) SetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string, entry *service.APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	if entry == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	payload, err := json.Marshal(entry)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, apiKeyAuthCacheKey(key), payload, ttl).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *apiKeyCache) DeleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, apiKeyAuthCacheKey(key)).Err()
+}

backend/internal/repository/api_key_repo.go

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import (
 
 	dbent "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/apikey"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/group"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/schema/mixins"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/user"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
@@ -64,23 +66,23 @@ func (r *apiKeyRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.APIK
 	return apiKeyEntityToService(m), nil
 }
 
-// GetOwnerID 根据 API Key ID 获取其所有者（用户）的 ID。
+// GetKeyAndOwnerID 根据 API Key ID 获取其 key 与所有者（用户）ID。
 // 相比 GetByID，此方法性能更优，因为：
-//   - 使用 Select() 只查询 user_id 字段，减少数据传输量
+//   - 使用 Select() 只查询必要字段，减少数据传输量
 //   - 不加载完整的 API Key 实体及其关联数据（User、Group 等）
-//   - 适用于权限验证等只需用户 ID 的场景（如删除前的所有权检查）
-func (r *apiKeyRepository) GetOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (int64, error) {
+//   - 适用于删除等只需 key 与用户 ID 的场景
+func (r *apiKeyRepository) GetKeyAndOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (string, int64, error) {
 	m, err := r.activeQuery().
 		Where(apikey.IDEQ(id)).
-		Select(apikey.FieldUserID).
+		Select(apikey.FieldKey, apikey.FieldUserID).
 		Only(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		if dbent.IsNotFound(err) {
-			return 0, service.ErrAPIKeyNotFound
+			return "", 0, service.ErrAPIKeyNotFound
 		}
-		return 0, err
+		return "", 0, err
 	}
-	return m.UserID, nil
+	return m.Key, m.UserID, nil
 }
 
 func (r *apiKeyRepository) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKey, error) {
@@ -98,6 +100,54 @@ func (r *apiKeyRepository) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.A
 	return apiKeyEntityToService(m), nil
 }
 
+func (r *apiKeyRepository) GetByKeyForAuth(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKey, error) {
+	m, err := r.activeQuery().
+		Where(apikey.KeyEQ(key)).
+		Select(
+			apikey.FieldID,
+			apikey.FieldUserID,
+			apikey.FieldGroupID,
+			apikey.FieldStatus,
+			apikey.FieldIPWhitelist,
+			apikey.FieldIPBlacklist,
+		).
+		WithUser(func(q *dbent.UserQuery) {
+			q.Select(
+				user.FieldID,
+				user.FieldStatus,
+				user.FieldRole,
+				user.FieldBalance,
+				user.FieldConcurrency,
+			)
+		}).
+		WithGroup(func(q *dbent.GroupQuery) {
+			q.Select(
+				group.FieldID,
+				group.FieldName,
+				group.FieldPlatform,
+				group.FieldStatus,
+				group.FieldSubscriptionType,
+				group.FieldRateMultiplier,
+				group.FieldDailyLimitUsd,
+				group.FieldWeeklyLimitUsd,
+				group.FieldMonthlyLimitUsd,
+				group.FieldImagePrice1k,
+				group.FieldImagePrice2k,
+				group.FieldImagePrice4k,
+				group.FieldClaudeCodeOnly,
+				group.FieldFallbackGroupID,
+			)
+		}).
+		Only(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		if dbent.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, service.ErrAPIKeyNotFound
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return apiKeyEntityToService(m), nil
+}
+
 func (r *apiKeyRepository) Update(ctx context.Context, key *service.APIKey) error {
 	// 使用原子操作：将软删除检查与更新合并到同一语句，避免竞态条件。
 	// 之前的实现先检查 Exist 再 UpdateOneID，若在两步之间发生软删除，
@@ -283,6 +333,28 @@ func (r *apiKeyRepository) CountByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (i
 	return int64(count), err
 }
 
+func (r *apiKeyRepository) ListKeysByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	keys, err := r.activeQuery().
+		Where(apikey.UserIDEQ(userID)).
+		Select(apikey.FieldKey).
+		Strings(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return keys, nil
+}
+
+func (r *apiKeyRepository) ListKeysByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	keys, err := r.activeQuery().
+		Where(apikey.GroupIDEQ(groupID)).
+		Select(apikey.FieldKey).
+		Strings(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return keys, nil
+}
+
 func apiKeyEntityToService(m *dbent.APIKey) *service.APIKey {
 	if m == nil {
 		return nil

backend/internal/repository/concurrency_cache.go

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ var (
 		return redis.call('ZCARD', key)
 	`)
 
-	// incrementWaitScript - only sets TTL on first creation to avoid refreshing
+	// incrementWaitScript - refreshes TTL on each increment to keep queue depth accurate
 	// KEYS[1] = wait queue key
 	// ARGV[1] = maxWait
 	// ARGV[2] = TTL in seconds
@@ -111,15 +111,13 @@ var (
 
 		local newVal = redis.call('INCR', KEYS[1])
 
-		-- Only set TTL on first creation to avoid refreshing zombie data
-		if newVal == 1 then
-			redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
-		end
+		-- Refresh TTL so long-running traffic doesn't expire active queue counters.
+		redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
 
 			return 1
 		`)
 
-	// incrementAccountWaitScript - account-level wait queue count
+	// incrementAccountWaitScript - account-level wait queue count (refresh TTL on each increment)
 	incrementAccountWaitScript = redis.NewScript(`
 			local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
 			if current == false then
@@ -134,10 +132,8 @@ var (
 
 			local newVal = redis.call('INCR', KEYS[1])
 
-			-- Only set TTL on first creation to avoid refreshing zombie data
-			if newVal == 1 then
-				redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
-			end
+			-- Refresh TTL so long-running traffic doesn't expire active queue counters.
+			redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
 
 			return 1
 		`)

backend/internal/repository/dashboard_aggregation_repo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/lib/pq"
+)
+
+type dashboardAggregationRepository struct {
+	sql sqlExecutor
+}
+
+// NewDashboardAggregationRepository 创建仪表盘预聚合仓储。
+func NewDashboardAggregationRepository(sqlDB *sql.DB) service.DashboardAggregationRepository {
+	if sqlDB == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !isPostgresDriver(sqlDB) {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 检测到非 PostgreSQL 驱动，已自动禁用预聚合")
+		return nil
+	}
+	return newDashboardAggregationRepositoryWithSQL(sqlDB)
+}
+
+func newDashboardAggregationRepositoryWithSQL(sqlq sqlExecutor) *dashboardAggregationRepository {
+	return &dashboardAggregationRepository{sql: sqlq}
+}
+
+func isPostgresDriver(db *sql.DB) bool {
+	if db == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	_, ok := db.Driver().(*pq.Driver)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) AggregateRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	startUTC := start.UTC()
+	endUTC := end.UTC()
+	if !endUTC.After(startUTC) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	hourStart := startUTC.Truncate(time.Hour)
+	hourEnd := endUTC.Truncate(time.Hour)
+	if endUTC.After(hourEnd) {
+		hourEnd = hourEnd.Add(time.Hour)
+	}
+
+	dayStart := truncateToDayUTC(startUTC)
+	dayEnd := truncateToDayUTC(endUTC)
+	if endUTC.After(dayEnd) {
+		dayEnd = dayEnd.Add(24 * time.Hour)
+	}
+
+	// 以桶边界聚合，允许覆盖 end 所在桶的剩余区间。
+	if err := r.insertHourlyActiveUsers(ctx, hourStart, hourEnd); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := r.insertDailyActiveUsers(ctx, hourStart, hourEnd); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := r.upsertHourlyAggregates(ctx, hourStart, hourEnd); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := r.upsertDailyAggregates(ctx, dayStart, dayEnd); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) GetAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, error) {
+	var ts time.Time
+	query := "SELECT last_aggregated_at FROM usage_dashboard_aggregation_watermark WHERE id = 1"
+	if err := scanSingleRow(ctx, r.sql, query, nil, &ts); err != nil {
+		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+			return time.Unix(0, 0).UTC(), nil
+		}
+		return time.Time{}, err
+	}
+	return ts.UTC(), nil
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) UpdateAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context, aggregatedAt time.Time) error {
+	query := `
+		INSERT INTO usage_dashboard_aggregation_watermark (id, last_aggregated_at, updated_at)
+		VALUES (1, $1, NOW())
+		ON CONFLICT (id)
+		DO UPDATE SET last_aggregated_at = EXCLUDED.last_aggregated_at, updated_at = EXCLUDED.updated_at
+	`
+	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, query, aggregatedAt.UTC())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) CleanupAggregates(ctx context.Context, hourlyCutoff, dailyCutoff time.Time) error {
+	hourlyCutoffUTC := hourlyCutoff.UTC()
+	dailyCutoffUTC := dailyCutoff.UTC()
+	if _, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, "DELETE FROM usage_dashboard_hourly WHERE bucket_start < $1", hourlyCutoffUTC); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, "DELETE FROM usage_dashboard_hourly_users WHERE bucket_start < $1", hourlyCutoffUTC); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, "DELETE FROM usage_dashboard_daily WHERE bucket_date < $1::date", dailyCutoffUTC); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, "DELETE FROM usage_dashboard_daily_users WHERE bucket_date < $1::date", dailyCutoffUTC); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) CleanupUsageLogs(ctx context.Context, cutoff time.Time) error {
+	isPartitioned, err := r.isUsageLogsPartitioned(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if isPartitioned {
+		return r.dropUsageLogsPartitions(ctx, cutoff)
+	}
+	_, err = r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, "DELETE FROM usage_logs WHERE created_at < $1", cutoff.UTC())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) EnsureUsageLogsPartitions(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) error {
+	isPartitioned, err := r.isUsageLogsPartitioned(ctx)
+	if err != nil || !isPartitioned {
+		return err
+	}
+	monthStart := truncateToMonthUTC(now)
+	prevMonth := monthStart.AddDate(0, -1, 0)
+	nextMonth := monthStart.AddDate(0, 1, 0)
+
+	for _, m := range []time.Time{prevMonth, monthStart, nextMonth} {
+		if err := r.createUsageLogsPartition(ctx, m); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) insertHourlyActiveUsers(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	query := `
+		INSERT INTO usage_dashboard_hourly_users (bucket_start, user_id)
+		SELECT DISTINCT
+			date_trunc('hour', created_at AT TIME ZONE 'UTC') AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' AS bucket_start,
+			user_id
+		FROM usage_logs
+		WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
+		ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+	`
+	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, query, start.UTC(), end.UTC())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) insertDailyActiveUsers(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	query := `
+		INSERT INTO usage_dashboard_daily_users (bucket_date, user_id)
+		SELECT DISTINCT
+			(bucket_start AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')::date AS bucket_date,
+			user_id
+		FROM usage_dashboard_hourly_users
+		WHERE bucket_start >= $1 AND bucket_start < $2
+		ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+	`
+	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, query, start.UTC(), end.UTC())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) upsertHourlyAggregates(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	query := `
+		WITH hourly AS (
+			SELECT
+				date_trunc('hour', created_at AT TIME ZONE 'UTC') AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' AS bucket_start,
+				COUNT(*) AS total_requests,
+				COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) AS input_tokens,
+				COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) AS output_tokens,
+				COALESCE(SUM(cache_creation_tokens), 0) AS cache_creation_tokens,
+				COALESCE(SUM(cache_read_tokens), 0) AS cache_read_tokens,
+				COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) AS total_cost,
+				COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) AS actual_cost,
+				COALESCE(SUM(COALESCE(duration_ms, 0)), 0) AS total_duration_ms
+			FROM usage_logs
+			WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
+			GROUP BY 1
+		),
+		user_counts AS (
+			SELECT bucket_start, COUNT(*) AS active_users
+			FROM usage_dashboard_hourly_users
+			WHERE bucket_start >= $1 AND bucket_start < $2
+			GROUP BY bucket_start
+		)
+		INSERT INTO usage_dashboard_hourly (
+			bucket_start,
+			total_requests,
+			input_tokens,
+			output_tokens,
+			cache_creation_tokens,
+			cache_read_tokens,
+			total_cost,
+			actual_cost,
+			total_duration_ms,
+			active_users,
+			computed_at
+		)
+		SELECT
+			hourly.bucket_start,
+			hourly.total_requests,
+			hourly.input_tokens,
+			hourly.output_tokens,
+			hourly.cache_creation_tokens,
+			hourly.cache_read_tokens,
+			hourly.total_cost,
+			hourly.actual_cost,
+			hourly.total_duration_ms,
+			COALESCE(user_counts.active_users, 0) AS active_users,
+			NOW()
+		FROM hourly
+		LEFT JOIN user_counts ON user_counts.bucket_start = hourly.bucket_start
+		ON CONFLICT (bucket_start)
+		DO UPDATE SET
+			total_requests = EXCLUDED.total_requests,
+			input_tokens = EXCLUDED.input_tokens,
+			output_tokens = EXCLUDED.output_tokens,
+			cache_creation_tokens = EXCLUDED.cache_creation_tokens,
+			cache_read_tokens = EXCLUDED.cache_read_tokens,
+			total_cost = EXCLUDED.total_cost,
+			actual_cost = EXCLUDED.actual_cost,
+			total_duration_ms = EXCLUDED.total_duration_ms,
+			active_users = EXCLUDED.active_users,
+			computed_at = EXCLUDED.computed_at
+	`
+	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, query, start.UTC(), end.UTC())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) upsertDailyAggregates(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	query := `
+		WITH daily AS (
+			SELECT
+				(bucket_start AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')::date AS bucket_date,
+				COALESCE(SUM(total_requests), 0) AS total_requests,
+				COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) AS input_tokens,
+				COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) AS output_tokens,
+				COALESCE(SUM(cache_creation_tokens), 0) AS cache_creation_tokens,
+				COALESCE(SUM(cache_read_tokens), 0) AS cache_read_tokens,
+				COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) AS total_cost,
+				COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) AS actual_cost,
+				COALESCE(SUM(total_duration_ms), 0) AS total_duration_ms
+			FROM usage_dashboard_hourly
+			WHERE bucket_start >= $1 AND bucket_start < $2
+			GROUP BY (bucket_start AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')::date
+		),
+		user_counts AS (
+			SELECT bucket_date, COUNT(*) AS active_users
+			FROM usage_dashboard_daily_users
+			WHERE bucket_date >= $3::date AND bucket_date < $4::date
+			GROUP BY bucket_date
+		)
+		INSERT INTO usage_dashboard_daily (
+			bucket_date,
+			total_requests,
+			input_tokens,
+			output_tokens,
+			cache_creation_tokens,
+			cache_read_tokens,
+			total_cost,
+			actual_cost,
+			total_duration_ms,
+			active_users,
+			computed_at
+		)
+		SELECT
+			daily.bucket_date,
+			daily.total_requests,
+			daily.input_tokens,
+			daily.output_tokens,
+			daily.cache_creation_tokens,
+			daily.cache_read_tokens,
+			daily.total_cost,
+			daily.actual_cost,
+			daily.total_duration_ms,
+			COALESCE(user_counts.active_users, 0) AS active_users,
+			NOW()
+		FROM daily
+		LEFT JOIN user_counts ON user_counts.bucket_date = daily.bucket_date
+		ON CONFLICT (bucket_date)
+		DO UPDATE SET
+			total_requests = EXCLUDED.total_requests,
+			input_tokens = EXCLUDED.input_tokens,
+			output_tokens = EXCLUDED.output_tokens,
+			cache_creation_tokens = EXCLUDED.cache_creation_tokens,
+			cache_read_tokens = EXCLUDED.cache_read_tokens,
+			total_cost = EXCLUDED.total_cost,
+			actual_cost = EXCLUDED.actual_cost,
+			total_duration_ms = EXCLUDED.total_duration_ms,
+			active_users = EXCLUDED.active_users,
+			computed_at = EXCLUDED.computed_at
+	`
+	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, query, start.UTC(), end.UTC(), start.UTC(), end.UTC())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) isUsageLogsPartitioned(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	query := `
+		SELECT EXISTS(
+			SELECT 1
+			FROM pg_partitioned_table pt
+			JOIN pg_class c ON c.oid = pt.partrelid
+			WHERE c.relname = 'usage_logs'
+		)
+	`
+	var partitioned bool
+	if err := scanSingleRow(ctx, r.sql, query, nil, &partitioned); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return partitioned, nil
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) dropUsageLogsPartitions(ctx context.Context, cutoff time.Time) error {
+	rows, err := r.sql.QueryContext(ctx, `
+		SELECT c.relname
+		FROM pg_inherits
+		JOIN pg_class c ON c.oid = pg_inherits.inhrelid
+		JOIN pg_class p ON p.oid = pg_inherits.inhparent
+		WHERE p.relname = 'usage_logs'
+	`)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		_ = rows.Close()
+	}()
+
+	cutoffMonth := truncateToMonthUTC(cutoff)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var name string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(name, "usage_logs_") {
+			continue
+		}
+		suffix := strings.TrimPrefix(name, "usage_logs_")
+		month, err := time.Parse("200601", suffix)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		month = month.UTC()
+		if month.Before(cutoffMonth) {
+			if _, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s", pq.QuoteIdentifier(name))); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return rows.Err()
+}
+
+func (r *dashboardAggregationRepository) createUsageLogsPartition(ctx context.Context, month time.Time) error {
+	monthStart := truncateToMonthUTC(month)
+	nextMonth := monthStart.AddDate(0, 1, 0)
+	name := fmt.Sprintf("usage_logs_%s", monthStart.Format("200601"))
+	query := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s PARTITION OF usage_logs FOR VALUES FROM (%s) TO (%s)",
+		pq.QuoteIdentifier(name),
+		pq.QuoteLiteral(monthStart.Format("2006-01-02")),
+		pq.QuoteLiteral(nextMonth.Format("2006-01-02")),
+	)
+	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, query)
+	return err
+}
+
+func truncateToDayUTC(t time.Time) time.Time {
+	t = t.UTC()
+	return time.Date(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+}
+
+func truncateToMonthUTC(t time.Time) time.Time {
+	t = t.UTC()
+	return time.Date(t.Year(), t.Month(), 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+}

backend/internal/repository/dashboard_cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const dashboardStatsCacheKey = "dashboard:stats:v1"
+
+type dashboardCache struct {
+	rdb       *redis.Client
+	keyPrefix string
+}
+
+func NewDashboardCache(rdb *redis.Client, cfg *config.Config) service.DashboardStatsCache {
+	prefix := "sub2api:"
+	if cfg != nil {
+		prefix = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.Dashboard.KeyPrefix)
+	}
+	if prefix != "" && !strings.HasSuffix(prefix, ":") {
+		prefix += ":"
+	}
+	return &dashboardCache{
+		rdb:       rdb,
+		keyPrefix: prefix,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *dashboardCache) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	val, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, c.buildKey()).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == redis.Nil {
+			return "", service.ErrDashboardStatsCacheMiss
+		}
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return val, nil
+}
+
+func (c *dashboardCache) SetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context, data string, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, c.buildKey(), data, ttl).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *dashboardCache) buildKey() string {
+	if c.keyPrefix == "" {
+		return dashboardStatsCacheKey
+	}
+	return c.keyPrefix + dashboardStatsCacheKey
+}
+
+func (c *dashboardCache) DeleteDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, c.buildKey()).Err()
+}

backend/internal/repository/dashboard_cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestNewDashboardCacheKeyPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := NewDashboardCache(nil, &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{
+			KeyPrefix: "prod",
+		},
+	})
+	impl, ok := cache.(*dashboardCache)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, "prod:", impl.keyPrefix)
+
+	cache = NewDashboardCache(nil, &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{
+			KeyPrefix: "staging:",
+		},
+	})
+	impl, ok = cache.(*dashboardCache)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, "staging:", impl.keyPrefix)
+}

backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
+	"log"
 
 	dbent "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/apikey"
@@ -55,6 +56,9 @@ func (r *groupRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, groupIn *service.Group) er
 		groupIn.ID = created.ID
 		groupIn.CreatedAt = created.CreatedAt
 		groupIn.UpdatedAt = created.UpdatedAt
+		if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventGroupChanged, nil, &groupIn.ID, nil); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue group create failed: group=%d err=%v", groupIn.ID, err)
+		}
 	}
 	return translatePersistenceError(err, nil, service.ErrGroupExists)
 }
@@ -111,12 +115,21 @@ func (r *groupRepository) Update(ctx context.Context, groupIn *service.Group) er
 		return translatePersistenceError(err, service.ErrGroupNotFound, service.ErrGroupExists)
 	}
 	groupIn.UpdatedAt = updated.UpdatedAt
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventGroupChanged, nil, &groupIn.ID, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue group update failed: group=%d err=%v", groupIn.ID, err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *groupRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	_, err := r.client.Group.Delete().Where(group.IDEQ(id)).Exec(ctx)
-	return translatePersistenceError(err, service.ErrGroupNotFound, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return translatePersistenceError(err, service.ErrGroupNotFound, nil)
+	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventGroupChanged, nil, &id, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue group delete failed: group=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *groupRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
@@ -246,6 +259,9 @@ func (r *groupRepository) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, grou
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	affected, _ := res.RowsAffected()
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventGroupChanged, nil, &groupID, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue group account clear failed: group=%d err=%v", groupID, err)
+	}
 	return affected, nil
 }
 
@@ -353,6 +369,9 @@ func (r *groupRepository) DeleteCascade(ctx context.Context, id int64) ([]int64,
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
+	if err := enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx, r.sql, service.SchedulerOutboxEventGroupChanged, nil, &id, nil); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[SchedulerOutbox] enqueue group cascade delete failed: group=%d err=%v", id, err)
+	}
 
 	return affectedUserIDs, nil
 }

backend/internal/repository/migrations_runner.go

@@ -28,6 +28,23 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
 );
 `
 
+const atlasSchemaRevisionsTableDDL = `
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS atlas_schema_revisions (
+	version TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+	description TEXT NOT NULL,
+	type INTEGER NOT NULL,
+	applied INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+	total INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+	executed_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
+	execution_time BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+	error TEXT NULL,
+	error_stmt TEXT NULL,
+	hash TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+	partial_hashes TEXT[] NULL,
+	operator_version TEXT NULL
+);
+`
+
 // migrationsAdvisoryLockID 是用于序列化迁移操作的 PostgreSQL Advisory Lock ID。
 // 在多实例部署场景下，该锁确保同一时间只有一个实例执行迁移。
 // 任何稳定的 int64 值都可以，只要不与同一数据库中的其他锁冲突即可。
@@ -94,6 +111,11 @@ func applyMigrationsFS(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, fsys fs.FS) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create schema_migrations: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// 自动对齐 Atlas 基线（如果检测到 legacy schema_migrations 且缺失 atlas_schema_revisions）。
+	if err := ensureAtlasBaselineAligned(ctx, db, fsys); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	// 获取所有 .sql 迁移文件并按文件名排序。
 	// 命名规范：使用零填充数字前缀（如 001_init.sql, 002_add_users.sql）。
 	files, err := fs.Glob(fsys, "*.sql")
@@ -172,6 +194,80 @@ func applyMigrationsFS(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, fsys fs.FS) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func ensureAtlasBaselineAligned(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, fsys fs.FS) error {
+	hasLegacy, err := tableExists(ctx, db, "schema_migrations")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("check schema_migrations: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !hasLegacy {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	hasAtlas, err := tableExists(ctx, db, "atlas_schema_revisions")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("check atlas_schema_revisions: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !hasAtlas {
+		if _, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, atlasSchemaRevisionsTableDDL); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create atlas_schema_revisions: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var count int
+	if err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM atlas_schema_revisions").Scan(&count); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("count atlas_schema_revisions: %w", err)
+	}
+	if count > 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	version, description, hash, err := latestMigrationBaseline(fsys)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("atlas baseline version: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, `
+		INSERT INTO atlas_schema_revisions (version, description, type, applied, total, executed_at, execution_time, hash)
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, 0, 0, NOW(), 0, $4)
+	`, version, description, 1, hash); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("insert atlas baseline: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func tableExists(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, tableName string) (bool, error) {
+	var exists bool
+	err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `
+		SELECT EXISTS (
+			SELECT 1
+			FROM information_schema.tables
+			WHERE table_schema = 'public' AND table_name = $1
+		)
+	`, tableName).Scan(&exists)
+	return exists, err
+}
+
+func latestMigrationBaseline(fsys fs.FS) (string, string, string, error) {
+	files, err := fs.Glob(fsys, "*.sql")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", err
+	}
+	if len(files) == 0 {
+		return "baseline", "baseline", "", nil
+	}
+	sort.Strings(files)
+	name := files[len(files)-1]
+	contentBytes, err := fs.ReadFile(fsys, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", err
+	}
+	content := strings.TrimSpace(string(contentBytes))
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(content))
+	hash := hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
+	version := strings.TrimSuffix(name, ".sql")
+	return version, version, hash, nil
+}
+
 // pgAdvisoryLock 获取 PostgreSQL Advisory Lock。
 // Advisory Lock 是一种轻量级的锁机制，不与任何特定的数据库对象关联。
 // 它非常适合用于应用层面的分布式锁场景，如迁移序列化。

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/lib/pq"
+)
+
+type opsRepository struct {
+	db *sql.DB
+}
+
+func NewOpsRepository(db *sql.DB) service.OpsRepository {
+	return &opsRepository{db: db}
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) InsertErrorLog(ctx context.Context, input *service.OpsInsertErrorLogInput) (int64, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if input == nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("nil input")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+INSERT INTO ops_error_logs (
+  request_id,
+  client_request_id,
+  user_id,
+  api_key_id,
+  account_id,
+  group_id,
+  client_ip,
+  platform,
+  model,
+  request_path,
+  stream,
+  user_agent,
+  error_phase,
+  error_type,
+  severity,
+  status_code,
+  is_business_limited,
+  is_count_tokens,
+  error_message,
+  error_body,
+  error_source,
+  error_owner,
+  upstream_status_code,
+  upstream_error_message,
+  upstream_error_detail,
+  upstream_errors,
+  duration_ms,
+  time_to_first_token_ms,
+  request_body,
+  request_body_truncated,
+  request_body_bytes,
+  request_headers,
+  is_retryable,
+  retry_count,
+  created_at
+) VALUES (
+  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18,$19,$20,$21,$22,$23,$24,$25,$26,$27,$28,$29,$30,$31,$32,$33,$34,$35
+) RETURNING id`
+
+	var id int64
+	err := r.db.QueryRowContext(
+		ctx,
+		q,
+		opsNullString(input.RequestID),
+		opsNullString(input.ClientRequestID),
+		opsNullInt64(input.UserID),
+		opsNullInt64(input.APIKeyID),
+		opsNullInt64(input.AccountID),
+		opsNullInt64(input.GroupID),
+		opsNullString(input.ClientIP),
+		opsNullString(input.Platform),
+		opsNullString(input.Model),
+		opsNullString(input.RequestPath),
+		input.Stream,
+		opsNullString(input.UserAgent),
+		input.ErrorPhase,
+		input.ErrorType,
+		opsNullString(input.Severity),
+		opsNullInt(input.StatusCode),
+		input.IsBusinessLimited,
+		input.IsCountTokens,
+		opsNullString(input.ErrorMessage),
+		opsNullString(input.ErrorBody),
+		opsNullString(input.ErrorSource),
+		opsNullString(input.ErrorOwner),
+		opsNullInt(input.UpstreamStatusCode),
+		opsNullString(input.UpstreamErrorMessage),
+		opsNullString(input.UpstreamErrorDetail),
+		opsNullString(input.UpstreamErrorsJSON),
+		opsNullInt(input.DurationMs),
+		opsNullInt64(input.TimeToFirstTokenMs),
+		opsNullString(input.RequestBodyJSON),
+		input.RequestBodyTruncated,
+		opsNullInt(input.RequestBodyBytes),
+		opsNullString(input.RequestHeadersJSON),
+		input.IsRetryable,
+		input.RetryCount,
+		input.CreatedAt,
+	).Scan(&id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) ListErrorLogs(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsErrorLogFilter) (*service.OpsErrorLogList, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if filter == nil {
+		filter = &service.OpsErrorLogFilter{}
+	}
+
+	page := filter.Page
+	if page <= 0 {
+		page = 1
+	}
+	pageSize := filter.PageSize
+	if pageSize <= 0 {
+		pageSize = 20
+	}
+	if pageSize > 500 {
+		pageSize = 500
+	}
+
+	where, args := buildOpsErrorLogsWhere(filter)
+	countSQL := "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ops_error_logs " + where
+
+	var total int
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, countSQL, args...).Scan(&total); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	offset := (page - 1) * pageSize
+	argsWithLimit := append(args, pageSize, offset)
+	selectSQL := `
+SELECT
+  id,
+  created_at,
+  error_phase,
+  error_type,
+  severity,
+  COALESCE(upstream_status_code, status_code, 0),
+  COALESCE(platform, ''),
+  COALESCE(model, ''),
+  duration_ms,
+  COALESCE(client_request_id, ''),
+  COALESCE(request_id, ''),
+  COALESCE(error_message, ''),
+  user_id,
+  api_key_id,
+  account_id,
+  group_id,
+  CASE WHEN client_ip IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE client_ip::text END,
+  COALESCE(request_path, ''),
+  stream
+FROM ops_error_logs
+` + where + `
+ORDER BY created_at DESC
+LIMIT $` + itoa(len(args)+1) + ` OFFSET $` + itoa(len(args)+2)
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, selectSQL, argsWithLimit...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	out := make([]*service.OpsErrorLog, 0, pageSize)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var item service.OpsErrorLog
+		var latency sql.NullInt64
+		var statusCode sql.NullInt64
+		var clientIP sql.NullString
+		var userID sql.NullInt64
+		var apiKeyID sql.NullInt64
+		var accountID sql.NullInt64
+		var groupID sql.NullInt64
+		if err := rows.Scan(
+			&item.ID,
+			&item.CreatedAt,
+			&item.Phase,
+			&item.Type,
+			&item.Severity,
+			&statusCode,
+			&item.Platform,
+			&item.Model,
+			&latency,
+			&item.ClientRequestID,
+			&item.RequestID,
+			&item.Message,
+			&userID,
+			&apiKeyID,
+			&accountID,
+			&groupID,
+			&clientIP,
+			&item.RequestPath,
+			&item.Stream,
+		); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if latency.Valid {
+			v := int(latency.Int64)
+			item.LatencyMs = &v
+		}
+		item.StatusCode = int(statusCode.Int64)
+		if clientIP.Valid {
+			s := clientIP.String
+			item.ClientIP = &s
+		}
+		if userID.Valid {
+			v := userID.Int64
+			item.UserID = &v
+		}
+		if apiKeyID.Valid {
+			v := apiKeyID.Int64
+			item.APIKeyID = &v
+		}
+		if accountID.Valid {
+			v := accountID.Int64
+			item.AccountID = &v
+		}
+		if groupID.Valid {
+			v := groupID.Int64
+			item.GroupID = &v
+		}
+		out = append(out, &item)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &service.OpsErrorLogList{
+		Errors:   out,
+		Total:    total,
+		Page:     page,
+		PageSize: pageSize,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetErrorLogByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.OpsErrorLogDetail, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if id <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  id,
+  created_at,
+  error_phase,
+  error_type,
+  severity,
+  COALESCE(upstream_status_code, status_code, 0),
+  COALESCE(platform, ''),
+  COALESCE(model, ''),
+  duration_ms,
+  COALESCE(client_request_id, ''),
+  COALESCE(request_id, ''),
+  COALESCE(error_message, ''),
+  COALESCE(error_body, ''),
+  upstream_status_code,
+  COALESCE(upstream_error_message, ''),
+  COALESCE(upstream_error_detail, ''),
+  COALESCE(upstream_errors::text, ''),
+  is_business_limited,
+  user_id,
+  api_key_id,
+  account_id,
+  group_id,
+  CASE WHEN client_ip IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE client_ip::text END,
+  COALESCE(request_path, ''),
+  stream,
+  COALESCE(user_agent, ''),
+  auth_latency_ms,
+  routing_latency_ms,
+  upstream_latency_ms,
+  response_latency_ms,
+  time_to_first_token_ms,
+  COALESCE(request_body::text, ''),
+  request_body_truncated,
+  request_body_bytes,
+  COALESCE(request_headers::text, '')
+FROM ops_error_logs
+WHERE id = $1
+LIMIT 1`
+
+	var out service.OpsErrorLogDetail
+	var latency sql.NullInt64
+	var statusCode sql.NullInt64
+	var upstreamStatusCode sql.NullInt64
+	var clientIP sql.NullString
+	var userID sql.NullInt64
+	var apiKeyID sql.NullInt64
+	var accountID sql.NullInt64
+	var groupID sql.NullInt64
+	var authLatency sql.NullInt64
+	var routingLatency sql.NullInt64
+	var upstreamLatency sql.NullInt64
+	var responseLatency sql.NullInt64
+	var ttft sql.NullInt64
+	var requestBodyBytes sql.NullInt64
+
+	err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, q, id).Scan(
+		&out.ID,
+		&out.CreatedAt,
+		&out.Phase,
+		&out.Type,
+		&out.Severity,
+		&statusCode,
+		&out.Platform,
+		&out.Model,
+		&latency,
+		&out.ClientRequestID,
+		&out.RequestID,
+		&out.Message,
+		&out.ErrorBody,
+		&upstreamStatusCode,
+		&out.UpstreamErrorMessage,
+		&out.UpstreamErrorDetail,
+		&out.UpstreamErrors,
+		&out.IsBusinessLimited,
+		&userID,
+		&apiKeyID,
+		&accountID,
+		&groupID,
+		&clientIP,
+		&out.RequestPath,
+		&out.Stream,
+		&out.UserAgent,
+		&authLatency,
+		&routingLatency,
+		&upstreamLatency,
+		&responseLatency,
+		&ttft,
+		&out.RequestBody,
+		&out.RequestBodyTruncated,
+		&requestBodyBytes,
+		&out.RequestHeaders,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	out.StatusCode = int(statusCode.Int64)
+	if latency.Valid {
+		v := int(latency.Int64)
+		out.LatencyMs = &v
+	}
+	if clientIP.Valid {
+		s := clientIP.String
+		out.ClientIP = &s
+	}
+	if upstreamStatusCode.Valid && upstreamStatusCode.Int64 > 0 {
+		v := int(upstreamStatusCode.Int64)
+		out.UpstreamStatusCode = &v
+	}
+	if userID.Valid {
+		v := userID.Int64
+		out.UserID = &v
+	}
+	if apiKeyID.Valid {
+		v := apiKeyID.Int64
+		out.APIKeyID = &v
+	}
+	if accountID.Valid {
+		v := accountID.Int64
+		out.AccountID = &v
+	}
+	if groupID.Valid {
+		v := groupID.Int64
+		out.GroupID = &v
+	}
+	if authLatency.Valid {
+		v := authLatency.Int64
+		out.AuthLatencyMs = &v
+	}
+	if routingLatency.Valid {
+		v := routingLatency.Int64
+		out.RoutingLatencyMs = &v
+	}
+	if upstreamLatency.Valid {
+		v := upstreamLatency.Int64
+		out.UpstreamLatencyMs = &v
+	}
+	if responseLatency.Valid {
+		v := responseLatency.Int64
+		out.ResponseLatencyMs = &v
+	}
+	if ttft.Valid {
+		v := ttft.Int64
+		out.TimeToFirstTokenMs = &v
+	}
+	if requestBodyBytes.Valid {
+		v := int(requestBodyBytes.Int64)
+		out.RequestBodyBytes = &v
+	}
+
+	// Normalize request_body to empty string when stored as JSON null.
+	out.RequestBody = strings.TrimSpace(out.RequestBody)
+	if out.RequestBody == "null" {
+		out.RequestBody = ""
+	}
+	// Normalize request_headers to empty string when stored as JSON null.
+	out.RequestHeaders = strings.TrimSpace(out.RequestHeaders)
+	if out.RequestHeaders == "null" {
+		out.RequestHeaders = ""
+	}
+	// Normalize upstream_errors to empty string when stored as JSON null.
+	out.UpstreamErrors = strings.TrimSpace(out.UpstreamErrors)
+	if out.UpstreamErrors == "null" {
+		out.UpstreamErrors = ""
+	}
+
+	return &out, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) InsertRetryAttempt(ctx context.Context, input *service.OpsInsertRetryAttemptInput) (int64, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if input == nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("nil input")
+	}
+	if input.SourceErrorID <= 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid source_error_id")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(input.Mode) == "" {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid mode")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+INSERT INTO ops_retry_attempts (
+  requested_by_user_id,
+  source_error_id,
+  mode,
+  pinned_account_id,
+  status,
+  started_at
+) VALUES (
+  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6
+) RETURNING id`
+
+	var id int64
+	err := r.db.QueryRowContext(
+		ctx,
+		q,
+		opsNullInt64(&input.RequestedByUserID),
+		input.SourceErrorID,
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Mode),
+		opsNullInt64(input.PinnedAccountID),
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Status),
+		input.StartedAt,
+	).Scan(&id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) UpdateRetryAttempt(ctx context.Context, input *service.OpsUpdateRetryAttemptInput) error {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if input == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil input")
+	}
+	if input.ID <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+UPDATE ops_retry_attempts
+SET
+  status = $2,
+  finished_at = $3,
+  duration_ms = $4,
+  result_request_id = $5,
+  result_error_id = $6,
+  error_message = $7
+WHERE id = $1`
+
+	_, err := r.db.ExecContext(
+		ctx,
+		q,
+		input.ID,
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Status),
+		nullTime(input.FinishedAt),
+		input.DurationMs,
+		opsNullString(input.ResultRequestID),
+		opsNullInt64(input.ResultErrorID),
+		opsNullString(input.ErrorMessage),
+	)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetLatestRetryAttemptForError(ctx context.Context, sourceErrorID int64) (*service.OpsRetryAttempt, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if sourceErrorID <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid source_error_id")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  id,
+  created_at,
+  COALESCE(requested_by_user_id, 0),
+  source_error_id,
+  COALESCE(mode, ''),
+  pinned_account_id,
+  COALESCE(status, ''),
+  started_at,
+  finished_at,
+  duration_ms,
+  result_request_id,
+  result_error_id,
+  error_message
+FROM ops_retry_attempts
+WHERE source_error_id = $1
+ORDER BY created_at DESC
+LIMIT 1`
+
+	var out service.OpsRetryAttempt
+	var pinnedAccountID sql.NullInt64
+	var requestedBy sql.NullInt64
+	var startedAt sql.NullTime
+	var finishedAt sql.NullTime
+	var durationMs sql.NullInt64
+	var resultRequestID sql.NullString
+	var resultErrorID sql.NullInt64
+	var errorMessage sql.NullString
+
+	err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, q, sourceErrorID).Scan(
+		&out.ID,
+		&out.CreatedAt,
+		&requestedBy,
+		&out.SourceErrorID,
+		&out.Mode,
+		&pinnedAccountID,
+		&out.Status,
+		&startedAt,
+		&finishedAt,
+		&durationMs,
+		&resultRequestID,
+		&resultErrorID,
+		&errorMessage,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	out.RequestedByUserID = requestedBy.Int64
+	if pinnedAccountID.Valid {
+		v := pinnedAccountID.Int64
+		out.PinnedAccountID = &v
+	}
+	if startedAt.Valid {
+		t := startedAt.Time
+		out.StartedAt = &t
+	}
+	if finishedAt.Valid {
+		t := finishedAt.Time
+		out.FinishedAt = &t
+	}
+	if durationMs.Valid {
+		v := durationMs.Int64
+		out.DurationMs = &v
+	}
+	if resultRequestID.Valid {
+		s := resultRequestID.String
+		out.ResultRequestID = &s
+	}
+	if resultErrorID.Valid {
+		v := resultErrorID.Int64
+		out.ResultErrorID = &v
+	}
+	if errorMessage.Valid {
+		s := errorMessage.String
+		out.ErrorMessage = &s
+	}
+
+	return &out, nil
+}
+
+func nullTime(t time.Time) sql.NullTime {
+	if t.IsZero() {
+		return sql.NullTime{}
+	}
+	return sql.NullTime{Time: t, Valid: true}
+}
+
+func buildOpsErrorLogsWhere(filter *service.OpsErrorLogFilter) (string, []any) {
+	clauses := make([]string, 0, 8)
+	args := make([]any, 0, 8)
+	clauses = append(clauses, "1=1")
+
+	phaseFilter := ""
+	if filter != nil {
+		phaseFilter = strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(filter.Phase))
+	}
+	// ops_error_logs primarily stores client-visible error requests (status>=400),
+	// but we also persist "recovered" upstream errors (status<400) for upstream health visibility.
+	// By default, keep list endpoints scoped to client errors unless explicitly filtering upstream phase.
+	if phaseFilter != "upstream" {
+		clauses = append(clauses, "COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400")
+	}
+
+	if filter.StartTime != nil && !filter.StartTime.IsZero() {
+		args = append(args, filter.StartTime.UTC())
+		clauses = append(clauses, "created_at >= $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if filter.EndTime != nil && !filter.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		args = append(args, filter.EndTime.UTC())
+		// Keep time-window semantics consistent with other ops queries: [start, end)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "created_at < $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if p := strings.TrimSpace(filter.Platform); p != "" {
+		args = append(args, p)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "platform = $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if filter.GroupID != nil && *filter.GroupID > 0 {
+		args = append(args, *filter.GroupID)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "group_id = $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if filter.AccountID != nil && *filter.AccountID > 0 {
+		args = append(args, *filter.AccountID)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "account_id = $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if phase := phaseFilter; phase != "" {
+		args = append(args, phase)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "error_phase = $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if len(filter.StatusCodes) > 0 {
+		args = append(args, pq.Array(filter.StatusCodes))
+		clauses = append(clauses, "COALESCE(upstream_status_code, status_code, 0) = ANY($"+itoa(len(args))+")")
+	}
+	if q := strings.TrimSpace(filter.Query); q != "" {
+		like := "%" + q + "%"
+		args = append(args, like)
+		n := itoa(len(args))
+		clauses = append(clauses, "(request_id ILIKE $"+n+" OR client_request_id ILIKE $"+n+" OR error_message ILIKE $"+n+")")
+	}
+
+	return "WHERE " + strings.Join(clauses, " AND "), args
+}
+
+// Helpers for nullable args
+func opsNullString(v any) any {
+	switch s := v.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return sql.NullString{}
+	case *string:
+		if s == nil || strings.TrimSpace(*s) == "" {
+			return sql.NullString{}
+		}
+		return sql.NullString{String: strings.TrimSpace(*s), Valid: true}
+	case string:
+		if strings.TrimSpace(s) == "" {
+			return sql.NullString{}
+		}
+		return sql.NullString{String: strings.TrimSpace(s), Valid: true}
+	default:
+		return sql.NullString{}
+	}
+}
+
+func opsNullInt64(v *int64) any {
+	if v == nil || *v == 0 {
+		return sql.NullInt64{}
+	}
+	return sql.NullInt64{Int64: *v, Valid: true}
+}
+
+func opsNullInt(v any) any {
+	switch n := v.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return sql.NullInt64{}
+	case *int:
+		if n == nil || *n == 0 {
+			return sql.NullInt64{}
+		}
+		return sql.NullInt64{Int64: int64(*n), Valid: true}
+	case *int64:
+		if n == nil || *n == 0 {
+			return sql.NullInt64{}
+		}
+		return sql.NullInt64{Int64: *n, Valid: true}
+	case int:
+		if n == 0 {
+			return sql.NullInt64{}
+		}
+		return sql.NullInt64{Int64: int64(n), Valid: true}
+	default:
+		return sql.NullInt64{}
+	}
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_alerts.go

@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+func (r *opsRepository) ListAlertRules(ctx context.Context) ([]*service.OpsAlertRule, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  id,
+  name,
+  COALESCE(description, ''),
+  enabled,
+  COALESCE(severity, ''),
+  metric_type,
+  operator,
+  threshold,
+  window_minutes,
+  sustained_minutes,
+  cooldown_minutes,
+  COALESCE(notify_email, true),
+  filters,
+  last_triggered_at,
+  created_at,
+  updated_at
+FROM ops_alert_rules
+ORDER BY id DESC`
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	out := []*service.OpsAlertRule{}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var rule service.OpsAlertRule
+		var filtersRaw []byte
+		var lastTriggeredAt sql.NullTime
+		if err := rows.Scan(
+			&rule.ID,
+			&rule.Name,
+			&rule.Description,
+			&rule.Enabled,
+			&rule.Severity,
+			&rule.MetricType,
+			&rule.Operator,
+			&rule.Threshold,
+			&rule.WindowMinutes,
+			&rule.SustainedMinutes,
+			&rule.CooldownMinutes,
+			&rule.NotifyEmail,
+			&filtersRaw,
+			&lastTriggeredAt,
+			&rule.CreatedAt,
+			&rule.UpdatedAt,
+		); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if lastTriggeredAt.Valid {
+			v := lastTriggeredAt.Time
+			rule.LastTriggeredAt = &v
+		}
+		if len(filtersRaw) > 0 && string(filtersRaw) != "null" {
+			var decoded map[string]any
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(filtersRaw, &decoded); err == nil {
+				rule.Filters = decoded
+			}
+		}
+		out = append(out, &rule)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) CreateAlertRule(ctx context.Context, input *service.OpsAlertRule) (*service.OpsAlertRule, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if input == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil input")
+	}
+
+	filtersArg, err := opsNullJSONMap(input.Filters)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	q := `
+INSERT INTO ops_alert_rules (
+  name,
+  description,
+  enabled,
+  severity,
+  metric_type,
+  operator,
+  threshold,
+  window_minutes,
+  sustained_minutes,
+  cooldown_minutes,
+  notify_email,
+  filters,
+  created_at,
+  updated_at
+) VALUES (
+  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,NOW(),NOW()
+)
+RETURNING
+  id,
+  name,
+  COALESCE(description, ''),
+  enabled,
+  COALESCE(severity, ''),
+  metric_type,
+  operator,
+  threshold,
+  window_minutes,
+  sustained_minutes,
+  cooldown_minutes,
+  COALESCE(notify_email, true),
+  filters,
+  last_triggered_at,
+  created_at,
+  updated_at`
+
+	var out service.OpsAlertRule
+	var filtersRaw []byte
+	var lastTriggeredAt sql.NullTime
+
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(
+		ctx,
+		q,
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Name),
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Description),
+		input.Enabled,
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Severity),
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.MetricType),
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Operator),
+		input.Threshold,
+		input.WindowMinutes,
+		input.SustainedMinutes,
+		input.CooldownMinutes,
+		input.NotifyEmail,
+		filtersArg,
+	).Scan(
+		&out.ID,
+		&out.Name,
+		&out.Description,
+		&out.Enabled,
+		&out.Severity,
+		&out.MetricType,
+		&out.Operator,
+		&out.Threshold,
+		&out.WindowMinutes,
+		&out.SustainedMinutes,
+		&out.CooldownMinutes,
+		&out.NotifyEmail,
+		&filtersRaw,
+		&lastTriggeredAt,
+		&out.CreatedAt,
+		&out.UpdatedAt,
+	); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if lastTriggeredAt.Valid {
+		v := lastTriggeredAt.Time
+		out.LastTriggeredAt = &v
+	}
+	if len(filtersRaw) > 0 && string(filtersRaw) != "null" {
+		var decoded map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(filtersRaw, &decoded); err == nil {
+			out.Filters = decoded
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &out, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) UpdateAlertRule(ctx context.Context, input *service.OpsAlertRule) (*service.OpsAlertRule, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if input == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil input")
+	}
+	if input.ID <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
+	}
+
+	filtersArg, err := opsNullJSONMap(input.Filters)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	q := `
+UPDATE ops_alert_rules
+SET
+  name = $2,
+  description = $3,
+  enabled = $4,
+  severity = $5,
+  metric_type = $6,
+  operator = $7,
+  threshold = $8,
+  window_minutes = $9,
+  sustained_minutes = $10,
+  cooldown_minutes = $11,
+  notify_email = $12,
+  filters = $13,
+  updated_at = NOW()
+WHERE id = $1
+RETURNING
+  id,
+  name,
+  COALESCE(description, ''),
+  enabled,
+  COALESCE(severity, ''),
+  metric_type,
+  operator,
+  threshold,
+  window_minutes,
+  sustained_minutes,
+  cooldown_minutes,
+  COALESCE(notify_email, true),
+  filters,
+  last_triggered_at,
+  created_at,
+  updated_at`
+
+	var out service.OpsAlertRule
+	var filtersRaw []byte
+	var lastTriggeredAt sql.NullTime
+
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(
+		ctx,
+		q,
+		input.ID,
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Name),
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Description),
+		input.Enabled,
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Severity),
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.MetricType),
+		strings.TrimSpace(input.Operator),
+		input.Threshold,
+		input.WindowMinutes,
+		input.SustainedMinutes,
+		input.CooldownMinutes,
+		input.NotifyEmail,
+		filtersArg,
+	).Scan(
+		&out.ID,
+		&out.Name,
+		&out.Description,
+		&out.Enabled,
+		&out.Severity,
+		&out.MetricType,
+		&out.Operator,
+		&out.Threshold,
+		&out.WindowMinutes,
+		&out.SustainedMinutes,
+		&out.CooldownMinutes,
+		&out.NotifyEmail,
+		&filtersRaw,
+		&lastTriggeredAt,
+		&out.CreatedAt,
+		&out.UpdatedAt,
+	); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if lastTriggeredAt.Valid {
+		v := lastTriggeredAt.Time
+		out.LastTriggeredAt = &v
+	}
+	if len(filtersRaw) > 0 && string(filtersRaw) != "null" {
+		var decoded map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(filtersRaw, &decoded); err == nil {
+			out.Filters = decoded
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &out, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) DeleteAlertRule(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if id <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
+	}
+
+	res, err := r.db.ExecContext(ctx, "DELETE FROM ops_alert_rules WHERE id = $1", id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	affected, err := res.RowsAffected()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if affected == 0 {
+		return sql.ErrNoRows
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) ListAlertEvents(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsAlertEventFilter) ([]*service.OpsAlertEvent, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if filter == nil {
+		filter = &service.OpsAlertEventFilter{}
+	}
+
+	limit := filter.Limit
+	if limit <= 0 {
+		limit = 100
+	}
+	if limit > 500 {
+		limit = 500
+	}
+
+	where, args := buildOpsAlertEventsWhere(filter)
+	args = append(args, limit)
+	limitArg := "$" + itoa(len(args))
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  id,
+  COALESCE(rule_id, 0),
+  COALESCE(severity, ''),
+  COALESCE(status, ''),
+  COALESCE(title, ''),
+  COALESCE(description, ''),
+  metric_value,
+  threshold_value,
+  dimensions,
+  fired_at,
+  resolved_at,
+  email_sent,
+  created_at
+FROM ops_alert_events
+` + where + `
+ORDER BY fired_at DESC
+LIMIT ` + limitArg
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	out := []*service.OpsAlertEvent{}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var ev service.OpsAlertEvent
+		var metricValue sql.NullFloat64
+		var thresholdValue sql.NullFloat64
+		var dimensionsRaw []byte
+		var resolvedAt sql.NullTime
+		if err := rows.Scan(
+			&ev.ID,
+			&ev.RuleID,
+			&ev.Severity,
+			&ev.Status,
+			&ev.Title,
+			&ev.Description,
+			&metricValue,
+			&thresholdValue,
+			&dimensionsRaw,
+			&ev.FiredAt,
+			&resolvedAt,
+			&ev.EmailSent,
+			&ev.CreatedAt,
+		); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if metricValue.Valid {
+			v := metricValue.Float64
+			ev.MetricValue = &v
+		}
+		if thresholdValue.Valid {
+			v := thresholdValue.Float64
+			ev.ThresholdValue = &v
+		}
+		if resolvedAt.Valid {
+			v := resolvedAt.Time
+			ev.ResolvedAt = &v
+		}
+		if len(dimensionsRaw) > 0 && string(dimensionsRaw) != "null" {
+			var decoded map[string]any
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(dimensionsRaw, &decoded); err == nil {
+				ev.Dimensions = decoded
+			}
+		}
+		out = append(out, &ev)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetActiveAlertEvent(ctx context.Context, ruleID int64) (*service.OpsAlertEvent, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if ruleID <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid rule id")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  id,
+  COALESCE(rule_id, 0),
+  COALESCE(severity, ''),
+  COALESCE(status, ''),
+  COALESCE(title, ''),
+  COALESCE(description, ''),
+  metric_value,
+  threshold_value,
+  dimensions,
+  fired_at,
+  resolved_at,
+  email_sent,
+  created_at
+FROM ops_alert_events
+WHERE rule_id = $1 AND status = $2
+ORDER BY fired_at DESC
+LIMIT 1`
+
+	row := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, q, ruleID, service.OpsAlertStatusFiring)
+	ev, err := scanOpsAlertEvent(row)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ev, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetLatestAlertEvent(ctx context.Context, ruleID int64) (*service.OpsAlertEvent, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if ruleID <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid rule id")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  id,
+  COALESCE(rule_id, 0),
+  COALESCE(severity, ''),
+  COALESCE(status, ''),
+  COALESCE(title, ''),
+  COALESCE(description, ''),
+  metric_value,
+  threshold_value,
+  dimensions,
+  fired_at,
+  resolved_at,
+  email_sent,
+  created_at
+FROM ops_alert_events
+WHERE rule_id = $1
+ORDER BY fired_at DESC
+LIMIT 1`
+
+	row := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, q, ruleID)
+	ev, err := scanOpsAlertEvent(row)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ev, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) CreateAlertEvent(ctx context.Context, event *service.OpsAlertEvent) (*service.OpsAlertEvent, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if event == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil event")
+	}
+
+	dimensionsArg, err := opsNullJSONMap(event.Dimensions)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	q := `
+INSERT INTO ops_alert_events (
+  rule_id,
+  severity,
+  status,
+  title,
+  description,
+  metric_value,
+  threshold_value,
+  dimensions,
+  fired_at,
+  resolved_at,
+  email_sent,
+  created_at
+) VALUES (
+  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,NOW()
+)
+RETURNING
+  id,
+  COALESCE(rule_id, 0),
+  COALESCE(severity, ''),
+  COALESCE(status, ''),
+  COALESCE(title, ''),
+  COALESCE(description, ''),
+  metric_value,
+  threshold_value,
+  dimensions,
+  fired_at,
+  resolved_at,
+  email_sent,
+  created_at`
+
+	row := r.db.QueryRowContext(
+		ctx,
+		q,
+		opsNullInt64(&event.RuleID),
+		opsNullString(event.Severity),
+		opsNullString(event.Status),
+		opsNullString(event.Title),
+		opsNullString(event.Description),
+		opsNullFloat64(event.MetricValue),
+		opsNullFloat64(event.ThresholdValue),
+		dimensionsArg,
+		event.FiredAt,
+		opsNullTime(event.ResolvedAt),
+		event.EmailSent,
+	)
+	return scanOpsAlertEvent(row)
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) UpdateAlertEventStatus(ctx context.Context, eventID int64, status string, resolvedAt *time.Time) error {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if eventID <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid event id")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(status) == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid status")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+UPDATE ops_alert_events
+SET status = $2,
+    resolved_at = $3
+WHERE id = $1`
+
+	_, err := r.db.ExecContext(ctx, q, eventID, strings.TrimSpace(status), opsNullTime(resolvedAt))
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) UpdateAlertEventEmailSent(ctx context.Context, eventID int64, emailSent bool) error {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if eventID <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid event id")
+	}
+
+	_, err := r.db.ExecContext(ctx, "UPDATE ops_alert_events SET email_sent = $2 WHERE id = $1", eventID, emailSent)
+	return err
+}
+
+type opsAlertEventRow interface {
+	Scan(dest ...any) error
+}
+
+func scanOpsAlertEvent(row opsAlertEventRow) (*service.OpsAlertEvent, error) {
+	var ev service.OpsAlertEvent
+	var metricValue sql.NullFloat64
+	var thresholdValue sql.NullFloat64
+	var dimensionsRaw []byte
+	var resolvedAt sql.NullTime
+
+	if err := row.Scan(
+		&ev.ID,
+		&ev.RuleID,
+		&ev.Severity,
+		&ev.Status,
+		&ev.Title,
+		&ev.Description,
+		&metricValue,
+		&thresholdValue,
+		&dimensionsRaw,
+		&ev.FiredAt,
+		&resolvedAt,
+		&ev.EmailSent,
+		&ev.CreatedAt,
+	); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if metricValue.Valid {
+		v := metricValue.Float64
+		ev.MetricValue = &v
+	}
+	if thresholdValue.Valid {
+		v := thresholdValue.Float64
+		ev.ThresholdValue = &v
+	}
+	if resolvedAt.Valid {
+		v := resolvedAt.Time
+		ev.ResolvedAt = &v
+	}
+	if len(dimensionsRaw) > 0 && string(dimensionsRaw) != "null" {
+		var decoded map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(dimensionsRaw, &decoded); err == nil {
+			ev.Dimensions = decoded
+		}
+	}
+	return &ev, nil
+}
+
+func buildOpsAlertEventsWhere(filter *service.OpsAlertEventFilter) (string, []any) {
+	clauses := []string{"1=1"}
+	args := []any{}
+
+	if filter == nil {
+		return "WHERE " + strings.Join(clauses, " AND "), args
+	}
+
+	if status := strings.TrimSpace(filter.Status); status != "" {
+		args = append(args, status)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "status = $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if severity := strings.TrimSpace(filter.Severity); severity != "" {
+		args = append(args, severity)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "severity = $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if filter.StartTime != nil && !filter.StartTime.IsZero() {
+		args = append(args, *filter.StartTime)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "fired_at >= $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if filter.EndTime != nil && !filter.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		args = append(args, *filter.EndTime)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "fired_at < $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+
+	// Dimensions are stored in JSONB. We filter best-effort without requiring GIN indexes.
+	if platform := strings.TrimSpace(filter.Platform); platform != "" {
+		args = append(args, platform)
+		clauses = append(clauses, "(dimensions->>'platform') = $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+	if filter.GroupID != nil && *filter.GroupID > 0 {
+		args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("%d", *filter.GroupID))
+		clauses = append(clauses, "(dimensions->>'group_id') = $"+itoa(len(args)))
+	}
+
+	return "WHERE " + strings.Join(clauses, " AND "), args
+}
+
+func opsNullJSONMap(v map[string]any) (any, error) {
+	if v == nil {
+		return sql.NullString{}, nil
+	}
+	b, err := json.Marshal(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return sql.NullString{}, nil
+	}
+	return sql.NullString{String: string(b), Valid: true}, nil
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_histograms.go

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetLatencyHistogram(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsDashboardFilter) (*service.OpsLatencyHistogramResponse, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if filter == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil filter")
+	}
+	if filter.StartTime.IsZero() || filter.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start_time/end_time required")
+	}
+
+	start := filter.StartTime.UTC()
+	end := filter.EndTime.UTC()
+
+	join, where, args, _ := buildUsageWhere(filter, start, end, 1)
+	rangeExpr := latencyHistogramRangeCaseExpr("ul.duration_ms")
+	orderExpr := latencyHistogramRangeOrderCaseExpr("ul.duration_ms")
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  ` + rangeExpr + ` AS range,
+  COALESCE(COUNT(*), 0) AS count,
+  ` + orderExpr + ` AS ord
+FROM usage_logs ul
+` + join + `
+` + where + `
+AND ul.duration_ms IS NOT NULL
+GROUP BY 1, 3
+ORDER BY 3 ASC`
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	counts := make(map[string]int64, len(latencyHistogramOrderedRanges))
+	var total int64
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var label string
+		var count int64
+		var _ord int
+		if err := rows.Scan(&label, &count, &_ord); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		counts[label] = count
+		total += count
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	buckets := make([]*service.OpsLatencyHistogramBucket, 0, len(latencyHistogramOrderedRanges))
+	for _, label := range latencyHistogramOrderedRanges {
+		buckets = append(buckets, &service.OpsLatencyHistogramBucket{
+			Range: label,
+			Count: counts[label],
+		})
+	}
+
+	return &service.OpsLatencyHistogramResponse{
+		StartTime:     start,
+		EndTime:       end,
+		Platform:      strings.TrimSpace(filter.Platform),
+		GroupID:       filter.GroupID,
+		TotalRequests: total,
+		Buckets:       buckets,
+	}, nil
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_latency_histogram_buckets.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type latencyHistogramBucket struct {
+	upperMs int
+	label   string
+}
+
+var latencyHistogramBuckets = []latencyHistogramBucket{
+	{upperMs: 100, label: "0-100ms"},
+	{upperMs: 200, label: "100-200ms"},
+	{upperMs: 500, label: "200-500ms"},
+	{upperMs: 1000, label: "500-1000ms"},
+	{upperMs: 2000, label: "1000-2000ms"},
+	{upperMs: 0, label: "2000ms+"}, // default bucket
+}
+
+var latencyHistogramOrderedRanges = func() []string {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(latencyHistogramBuckets))
+	for _, b := range latencyHistogramBuckets {
+		out = append(out, b.label)
+	}
+	return out
+}()
+
+func latencyHistogramRangeCaseExpr(column string) string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	_, _ = sb.WriteString("CASE\n")
+
+	for _, b := range latencyHistogramBuckets {
+		if b.upperMs <= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		_, _ = sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\tWHEN %s < %d THEN '%s'\n", column, b.upperMs, b.label))
+	}
+
+	// Default bucket.
+	last := latencyHistogramBuckets[len(latencyHistogramBuckets)-1]
+	_, _ = sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\tELSE '%s'\n", last.label))
+	_, _ = sb.WriteString("END")
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
+func latencyHistogramRangeOrderCaseExpr(column string) string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	_, _ = sb.WriteString("CASE\n")
+
+	order := 1
+	for _, b := range latencyHistogramBuckets {
+		if b.upperMs <= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		_, _ = sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\tWHEN %s < %d THEN %d\n", column, b.upperMs, order))
+		order++
+	}
+
+	_, _ = sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\tELSE %d\n", order))
+	_, _ = sb.WriteString("END")
+	return sb.String()
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_latency_histogram_buckets_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestLatencyHistogramBuckets_AreConsistent(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, len(latencyHistogramBuckets), len(latencyHistogramOrderedRanges))
+	for i, b := range latencyHistogramBuckets {
+		require.Equal(t, b.label, latencyHistogramOrderedRanges[i])
+	}
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_metrics.go

@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+func (r *opsRepository) InsertSystemMetrics(ctx context.Context, input *service.OpsInsertSystemMetricsInput) error {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if input == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil input")
+	}
+
+	window := input.WindowMinutes
+	if window <= 0 {
+		window = 1
+	}
+	createdAt := input.CreatedAt
+	if createdAt.IsZero() {
+		createdAt = time.Now().UTC()
+	}
+
+	q := `
+INSERT INTO ops_system_metrics (
+  created_at,
+  window_minutes,
+  platform,
+  group_id,
+
+  success_count,
+  error_count_total,
+  business_limited_count,
+  error_count_sla,
+
+  upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+  upstream_429_count,
+  upstream_529_count,
+
+  token_consumed,
+  qps,
+  tps,
+
+  duration_p50_ms,
+  duration_p90_ms,
+  duration_p95_ms,
+  duration_p99_ms,
+  duration_avg_ms,
+  duration_max_ms,
+
+  ttft_p50_ms,
+  ttft_p90_ms,
+  ttft_p95_ms,
+  ttft_p99_ms,
+  ttft_avg_ms,
+  ttft_max_ms,
+
+  cpu_usage_percent,
+  memory_used_mb,
+  memory_total_mb,
+  memory_usage_percent,
+
+  db_ok,
+  redis_ok,
+
+  redis_conn_total,
+  redis_conn_idle,
+
+  db_conn_active,
+  db_conn_idle,
+  db_conn_waiting,
+
+  goroutine_count,
+  concurrency_queue_depth
+) VALUES (
+  $1,$2,$3,$4,
+  $5,$6,$7,$8,
+  $9,$10,$11,
+  $12,$13,$14,
+  $15,$16,$17,$18,$19,$20,
+  $21,$22,$23,$24,$25,$26,
+  $27,$28,$29,$30,
+  $31,$32,
+  $33,$34,
+  $35,$36,$37,
+  $38,$39
+)`
+
+	_, err := r.db.ExecContext(
+		ctx,
+		q,
+		createdAt,
+		window,
+		opsNullString(input.Platform),
+		opsNullInt64(input.GroupID),
+
+		input.SuccessCount,
+		input.ErrorCountTotal,
+		input.BusinessLimitedCount,
+		input.ErrorCountSLA,
+
+		input.UpstreamErrorCountExcl429529,
+		input.Upstream429Count,
+		input.Upstream529Count,
+
+		input.TokenConsumed,
+		opsNullFloat64(input.QPS),
+		opsNullFloat64(input.TPS),
+
+		opsNullInt(input.DurationP50Ms),
+		opsNullInt(input.DurationP90Ms),
+		opsNullInt(input.DurationP95Ms),
+		opsNullInt(input.DurationP99Ms),
+		opsNullFloat64(input.DurationAvgMs),
+		opsNullInt(input.DurationMaxMs),
+
+		opsNullInt(input.TTFTP50Ms),
+		opsNullInt(input.TTFTP90Ms),
+		opsNullInt(input.TTFTP95Ms),
+		opsNullInt(input.TTFTP99Ms),
+		opsNullFloat64(input.TTFTAvgMs),
+		opsNullInt(input.TTFTMaxMs),
+
+		opsNullFloat64(input.CPUUsagePercent),
+		opsNullInt(input.MemoryUsedMB),
+		opsNullInt(input.MemoryTotalMB),
+		opsNullFloat64(input.MemoryUsagePercent),
+
+		opsNullBool(input.DBOK),
+		opsNullBool(input.RedisOK),
+
+		opsNullInt(input.RedisConnTotal),
+		opsNullInt(input.RedisConnIdle),
+
+		opsNullInt(input.DBConnActive),
+		opsNullInt(input.DBConnIdle),
+		opsNullInt(input.DBConnWaiting),
+
+		opsNullInt(input.GoroutineCount),
+		opsNullInt(input.ConcurrencyQueueDepth),
+	)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetLatestSystemMetrics(ctx context.Context, windowMinutes int) (*service.OpsSystemMetricsSnapshot, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if windowMinutes <= 0 {
+		windowMinutes = 1
+	}
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  id,
+  created_at,
+  window_minutes,
+
+  cpu_usage_percent,
+  memory_used_mb,
+  memory_total_mb,
+  memory_usage_percent,
+
+  db_ok,
+  redis_ok,
+
+  redis_conn_total,
+  redis_conn_idle,
+
+  db_conn_active,
+  db_conn_idle,
+  db_conn_waiting,
+
+  goroutine_count,
+  concurrency_queue_depth
+FROM ops_system_metrics
+WHERE window_minutes = $1
+  AND platform IS NULL
+  AND group_id IS NULL
+ORDER BY created_at DESC
+LIMIT 1`
+
+	var out service.OpsSystemMetricsSnapshot
+	var cpu sql.NullFloat64
+	var memUsed sql.NullInt64
+	var memTotal sql.NullInt64
+	var memPct sql.NullFloat64
+	var dbOK sql.NullBool
+	var redisOK sql.NullBool
+	var redisTotal sql.NullInt64
+	var redisIdle sql.NullInt64
+	var dbActive sql.NullInt64
+	var dbIdle sql.NullInt64
+	var dbWaiting sql.NullInt64
+	var goroutines sql.NullInt64
+	var queueDepth sql.NullInt64
+
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, q, windowMinutes).Scan(
+		&out.ID,
+		&out.CreatedAt,
+		&out.WindowMinutes,
+		&cpu,
+		&memUsed,
+		&memTotal,
+		&memPct,
+		&dbOK,
+		&redisOK,
+		&redisTotal,
+		&redisIdle,
+		&dbActive,
+		&dbIdle,
+		&dbWaiting,
+		&goroutines,
+		&queueDepth,
+	); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if cpu.Valid {
+		v := cpu.Float64
+		out.CPUUsagePercent = &v
+	}
+	if memUsed.Valid {
+		v := memUsed.Int64
+		out.MemoryUsedMB = &v
+	}
+	if memTotal.Valid {
+		v := memTotal.Int64
+		out.MemoryTotalMB = &v
+	}
+	if memPct.Valid {
+		v := memPct.Float64
+		out.MemoryUsagePercent = &v
+	}
+	if dbOK.Valid {
+		v := dbOK.Bool
+		out.DBOK = &v
+	}
+	if redisOK.Valid {
+		v := redisOK.Bool
+		out.RedisOK = &v
+	}
+	if redisTotal.Valid {
+		v := int(redisTotal.Int64)
+		out.RedisConnTotal = &v
+	}
+	if redisIdle.Valid {
+		v := int(redisIdle.Int64)
+		out.RedisConnIdle = &v
+	}
+	if dbActive.Valid {
+		v := int(dbActive.Int64)
+		out.DBConnActive = &v
+	}
+	if dbIdle.Valid {
+		v := int(dbIdle.Int64)
+		out.DBConnIdle = &v
+	}
+	if dbWaiting.Valid {
+		v := int(dbWaiting.Int64)
+		out.DBConnWaiting = &v
+	}
+	if goroutines.Valid {
+		v := int(goroutines.Int64)
+		out.GoroutineCount = &v
+	}
+	if queueDepth.Valid {
+		v := int(queueDepth.Int64)
+		out.ConcurrencyQueueDepth = &v
+	}
+
+	return &out, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) UpsertJobHeartbeat(ctx context.Context, input *service.OpsUpsertJobHeartbeatInput) error {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if input == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil input")
+	}
+	if input.JobName == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("job_name required")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+INSERT INTO ops_job_heartbeats (
+  job_name,
+  last_run_at,
+  last_success_at,
+  last_error_at,
+  last_error,
+  last_duration_ms,
+  updated_at
+) VALUES (
+  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,NOW()
+)
+ON CONFLICT (job_name) DO UPDATE SET
+  last_run_at = COALESCE(EXCLUDED.last_run_at, ops_job_heartbeats.last_run_at),
+  last_success_at = COALESCE(EXCLUDED.last_success_at, ops_job_heartbeats.last_success_at),
+  last_error_at = CASE
+    WHEN EXCLUDED.last_success_at IS NOT NULL THEN NULL
+    ELSE COALESCE(EXCLUDED.last_error_at, ops_job_heartbeats.last_error_at)
+  END,
+  last_error = CASE
+    WHEN EXCLUDED.last_success_at IS NOT NULL THEN NULL
+    ELSE COALESCE(EXCLUDED.last_error, ops_job_heartbeats.last_error)
+  END,
+  last_duration_ms = COALESCE(EXCLUDED.last_duration_ms, ops_job_heartbeats.last_duration_ms),
+  updated_at = NOW()`
+
+	_, err := r.db.ExecContext(
+		ctx,
+		q,
+		input.JobName,
+		opsNullTime(input.LastRunAt),
+		opsNullTime(input.LastSuccessAt),
+		opsNullTime(input.LastErrorAt),
+		opsNullString(input.LastError),
+		opsNullInt(input.LastDurationMs),
+	)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) ListJobHeartbeats(ctx context.Context) ([]*service.OpsJobHeartbeat, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  job_name,
+  last_run_at,
+  last_success_at,
+  last_error_at,
+  last_error,
+  last_duration_ms,
+  updated_at
+FROM ops_job_heartbeats
+ORDER BY job_name ASC`
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	out := make([]*service.OpsJobHeartbeat, 0, 8)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var item service.OpsJobHeartbeat
+		var lastRun sql.NullTime
+		var lastSuccess sql.NullTime
+		var lastErrorAt sql.NullTime
+		var lastError sql.NullString
+		var lastDuration sql.NullInt64
+
+		if err := rows.Scan(
+			&item.JobName,
+			&lastRun,
+			&lastSuccess,
+			&lastErrorAt,
+			&lastError,
+			&lastDuration,
+			&item.UpdatedAt,
+		); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		if lastRun.Valid {
+			v := lastRun.Time
+			item.LastRunAt = &v
+		}
+		if lastSuccess.Valid {
+			v := lastSuccess.Time
+			item.LastSuccessAt = &v
+		}
+		if lastErrorAt.Valid {
+			v := lastErrorAt.Time
+			item.LastErrorAt = &v
+		}
+		if lastError.Valid {
+			v := lastError.String
+			item.LastError = &v
+		}
+		if lastDuration.Valid {
+			v := lastDuration.Int64
+			item.LastDurationMs = &v
+		}
+
+		out = append(out, &item)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func opsNullBool(v *bool) any {
+	if v == nil {
+		return sql.NullBool{}
+	}
+	return sql.NullBool{Bool: *v, Valid: true}
+}
+
+func opsNullFloat64(v *float64) any {
+	if v == nil {
+		return sql.NullFloat64{}
+	}
+	return sql.NullFloat64{Float64: *v, Valid: true}
+}
+
+func opsNullTime(v *time.Time) any {
+	if v == nil || v.IsZero() {
+		return sql.NullTime{}
+	}
+	return sql.NullTime{Time: *v, Valid: true}
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_preagg.go

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func (r *opsRepository) UpsertHourlyMetrics(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time) error {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if startTime.IsZero() || endTime.IsZero() || !endTime.After(startTime) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	start := startTime.UTC()
+	end := endTime.UTC()
+
+	// NOTE:
+	// - We aggregate usage_logs + ops_error_logs into ops_metrics_hourly.
+	// - We emit three dimension granularities via GROUPING SETS:
+	//   1) overall: (bucket_start)
+	//   2) platform: (bucket_start, platform)
+	//   3) group: (bucket_start, platform, group_id)
+	//
+	// IMPORTANT: Postgres UNIQUE treats NULLs as distinct, so the table uses a COALESCE-based
+	// unique index; our ON CONFLICT target must match that expression set.
+	q := `
+WITH usage_base AS (
+  SELECT
+    date_trunc('hour', ul.created_at AT TIME ZONE 'UTC') AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' AS bucket_start,
+    g.platform AS platform,
+    ul.group_id AS group_id,
+    ul.duration_ms AS duration_ms,
+    ul.first_token_ms AS first_token_ms,
+    (ul.input_tokens + ul.output_tokens + ul.cache_creation_tokens + ul.cache_read_tokens) AS tokens
+  FROM usage_logs ul
+  JOIN groups g ON g.id = ul.group_id
+  WHERE ul.created_at >= $1 AND ul.created_at < $2
+),
+usage_agg AS (
+  SELECT
+    bucket_start,
+    CASE WHEN GROUPING(platform) = 1 THEN NULL ELSE platform END AS platform,
+    CASE WHEN GROUPING(group_id) = 1 THEN NULL ELSE group_id END AS group_id,
+    COUNT(*) AS success_count,
+    COALESCE(SUM(tokens), 0) AS token_consumed,
+
+    percentile_cont(0.50) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY duration_ms) FILTER (WHERE duration_ms IS NOT NULL) AS duration_p50_ms,
+    percentile_cont(0.90) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY duration_ms) FILTER (WHERE duration_ms IS NOT NULL) AS duration_p90_ms,
+    percentile_cont(0.95) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY duration_ms) FILTER (WHERE duration_ms IS NOT NULL) AS duration_p95_ms,
+    percentile_cont(0.99) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY duration_ms) FILTER (WHERE duration_ms IS NOT NULL) AS duration_p99_ms,
+    AVG(duration_ms) FILTER (WHERE duration_ms IS NOT NULL) AS duration_avg_ms,
+    MAX(duration_ms) AS duration_max_ms,
+
+    percentile_cont(0.50) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY first_token_ms) FILTER (WHERE first_token_ms IS NOT NULL) AS ttft_p50_ms,
+    percentile_cont(0.90) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY first_token_ms) FILTER (WHERE first_token_ms IS NOT NULL) AS ttft_p90_ms,
+    percentile_cont(0.95) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY first_token_ms) FILTER (WHERE first_token_ms IS NOT NULL) AS ttft_p95_ms,
+    percentile_cont(0.99) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY first_token_ms) FILTER (WHERE first_token_ms IS NOT NULL) AS ttft_p99_ms,
+    AVG(first_token_ms) FILTER (WHERE first_token_ms IS NOT NULL) AS ttft_avg_ms,
+    MAX(first_token_ms) AS ttft_max_ms
+  FROM usage_base
+  GROUP BY GROUPING SETS (
+    (bucket_start),
+    (bucket_start, platform),
+    (bucket_start, platform, group_id)
+  )
+),
+error_base AS (
+  SELECT
+    date_trunc('hour', created_at AT TIME ZONE 'UTC') AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' AS bucket_start,
+    platform AS platform,
+    group_id AS group_id,
+    is_business_limited AS is_business_limited,
+    error_owner AS error_owner,
+    status_code AS client_status_code,
+    COALESCE(upstream_status_code, status_code, 0) AS effective_status_code
+  FROM ops_error_logs
+  -- Exclude count_tokens requests from error metrics as they are informational probes
+  WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
+    AND is_count_tokens = FALSE
+),
+error_agg AS (
+  SELECT
+    bucket_start,
+    CASE WHEN GROUPING(platform) = 1 THEN NULL ELSE platform END AS platform,
+    CASE WHEN GROUPING(group_id) = 1 THEN NULL ELSE group_id END AS group_id,
+    COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE COALESCE(client_status_code, 0) >= 400) AS error_count_total,
+    COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE COALESCE(client_status_code, 0) >= 400 AND is_business_limited) AS business_limited_count,
+    COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE COALESCE(client_status_code, 0) >= 400 AND NOT is_business_limited) AS error_count_sla,
+    COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE error_owner = 'provider' AND NOT is_business_limited AND COALESCE(effective_status_code, 0) NOT IN (429, 529)) AS upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+    COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE error_owner = 'provider' AND NOT is_business_limited AND COALESCE(effective_status_code, 0) = 429) AS upstream_429_count,
+    COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE error_owner = 'provider' AND NOT is_business_limited AND COALESCE(effective_status_code, 0) = 529) AS upstream_529_count
+  FROM error_base
+  GROUP BY GROUPING SETS (
+    (bucket_start),
+    (bucket_start, platform),
+    (bucket_start, platform, group_id)
+  )
+  HAVING GROUPING(group_id) = 1 OR group_id IS NOT NULL
+),
+combined AS (
+  SELECT
+    COALESCE(u.bucket_start, e.bucket_start) AS bucket_start,
+    COALESCE(u.platform, e.platform) AS platform,
+    COALESCE(u.group_id, e.group_id) AS group_id,
+
+    COALESCE(u.success_count, 0) AS success_count,
+    COALESCE(e.error_count_total, 0) AS error_count_total,
+    COALESCE(e.business_limited_count, 0) AS business_limited_count,
+    COALESCE(e.error_count_sla, 0) AS error_count_sla,
+    COALESCE(e.upstream_error_count_excl_429_529, 0) AS upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+    COALESCE(e.upstream_429_count, 0) AS upstream_429_count,
+    COALESCE(e.upstream_529_count, 0) AS upstream_529_count,
+
+    COALESCE(u.token_consumed, 0) AS token_consumed,
+
+    u.duration_p50_ms,
+    u.duration_p90_ms,
+    u.duration_p95_ms,
+    u.duration_p99_ms,
+    u.duration_avg_ms,
+    u.duration_max_ms,
+
+    u.ttft_p50_ms,
+    u.ttft_p90_ms,
+    u.ttft_p95_ms,
+    u.ttft_p99_ms,
+    u.ttft_avg_ms,
+    u.ttft_max_ms
+  FROM usage_agg u
+  FULL OUTER JOIN error_agg e
+    ON u.bucket_start = e.bucket_start
+   AND COALESCE(u.platform, '') = COALESCE(e.platform, '')
+   AND COALESCE(u.group_id, 0) = COALESCE(e.group_id, 0)
+)
+INSERT INTO ops_metrics_hourly (
+  bucket_start,
+  platform,
+  group_id,
+  success_count,
+  error_count_total,
+  business_limited_count,
+  error_count_sla,
+  upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+  upstream_429_count,
+  upstream_529_count,
+  token_consumed,
+  duration_p50_ms,
+  duration_p90_ms,
+  duration_p95_ms,
+  duration_p99_ms,
+  duration_avg_ms,
+  duration_max_ms,
+  ttft_p50_ms,
+  ttft_p90_ms,
+  ttft_p95_ms,
+  ttft_p99_ms,
+  ttft_avg_ms,
+  ttft_max_ms,
+  computed_at
+)
+SELECT
+  bucket_start,
+  NULLIF(platform, '') AS platform,
+  group_id,
+  success_count,
+  error_count_total,
+  business_limited_count,
+  error_count_sla,
+  upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+  upstream_429_count,
+  upstream_529_count,
+  token_consumed,
+  duration_p50_ms::int,
+  duration_p90_ms::int,
+  duration_p95_ms::int,
+  duration_p99_ms::int,
+  duration_avg_ms,
+  duration_max_ms::int,
+  ttft_p50_ms::int,
+  ttft_p90_ms::int,
+  ttft_p95_ms::int,
+  ttft_p99_ms::int,
+  ttft_avg_ms,
+  ttft_max_ms::int,
+  NOW()
+FROM combined
+WHERE bucket_start IS NOT NULL
+  AND (platform IS NULL OR platform <> '')
+ON CONFLICT (bucket_start, COALESCE(platform, ''), COALESCE(group_id, 0)) DO UPDATE SET
+  success_count = EXCLUDED.success_count,
+  error_count_total = EXCLUDED.error_count_total,
+  business_limited_count = EXCLUDED.business_limited_count,
+  error_count_sla = EXCLUDED.error_count_sla,
+  upstream_error_count_excl_429_529 = EXCLUDED.upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+  upstream_429_count = EXCLUDED.upstream_429_count,
+  upstream_529_count = EXCLUDED.upstream_529_count,
+  token_consumed = EXCLUDED.token_consumed,
+
+  duration_p50_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_p50_ms,
+  duration_p90_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_p90_ms,
+  duration_p95_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_p95_ms,
+  duration_p99_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_p99_ms,
+  duration_avg_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_avg_ms,
+  duration_max_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_max_ms,
+
+  ttft_p50_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_p50_ms,
+  ttft_p90_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_p90_ms,
+  ttft_p95_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_p95_ms,
+  ttft_p99_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_p99_ms,
+  ttft_avg_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_avg_ms,
+  ttft_max_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_max_ms,
+
+  computed_at = NOW()
+`
+
+	_, err := r.db.ExecContext(ctx, q, start, end)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) UpsertDailyMetrics(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time) error {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if startTime.IsZero() || endTime.IsZero() || !endTime.After(startTime) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	start := startTime.UTC()
+	end := endTime.UTC()
+
+	q := `
+INSERT INTO ops_metrics_daily (
+  bucket_date,
+  platform,
+  group_id,
+  success_count,
+  error_count_total,
+  business_limited_count,
+  error_count_sla,
+  upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+  upstream_429_count,
+  upstream_529_count,
+  token_consumed,
+  duration_p50_ms,
+  duration_p90_ms,
+  duration_p95_ms,
+  duration_p99_ms,
+  duration_avg_ms,
+  duration_max_ms,
+  ttft_p50_ms,
+  ttft_p90_ms,
+  ttft_p95_ms,
+  ttft_p99_ms,
+  ttft_avg_ms,
+  ttft_max_ms,
+  computed_at
+)
+SELECT
+  (bucket_start AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')::date AS bucket_date,
+  platform,
+  group_id,
+
+  COALESCE(SUM(success_count), 0) AS success_count,
+  COALESCE(SUM(error_count_total), 0) AS error_count_total,
+  COALESCE(SUM(business_limited_count), 0) AS business_limited_count,
+  COALESCE(SUM(error_count_sla), 0) AS error_count_sla,
+  COALESCE(SUM(upstream_error_count_excl_429_529), 0) AS upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+  COALESCE(SUM(upstream_429_count), 0) AS upstream_429_count,
+  COALESCE(SUM(upstream_529_count), 0) AS upstream_529_count,
+  COALESCE(SUM(token_consumed), 0) AS token_consumed,
+
+  -- Approximation: weighted average for p50/p90, max for p95/p99 (conservative tail).
+  ROUND(SUM(duration_p50_ms::double precision * success_count) FILTER (WHERE duration_p50_ms IS NOT NULL)
+    / NULLIF(SUM(success_count) FILTER (WHERE duration_p50_ms IS NOT NULL), 0))::int AS duration_p50_ms,
+  ROUND(SUM(duration_p90_ms::double precision * success_count) FILTER (WHERE duration_p90_ms IS NOT NULL)
+    / NULLIF(SUM(success_count) FILTER (WHERE duration_p90_ms IS NOT NULL), 0))::int AS duration_p90_ms,
+  MAX(duration_p95_ms) AS duration_p95_ms,
+  MAX(duration_p99_ms) AS duration_p99_ms,
+  SUM(duration_avg_ms * success_count) FILTER (WHERE duration_avg_ms IS NOT NULL)
+    / NULLIF(SUM(success_count) FILTER (WHERE duration_avg_ms IS NOT NULL), 0) AS duration_avg_ms,
+  MAX(duration_max_ms) AS duration_max_ms,
+
+  ROUND(SUM(ttft_p50_ms::double precision * success_count) FILTER (WHERE ttft_p50_ms IS NOT NULL)
+    / NULLIF(SUM(success_count) FILTER (WHERE ttft_p50_ms IS NOT NULL), 0))::int AS ttft_p50_ms,
+  ROUND(SUM(ttft_p90_ms::double precision * success_count) FILTER (WHERE ttft_p90_ms IS NOT NULL)
+    / NULLIF(SUM(success_count) FILTER (WHERE ttft_p90_ms IS NOT NULL), 0))::int AS ttft_p90_ms,
+  MAX(ttft_p95_ms) AS ttft_p95_ms,
+  MAX(ttft_p99_ms) AS ttft_p99_ms,
+  SUM(ttft_avg_ms * success_count) FILTER (WHERE ttft_avg_ms IS NOT NULL)
+    / NULLIF(SUM(success_count) FILTER (WHERE ttft_avg_ms IS NOT NULL), 0) AS ttft_avg_ms,
+  MAX(ttft_max_ms) AS ttft_max_ms,
+
+  NOW()
+FROM ops_metrics_hourly
+WHERE bucket_start >= $1 AND bucket_start < $2
+GROUP BY 1, 2, 3
+ON CONFLICT (bucket_date, COALESCE(platform, ''), COALESCE(group_id, 0)) DO UPDATE SET
+  success_count = EXCLUDED.success_count,
+  error_count_total = EXCLUDED.error_count_total,
+  business_limited_count = EXCLUDED.business_limited_count,
+  error_count_sla = EXCLUDED.error_count_sla,
+  upstream_error_count_excl_429_529 = EXCLUDED.upstream_error_count_excl_429_529,
+  upstream_429_count = EXCLUDED.upstream_429_count,
+  upstream_529_count = EXCLUDED.upstream_529_count,
+  token_consumed = EXCLUDED.token_consumed,
+
+  duration_p50_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_p50_ms,
+  duration_p90_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_p90_ms,
+  duration_p95_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_p95_ms,
+  duration_p99_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_p99_ms,
+  duration_avg_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_avg_ms,
+  duration_max_ms = EXCLUDED.duration_max_ms,
+
+  ttft_p50_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_p50_ms,
+  ttft_p90_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_p90_ms,
+  ttft_p95_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_p95_ms,
+  ttft_p99_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_p99_ms,
+  ttft_avg_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_avg_ms,
+  ttft_max_ms = EXCLUDED.ttft_max_ms,
+
+  computed_at = NOW()
+`
+
+	_, err := r.db.ExecContext(ctx, q, start, end)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetLatestHourlyBucketStart(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, bool, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return time.Time{}, false, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+
+	var value sql.NullTime
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT MAX(bucket_start) FROM ops_metrics_hourly`).Scan(&value); err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, false, err
+	}
+	if !value.Valid {
+		return time.Time{}, false, nil
+	}
+	return value.Time.UTC(), true, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetLatestDailyBucketDate(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, bool, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return time.Time{}, false, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+
+	var value sql.NullTime
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT MAX(bucket_date) FROM ops_metrics_daily`).Scan(&value); err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, false, err
+	}
+	if !value.Valid {
+		return time.Time{}, false, nil
+	}
+	t := value.Time.UTC()
+	return time.Date(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), true, nil
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_realtime_traffic.go

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetRealtimeTrafficSummary(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsDashboardFilter) (*service.OpsRealtimeTrafficSummary, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if filter == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil filter")
+	}
+	if filter.StartTime.IsZero() || filter.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start_time/end_time required")
+	}
+
+	start := filter.StartTime.UTC()
+	end := filter.EndTime.UTC()
+	if start.After(end) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start_time must be <= end_time")
+	}
+
+	window := end.Sub(start)
+	if window <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid time window")
+	}
+	if window > time.Hour {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("window too large")
+	}
+
+	usageJoin, usageWhere, usageArgs, next := buildUsageWhere(filter, start, end, 1)
+	errorWhere, errorArgs, _ := buildErrorWhere(filter, start, end, next)
+
+	q := `
+WITH usage_buckets AS (
+  SELECT
+    date_trunc('minute', ul.created_at) AS bucket,
+    COALESCE(COUNT(*), 0) AS success_count,
+    COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) AS token_sum
+  FROM usage_logs ul
+  ` + usageJoin + `
+  ` + usageWhere + `
+  GROUP BY 1
+),
+error_buckets AS (
+  SELECT
+    date_trunc('minute', created_at) AS bucket,
+    COALESCE(COUNT(*), 0) AS error_count
+  FROM ops_error_logs
+  ` + errorWhere + `
+    AND COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400
+  GROUP BY 1
+),
+combined AS (
+  SELECT
+    COALESCE(u.bucket, e.bucket) AS bucket,
+    COALESCE(u.success_count, 0) AS success_count,
+    COALESCE(u.token_sum, 0) AS token_sum,
+    COALESCE(e.error_count, 0) AS error_count,
+    COALESCE(u.success_count, 0) + COALESCE(e.error_count, 0) AS request_total
+  FROM usage_buckets u
+  FULL OUTER JOIN error_buckets e ON u.bucket = e.bucket
+)
+SELECT
+  COALESCE(SUM(success_count), 0) AS success_total,
+  COALESCE(SUM(error_count), 0) AS error_total,
+  COALESCE(SUM(token_sum), 0) AS token_total,
+  COALESCE(MAX(request_total), 0) AS peak_requests_per_min,
+  COALESCE(MAX(token_sum), 0) AS peak_tokens_per_min
+FROM combined`
+
+	args := append(usageArgs, errorArgs...)
+	var successCount int64
+	var errorTotal int64
+	var tokenConsumed int64
+	var peakRequestsPerMin int64
+	var peakTokensPerMin int64
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, q, args...).Scan(
+		&successCount,
+		&errorTotal,
+		&tokenConsumed,
+		&peakRequestsPerMin,
+		&peakTokensPerMin,
+	); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	windowSeconds := window.Seconds()
+	if windowSeconds <= 0 {
+		windowSeconds = 1
+	}
+
+	requestCountTotal := successCount + errorTotal
+	qpsAvg := roundTo1DP(float64(requestCountTotal) / windowSeconds)
+	tpsAvg := roundTo1DP(float64(tokenConsumed) / windowSeconds)
+
+	// Keep "current" consistent with the dashboard overview semantics: last 1 minute.
+	// This remains "within the selected window" since end=start+window.
+	qpsCurrent, tpsCurrent, err := r.queryCurrentRates(ctx, filter, end)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	qpsPeak := roundTo1DP(float64(peakRequestsPerMin) / 60.0)
+	tpsPeak := roundTo1DP(float64(peakTokensPerMin) / 60.0)
+
+	return &service.OpsRealtimeTrafficSummary{
+		StartTime: start,
+		EndTime:   end,
+		Platform:  strings.TrimSpace(filter.Platform),
+		GroupID:   filter.GroupID,
+		QPS: service.OpsRateSummary{
+			Current: qpsCurrent,
+			Peak:    qpsPeak,
+			Avg:     qpsAvg,
+		},
+		TPS: service.OpsRateSummary{
+			Current: tpsCurrent,
+			Peak:    tpsPeak,
+			Avg:     tpsAvg,
+		},
+	}, nil
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_request_details.go

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+func (r *opsRepository) ListRequestDetails(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsRequestDetailFilter) ([]*service.OpsRequestDetail, int64, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+
+	page, pageSize, startTime, endTime := filter.Normalize()
+	offset := (page - 1) * pageSize
+
+	conditions := make([]string, 0, 16)
+	args := make([]any, 0, 24)
+
+	// Placeholders $1/$2 reserved for time window inside the CTE.
+	args = append(args, startTime.UTC(), endTime.UTC())
+
+	addCondition := func(condition string, values ...any) {
+		conditions = append(conditions, condition)
+		args = append(args, values...)
+	}
+
+	if filter != nil {
+		if kind := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(filter.Kind)); kind != "" && kind != "all" {
+			if kind != string(service.OpsRequestKindSuccess) && kind != string(service.OpsRequestKindError) {
+				return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid kind")
+			}
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("kind = $%d", len(args)+1), kind)
+		}
+
+		if platform := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(filter.Platform)); platform != "" {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("platform = $%d", len(args)+1), platform)
+		}
+		if filter.GroupID != nil && *filter.GroupID > 0 {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("group_id = $%d", len(args)+1), *filter.GroupID)
+		}
+
+		if filter.UserID != nil && *filter.UserID > 0 {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("user_id = $%d", len(args)+1), *filter.UserID)
+		}
+		if filter.APIKeyID != nil && *filter.APIKeyID > 0 {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("api_key_id = $%d", len(args)+1), *filter.APIKeyID)
+		}
+		if filter.AccountID != nil && *filter.AccountID > 0 {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("account_id = $%d", len(args)+1), *filter.AccountID)
+		}
+
+		if model := strings.TrimSpace(filter.Model); model != "" {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("model = $%d", len(args)+1), model)
+		}
+		if requestID := strings.TrimSpace(filter.RequestID); requestID != "" {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("request_id = $%d", len(args)+1), requestID)
+		}
+		if q := strings.TrimSpace(filter.Query); q != "" {
+			like := "%" + strings.ToLower(q) + "%"
+			startIdx := len(args) + 1
+			addCondition(
+				fmt.Sprintf("(LOWER(COALESCE(request_id,'')) LIKE $%d OR LOWER(COALESCE(model,'')) LIKE $%d OR LOWER(COALESCE(message,'')) LIKE $%d)",
+					startIdx, startIdx+1, startIdx+2,
+				),
+				like, like, like,
+			)
+		}
+
+		if filter.MinDurationMs != nil {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("duration_ms >= $%d", len(args)+1), *filter.MinDurationMs)
+		}
+		if filter.MaxDurationMs != nil {
+			addCondition(fmt.Sprintf("duration_ms <= $%d", len(args)+1), *filter.MaxDurationMs)
+		}
+	}
+
+	where := ""
+	if len(conditions) > 0 {
+		where = "WHERE " + strings.Join(conditions, " AND ")
+	}
+
+	cte := `
+WITH combined AS (
+  SELECT
+    'success'::TEXT AS kind,
+    ul.created_at AS created_at,
+    ul.request_id AS request_id,
+    COALESCE(NULLIF(g.platform, ''), NULLIF(a.platform, ''), '') AS platform,
+    ul.model AS model,
+    ul.duration_ms AS duration_ms,
+    NULL::INT AS status_code,
+    NULL::BIGINT AS error_id,
+    NULL::TEXT AS phase,
+    NULL::TEXT AS severity,
+    NULL::TEXT AS message,
+    ul.user_id AS user_id,
+    ul.api_key_id AS api_key_id,
+    ul.account_id AS account_id,
+    ul.group_id AS group_id,
+    ul.stream AS stream
+  FROM usage_logs ul
+  LEFT JOIN groups g ON g.id = ul.group_id
+  LEFT JOIN accounts a ON a.id = ul.account_id
+  WHERE ul.created_at >= $1 AND ul.created_at < $2
+
+  UNION ALL
+
+  SELECT
+    'error'::TEXT AS kind,
+    o.created_at AS created_at,
+    COALESCE(NULLIF(o.request_id,''), NULLIF(o.client_request_id,''), '') AS request_id,
+    COALESCE(NULLIF(o.platform, ''), NULLIF(g.platform, ''), NULLIF(a.platform, ''), '') AS platform,
+    o.model AS model,
+    o.duration_ms AS duration_ms,
+    o.status_code AS status_code,
+    o.id AS error_id,
+    o.error_phase AS phase,
+    o.severity AS severity,
+    o.error_message AS message,
+    o.user_id AS user_id,
+    o.api_key_id AS api_key_id,
+    o.account_id AS account_id,
+    o.group_id AS group_id,
+    o.stream AS stream
+  FROM ops_error_logs o
+  LEFT JOIN groups g ON g.id = o.group_id
+  LEFT JOIN accounts a ON a.id = o.account_id
+  WHERE o.created_at >= $1 AND o.created_at < $2
+    AND COALESCE(o.status_code, 0) >= 400
+)
+`
+
+	countQuery := fmt.Sprintf(`%s SELECT COUNT(1) FROM combined %s`, cte, where)
+	var total int64
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, countQuery, args...).Scan(&total); err != nil {
+		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+			total = 0
+		} else {
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	sort := "ORDER BY created_at DESC"
+	if filter != nil {
+		switch strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(filter.Sort)) {
+		case "", "created_at_desc":
+			// default
+		case "duration_desc":
+			sort = "ORDER BY duration_ms DESC NULLS LAST, created_at DESC"
+		default:
+			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid sort")
+		}
+	}
+
+	listQuery := fmt.Sprintf(`
+%s
+SELECT
+  kind,
+  created_at,
+  request_id,
+  platform,
+  model,
+  duration_ms,
+  status_code,
+  error_id,
+  phase,
+  severity,
+  message,
+  user_id,
+  api_key_id,
+  account_id,
+  group_id,
+  stream
+FROM combined
+%s
+%s
+LIMIT $%d OFFSET $%d
+`, cte, where, sort, len(args)+1, len(args)+2)
+
+	listArgs := append(append([]any{}, args...), pageSize, offset)
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, listQuery, listArgs...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	toIntPtr := func(v sql.NullInt64) *int {
+		if !v.Valid {
+			return nil
+		}
+		i := int(v.Int64)
+		return &i
+	}
+	toInt64Ptr := func(v sql.NullInt64) *int64 {
+		if !v.Valid {
+			return nil
+		}
+		i := v.Int64
+		return &i
+	}
+
+	out := make([]*service.OpsRequestDetail, 0, pageSize)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var (
+			kind      string
+			createdAt time.Time
+			requestID sql.NullString
+			platform  sql.NullString
+			model     sql.NullString
+
+			durationMs sql.NullInt64
+			statusCode sql.NullInt64
+			errorID    sql.NullInt64
+
+			phase    sql.NullString
+			severity sql.NullString
+			message  sql.NullString
+
+			userID    sql.NullInt64
+			apiKeyID  sql.NullInt64
+			accountID sql.NullInt64
+			groupID   sql.NullInt64
+
+			stream bool
+		)
+
+		if err := rows.Scan(
+			&kind,
+			&createdAt,
+			&requestID,
+			&platform,
+			&model,
+			&durationMs,
+			&statusCode,
+			&errorID,
+			&phase,
+			&severity,
+			&message,
+			&userID,
+			&apiKeyID,
+			&accountID,
+			&groupID,
+			&stream,
+		); err != nil {
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+
+		item := &service.OpsRequestDetail{
+			Kind:      service.OpsRequestKind(kind),
+			CreatedAt: createdAt,
+			RequestID: strings.TrimSpace(requestID.String),
+			Platform:  strings.TrimSpace(platform.String),
+			Model:     strings.TrimSpace(model.String),
+
+			DurationMs: toIntPtr(durationMs),
+			StatusCode: toIntPtr(statusCode),
+			ErrorID:    toInt64Ptr(errorID),
+			Phase:      phase.String,
+			Severity:   severity.String,
+			Message:    message.String,
+
+			UserID:    toInt64Ptr(userID),
+			APIKeyID:  toInt64Ptr(apiKeyID),
+			AccountID: toInt64Ptr(accountID),
+			GroupID:   toInt64Ptr(groupID),
+
+			Stream: stream,
+		}
+
+		if item.Platform == "" {
+			item.Platform = "unknown"
+		}
+
+		out = append(out, item)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	return out, total, nil
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_trends.go

@@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetThroughputTrend(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsDashboardFilter, bucketSeconds int) (*service.OpsThroughputTrendResponse, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if filter == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil filter")
+	}
+	if filter.StartTime.IsZero() || filter.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start_time/end_time required")
+	}
+
+	if bucketSeconds <= 0 {
+		bucketSeconds = 60
+	}
+	if bucketSeconds != 60 && bucketSeconds != 300 && bucketSeconds != 3600 {
+		// Keep a small, predictable set of supported buckets for now.
+		bucketSeconds = 60
+	}
+
+	start := filter.StartTime.UTC()
+	end := filter.EndTime.UTC()
+
+	usageJoin, usageWhere, usageArgs, next := buildUsageWhere(filter, start, end, 1)
+	errorWhere, errorArgs, _ := buildErrorWhere(filter, start, end, next)
+
+	usageBucketExpr := opsBucketExprForUsage(bucketSeconds)
+	errorBucketExpr := opsBucketExprForError(bucketSeconds)
+
+	q := `
+WITH usage_buckets AS (
+  SELECT ` + usageBucketExpr + ` AS bucket,
+         COUNT(*) AS success_count,
+         COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) AS token_consumed
+  FROM usage_logs ul
+  ` + usageJoin + `
+  ` + usageWhere + `
+  GROUP BY 1
+),
+error_buckets AS (
+  SELECT ` + errorBucketExpr + ` AS bucket,
+         COUNT(*) AS error_count
+  FROM ops_error_logs
+  ` + errorWhere + `
+    AND COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400
+  GROUP BY 1
+),
+combined AS (
+  SELECT COALESCE(u.bucket, e.bucket) AS bucket,
+         COALESCE(u.success_count, 0) AS success_count,
+         COALESCE(e.error_count, 0) AS error_count,
+         COALESCE(u.token_consumed, 0) AS token_consumed
+  FROM usage_buckets u
+  FULL OUTER JOIN error_buckets e ON u.bucket = e.bucket
+)
+SELECT
+  bucket,
+  (success_count + error_count) AS request_count,
+  token_consumed
+FROM combined
+ORDER BY bucket ASC`
+
+	args := append(usageArgs, errorArgs...)
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	points := make([]*service.OpsThroughputTrendPoint, 0, 256)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var bucket time.Time
+		var requests int64
+		var tokens sql.NullInt64
+		if err := rows.Scan(&bucket, &requests, &tokens); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		tokenConsumed := int64(0)
+		if tokens.Valid {
+			tokenConsumed = tokens.Int64
+		}
+
+		denom := float64(bucketSeconds)
+		if denom <= 0 {
+			denom = 60
+		}
+		qps := roundTo1DP(float64(requests) / denom)
+		tps := roundTo1DP(float64(tokenConsumed) / denom)
+
+		points = append(points, &service.OpsThroughputTrendPoint{
+			BucketStart:   bucket.UTC(),
+			RequestCount:  requests,
+			TokenConsumed: tokenConsumed,
+			QPS:           qps,
+			TPS:           tps,
+		})
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Fill missing buckets with zeros so charts render continuous timelines.
+	points = fillOpsThroughputBuckets(start, end, bucketSeconds, points)
+
+	var byPlatform []*service.OpsThroughputPlatformBreakdownItem
+	var topGroups []*service.OpsThroughputGroupBreakdownItem
+
+	platform := ""
+	if filter != nil {
+		platform = strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(filter.Platform))
+	}
+	groupID := (*int64)(nil)
+	if filter != nil {
+		groupID = filter.GroupID
+	}
+
+	// Drilldown helpers:
+	// - No platform/group: totals by platform
+	// - Platform selected but no group: top groups in that platform
+	if platform == "" && (groupID == nil || *groupID <= 0) {
+		items, err := r.getThroughputBreakdownByPlatform(ctx, start, end)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		byPlatform = items
+	} else if platform != "" && (groupID == nil || *groupID <= 0) {
+		items, err := r.getThroughputTopGroupsByPlatform(ctx, start, end, platform, 10)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		topGroups = items
+	}
+
+	return &service.OpsThroughputTrendResponse{
+		Bucket: opsBucketLabel(bucketSeconds),
+		Points: points,
+
+		ByPlatform: byPlatform,
+		TopGroups:  topGroups,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) getThroughputBreakdownByPlatform(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) ([]*service.OpsThroughputPlatformBreakdownItem, error) {
+	q := `
+WITH usage_totals AS (
+  SELECT COALESCE(NULLIF(g.platform,''), a.platform) AS platform,
+         COUNT(*) AS success_count,
+         COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) AS token_consumed
+  FROM usage_logs ul
+  LEFT JOIN groups g ON g.id = ul.group_id
+  LEFT JOIN accounts a ON a.id = ul.account_id
+  WHERE ul.created_at >= $1 AND ul.created_at < $2
+  GROUP BY 1
+),
+error_totals AS (
+  SELECT platform,
+         COUNT(*) AS error_count
+  FROM ops_error_logs
+  WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
+    AND COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400
+    AND is_count_tokens = FALSE  -- 排除 count_tokens 请求的错误
+  GROUP BY 1
+),
+combined AS (
+  SELECT COALESCE(u.platform, e.platform) AS platform,
+         COALESCE(u.success_count, 0) AS success_count,
+         COALESCE(e.error_count, 0) AS error_count,
+         COALESCE(u.token_consumed, 0) AS token_consumed
+  FROM usage_totals u
+  FULL OUTER JOIN error_totals e ON u.platform = e.platform
+)
+SELECT platform, (success_count + error_count) AS request_count, token_consumed
+FROM combined
+WHERE platform IS NOT NULL AND platform <> ''
+ORDER BY request_count DESC`
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q, start, end)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	items := make([]*service.OpsThroughputPlatformBreakdownItem, 0, 8)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var platform string
+		var requests int64
+		var tokens sql.NullInt64
+		if err := rows.Scan(&platform, &requests, &tokens); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		tokenConsumed := int64(0)
+		if tokens.Valid {
+			tokenConsumed = tokens.Int64
+		}
+		items = append(items, &service.OpsThroughputPlatformBreakdownItem{
+			Platform:      platform,
+			RequestCount:  requests,
+			TokenConsumed: tokenConsumed,
+		})
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return items, nil
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) getThroughputTopGroupsByPlatform(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time, platform string, limit int) ([]*service.OpsThroughputGroupBreakdownItem, error) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(platform) == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if limit <= 0 || limit > 100 {
+		limit = 10
+	}
+
+	q := `
+WITH usage_totals AS (
+  SELECT ul.group_id AS group_id,
+         g.name AS group_name,
+         COUNT(*) AS success_count,
+         COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) AS token_consumed
+  FROM usage_logs ul
+  JOIN groups g ON g.id = ul.group_id
+  WHERE ul.created_at >= $1 AND ul.created_at < $2
+    AND g.platform = $3
+  GROUP BY 1, 2
+),
+error_totals AS (
+  SELECT group_id,
+         COUNT(*) AS error_count
+  FROM ops_error_logs
+  WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
+    AND platform = $3
+    AND group_id IS NOT NULL
+    AND COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400
+    AND is_count_tokens = FALSE  -- 排除 count_tokens 请求的错误
+  GROUP BY 1
+),
+combined AS (
+  SELECT COALESCE(u.group_id, e.group_id) AS group_id,
+         COALESCE(u.group_name, g2.name, '') AS group_name,
+         COALESCE(u.success_count, 0) AS success_count,
+         COALESCE(e.error_count, 0) AS error_count,
+         COALESCE(u.token_consumed, 0) AS token_consumed
+  FROM usage_totals u
+  FULL OUTER JOIN error_totals e ON u.group_id = e.group_id
+  LEFT JOIN groups g2 ON g2.id = COALESCE(u.group_id, e.group_id)
+)
+SELECT group_id, group_name, (success_count + error_count) AS request_count, token_consumed
+FROM combined
+WHERE group_id IS NOT NULL
+ORDER BY request_count DESC
+LIMIT $4`
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q, start, end, platform, limit)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	items := make([]*service.OpsThroughputGroupBreakdownItem, 0, limit)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var groupID int64
+		var groupName sql.NullString
+		var requests int64
+		var tokens sql.NullInt64
+		if err := rows.Scan(&groupID, &groupName, &requests, &tokens); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		tokenConsumed := int64(0)
+		if tokens.Valid {
+			tokenConsumed = tokens.Int64
+		}
+		name := ""
+		if groupName.Valid {
+			name = groupName.String
+		}
+		items = append(items, &service.OpsThroughputGroupBreakdownItem{
+			GroupID:       groupID,
+			GroupName:     name,
+			RequestCount:  requests,
+			TokenConsumed: tokenConsumed,
+		})
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return items, nil
+}
+
+func opsBucketExprForUsage(bucketSeconds int) string {
+	switch bucketSeconds {
+	case 3600:
+		return "date_trunc('hour', ul.created_at)"
+	case 300:
+		// 5-minute buckets in UTC.
+		return "to_timestamp(floor(extract(epoch from ul.created_at) / 300) * 300)"
+	default:
+		return "date_trunc('minute', ul.created_at)"
+	}
+}
+
+func opsBucketExprForError(bucketSeconds int) string {
+	switch bucketSeconds {
+	case 3600:
+		return "date_trunc('hour', created_at)"
+	case 300:
+		return "to_timestamp(floor(extract(epoch from created_at) / 300) * 300)"
+	default:
+		return "date_trunc('minute', created_at)"
+	}
+}
+
+func opsBucketLabel(bucketSeconds int) string {
+	if bucketSeconds <= 0 {
+		return "1m"
+	}
+	if bucketSeconds%3600 == 0 {
+		h := bucketSeconds / 3600
+		if h <= 0 {
+			h = 1
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%dh", h)
+	}
+	m := bucketSeconds / 60
+	if m <= 0 {
+		m = 1
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%dm", m)
+}
+
+func opsFloorToBucketStart(t time.Time, bucketSeconds int) time.Time {
+	t = t.UTC()
+	if bucketSeconds <= 0 {
+		bucketSeconds = 60
+	}
+	secs := t.Unix()
+	floored := secs - (secs % int64(bucketSeconds))
+	return time.Unix(floored, 0).UTC()
+}
+
+func fillOpsThroughputBuckets(start, end time.Time, bucketSeconds int, points []*service.OpsThroughputTrendPoint) []*service.OpsThroughputTrendPoint {
+	if bucketSeconds <= 0 {
+		bucketSeconds = 60
+	}
+	if !start.Before(end) {
+		return points
+	}
+
+	endMinus := end.Add(-time.Nanosecond)
+	if endMinus.Before(start) {
+		return points
+	}
+
+	first := opsFloorToBucketStart(start, bucketSeconds)
+	last := opsFloorToBucketStart(endMinus, bucketSeconds)
+	step := time.Duration(bucketSeconds) * time.Second
+
+	existing := make(map[int64]*service.OpsThroughputTrendPoint, len(points))
+	for _, p := range points {
+		if p == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		existing[p.BucketStart.UTC().Unix()] = p
+	}
+
+	out := make([]*service.OpsThroughputTrendPoint, 0, int(last.Sub(first)/step)+1)
+	for cursor := first; !cursor.After(last); cursor = cursor.Add(step) {
+		if p, ok := existing[cursor.Unix()]; ok && p != nil {
+			out = append(out, p)
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, &service.OpsThroughputTrendPoint{
+			BucketStart:   cursor,
+			RequestCount:  0,
+			TokenConsumed: 0,
+			QPS:           0,
+			TPS:           0,
+		})
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetErrorTrend(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsDashboardFilter, bucketSeconds int) (*service.OpsErrorTrendResponse, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if filter == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil filter")
+	}
+	if filter.StartTime.IsZero() || filter.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start_time/end_time required")
+	}
+
+	if bucketSeconds <= 0 {
+		bucketSeconds = 60
+	}
+	if bucketSeconds != 60 && bucketSeconds != 300 && bucketSeconds != 3600 {
+		bucketSeconds = 60
+	}
+
+	start := filter.StartTime.UTC()
+	end := filter.EndTime.UTC()
+	where, args, _ := buildErrorWhere(filter, start, end, 1)
+	bucketExpr := opsBucketExprForError(bucketSeconds)
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  ` + bucketExpr + ` AS bucket,
+  COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400) AS error_total,
+  COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400 AND is_business_limited) AS business_limited,
+  COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400 AND NOT is_business_limited) AS error_sla,
+  COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE error_owner = 'provider' AND NOT is_business_limited AND COALESCE(upstream_status_code, status_code, 0) NOT IN (429, 529)) AS upstream_excl,
+  COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE error_owner = 'provider' AND NOT is_business_limited AND COALESCE(upstream_status_code, status_code, 0) = 429) AS upstream_429,
+  COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE error_owner = 'provider' AND NOT is_business_limited AND COALESCE(upstream_status_code, status_code, 0) = 529) AS upstream_529
+FROM ops_error_logs
+` + where + `
+GROUP BY 1
+ORDER BY 1 ASC`
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	points := make([]*service.OpsErrorTrendPoint, 0, 256)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var bucket time.Time
+		var total, businessLimited, sla, upstreamExcl, upstream429, upstream529 int64
+		if err := rows.Scan(&bucket, &total, &businessLimited, &sla, &upstreamExcl, &upstream429, &upstream529); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		points = append(points, &service.OpsErrorTrendPoint{
+			BucketStart: bucket.UTC(),
+
+			ErrorCountTotal:      total,
+			BusinessLimitedCount: businessLimited,
+			ErrorCountSLA:        sla,
+
+			UpstreamErrorCountExcl429529: upstreamExcl,
+			Upstream429Count:             upstream429,
+			Upstream529Count:             upstream529,
+		})
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	points = fillOpsErrorTrendBuckets(start, end, bucketSeconds, points)
+
+	return &service.OpsErrorTrendResponse{
+		Bucket: opsBucketLabel(bucketSeconds),
+		Points: points,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func fillOpsErrorTrendBuckets(start, end time.Time, bucketSeconds int, points []*service.OpsErrorTrendPoint) []*service.OpsErrorTrendPoint {
+	if bucketSeconds <= 0 {
+		bucketSeconds = 60
+	}
+	if !start.Before(end) {
+		return points
+	}
+
+	endMinus := end.Add(-time.Nanosecond)
+	if endMinus.Before(start) {
+		return points
+	}
+
+	first := opsFloorToBucketStart(start, bucketSeconds)
+	last := opsFloorToBucketStart(endMinus, bucketSeconds)
+	step := time.Duration(bucketSeconds) * time.Second
+
+	existing := make(map[int64]*service.OpsErrorTrendPoint, len(points))
+	for _, p := range points {
+		if p == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		existing[p.BucketStart.UTC().Unix()] = p
+	}
+
+	out := make([]*service.OpsErrorTrendPoint, 0, int(last.Sub(first)/step)+1)
+	for cursor := first; !cursor.After(last); cursor = cursor.Add(step) {
+		if p, ok := existing[cursor.Unix()]; ok && p != nil {
+			out = append(out, p)
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, &service.OpsErrorTrendPoint{
+			BucketStart: cursor,
+
+			ErrorCountTotal:      0,
+			BusinessLimitedCount: 0,
+			ErrorCountSLA:        0,
+
+			UpstreamErrorCountExcl429529: 0,
+			Upstream429Count:             0,
+			Upstream529Count:             0,
+		})
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetErrorDistribution(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsDashboardFilter) (*service.OpsErrorDistributionResponse, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if filter == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil filter")
+	}
+	if filter.StartTime.IsZero() || filter.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start_time/end_time required")
+	}
+
+	start := filter.StartTime.UTC()
+	end := filter.EndTime.UTC()
+	where, args, _ := buildErrorWhere(filter, start, end, 1)
+
+	q := `
+SELECT
+  COALESCE(upstream_status_code, status_code, 0) AS status_code,
+  COUNT(*) AS total,
+  COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE NOT is_business_limited) AS sla,
+  COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE is_business_limited) AS business_limited
+FROM ops_error_logs
+` + where + `
+  AND COALESCE(status_code, 0) >= 400
+GROUP BY 1
+ORDER BY total DESC
+LIMIT 20`
+
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, q, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	items := make([]*service.OpsErrorDistributionItem, 0, 16)
+	var total int64
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var statusCode int
+		var cntTotal, cntSLA, cntBiz int64
+		if err := rows.Scan(&statusCode, &cntTotal, &cntSLA, &cntBiz); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		total += cntTotal
+		items = append(items, &service.OpsErrorDistributionItem{
+			StatusCode:      statusCode,
+			Total:           cntTotal,
+			SLA:             cntSLA,
+			BusinessLimited: cntBiz,
+		})
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &service.OpsErrorDistributionResponse{
+		Total: total,
+		Items: items,
+	}, nil
+}

backend/internal/repository/ops_repo_window_stats.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+func (r *opsRepository) GetWindowStats(ctx context.Context, filter *service.OpsDashboardFilter) (*service.OpsWindowStats, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.db == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil ops repository")
+	}
+	if filter == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil filter")
+	}
+	if filter.StartTime.IsZero() || filter.EndTime.IsZero() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start_time/end_time required")
+	}
+
+	start := filter.StartTime.UTC()
+	end := filter.EndTime.UTC()
+	if start.After(end) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start_time must be <= end_time")
+	}
+	// Bound excessively large windows to prevent accidental heavy queries.
+	if end.Sub(start) > 24*time.Hour {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("window too large")
+	}
+
+	successCount, tokenConsumed, err := r.queryUsageCounts(ctx, filter, start, end)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	errorTotal, _, _, _, _, _, err := r.queryErrorCounts(ctx, filter, start, end)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &service.OpsWindowStats{
+		StartTime: start,
+		EndTime:   end,
+
+		SuccessCount:    successCount,
+		ErrorCountTotal: errorTotal,
+		TokenConsumed:   tokenConsumed,
+	}, nil
+}

backend/internal/repository/scheduler_cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	schedulerBucketSetKey       = "sched:buckets"
+	schedulerOutboxWatermarkKey = "sched:outbox:watermark"
+	schedulerAccountPrefix      = "sched:acc:"
+	schedulerActivePrefix       = "sched:active:"
+	schedulerReadyPrefix        = "sched:ready:"
+	schedulerVersionPrefix      = "sched:ver:"
+	schedulerSnapshotPrefix     = "sched:"
+	schedulerLockPrefix         = "sched:lock:"
+)
+
+type schedulerCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewSchedulerCache(rdb *redis.Client) service.SchedulerCache {
+	return &schedulerCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) GetSnapshot(ctx context.Context, bucket service.SchedulerBucket) ([]*service.Account, bool, error) {
+	readyKey := schedulerBucketKey(schedulerReadyPrefix, bucket)
+	readyVal, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, readyKey).Result()
+	if err == redis.Nil {
+		return nil, false, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	if readyVal != "1" {
+		return nil, false, nil
+	}
+
+	activeKey := schedulerBucketKey(schedulerActivePrefix, bucket)
+	activeVal, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, activeKey).Result()
+	if err == redis.Nil {
+		return nil, false, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+
+	snapshotKey := schedulerSnapshotKey(bucket, activeVal)
+	ids, err := c.rdb.ZRange(ctx, snapshotKey, 0, -1).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return []*service.Account{}, true, nil
+	}
+
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(ids))
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		keys = append(keys, schedulerAccountKey(id))
+	}
+	values, err := c.rdb.MGet(ctx, keys...).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+
+	accounts := make([]*service.Account, 0, len(values))
+	for _, val := range values {
+		if val == nil {
+			return nil, false, nil
+		}
+		account, err := decodeCachedAccount(val)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
+		accounts = append(accounts, account)
+	}
+
+	return accounts, true, nil
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) SetSnapshot(ctx context.Context, bucket service.SchedulerBucket, accounts []service.Account) error {
+	activeKey := schedulerBucketKey(schedulerActivePrefix, bucket)
+	oldActive, _ := c.rdb.Get(ctx, activeKey).Result()
+
+	versionKey := schedulerBucketKey(schedulerVersionPrefix, bucket)
+	version, err := c.rdb.Incr(ctx, versionKey).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	versionStr := strconv.FormatInt(version, 10)
+	snapshotKey := schedulerSnapshotKey(bucket, versionStr)
+
+	pipe := c.rdb.Pipeline()
+	for _, account := range accounts {
+		payload, err := json.Marshal(account)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pipe.Set(ctx, schedulerAccountKey(strconv.FormatInt(account.ID, 10)), payload, 0)
+	}
+	if len(accounts) > 0 {
+		// 使用序号作为 score，保持数据库返回的排序语义。
+		members := make([]redis.Z, 0, len(accounts))
+		for idx, account := range accounts {
+			members = append(members, redis.Z{
+				Score:  float64(idx),
+				Member: strconv.FormatInt(account.ID, 10),
+			})
+		}
+		pipe.ZAdd(ctx, snapshotKey, members...)
+	} else {
+		pipe.Del(ctx, snapshotKey)
+	}
+	pipe.Set(ctx, activeKey, versionStr, 0)
+	pipe.Set(ctx, schedulerBucketKey(schedulerReadyPrefix, bucket), "1", 0)
+	pipe.SAdd(ctx, schedulerBucketSetKey, bucket.String())
+	if _, err := pipe.Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if oldActive != "" && oldActive != versionStr {
+		_ = c.rdb.Del(ctx, schedulerSnapshotKey(bucket, oldActive)).Err()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) GetAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*service.Account, error) {
+	key := schedulerAccountKey(strconv.FormatInt(accountID, 10))
+	val, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Result()
+	if err == redis.Nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return decodeCachedAccount(val)
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) SetAccount(ctx context.Context, account *service.Account) error {
+	if account == nil || account.ID <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	payload, err := json.Marshal(account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	key := schedulerAccountKey(strconv.FormatInt(account.ID, 10))
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, key, payload, 0).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) DeleteAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) error {
+	if accountID <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	key := schedulerAccountKey(strconv.FormatInt(accountID, 10))
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, updates map[int64]time.Time) error {
+	if len(updates) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(updates))
+	ids := make([]int64, 0, len(updates))
+	for id := range updates {
+		keys = append(keys, schedulerAccountKey(strconv.FormatInt(id, 10)))
+		ids = append(ids, id)
+	}
+
+	values, err := c.rdb.MGet(ctx, keys...).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	pipe := c.rdb.Pipeline()
+	for i, val := range values {
+		if val == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		account, err := decodeCachedAccount(val)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		account.LastUsedAt = ptrTime(updates[ids[i]])
+		updated, err := json.Marshal(account)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pipe.Set(ctx, keys[i], updated, 0)
+	}
+	_, err = pipe.Exec(ctx)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) TryLockBucket(ctx context.Context, bucket service.SchedulerBucket, ttl time.Duration) (bool, error) {
+	key := schedulerBucketKey(schedulerLockPrefix, bucket)
+	return c.rdb.SetNX(ctx, key, time.Now().UnixNano(), ttl).Result()
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) ListBuckets(ctx context.Context) ([]service.SchedulerBucket, error) {
+	raw, err := c.rdb.SMembers(ctx, schedulerBucketSetKey).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	out := make([]service.SchedulerBucket, 0, len(raw))
+	for _, entry := range raw {
+		bucket, ok := service.ParseSchedulerBucket(entry)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, bucket)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) GetOutboxWatermark(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
+	val, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, schedulerOutboxWatermarkKey).Result()
+	if err == redis.Nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(val, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+func (c *schedulerCache) SetOutboxWatermark(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, schedulerOutboxWatermarkKey, strconv.FormatInt(id, 10), 0).Err()
+}
+
+func schedulerBucketKey(prefix string, bucket service.SchedulerBucket) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%s:%s", prefix, bucket.GroupID, bucket.Platform, bucket.Mode)
+}
+
+func schedulerSnapshotKey(bucket service.SchedulerBucket, version string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%s:%s:v%s", schedulerSnapshotPrefix, bucket.GroupID, bucket.Platform, bucket.Mode, version)
+}
+
+func schedulerAccountKey(id string) string {
+	return schedulerAccountPrefix + id
+}
+
+func ptrTime(t time.Time) *time.Time {
+	return &t
+}
+
+func decodeCachedAccount(val any) (*service.Account, error) {
+	var payload []byte
+	switch raw := val.(type) {
+	case string:
+		payload = []byte(raw)
+	case []byte:
+		payload = raw
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected account cache type: %T", val)
+	}
+	var account service.Account
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &account); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &account, nil
+}

backend/internal/repository/scheduler_outbox_repo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/json"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+type schedulerOutboxRepository struct {
+	db *sql.DB
+}
+
+func NewSchedulerOutboxRepository(db *sql.DB) service.SchedulerOutboxRepository {
+	return &schedulerOutboxRepository{db: db}
+}
+
+func (r *schedulerOutboxRepository) ListAfter(ctx context.Context, afterID int64, limit int) ([]service.SchedulerOutboxEvent, error) {
+	if limit <= 0 {
+		limit = 100
+	}
+	rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, `
+		SELECT id, event_type, account_id, group_id, payload, created_at
+		FROM scheduler_outbox
+		WHERE id > $1
+		ORDER BY id ASC
+		LIMIT $2
+	`, afterID, limit)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		_ = rows.Close()
+	}()
+
+	events := make([]service.SchedulerOutboxEvent, 0, limit)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var (
+			payloadRaw []byte
+			accountID  sql.NullInt64
+			groupID    sql.NullInt64
+			event      service.SchedulerOutboxEvent
+		)
+		if err := rows.Scan(&event.ID, &event.EventType, &accountID, &groupID, &payloadRaw, &event.CreatedAt); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if accountID.Valid {
+			v := accountID.Int64
+			event.AccountID = &v
+		}
+		if groupID.Valid {
+			v := groupID.Int64
+			event.GroupID = &v
+		}
+		if len(payloadRaw) > 0 {
+			var payload map[string]any
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(payloadRaw, &payload); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			event.Payload = payload
+		}
+		events = append(events, event)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return events, nil
+}
+
+func (r *schedulerOutboxRepository) MaxID(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
+	var maxID int64
+	if err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT COALESCE(MAX(id), 0) FROM scheduler_outbox").Scan(&maxID); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return maxID, nil
+}
+
+func enqueueSchedulerOutbox(ctx context.Context, exec sqlExecutor, eventType string, accountID *int64, groupID *int64, payload any) error {
+	if exec == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var payloadArg any
+	if payload != nil {
+		encoded, err := json.Marshal(payload)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		payloadArg = encoded
+	}
+	_, err := exec.ExecContext(ctx, `
+		INSERT INTO scheduler_outbox (event_type, account_id, group_id, payload)
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)
+	`, eventType, accountID, groupID, payloadArg)
+	return err
+}

backend/internal/repository/scheduler_snapshot_outbox_integration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//go:build integration
+
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestSchedulerSnapshotOutboxReplay(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	rdb := testRedis(t)
+	client := testEntClient(t)
+
+	_, _ = integrationDB.ExecContext(ctx, "TRUNCATE scheduler_outbox")
+
+	accountRepo := newAccountRepositoryWithSQL(client, integrationDB)
+	outboxRepo := NewSchedulerOutboxRepository(integrationDB)
+	cache := NewSchedulerCache(rdb)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		RunMode: config.RunModeStandard,
+		Gateway: config.GatewayConfig{
+			Scheduling: config.GatewaySchedulingConfig{
+				OutboxPollIntervalSeconds: 1,
+				FullRebuildIntervalSeconds: 0,
+				DbFallbackEnabled:          true,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	account := &service.Account{
+		Name:        "outbox-replay-" + time.Now().Format("150405.000000"),
+		Platform:    service.PlatformOpenAI,
+		Type:        service.AccountTypeAPIKey,
+		Status:      service.StatusActive,
+		Schedulable: true,
+		Concurrency: 3,
+		Priority:    1,
+		Credentials: map[string]any{},
+		Extra:       map[string]any{},
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, accountRepo.Create(ctx, account))
+	require.NoError(t, cache.SetAccount(ctx, account))
+
+	svc := service.NewSchedulerSnapshotService(cache, outboxRepo, accountRepo, nil, cfg)
+	svc.Start()
+	t.Cleanup(svc.Stop)
+
+	require.NoError(t, accountRepo.UpdateLastUsed(ctx, account.ID))
+	updated, err := accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, account.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, updated.LastUsedAt)
+	expectedUnix := updated.LastUsedAt.Unix()
+
+	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+		cached, err := cache.GetAccount(ctx, account.ID)
+		if err != nil || cached == nil || cached.LastUsedAt == nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		return cached.LastUsedAt.Unix() == expectedUnix
+	}, 5*time.Second, 100*time.Millisecond)
+}

backend/internal/repository/timeout_counter_cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const timeoutCounterPrefix = "timeout_count:account:"
+
+// timeoutCounterIncrScript 使用 Lua 脚本原子性地增加计数并返回当前值
+// 如果 key 不存在，则创建并设置过期时间
+var timeoutCounterIncrScript = redis.NewScript(`
+	local key = KEYS[1]
+	local ttl = tonumber(ARGV[1])
+
+	local count = redis.call('INCR', key)
+	if count == 1 then
+		redis.call('EXPIRE', key, ttl)
+	end
+
+	return count
+`)
+
+type timeoutCounterCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+// NewTimeoutCounterCache 创建超时计数器缓存实例
+func NewTimeoutCounterCache(rdb *redis.Client) service.TimeoutCounterCache {
+	return &timeoutCounterCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+// IncrementTimeoutCount 增加账户的超时计数，返回当前计数值
+// windowMinutes 是计数窗口时间（分钟），超过此时间计数器会自动重置
+func (c *timeoutCounterCache) IncrementTimeoutCount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, windowMinutes int) (int64, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", timeoutCounterPrefix, accountID)
+
+	ttlSeconds := windowMinutes * 60
+	if ttlSeconds < 60 {
+		ttlSeconds = 60 // 最小1分钟
+	}
+
+	result, err := timeoutCounterIncrScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}, ttlSeconds).Int64()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("increment timeout count: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// GetTimeoutCount 获取账户当前的超时计数
+func (c *timeoutCounterCache) GetTimeoutCount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (int64, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", timeoutCounterPrefix, accountID)
+
+	val, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Int64()
+	if err == redis.Nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("get timeout count: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return val, nil
+}
+
+// ResetTimeoutCount 重置账户的超时计数
+func (c *timeoutCounterCache) ResetTimeoutCount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", timeoutCounterPrefix, accountID)
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err()
+}
+
+// GetTimeoutCountTTL 获取计数器剩余过期时间
+func (c *timeoutCounterCache) GetTimeoutCountTTL(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (time.Duration, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", timeoutCounterPrefix, accountID)
+	return c.rdb.TTL(ctx, key).Result()
+}

backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go

@@ -269,16 +269,60 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetUserStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64, sta
 type DashboardStats = usagestats.DashboardStats
 
 func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardStats, error) {
-	var stats DashboardStats
-	today := timezone.Today()
-	now := time.Now()
+	stats := &DashboardStats{}
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	todayUTC := truncateToDayUTC(now)
 
-	// 合并用户统计查询
+	if err := r.fillDashboardEntityStats(ctx, stats, todayUTC, now); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := r.fillDashboardUsageStatsAggregated(ctx, stats, todayUTC, now); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	rpm, tpm, err := r.getPerformanceStats(ctx, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stats.Rpm = rpm
+	stats.Tpm = tpm
+
+	return stats, nil
+}
+
+func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStatsWithRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) (*DashboardStats, error) {
+	startUTC := start.UTC()
+	endUTC := end.UTC()
+	if !endUTC.After(startUTC) {
+		return nil, errors.New("统计时间范围无效")
+	}
+
+	stats := &DashboardStats{}
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	todayUTC := truncateToDayUTC(now)
+
+	if err := r.fillDashboardEntityStats(ctx, stats, todayUTC, now); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := r.fillDashboardUsageStatsFromUsageLogs(ctx, stats, startUTC, endUTC, todayUTC, now); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	rpm, tpm, err := r.getPerformanceStats(ctx, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stats.Rpm = rpm
+	stats.Tpm = tpm
+
+	return stats, nil
+}
+
+func (r *usageLogRepository) fillDashboardEntityStats(ctx context.Context, stats *DashboardStats, todayUTC, now time.Time) error {
 	userStatsQuery := `
 		SELECT
 			COUNT(*) as total_users,
-			COUNT(CASE WHEN created_at >= $1 THEN 1 END) as today_new_users,
-			(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) FROM usage_logs WHERE created_at >= $2) as active_users
+			COUNT(CASE WHEN created_at >= $1 THEN 1 END) as today_new_users
 		FROM users
 		WHERE deleted_at IS NULL
 	`
@@ -286,15 +330,13 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardS
 		ctx,
 		r.sql,
 		userStatsQuery,
-		[]any{today, today},
+		[]any{todayUTC},
 		&stats.TotalUsers,
 		&stats.TodayNewUsers,
-		&stats.ActiveUsers,
 	); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 
-	// 合并API Key统计查询
 	apiKeyStatsQuery := `
 		SELECT
 			COUNT(*) as total_api_keys,
@@ -310,10 +352,9 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardS
 		&stats.TotalAPIKeys,
 		&stats.ActiveAPIKeys,
 	); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 
-	// 合并账户统计查询
 	accountStatsQuery := `
 		SELECT
 			COUNT(*) as total_accounts,
@@ -335,22 +376,26 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardS
 		&stats.RateLimitAccounts,
 		&stats.OverloadAccounts,
 	); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 
-	// 累计 Token 统计
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *usageLogRepository) fillDashboardUsageStatsAggregated(ctx context.Context, stats *DashboardStats, todayUTC, now time.Time) error {
 	totalStatsQuery := `
 		SELECT
-			COUNT(*) as total_requests,
+			COALESCE(SUM(total_requests), 0) as total_requests,
 			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as total_input_tokens,
 			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as total_output_tokens,
 			COALESCE(SUM(cache_creation_tokens), 0) as total_cache_creation_tokens,
 			COALESCE(SUM(cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_cache_read_tokens,
 			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as total_cost,
 			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as total_actual_cost,
-			COALESCE(AVG(duration_ms), 0) as avg_duration_ms
-		FROM usage_logs
+			COALESCE(SUM(total_duration_ms), 0) as total_duration_ms
+		FROM usage_dashboard_daily
 	`
+	var totalDurationMs int64
 	if err := scanSingleRow(
 		ctx,
 		r.sql,
@@ -363,13 +408,100 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardS
 		&stats.TotalCacheReadTokens,
 		&stats.TotalCost,
 		&stats.TotalActualCost,
-		&stats.AverageDurationMs,
+		&totalDurationMs,
 	); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 	stats.TotalTokens = stats.TotalInputTokens + stats.TotalOutputTokens + stats.TotalCacheCreationTokens + stats.TotalCacheReadTokens
+	if stats.TotalRequests > 0 {
+		stats.AverageDurationMs = float64(totalDurationMs) / float64(stats.TotalRequests)
+	}
 
-	// 今日 Token 统计
+	todayStatsQuery := `
+		SELECT
+			total_requests as today_requests,
+			input_tokens as today_input_tokens,
+			output_tokens as today_output_tokens,
+			cache_creation_tokens as today_cache_creation_tokens,
+			cache_read_tokens as today_cache_read_tokens,
+			total_cost as today_cost,
+			actual_cost as today_actual_cost,
+			active_users as active_users
+		FROM usage_dashboard_daily
+		WHERE bucket_date = $1::date
+	`
+	if err := scanSingleRow(
+		ctx,
+		r.sql,
+		todayStatsQuery,
+		[]any{todayUTC},
+		&stats.TodayRequests,
+		&stats.TodayInputTokens,
+		&stats.TodayOutputTokens,
+		&stats.TodayCacheCreationTokens,
+		&stats.TodayCacheReadTokens,
+		&stats.TodayCost,
+		&stats.TodayActualCost,
+		&stats.ActiveUsers,
+	); err != nil {
+		if err != sql.ErrNoRows {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	stats.TodayTokens = stats.TodayInputTokens + stats.TodayOutputTokens + stats.TodayCacheCreationTokens + stats.TodayCacheReadTokens
+
+	hourlyActiveQuery := `
+		SELECT active_users
+		FROM usage_dashboard_hourly
+		WHERE bucket_start = $1
+	`
+	hourStart := now.UTC().Truncate(time.Hour)
+	if err := scanSingleRow(ctx, r.sql, hourlyActiveQuery, []any{hourStart}, &stats.HourlyActiveUsers); err != nil {
+		if err != sql.ErrNoRows {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *usageLogRepository) fillDashboardUsageStatsFromUsageLogs(ctx context.Context, stats *DashboardStats, startUTC, endUTC, todayUTC, now time.Time) error {
+	totalStatsQuery := `
+		SELECT
+			COUNT(*) as total_requests,
+			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as total_input_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as total_output_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(cache_creation_tokens), 0) as total_cache_creation_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_cache_read_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as total_cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as total_actual_cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(COALESCE(duration_ms, 0)), 0) as total_duration_ms
+		FROM usage_logs
+		WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
+	`
+	var totalDurationMs int64
+	if err := scanSingleRow(
+		ctx,
+		r.sql,
+		totalStatsQuery,
+		[]any{startUTC, endUTC},
+		&stats.TotalRequests,
+		&stats.TotalInputTokens,
+		&stats.TotalOutputTokens,
+		&stats.TotalCacheCreationTokens,
+		&stats.TotalCacheReadTokens,
+		&stats.TotalCost,
+		&stats.TotalActualCost,
+		&totalDurationMs,
+	); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	stats.TotalTokens = stats.TotalInputTokens + stats.TotalOutputTokens + stats.TotalCacheCreationTokens + stats.TotalCacheReadTokens
+	if stats.TotalRequests > 0 {
+		stats.AverageDurationMs = float64(totalDurationMs) / float64(stats.TotalRequests)
+	}
+
+	todayEnd := todayUTC.Add(24 * time.Hour)
 	todayStatsQuery := `
 		SELECT
 			COUNT(*) as today_requests,
@@ -380,13 +512,13 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardS
 			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as today_cost,
 			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as today_actual_cost
 		FROM usage_logs
-		WHERE created_at >= $1
+		WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
 	`
 	if err := scanSingleRow(
 		ctx,
 		r.sql,
 		todayStatsQuery,
-		[]any{today},
+		[]any{todayUTC, todayEnd},
 		&stats.TodayRequests,
 		&stats.TodayInputTokens,
 		&stats.TodayOutputTokens,
@@ -395,19 +527,31 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardS
 		&stats.TodayCost,
 		&stats.TodayActualCost,
 	); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 	stats.TodayTokens = stats.TodayInputTokens + stats.TodayOutputTokens + stats.TodayCacheCreationTokens + stats.TodayCacheReadTokens
 
-	// 性能指标：RPM 和 TPM（最近1分钟，全局）
-	rpm, tpm, err := r.getPerformanceStats(ctx, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	activeUsersQuery := `
+		SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) as active_users
+		FROM usage_logs
+		WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
+	`
+	if err := scanSingleRow(ctx, r.sql, activeUsersQuery, []any{todayUTC, todayEnd}, &stats.ActiveUsers); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	stats.Rpm = rpm
-	stats.Tpm = tpm
 
-	return &stats, nil
+	hourStart := now.UTC().Truncate(time.Hour)
+	hourEnd := hourStart.Add(time.Hour)
+	hourlyActiveQuery := `
+		SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) as active_users
+		FROM usage_logs
+		WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
+	`
+	if err := scanSingleRow(ctx, r.sql, hourlyActiveQuery, []any{hourStart, hourEnd}, &stats.HourlyActiveUsers); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *usageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {

backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo_integration_test.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 
 	dbent "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
-	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/suite"
@@ -198,14 +197,14 @@ func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters() {
 // --- GetDashboardStats ---
 
 func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestDashboardStats_TodayTotalsAndPerformance() {
-	now := time.Now()
-	todayStart := timezone.Today()
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	todayStart := truncateToDayUTC(now)
 	baseStats, err := s.repo.GetDashboardStats(s.ctx)
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "GetDashboardStats base")
 
 	userToday := mustCreateUser(s.T(), s.client, &service.User{
 		Email:     "today@example.com",
-		CreatedAt: maxTime(todayStart.Add(10*time.Second), now.Add(-10*time.Second)),
+		CreatedAt: testMaxTime(todayStart.Add(10*time.Second), now.Add(-10*time.Second)),
 		UpdatedAt: now,
 	})
 	userOld := mustCreateUser(s.T(), s.client, &service.User{
@@ -238,7 +237,7 @@ func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestDashboardStats_TodayTotalsAndPerformance() {
 		TotalCost:           1.5,
 		ActualCost:          1.2,
 		DurationMs:          &d1,
-		CreatedAt:           maxTime(todayStart.Add(2*time.Minute), now.Add(-2*time.Minute)),
+		CreatedAt:           testMaxTime(todayStart.Add(2*time.Minute), now.Add(-2*time.Minute)),
 	}
 	_, err = s.repo.Create(s.ctx, logToday)
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "Create logToday")
@@ -273,6 +272,11 @@ func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestDashboardStats_TodayTotalsAndPerformance() {
 	_, err = s.repo.Create(s.ctx, logPerf)
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "Create logPerf")
 
+	aggRepo := newDashboardAggregationRepositoryWithSQL(s.tx)
+	aggStart := todayStart.Add(-2 * time.Hour)
+	aggEnd := now.Add(2 * time.Minute)
+	s.Require().NoError(aggRepo.AggregateRange(s.ctx, aggStart, aggEnd), "AggregateRange")
+
 	stats, err := s.repo.GetDashboardStats(s.ctx)
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "GetDashboardStats")
 
@@ -303,6 +307,80 @@ func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestDashboardStats_TodayTotalsAndPerformance() {
 	s.Require().Equal(wantTpm, stats.Tpm, "Tpm mismatch")
 }
 
+func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestDashboardStatsWithRange_Fallback() {
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	todayStart := truncateToDayUTC(now)
+	rangeStart := todayStart.Add(-24 * time.Hour)
+	rangeEnd := now.Add(1 * time.Second)
+
+	user1 := mustCreateUser(s.T(), s.client, &service.User{Email: "range-u1@test.com"})
+	user2 := mustCreateUser(s.T(), s.client, &service.User{Email: "range-u2@test.com"})
+	apiKey1 := mustCreateApiKey(s.T(), s.client, &service.APIKey{UserID: user1.ID, Key: "sk-range-1", Name: "k1"})
+	apiKey2 := mustCreateApiKey(s.T(), s.client, &service.APIKey{UserID: user2.ID, Key: "sk-range-2", Name: "k2"})
+	account := mustCreateAccount(s.T(), s.client, &service.Account{Name: "acc-range"})
+
+	d1, d2, d3 := 100, 200, 300
+	logOutside := &service.UsageLog{
+		UserID:       user1.ID,
+		APIKeyID:     apiKey1.ID,
+		AccountID:    account.ID,
+		Model:        "claude-3",
+		InputTokens:  7,
+		OutputTokens: 8,
+		TotalCost:    0.8,
+		ActualCost:   0.7,
+		DurationMs:   &d3,
+		CreatedAt:    rangeStart.Add(-1 * time.Hour),
+	}
+	_, err := s.repo.Create(s.ctx, logOutside)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+
+	logRange := &service.UsageLog{
+		UserID:              user1.ID,
+		APIKeyID:            apiKey1.ID,
+		AccountID:           account.ID,
+		Model:               "claude-3",
+		InputTokens:         10,
+		OutputTokens:        20,
+		CacheCreationTokens: 1,
+		CacheReadTokens:     2,
+		TotalCost:           1.0,
+		ActualCost:          0.9,
+		DurationMs:          &d1,
+		CreatedAt:           rangeStart.Add(2 * time.Hour),
+	}
+	_, err = s.repo.Create(s.ctx, logRange)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+
+	logToday := &service.UsageLog{
+		UserID:          user2.ID,
+		APIKeyID:        apiKey2.ID,
+		AccountID:       account.ID,
+		Model:           "claude-3",
+		InputTokens:     5,
+		OutputTokens:    6,
+		CacheReadTokens: 1,
+		TotalCost:       0.5,
+		ActualCost:      0.5,
+		DurationMs:      &d2,
+		CreatedAt:       now,
+	}
+	_, err = s.repo.Create(s.ctx, logToday)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+
+	stats, err := s.repo.GetDashboardStatsWithRange(s.ctx, rangeStart, rangeEnd)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(2), stats.TotalRequests)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(15), stats.TotalInputTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(26), stats.TotalOutputTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), stats.TotalCacheCreationTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(3), stats.TotalCacheReadTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(45), stats.TotalTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(1.5, stats.TotalCost)
+	s.Require().Equal(1.4, stats.TotalActualCost)
+	s.Require().InEpsilon(150.0, stats.AverageDurationMs, 0.0001)
+}
+
 // --- GetUserDashboardStats ---
 
 func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestGetUserDashboardStats() {
@@ -333,6 +411,159 @@ func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestGetAccountTodayStats() {
 	s.Require().Equal(int64(30), stats.Tokens)
 }
 
+func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestDashboardAggregationConsistency() {
+	now := time.Now().UTC().Truncate(time.Second)
+	// 使用固定的时间偏移确保 hour1 和 hour2 在同一天且都在过去
+	// 选择当天 02:00 和 03:00 作为测试时间点（基于 now 的日期）
+	dayStart := truncateToDayUTC(now)
+	hour1 := dayStart.Add(2 * time.Hour)  // 当天 02:00
+	hour2 := dayStart.Add(3 * time.Hour)  // 当天 03:00
+	// 如果当前时间早于 hour2，则使用昨天的时间
+	if now.Before(hour2.Add(time.Hour)) {
+		dayStart = dayStart.Add(-24 * time.Hour)
+		hour1 = dayStart.Add(2 * time.Hour)
+		hour2 = dayStart.Add(3 * time.Hour)
+	}
+
+	user1 := mustCreateUser(s.T(), s.client, &service.User{Email: "agg-u1@test.com"})
+	user2 := mustCreateUser(s.T(), s.client, &service.User{Email: "agg-u2@test.com"})
+	apiKey1 := mustCreateApiKey(s.T(), s.client, &service.APIKey{UserID: user1.ID, Key: "sk-agg-1", Name: "k1"})
+	apiKey2 := mustCreateApiKey(s.T(), s.client, &service.APIKey{UserID: user2.ID, Key: "sk-agg-2", Name: "k2"})
+	account := mustCreateAccount(s.T(), s.client, &service.Account{Name: "acc-agg"})
+
+	d1, d2, d3 := 100, 200, 150
+	log1 := &service.UsageLog{
+		UserID:              user1.ID,
+		APIKeyID:            apiKey1.ID,
+		AccountID:           account.ID,
+		Model:               "claude-3",
+		InputTokens:         10,
+		OutputTokens:        20,
+		CacheCreationTokens: 2,
+		CacheReadTokens:     1,
+		TotalCost:           1.0,
+		ActualCost:          0.9,
+		DurationMs:          &d1,
+		CreatedAt:           hour1.Add(5 * time.Minute),
+	}
+	_, err := s.repo.Create(s.ctx, log1)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+
+	log2 := &service.UsageLog{
+		UserID:       user1.ID,
+		APIKeyID:     apiKey1.ID,
+		AccountID:    account.ID,
+		Model:        "claude-3",
+		InputTokens:  5,
+		OutputTokens: 5,
+		TotalCost:    0.5,
+		ActualCost:   0.5,
+		DurationMs:   &d2,
+		CreatedAt:    hour1.Add(20 * time.Minute),
+	}
+	_, err = s.repo.Create(s.ctx, log2)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+
+	log3 := &service.UsageLog{
+		UserID:       user2.ID,
+		APIKeyID:     apiKey2.ID,
+		AccountID:    account.ID,
+		Model:        "claude-3",
+		InputTokens:  7,
+		OutputTokens: 8,
+		TotalCost:    0.7,
+		ActualCost:   0.7,
+		DurationMs:   &d3,
+		CreatedAt:    hour2.Add(10 * time.Minute),
+	}
+	_, err = s.repo.Create(s.ctx, log3)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+
+	aggRepo := newDashboardAggregationRepositoryWithSQL(s.tx)
+	aggStart := hour1.Add(-5 * time.Minute)
+	aggEnd := hour2.Add(time.Hour) // 确保覆盖 hour2 的所有数据
+	s.Require().NoError(aggRepo.AggregateRange(s.ctx, aggStart, aggEnd))
+
+	type hourlyRow struct {
+		totalRequests       int64
+		inputTokens         int64
+		outputTokens        int64
+		cacheCreationTokens int64
+		cacheReadTokens     int64
+		totalCost           float64
+		actualCost          float64
+		totalDurationMs     int64
+		activeUsers         int64
+	}
+	fetchHourly := func(bucketStart time.Time) hourlyRow {
+		var row hourlyRow
+		err := scanSingleRow(s.ctx, s.tx, `
+			SELECT total_requests, input_tokens, output_tokens, cache_creation_tokens, cache_read_tokens,
+			       total_cost, actual_cost, total_duration_ms, active_users
+			FROM usage_dashboard_hourly
+			WHERE bucket_start = $1
+		`, []any{bucketStart}, &row.totalRequests, &row.inputTokens, &row.outputTokens,
+			&row.cacheCreationTokens, &row.cacheReadTokens, &row.totalCost, &row.actualCost,
+			&row.totalDurationMs, &row.activeUsers,
+		)
+		s.Require().NoError(err)
+		return row
+	}
+
+	hour1Row := fetchHourly(hour1)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(2), hour1Row.totalRequests)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(15), hour1Row.inputTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(25), hour1Row.outputTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(2), hour1Row.cacheCreationTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), hour1Row.cacheReadTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(1.5, hour1Row.totalCost)
+	s.Require().Equal(1.4, hour1Row.actualCost)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(300), hour1Row.totalDurationMs)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), hour1Row.activeUsers)
+
+	hour2Row := fetchHourly(hour2)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), hour2Row.totalRequests)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(7), hour2Row.inputTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(8), hour2Row.outputTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(0), hour2Row.cacheCreationTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(0), hour2Row.cacheReadTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(0.7, hour2Row.totalCost)
+	s.Require().Equal(0.7, hour2Row.actualCost)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(150), hour2Row.totalDurationMs)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), hour2Row.activeUsers)
+
+	var daily struct {
+		totalRequests       int64
+		inputTokens         int64
+		outputTokens        int64
+		cacheCreationTokens int64
+		cacheReadTokens     int64
+		totalCost           float64
+		actualCost          float64
+		totalDurationMs     int64
+		activeUsers         int64
+	}
+	err = scanSingleRow(s.ctx, s.tx, `
+		SELECT total_requests, input_tokens, output_tokens, cache_creation_tokens, cache_read_tokens,
+		       total_cost, actual_cost, total_duration_ms, active_users
+		FROM usage_dashboard_daily
+		WHERE bucket_date = $1::date
+	`, []any{dayStart}, &daily.totalRequests, &daily.inputTokens, &daily.outputTokens,
+		&daily.cacheCreationTokens, &daily.cacheReadTokens, &daily.totalCost, &daily.actualCost,
+		&daily.totalDurationMs, &daily.activeUsers,
+	)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(3), daily.totalRequests)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(22), daily.inputTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(33), daily.outputTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(2), daily.cacheCreationTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), daily.cacheReadTokens)
+	s.Require().Equal(2.2, daily.totalCost)
+	s.Require().Equal(2.1, daily.actualCost)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(450), daily.totalDurationMs)
+	s.Require().Equal(int64(2), daily.activeUsers)
+}
+
 // --- GetBatchUserUsageStats ---
 
 func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestGetBatchUserUsageStats() {
@@ -398,7 +629,7 @@ func (s *UsageLogRepoSuite) TestGetGlobalStats() {
 	s.Require().Equal(int64(45), stats.TotalOutputTokens)
 }
 
-func maxTime(a, b time.Time) time.Time {
+func testMaxTime(a, b time.Time) time.Time {
 	if a.After(b) {
 		return a
 	}

backend/internal/repository/wire.go

@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewRedeemCodeRepository,
 	NewPromoCodeRepository,
 	NewUsageLogRepository,
+	NewDashboardAggregationRepository,
 	NewSettingRepository,
+	NewOpsRepository,
 	NewUserSubscriptionRepository,
 	NewUserAttributeDefinitionRepository,
 	NewUserAttributeValueRepository,
@@ -57,12 +59,16 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewBillingCache,
 	NewAPIKeyCache,
 	NewTempUnschedCache,
+	NewTimeoutCounterCache,
 	ProvideConcurrencyCache,
+	NewDashboardCache,
 	NewEmailCache,
 	NewIdentityCache,
 	NewRedeemCache,
 	NewUpdateCache,
 	NewGeminiTokenCache,
+	NewSchedulerCache,
+	NewSchedulerOutboxRepository,
 
 	// HTTP service ports (DI Strategy A: return interface directly)
 	NewTurnstileVerifier,

backend/internal/server/api_contract_test.go

@@ -262,11 +262,11 @@ func TestAPIContracts(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "GET /api/v1/admin/settings",
 			setup: func(t *testing.T, deps *contractDeps) {
 				t.Helper()
-				deps.settingRepo.SetAll(map[string]string{
-					service.SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
-					service.SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled:  "false",
+					deps.settingRepo.SetAll(map[string]string{
+						service.SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
+						service.SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled:  "false",
 
-					service.SettingKeySMTPHost:     "smtp.example.com",
+						service.SettingKeySMTPHost:     "smtp.example.com",
 					service.SettingKeySMTPPort:     "587",
 					service.SettingKeySMTPUsername: "user",
 					service.SettingKeySMTPPassword: "secret",
@@ -285,10 +285,15 @@ func TestAPIContracts(t *testing.T) {
 					service.SettingKeyContactInfo:  "support",
 					service.SettingKeyDocURL:       "https://docs.example.com",
 
-					service.SettingKeyDefaultConcurrency: "5",
-					service.SettingKeyDefaultBalance:     "1.25",
-				})
-			},
+						service.SettingKeyDefaultConcurrency: "5",
+						service.SettingKeyDefaultBalance:     "1.25",
+
+						service.SettingKeyOpsMonitoringEnabled:         "false",
+						service.SettingKeyOpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled: "true",
+						service.SettingKeyOpsQueryModeDefault:          "auto",
+						service.SettingKeyOpsMetricsIntervalSeconds:    "60",
+					})
+				},
 			method:     http.MethodGet,
 			path:       "/api/v1/admin/settings",
 			wantStatus: http.StatusOK,
@@ -309,13 +314,17 @@ func TestAPIContracts(t *testing.T) {
 					"turnstile_site_key": "site-key",
 					"turnstile_secret_key_configured": true,
 					"linuxdo_connect_enabled": false,
-					"linuxdo_connect_client_id": "",
-					"linuxdo_connect_client_secret_configured": false,
-					"linuxdo_connect_redirect_url": "",
-					"site_name": "Sub2API",
-					"site_logo": "",
-					"site_subtitle": "Subtitle",
-					"api_base_url": "https://api.example.com",
+						"linuxdo_connect_client_id": "",
+						"linuxdo_connect_client_secret_configured": false,
+						"linuxdo_connect_redirect_url": "",
+						"ops_monitoring_enabled": false,
+						"ops_realtime_monitoring_enabled": true,
+						"ops_query_mode_default": "auto",
+						"ops_metrics_interval_seconds": 60,
+						"site_name": "Sub2API",
+						"site_logo": "",
+						"site_subtitle": "Subtitle",
+						"api_base_url": "https://api.example.com",
 					"contact_info": "support",
 					"doc_url": "https://docs.example.com",
 					"default_concurrency": 5,
@@ -331,6 +340,30 @@ func TestAPIContracts(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 			}`,
 		},
+		{
+			name:   "POST /api/v1/admin/accounts/bulk-update",
+			method: http.MethodPost,
+			path:   "/api/v1/admin/accounts/bulk-update",
+			body:   `{"account_ids":[101,102],"schedulable":false}`,
+			headers: map[string]string{
+				"Content-Type": "application/json",
+			},
+			wantStatus: http.StatusOK,
+			wantJSON: `{
+				"code": 0,
+				"message": "success",
+				"data": {
+					"success": 2,
+					"failed": 0,
+					"success_ids": [101, 102],
+					"failed_ids": [],
+					"results": [
+						{"account_id": 101, "success": true},
+						{"account_id": 102, "success": true}
+					]
+				}
+			}`,
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
@@ -382,6 +415,9 @@ func newContractDeps(t *testing.T) *contractDeps {
 	apiKeyCache := stubApiKeyCache{}
 	groupRepo := stubGroupRepo{}
 	userSubRepo := stubUserSubscriptionRepo{}
+	accountRepo := stubAccountRepo{}
+	proxyRepo := stubProxyRepo{}
+	redeemRepo := stubRedeemCodeRepo{}
 
 	cfg := &config.Config{
 		Default: config.DefaultConfig{
@@ -390,19 +426,21 @@ func newContractDeps(t *testing.T) *contractDeps {
 		RunMode: config.RunModeStandard,
 	}
 
-	userService := service.NewUserService(userRepo)
+	userService := service.NewUserService(userRepo, nil)
 	apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, userRepo, groupRepo, userSubRepo, apiKeyCache, cfg)
 
 	usageRepo := newStubUsageLogRepo()
-	usageService := service.NewUsageService(usageRepo, userRepo, nil)
+	usageService := service.NewUsageService(usageRepo, userRepo, nil, nil)
 
 	settingRepo := newStubSettingRepo()
 	settingService := service.NewSettingService(settingRepo, cfg)
 
+	adminService := service.NewAdminService(userRepo, groupRepo, &accountRepo, proxyRepo, apiKeyRepo, redeemRepo, nil, nil, nil)
 	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(cfg, nil, userService, settingService, nil)
 	apiKeyHandler := handler.NewAPIKeyHandler(apiKeyService)
 	usageHandler := handler.NewUsageHandler(usageService, apiKeyService)
-	adminSettingHandler := adminhandler.NewSettingHandler(settingService, nil, nil)
+	adminSettingHandler := adminhandler.NewSettingHandler(settingService, nil, nil, nil)
+	adminAccountHandler := adminhandler.NewAccountHandler(adminService, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil)
 
 	jwtAuth := func(c *gin.Context) {
 		c.Set(string(middleware.ContextKeyUser), middleware.AuthSubject{
@@ -442,6 +480,7 @@ func newContractDeps(t *testing.T) *contractDeps {
 	v1Admin := v1.Group("/admin")
 	v1Admin.Use(adminAuth)
 	v1Admin.GET("/settings", adminSettingHandler.GetSettings)
+	v1Admin.POST("/accounts/bulk-update", adminAccountHandler.BulkUpdate)
 
 	return &contractDeps{
 		now:         now,
@@ -566,6 +605,18 @@ func (stubApiKeyCache) SetDailyUsageExpiry(ctx context.Context, apiKey string, t
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (stubApiKeyCache) GetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (stubApiKeyCache) SetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string, entry *service.APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (stubApiKeyCache) DeleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 type stubGroupRepo struct{}
 
 func (stubGroupRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, group *service.Group) error {
@@ -620,6 +671,235 @@ func (stubGroupRepo) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID i
 	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
+type stubAccountRepo struct {
+	bulkUpdateIDs []int64
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, account *service.Account) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, service.ErrAccountNotFound
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) GetByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64) ([]*service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ExistsByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (bool, error) {
+	return false, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) GetByCRSAccountID(ctx context.Context, crsAccountID string) (*service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) Update(ctx context.Context, account *service.Account) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]service.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListByGroup(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) BatchUpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, updates map[int64]time.Time) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) SetError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg string) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) SetSchedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64, schedulable bool) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) AutoPauseExpiredAccounts(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) (int64, error) {
+	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) BindGroups(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, groupIDs []int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListSchedulable(ctx context.Context) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, platform string) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx context.Context, platforms []string) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatforms(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, platforms []string) ([]service.Account, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) SetRateLimited(ctx context.Context, id int64, resetAt time.Time) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) SetAntigravityQuotaScopeLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64, scope service.AntigravityQuotaScope, resetAt time.Time) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) SetOverloaded(ctx context.Context, id int64, until time.Time) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) SetTempUnschedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64, until time.Time, reason string) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ClearTempUnschedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ClearRateLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) ClearAntigravityQuotaScopes(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) UpdateSessionWindow(ctx context.Context, id int64, start, end *time.Time, status string) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) UpdateExtra(ctx context.Context, id int64, updates map[string]any) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (s *stubAccountRepo) BulkUpdate(ctx context.Context, ids []int64, updates service.AccountBulkUpdate) (int64, error) {
+	s.bulkUpdateIDs = append([]int64{}, ids...)
+	return int64(len(ids)), nil
+}
+
+type stubProxyRepo struct{}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, proxy *service.Proxy) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.Proxy, error) {
+	return nil, service.ErrProxyNotFound
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) Update(ctx context.Context, proxy *service.Proxy) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]service.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) ListWithFiltersAndAccountCount(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]service.ProxyWithAccountCount, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]service.Proxy, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) ListActiveWithAccountCount(ctx context.Context) ([]service.ProxyWithAccountCount, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) ExistsByHostPortAuth(ctx context.Context, host string, port int, username, password string) (bool, error) {
+	return false, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubProxyRepo) CountAccountsByProxyID(ctx context.Context, proxyID int64) (int64, error) {
+	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+type stubRedeemCodeRepo struct{}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, code *service.RedeemCode) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, codes []service.RedeemCode) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.RedeemCode, error) {
+	return nil, service.ErrRedeemCodeNotFound
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) GetByCode(ctx context.Context, code string) (*service.RedeemCode, error) {
+	return nil, service.ErrRedeemCodeNotFound
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) Update(ctx context.Context, code *service.RedeemCode) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) Use(ctx context.Context, id, userID int64) error {
+	return errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, codeType, status, search string) ([]service.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (stubRedeemCodeRepo) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, limit int) ([]service.RedeemCode, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
 type stubUserSubscriptionRepo struct{}
 
 func (stubUserSubscriptionRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, sub *service.UserSubscription) error {
@@ -738,12 +1018,12 @@ func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.APIKey
 	return &clone, nil
 }
 
-func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (int64, error) {
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetKeyAndOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (string, int64, error) {
 	key, ok := r.byID[id]
 	if !ok {
-		return 0, service.ErrAPIKeyNotFound
+		return "", 0, service.ErrAPIKeyNotFound
 	}
-	return key.UserID, nil
+	return key.Key, key.UserID, nil
 }
 
 func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKey, error) {
@@ -755,6 +1035,10 @@ func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.API
 	return &clone, nil
 }
 
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetByKeyForAuth(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKey, error) {
+	return r.GetByKey(ctx, key)
+}
+
 func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) Update(ctx context.Context, key *service.APIKey) error {
 	if key == nil {
 		return errors.New("nil key")
@@ -869,6 +1153,14 @@ func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) CountByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int
 	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) ListKeysByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) ListKeysByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
 type stubUsageLogRepo struct {
 	userLogs map[int64][]service.UsageLog
 }

backend/internal/server/http.go

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ func ProvideRouter(
 	apiKeyAuth middleware2.APIKeyAuthMiddleware,
 	apiKeyService *service.APIKeyService,
 	subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService,
+	opsService *service.OpsService,
 	settingService *service.SettingService,
 	redisClient *redis.Client,
 ) *gin.Engine {
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ func ProvideRouter(
 		}
 	}
 
-	return SetupRouter(r, handlers, jwtAuth, adminAuth, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService, settingService, cfg, redisClient)
+	return SetupRouter(r, handlers, jwtAuth, adminAuth, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService, opsService, settingService, cfg, redisClient)
 }
 
 // ProvideHTTPServer 提供 HTTP 服务器

backend/internal/server/middleware/admin_auth.go

@@ -30,6 +30,20 @@ func adminAuth(
 	settingService *service.SettingService,
 ) gin.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		// WebSocket upgrade requests cannot set Authorization headers in browsers.
+		// For admin WebSocket endpoints (e.g. Ops realtime), allow passing the JWT via
+		// Sec-WebSocket-Protocol (subprotocol list) using a prefixed token item:
+		//   Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: sub2api-admin, jwt.<token>
+		if isWebSocketUpgradeRequest(c) {
+			if token := extractJWTFromWebSocketSubprotocol(c); token != "" {
+				if !validateJWTForAdmin(c, token, authService, userService) {
+					return
+				}
+				c.Next()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
 		// 检查 x-api-key header（Admin API Key 认证）
 		apiKey := c.GetHeader("x-api-key")
 		if apiKey != "" {
@@ -58,6 +72,44 @@ func adminAuth(
 	}
 }
 
+func isWebSocketUpgradeRequest(c *gin.Context) bool {
+	if c == nil || c.Request == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	// RFC6455 handshake uses:
+	//   Connection: Upgrade
+	//   Upgrade: websocket
+	upgrade := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(c.GetHeader("Upgrade")))
+	if upgrade != "websocket" {
+		return false
+	}
+	connection := strings.ToLower(c.GetHeader("Connection"))
+	return strings.Contains(connection, "upgrade")
+}
+
+func extractJWTFromWebSocketSubprotocol(c *gin.Context) string {
+	if c == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	raw := strings.TrimSpace(c.GetHeader("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol"))
+	if raw == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	// The header is a comma-separated list of tokens. We reserve the prefix "jwt."
+	// for carrying the admin JWT.
+	for _, part := range strings.Split(raw, ",") {
+		p := strings.TrimSpace(part)
+		if strings.HasPrefix(p, "jwt.") {
+			token := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(p, "jwt."))
+			if token != "" {
+				return token
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 // validateAdminAPIKey 验证管理员 API Key
 func validateAdminAPIKey(
 	c *gin.Context,

backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_google_test.go

@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, key *service.APIKey) error {
 func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.APIKey, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
-func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) GetOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (int64, error) {
-	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
+func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) GetKeyAndOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (string, int64, error) {
+	return "", 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKey, error) {
 	if f.getByKey == nil {
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIK
 	}
 	return f.getByKey(ctx, key)
 }
+func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) GetByKeyForAuth(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKey, error) {
+	return f.GetByKey(ctx, key)
+}
 func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) Update(ctx context.Context, key *service.APIKey) error {
 	return errors.New("not implemented")
 }
@@ -66,6 +69,12 @@ func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) ClearGroupIDByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64
 func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) CountByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
 	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
+func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) ListKeysByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+func (f fakeAPIKeyRepo) ListKeysByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
 
 type googleErrorResponse struct {
 	Error struct {

backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_test.go

@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.APIKey
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (int64, error) {
-	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetKeyAndOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (string, int64, error) {
+	return "", 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
 func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKey, error) {
@@ -267,6 +267,10 @@ func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.API
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) GetByKeyForAuth(ctx context.Context, key string) (*service.APIKey, error) {
+	return r.GetByKey(ctx, key)
+}
+
 func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) Update(ctx context.Context, key *service.APIKey) error {
 	return errors.New("not implemented")
 }
@@ -307,6 +311,14 @@ func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) CountByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int
 	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) ListKeysByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) ListKeysByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
 type stubUserSubscriptionRepo struct {
 	getActive      func(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*service.UserSubscription, error)
 	updateStatus   func(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64, status string) error

backend/internal/server/middleware/client_request_id.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ctxkey"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+// ClientRequestID ensures every request has a unique client_request_id in request.Context().
+//
+// This is used by the Ops monitoring module for end-to-end request correlation.
+func ClientRequestID() gin.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		if c.Request == nil {
+			c.Next()
+			return
+		}
+
+		if v := c.Request.Context().Value(ctxkey.ClientRequestID); v != nil {
+			c.Next()
+			return
+		}
+
+		id := uuid.New().String()
+		c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(context.WithValue(c.Request.Context(), ctxkey.ClientRequestID, id))
+		c.Next()
+	}
+}

backend/internal/server/router.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ func SetupRouter(
 	apiKeyAuth middleware2.APIKeyAuthMiddleware,
 	apiKeyService *service.APIKeyService,
 	subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService,
+	opsService *service.OpsService,
 	settingService *service.SettingService,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 	redisClient *redis.Client,
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ func SetupRouter(
 	}
 
 	// 注册路由
-	registerRoutes(r, handlers, jwtAuth, adminAuth, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService, cfg, redisClient)
+	registerRoutes(r, handlers, jwtAuth, adminAuth, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService, opsService, cfg, redisClient)
 
 	return r
 }
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ func registerRoutes(
 	apiKeyAuth middleware2.APIKeyAuthMiddleware,
 	apiKeyService *service.APIKeyService,
 	subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService,
+	opsService *service.OpsService,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 	redisClient *redis.Client,
 ) {
@@ -73,5 +75,5 @@ func registerRoutes(
 	routes.RegisterAuthRoutes(v1, h, jwtAuth, redisClient)
 	routes.RegisterUserRoutes(v1, h, jwtAuth)
 	routes.RegisterAdminRoutes(v1, h, adminAuth)
-	routes.RegisterGatewayRoutes(r, h, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService, cfg)
+	routes.RegisterGatewayRoutes(r, h, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService, opsService, cfg)
 }

backend/internal/server/routes/admin.go

@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ func RegisterAdminRoutes(
 		// 系统设置
 		registerSettingsRoutes(admin, h)
 
+		// 运维监控（Ops）
+		registerOpsRoutes(admin, h)
+
 		// 系统管理
 		registerSystemRoutes(admin, h)
 
@@ -64,6 +67,66 @@ func RegisterAdminRoutes(
 	}
 }
 
+func registerOpsRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
+	ops := admin.Group("/ops")
+	{
+		// Realtime ops signals
+		ops.GET("/concurrency", h.Admin.Ops.GetConcurrencyStats)
+		ops.GET("/account-availability", h.Admin.Ops.GetAccountAvailability)
+		ops.GET("/realtime-traffic", h.Admin.Ops.GetRealtimeTrafficSummary)
+
+		// Alerts (rules + events)
+		ops.GET("/alert-rules", h.Admin.Ops.ListAlertRules)
+		ops.POST("/alert-rules", h.Admin.Ops.CreateAlertRule)
+		ops.PUT("/alert-rules/:id", h.Admin.Ops.UpdateAlertRule)
+		ops.DELETE("/alert-rules/:id", h.Admin.Ops.DeleteAlertRule)
+		ops.GET("/alert-events", h.Admin.Ops.ListAlertEvents)
+
+		// Email notification config (DB-backed)
+		ops.GET("/email-notification/config", h.Admin.Ops.GetEmailNotificationConfig)
+		ops.PUT("/email-notification/config", h.Admin.Ops.UpdateEmailNotificationConfig)
+
+		// Runtime settings (DB-backed)
+		runtime := ops.Group("/runtime")
+		{
+			runtime.GET("/alert", h.Admin.Ops.GetAlertRuntimeSettings)
+			runtime.PUT("/alert", h.Admin.Ops.UpdateAlertRuntimeSettings)
+		}
+
+		// Advanced settings (DB-backed)
+		ops.GET("/advanced-settings", h.Admin.Ops.GetAdvancedSettings)
+		ops.PUT("/advanced-settings", h.Admin.Ops.UpdateAdvancedSettings)
+
+		// Settings group (DB-backed)
+		settings := ops.Group("/settings")
+		{
+			settings.GET("/metric-thresholds", h.Admin.Ops.GetMetricThresholds)
+			settings.PUT("/metric-thresholds", h.Admin.Ops.UpdateMetricThresholds)
+		}
+
+		// WebSocket realtime (QPS/TPS)
+		ws := ops.Group("/ws")
+		{
+			ws.GET("/qps", h.Admin.Ops.QPSWSHandler)
+		}
+
+		// Error logs (MVP-1)
+		ops.GET("/errors", h.Admin.Ops.GetErrorLogs)
+		ops.GET("/errors/:id", h.Admin.Ops.GetErrorLogByID)
+		ops.POST("/errors/:id/retry", h.Admin.Ops.RetryErrorRequest)
+
+		// Request drilldown (success + error)
+		ops.GET("/requests", h.Admin.Ops.ListRequestDetails)
+
+		// Dashboard (vNext - raw path for MVP)
+		ops.GET("/dashboard/overview", h.Admin.Ops.GetDashboardOverview)
+		ops.GET("/dashboard/throughput-trend", h.Admin.Ops.GetDashboardThroughputTrend)
+		ops.GET("/dashboard/latency-histogram", h.Admin.Ops.GetDashboardLatencyHistogram)
+		ops.GET("/dashboard/error-trend", h.Admin.Ops.GetDashboardErrorTrend)
+		ops.GET("/dashboard/error-distribution", h.Admin.Ops.GetDashboardErrorDistribution)
+	}
+}
+
 func registerDashboardRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 	dashboard := admin.Group("/dashboard")
 	{
@@ -75,6 +138,7 @@ func registerDashboardRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 		dashboard.GET("/users-trend", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetUserUsageTrend)
 		dashboard.POST("/users-usage", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetBatchUsersUsage)
 		dashboard.POST("/api-keys-usage", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetBatchAPIKeysUsage)
+		dashboard.POST("/aggregation/backfill", h.Admin.Dashboard.BackfillAggregation)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -227,6 +291,9 @@ func registerSettingsRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 		adminSettings.GET("/admin-api-key", h.Admin.Setting.GetAdminAPIKey)
 		adminSettings.POST("/admin-api-key/regenerate", h.Admin.Setting.RegenerateAdminAPIKey)
 		adminSettings.DELETE("/admin-api-key", h.Admin.Setting.DeleteAdminAPIKey)
+		// 流超时处理配置
+		adminSettings.GET("/stream-timeout", h.Admin.Setting.GetStreamTimeoutSettings)
+		adminSettings.PUT("/stream-timeout", h.Admin.Setting.UpdateStreamTimeoutSettings)
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/server/routes/auth.go

@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@ func RegisterAuthRoutes(
 		auth.POST("/register", h.Auth.Register)
 		auth.POST("/login", h.Auth.Login)
 		auth.POST("/send-verify-code", h.Auth.SendVerifyCode)
-		// 优惠码验证接口添加速率限制：每分钟最多 10 次
-		auth.POST("/validate-promo-code", rateLimiter.Limit("validate-promo", 10, time.Minute), h.Auth.ValidatePromoCode)
+		// 优惠码验证接口添加速率限制：每分钟最多 10 次（Redis 故障时 fail-close）
+		auth.POST("/validate-promo-code", rateLimiter.LimitWithOptions("validate-promo", 10, time.Minute, middleware.RateLimitOptions{
+			FailureMode: middleware.RateLimitFailClose,
+		}), h.Auth.ValidatePromoCode)
 		auth.GET("/oauth/linuxdo/start", h.Auth.LinuxDoOAuthStart)
 		auth.GET("/oauth/linuxdo/callback", h.Auth.LinuxDoOAuthCallback)
 	}

backend/internal/server/routes/gateway.go

@@ -16,13 +16,18 @@ func RegisterGatewayRoutes(
 	apiKeyAuth middleware.APIKeyAuthMiddleware,
 	apiKeyService *service.APIKeyService,
 	subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService,
+	opsService *service.OpsService,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) {
 	bodyLimit := middleware.RequestBodyLimit(cfg.Gateway.MaxBodySize)
+	clientRequestID := middleware.ClientRequestID()
+	opsErrorLogger := handler.OpsErrorLoggerMiddleware(opsService)
 
 	// API网关（Claude API兼容）
 	gateway := r.Group("/v1")
 	gateway.Use(bodyLimit)
+	gateway.Use(clientRequestID)
+	gateway.Use(opsErrorLogger)
 	gateway.Use(gin.HandlerFunc(apiKeyAuth))
 	{
 		gateway.POST("/messages", h.Gateway.Messages)
@@ -36,6 +41,8 @@ func RegisterGatewayRoutes(
 	// Gemini 原生 API 兼容层（Gemini SDK/CLI 直连）
 	gemini := r.Group("/v1beta")
 	gemini.Use(bodyLimit)
+	gemini.Use(clientRequestID)
+	gemini.Use(opsErrorLogger)
 	gemini.Use(middleware.APIKeyAuthWithSubscriptionGoogle(apiKeyService, subscriptionService, cfg))
 	{
 		gemini.GET("/models", h.Gateway.GeminiV1BetaListModels)
@@ -45,7 +52,7 @@ func RegisterGatewayRoutes(
 	}
 
 	// OpenAI Responses API（不带v1前缀的别名）
-	r.POST("/responses", bodyLimit, gin.HandlerFunc(apiKeyAuth), h.OpenAIGateway.Responses)
+	r.POST("/responses", bodyLimit, clientRequestID, opsErrorLogger, gin.HandlerFunc(apiKeyAuth), h.OpenAIGateway.Responses)
 
 	// Antigravity 模型列表
 	r.GET("/antigravity/models", gin.HandlerFunc(apiKeyAuth), h.Gateway.AntigravityModels)
@@ -53,6 +60,8 @@ func RegisterGatewayRoutes(
 	// Antigravity 专用路由（仅使用 antigravity 账户，不混合调度）
 	antigravityV1 := r.Group("/antigravity/v1")
 	antigravityV1.Use(bodyLimit)
+	antigravityV1.Use(clientRequestID)
+	antigravityV1.Use(opsErrorLogger)
 	antigravityV1.Use(middleware.ForcePlatform(service.PlatformAntigravity))
 	antigravityV1.Use(gin.HandlerFunc(apiKeyAuth))
 	{
@@ -64,6 +73,8 @@ func RegisterGatewayRoutes(
 
 	antigravityV1Beta := r.Group("/antigravity/v1beta")
 	antigravityV1Beta.Use(bodyLimit)
+	antigravityV1Beta.Use(clientRequestID)
+	antigravityV1Beta.Use(opsErrorLogger)
 	antigravityV1Beta.Use(middleware.ForcePlatform(service.PlatformAntigravity))
 	antigravityV1Beta.Use(middleware.APIKeyAuthWithSubscriptionGoogle(apiKeyService, subscriptionService, cfg))
 	{

backend/internal/service/admin_service.go

@@ -186,9 +186,11 @@ type BulkUpdateAccountResult struct {
 
 // BulkUpdateAccountsResult is the aggregated response for bulk updates.
 type BulkUpdateAccountsResult struct {
-	Success int                       `json:"success"`
-	Failed  int                       `json:"failed"`
-	Results []BulkUpdateAccountResult `json:"results"`
+	Success    int                       `json:"success"`
+	Failed     int                       `json:"failed"`
+	SuccessIDs []int64                   `json:"success_ids"`
+	FailedIDs  []int64                   `json:"failed_ids"`
+	Results    []BulkUpdateAccountResult `json:"results"`
 }
 
 type CreateProxyInput struct {
@@ -244,14 +246,15 @@ type ProxyExitInfoProber interface {
 
 // adminServiceImpl implements AdminService
 type adminServiceImpl struct {
-	userRepo            UserRepository
-	groupRepo           GroupRepository
-	accountRepo         AccountRepository
-	proxyRepo           ProxyRepository
-	apiKeyRepo          APIKeyRepository
-	redeemCodeRepo      RedeemCodeRepository
-	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
-	proxyProber         ProxyExitInfoProber
+	userRepo             UserRepository
+	groupRepo            GroupRepository
+	accountRepo          AccountRepository
+	proxyRepo            ProxyRepository
+	apiKeyRepo           APIKeyRepository
+	redeemCodeRepo       RedeemCodeRepository
+	billingCacheService  *BillingCacheService
+	proxyProber          ProxyExitInfoProber
+	authCacheInvalidator APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator
 }
 
 // NewAdminService creates a new AdminService
@@ -264,16 +267,18 @@ func NewAdminService(
 	redeemCodeRepo RedeemCodeRepository,
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
 	proxyProber ProxyExitInfoProber,
+	authCacheInvalidator APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator,
 ) AdminService {
 	return &adminServiceImpl{
-		userRepo:            userRepo,
-		groupRepo:           groupRepo,
-		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
-		proxyRepo:           proxyRepo,
-		apiKeyRepo:          apiKeyRepo,
-		redeemCodeRepo:      redeemCodeRepo,
-		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
-		proxyProber:         proxyProber,
+		userRepo:             userRepo,
+		groupRepo:            groupRepo,
+		accountRepo:          accountRepo,
+		proxyRepo:            proxyRepo,
+		apiKeyRepo:           apiKeyRepo,
+		redeemCodeRepo:       redeemCodeRepo,
+		billingCacheService:  billingCacheService,
+		proxyProber:          proxyProber,
+		authCacheInvalidator: authCacheInvalidator,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -323,6 +328,8 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *Upda
 	}
 
 	oldConcurrency := user.Concurrency
+	oldStatus := user.Status
+	oldRole := user.Role
 
 	if input.Email != "" {
 		user.Email = input.Email
@@ -355,6 +362,11 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *Upda
 	if err := s.userRepo.Update(ctx, user); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil {
+		if user.Concurrency != oldConcurrency || user.Status != oldStatus || user.Role != oldRole {
+			s.authCacheInvalidator.InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(ctx, user.ID)
+		}
+	}
 
 	concurrencyDiff := user.Concurrency - oldConcurrency
 	if concurrencyDiff != 0 {
@@ -393,6 +405,9 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) DeleteUser(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 		log.Printf("delete user failed: user_id=%d err=%v", id, err)
 		return err
 	}
+	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil {
+		s.authCacheInvalidator.InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(ctx, id)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -420,6 +435,10 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64,
 	if err := s.userRepo.Update(ctx, user); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	balanceDiff := user.Balance - oldBalance
+	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil && balanceDiff != 0 {
+		s.authCacheInvalidator.InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(ctx, userID)
+	}
 
 	if s.billingCacheService != nil {
 		go func() {
@@ -431,7 +450,6 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64,
 		}()
 	}
 
-	balanceDiff := user.Balance - oldBalance
 	if balanceDiff != 0 {
 		code, err := GenerateRedeemCode()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -675,10 +693,21 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateGroup(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *Upd
 	if err := s.groupRepo.Update(ctx, group); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil {
+		s.authCacheInvalidator.InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(ctx, id)
+	}
 	return group, nil
 }
 
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) DeleteGroup(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	var groupKeys []string
+	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil {
+		keys, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListKeysByGroupID(ctx, id)
+		if err == nil {
+			groupKeys = keys
+		}
+	}
+
 	affectedUserIDs, err := s.groupRepo.DeleteCascade(ctx, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -697,6 +726,11 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) DeleteGroup(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 			}
 		}()
 	}
+	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil {
+		for _, key := range groupKeys {
+			s.authCacheInvalidator.InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(ctx, key)
+		}
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -885,7 +919,9 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateAccount(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *U
 // It merges credentials/extra keys instead of overwriting the whole object.
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) BulkUpdateAccounts(ctx context.Context, input *BulkUpdateAccountsInput) (*BulkUpdateAccountsResult, error) {
 	result := &BulkUpdateAccountsResult{
-		Results: make([]BulkUpdateAccountResult, 0, len(input.AccountIDs)),
+		SuccessIDs: make([]int64, 0, len(input.AccountIDs)),
+		FailedIDs:  make([]int64, 0, len(input.AccountIDs)),
+		Results:    make([]BulkUpdateAccountResult, 0, len(input.AccountIDs)),
 	}
 
 	if len(input.AccountIDs) == 0 {
@@ -949,6 +985,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) BulkUpdateAccounts(ctx context.Context, input *BulkUp
 						entry.Success = false
 						entry.Error = err.Error()
 						result.Failed++
+						result.FailedIDs = append(result.FailedIDs, accountID)
 						result.Results = append(result.Results, entry)
 						continue
 					}
@@ -958,6 +995,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) BulkUpdateAccounts(ctx context.Context, input *BulkUp
 					entry.Success = false
 					entry.Error = err.Error()
 					result.Failed++
+					result.FailedIDs = append(result.FailedIDs, accountID)
 					result.Results = append(result.Results, entry)
 					continue
 				}
@@ -967,6 +1005,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) BulkUpdateAccounts(ctx context.Context, input *BulkUp
 				entry.Success = false
 				entry.Error = err.Error()
 				result.Failed++
+				result.FailedIDs = append(result.FailedIDs, accountID)
 				result.Results = append(result.Results, entry)
 				continue
 			}
@@ -974,6 +1013,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) BulkUpdateAccounts(ctx context.Context, input *BulkUp
 
 		entry.Success = true
 		result.Success++
+		result.SuccessIDs = append(result.SuccessIDs, accountID)
 		result.Results = append(result.Results, entry)
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/admin_service_bulk_update_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type accountRepoStubForBulkUpdate struct {
+	accountRepoStub
+	bulkUpdateErr     error
+	bulkUpdateIDs     []int64
+	bindGroupErrByID  map[int64]error
+}
+
+func (s *accountRepoStubForBulkUpdate) BulkUpdate(_ context.Context, ids []int64, _ AccountBulkUpdate) (int64, error) {
+	s.bulkUpdateIDs = append([]int64{}, ids...)
+	if s.bulkUpdateErr != nil {
+		return 0, s.bulkUpdateErr
+	}
+	return int64(len(ids)), nil
+}
+
+func (s *accountRepoStubForBulkUpdate) BindGroups(_ context.Context, accountID int64, _ []int64) error {
+	if err, ok := s.bindGroupErrByID[accountID]; ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TestAdminService_BulkUpdateAccounts_AllSuccessIDs 验证批量更新成功时返回 success_ids/failed_ids。
+func TestAdminService_BulkUpdateAccounts_AllSuccessIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &accountRepoStubForBulkUpdate{}
+	svc := &adminServiceImpl{accountRepo: repo}
+
+	schedulable := true
+	input := &BulkUpdateAccountsInput{
+		AccountIDs:  []int64{1, 2, 3},
+		Schedulable: &schedulable,
+	}
+
+	result, err := svc.BulkUpdateAccounts(context.Background(), input)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, result.Success)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, result.Failed)
+	require.ElementsMatch(t, []int64{1, 2, 3}, result.SuccessIDs)
+	require.Empty(t, result.FailedIDs)
+	require.Len(t, result.Results, 3)
+}
+
+// TestAdminService_BulkUpdateAccounts_PartialFailureIDs 验证部分失败时 success_ids/failed_ids 正确。
+func TestAdminService_BulkUpdateAccounts_PartialFailureIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &accountRepoStubForBulkUpdate{
+		bindGroupErrByID: map[int64]error{
+			2: errors.New("bind failed"),
+		},
+	}
+	svc := &adminServiceImpl{accountRepo: repo}
+
+	groupIDs := []int64{10}
+	schedulable := false
+	input := &BulkUpdateAccountsInput{
+		AccountIDs:            []int64{1, 2, 3},
+		GroupIDs:              &groupIDs,
+		Schedulable:           &schedulable,
+		SkipMixedChannelCheck: true,
+	}
+
+	result, err := svc.BulkUpdateAccounts(context.Background(), input)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, result.Success)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, result.Failed)
+	require.ElementsMatch(t, []int64{1, 3}, result.SuccessIDs)
+	require.ElementsMatch(t, []int64{2}, result.FailedIDs)
+	require.Len(t, result.Results, 3)
+}

backend/internal/service/admin_service_update_balance_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type balanceUserRepoStub struct {
+	*userRepoStub
+	updateErr error
+	updated   []*User
+}
+
+func (s *balanceUserRepoStub) Update(ctx context.Context, user *User) error {
+	if s.updateErr != nil {
+		return s.updateErr
+	}
+	if user == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	clone := *user
+	s.updated = append(s.updated, &clone)
+	if s.userRepoStub != nil {
+		s.userRepoStub.user = &clone
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type balanceRedeemRepoStub struct {
+	*redeemRepoStub
+	created []*RedeemCode
+}
+
+func (s *balanceRedeemRepoStub) Create(ctx context.Context, code *RedeemCode) error {
+	if code == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	clone := *code
+	s.created = append(s.created, &clone)
+	return nil
+}
+
+type authCacheInvalidatorStub struct {
+	userIDs  []int64
+	groupIDs []int64
+	keys     []string
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheInvalidatorStub) InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) {
+	s.keys = append(s.keys, key)
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheInvalidatorStub) InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) {
+	s.userIDs = append(s.userIDs, userID)
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheInvalidatorStub) InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) {
+	s.groupIDs = append(s.groupIDs, groupID)
+}
+
+func TestAdminService_UpdateUserBalance_InvalidatesAuthCache(t *testing.T) {
+	baseRepo := &userRepoStub{user: &User{ID: 7, Balance: 10}}
+	repo := &balanceUserRepoStub{userRepoStub: baseRepo}
+	redeemRepo := &balanceRedeemRepoStub{redeemRepoStub: &redeemRepoStub{}}
+	invalidator := &authCacheInvalidatorStub{}
+	svc := &adminServiceImpl{
+		userRepo:             repo,
+		redeemCodeRepo:       redeemRepo,
+		authCacheInvalidator: invalidator,
+	}
+
+	_, err := svc.UpdateUserBalance(context.Background(), 7, 5, "add", "")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, []int64{7}, invalidator.userIDs)
+	require.Len(t, redeemRepo.created, 1)
+}
+
+func TestAdminService_UpdateUserBalance_NoChangeNoInvalidate(t *testing.T) {
+	baseRepo := &userRepoStub{user: &User{ID: 7, Balance: 10}}
+	repo := &balanceUserRepoStub{userRepoStub: baseRepo}
+	redeemRepo := &balanceRedeemRepoStub{redeemRepoStub: &redeemRepoStub{}}
+	invalidator := &authCacheInvalidatorStub{}
+	svc := &adminServiceImpl{
+		userRepo:             repo,
+		redeemCodeRepo:       redeemRepo,
+		authCacheInvalidator: invalidator,
+	}
+
+	_, err := svc.UpdateUserBalance(context.Background(), 7, 10, "set", "")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, invalidator.userIDs)
+	require.Empty(t, redeemRepo.created)
+}

backend/internal/service/antigravity_gateway_service.go

@@ -523,6 +523,9 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}
 
+	// Sanitize thinking blocks (clean cache_control and flatten history thinking)
+	sanitizeThinkingBlocks(&claudeReq)
+
 	// 获取转换选项
 	// Antigravity 上游要求必须包含身份提示词，否则会返回 429
 	transformOpts := s.getClaudeTransformOptions(ctx)
@@ -534,6 +537,9 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("transform request: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// Safety net: ensure no cache_control leaked into Gemini request
+	geminiBody = cleanCacheControlFromGeminiJSON(geminiBody)
+
 	// Antigravity 上游只支持流式请求，统一使用 streamGenerateContent
 	// 如果客户端请求非流式，在响应处理阶段会收集完整流式响应后转换返回
 	action := "streamGenerateContent"
@@ -564,6 +570,14 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 
 			resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
 			if err != nil {
+				safeErr := sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error())
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+					Kind:               "request_error",
+					Message:            safeErr,
+				})
 				// 检查是否应触发 URL 降级
 				if shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
 					antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
@@ -579,6 +593,7 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 					continue
 				}
 				log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retries_exhausted error=%v", prefix, err)
+				setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, safeErr, "")
 				return nil, s.writeClaudeError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Upstream request failed after retries")
 			}
 
@@ -586,6 +601,26 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 			if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
 				respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
 				_ = resp.Body.Close()
+				upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(respBody))
+				upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+				logBody := s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody
+				maxBytes := 2048
+				if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes > 0 {
+					maxBytes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+				}
+				upstreamDetail := ""
+				if logBody {
+					upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+				}
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+					Kind:               "retry",
+					Message:            upstreamMsg,
+					Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+				})
 				antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
 				log.Printf("%s URL fallback (HTTP 429): %s -> %s body=%s", prefix, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1], truncateForLog(respBody, 200))
 				continue urlFallbackLoop
@@ -596,6 +631,26 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 				_ = resp.Body.Close()
 
 				if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
+					upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(respBody))
+					upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+					logBody := s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody
+					maxBytes := 2048
+					if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes > 0 {
+						maxBytes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+					}
+					upstreamDetail := ""
+					if logBody {
+						upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+					}
+					appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+						Platform:           account.Platform,
+						AccountID:          account.ID,
+						UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+						UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+						Kind:               "retry",
+						Message:            upstreamMsg,
+						Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+					})
 					log.Printf("%s status=%d retry=%d/%d body=%s", prefix, resp.StatusCode, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries, truncateForLog(respBody, 500))
 					if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
 						log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
@@ -628,6 +683,27 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 		// Antigravity /v1internal 链路在部分场景会对 thought/thinking signature 做严格校验，
 		// 当历史消息携带的 signature 不合法时会直接 400；去除 thinking 后可继续完成请求。
 		if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusBadRequest && isSignatureRelatedError(respBody) {
+			upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(respBody))
+			upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+			logBody := s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody
+			maxBytes := 2048
+			if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes > 0 {
+				maxBytes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+			}
+			upstreamDetail := ""
+			if logBody {
+				upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+			}
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+				Kind:               "signature_error",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+			})
+
 			// Conservative two-stage fallback:
 			// 1) Disable top-level thinking + thinking->text
 			// 2) Only if still signature-related 400: also downgrade tool_use/tool_result to text.
@@ -661,6 +737,13 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 				}
 				retryResp, retryErr := s.httpUpstream.Do(retryReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
 				if retryErr != nil {
+					appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+						Platform:           account.Platform,
+						AccountID:          account.ID,
+						UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+						Kind:               "signature_retry_request_error",
+						Message:            sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(retryErr.Error()),
+					})
 					log.Printf("Antigravity account %d: signature retry request failed (%s): %v", account.ID, stage.name, retryErr)
 					continue
 				}
@@ -674,6 +757,25 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 
 				retryBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(retryResp.Body, 2<<20))
 				_ = retryResp.Body.Close()
+				kind := "signature_retry"
+				if strings.TrimSpace(stage.name) != "" {
+					kind = "signature_retry_" + strings.ReplaceAll(stage.name, "+", "_")
+				}
+				retryUpstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(retryBody))
+				retryUpstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(retryUpstreamMsg)
+				retryUpstreamDetail := ""
+				if logBody {
+					retryUpstreamDetail = truncateString(string(retryBody), maxBytes)
+				}
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: retryResp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  retryResp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+					Kind:               kind,
+					Message:            retryUpstreamMsg,
+					Detail:             retryUpstreamDetail,
+				})
 
 				// If this stage fixed the signature issue, we stop; otherwise we may try the next stage.
 				if retryResp.StatusCode != http.StatusBadRequest || !isSignatureRelatedError(retryBody) {
@@ -701,10 +803,30 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 			s.handleUpstreamError(ctx, prefix, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody, quotaScope)
 
 			if s.shouldFailoverUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+				upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(respBody))
+				upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+				logBody := s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody
+				maxBytes := 2048
+				if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes > 0 {
+					maxBytes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+				}
+				upstreamDetail := ""
+				if logBody {
+					upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+				}
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+					Kind:               "failover",
+					Message:            upstreamMsg,
+					Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+				})
 				return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 			}
 
-			return nil, s.writeMappedClaudeError(c, resp.StatusCode, respBody)
+			return nil, s.writeMappedClaudeError(c, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"), respBody)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -787,6 +909,143 @@ func extractAntigravityErrorMessage(body []byte) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
+// cleanCacheControlFromGeminiJSON removes cache_control from Gemini JSON (emergency fix)
+// This should not be needed if transformation is correct, but serves as a safety net
+func cleanCacheControlFromGeminiJSON(body []byte) []byte {
+	// Try a more robust approach: parse and clean
+	var data map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &data); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Antigravity] Failed to parse Gemini JSON for cache_control cleaning: %v", err)
+		return body
+	}
+
+	cleaned := removeCacheControlFromAny(data)
+	if !cleaned {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	if result, err := json.Marshal(data); err == nil {
+		log.Printf("[Antigravity] Successfully cleaned cache_control from Gemini JSON")
+		return result
+	}
+
+	return body
+}
+
+// removeCacheControlFromAny recursively removes cache_control fields
+func removeCacheControlFromAny(v any) bool {
+	cleaned := false
+
+	switch val := v.(type) {
+	case map[string]any:
+		for k, child := range val {
+			if k == "cache_control" {
+				delete(val, k)
+				cleaned = true
+			} else if removeCacheControlFromAny(child) {
+				cleaned = true
+			}
+		}
+	case []any:
+		for _, item := range val {
+			if removeCacheControlFromAny(item) {
+				cleaned = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return cleaned
+}
+
+// sanitizeThinkingBlocks cleans cache_control and flattens history thinking blocks
+// Thinking blocks do NOT support cache_control field (Anthropic API/Vertex AI requirement)
+// Additionally, history thinking blocks are flattened to text to avoid upstream validation errors
+func sanitizeThinkingBlocks(req *antigravity.ClaudeRequest) {
+	if req == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[Antigravity] sanitizeThinkingBlocks: processing request with %d messages", len(req.Messages))
+
+	// Clean system blocks
+	if len(req.System) > 0 {
+		var systemBlocks []map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(req.System, &systemBlocks); err == nil {
+			for i := range systemBlocks {
+				if blockType, _ := systemBlocks[i]["type"].(string); blockType == "thinking" || systemBlocks[i]["thinking"] != nil {
+					if removeCacheControlFromAny(systemBlocks[i]) {
+						log.Printf("[Antigravity] Deep cleaned cache_control from thinking block in system[%d]", i)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// Marshal back
+			if cleaned, err := json.Marshal(systemBlocks); err == nil {
+				req.System = cleaned
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Clean message content blocks and flatten history
+	lastMsgIdx := len(req.Messages) - 1
+	for msgIdx := range req.Messages {
+		raw := req.Messages[msgIdx].Content
+		if len(raw) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Try to parse as blocks array
+		var blocks []map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &blocks); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		cleaned := false
+		for blockIdx := range blocks {
+			blockType, _ := blocks[blockIdx]["type"].(string)
+
+			// Check for thinking blocks (typed or untyped)
+			if blockType == "thinking" || blocks[blockIdx]["thinking"] != nil {
+				// 1. Clean cache_control
+				if removeCacheControlFromAny(blocks[blockIdx]) {
+					log.Printf("[Antigravity] Deep cleaned cache_control from thinking block in messages[%d].content[%d]", msgIdx, blockIdx)
+					cleaned = true
+				}
+
+				// 2. Flatten to text if it's a history message (not the last one)
+				if msgIdx < lastMsgIdx {
+					log.Printf("[Antigravity] Flattening history thinking block to text at messages[%d].content[%d]", msgIdx, blockIdx)
+
+					// Extract thinking content
+					var textContent string
+					if t, ok := blocks[blockIdx]["thinking"].(string); ok {
+						textContent = t
+					} else {
+						// Fallback for non-string content (marshal it)
+						if b, err := json.Marshal(blocks[blockIdx]["thinking"]); err == nil {
+							textContent = string(b)
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Convert to text block
+					blocks[blockIdx]["type"] = "text"
+					blocks[blockIdx]["text"] = textContent
+					delete(blocks[blockIdx], "thinking")
+					delete(blocks[blockIdx], "signature")
+					delete(blocks[blockIdx], "cache_control") // Ensure it's gone
+					cleaned = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Marshal back if modified
+		if cleaned {
+			if marshaled, err := json.Marshal(blocks); err == nil {
+				req.Messages[msgIdx].Content = marshaled
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // stripThinkingFromClaudeRequest converts thinking blocks to text blocks in a Claude Messages request.
 // This preserves the thinking content while avoiding signature validation errors.
 // Note: redacted_thinking blocks are removed because they cannot be converted to text.
@@ -1108,6 +1367,14 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 
 			resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
 			if err != nil {
+				safeErr := sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error())
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+					Kind:               "request_error",
+					Message:            safeErr,
+				})
 				// 检查是否应触发 URL 降级
 				if shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
 					antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
@@ -1123,6 +1390,7 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 					continue
 				}
 				log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retries_exhausted error=%v", prefix, err)
+				setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, safeErr, "")
 				return nil, s.writeGoogleError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "Upstream request failed after retries")
 			}
 
@@ -1130,6 +1398,26 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 			if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
 				respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
 				_ = resp.Body.Close()
+				upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(respBody))
+				upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+				logBody := s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody
+				maxBytes := 2048
+				if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes > 0 {
+					maxBytes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+				}
+				upstreamDetail := ""
+				if logBody {
+					upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+				}
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+					Kind:               "retry",
+					Message:            upstreamMsg,
+					Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+				})
 				antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
 				log.Printf("%s URL fallback (HTTP 429): %s -> %s body=%s", prefix, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1], truncateForLog(respBody, 200))
 				continue urlFallbackLoop
@@ -1140,6 +1428,26 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 				_ = resp.Body.Close()
 
 				if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
+					upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(respBody))
+					upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+					logBody := s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody
+					maxBytes := 2048
+					if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes > 0 {
+						maxBytes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+					}
+					upstreamDetail := ""
+					if logBody {
+						upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+					}
+					appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+						Platform:           account.Platform,
+						AccountID:          account.ID,
+						UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+						UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+						Kind:               "retry",
+						Message:            upstreamMsg,
+						Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+					})
 					log.Printf("%s status=%d retry=%d/%d", prefix, resp.StatusCode, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries)
 					if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
 						log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
@@ -1205,21 +1513,59 @@ urlFallbackLoop:
 
 		s.handleUpstreamError(ctx, prefix, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody, quotaScope)
 
-		if s.shouldFailoverUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
-			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
-		}
-
-		// 解包并返回错误
 		requestID := resp.Header.Get("x-request-id")
 		if requestID != "" {
 			c.Header("x-request-id", requestID)
 		}
-		unwrapped, _ := s.unwrapV1InternalResponse(respBody)
+
+		unwrapped, unwrapErr := s.unwrapV1InternalResponse(respBody)
+		unwrappedForOps := unwrapped
+		if unwrapErr != nil || len(unwrappedForOps) == 0 {
+			unwrappedForOps = respBody
+		}
+		upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractAntigravityErrorMessage(unwrappedForOps))
+		upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+
+		logBody := s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody
+		maxBytes := 2048
+		if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes > 0 {
+			maxBytes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+		}
+		upstreamDetail := ""
+		if logBody {
+			upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(unwrappedForOps), maxBytes)
+		}
+
+		// Always record upstream context for Ops error logs, even when we will failover.
+		setOpsUpstreamError(c, resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg, upstreamDetail)
+
+		if s.shouldFailoverUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  requestID,
+				Kind:               "failover",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+			})
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+		}
+
 		contentType := resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")
 		if contentType == "" {
 			contentType = "application/json"
 		}
-		c.Data(resp.StatusCode, contentType, unwrapped)
+		appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+			Platform:           account.Platform,
+			AccountID:          account.ID,
+			UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+			UpstreamRequestID:  requestID,
+			Kind:               "http_error",
+			Message:            upstreamMsg,
+			Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+		})
+		c.Data(resp.StatusCode, contentType, unwrappedForOps)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("antigravity upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
 	}
 
@@ -1514,6 +1860,7 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleGeminiStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context
 				continue
 			}
 			log.Printf("Stream data interval timeout (antigravity)")
+			// 注意：此函数没有 account 上下文，无法调用 HandleStreamTimeout
 			sendErrorEvent("stream_timeout")
 			return &antigravityStreamResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, fmt.Errorf("stream data interval timeout")
 		}
@@ -1674,9 +2021,35 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) writeClaudeError(c *gin.Context, status int,
 	return fmt.Errorf("%s", message)
 }
 
-func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) writeMappedClaudeError(c *gin.Context, upstreamStatus int, body []byte) error {
-	// 记录上游错误详情便于调试
-	log.Printf("[antigravity-Forward] upstream_error status=%d body=%s", upstreamStatus, string(body))
+func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) writeMappedClaudeError(c *gin.Context, account *Account, upstreamStatus int, upstreamRequestID string, body []byte) error {
+	upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body))
+	upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+
+	logBody := s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody
+	maxBytes := 2048
+	if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes > 0 {
+		maxBytes = s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+	}
+
+	upstreamDetail := ""
+	if logBody {
+		upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(body), maxBytes)
+	}
+	setOpsUpstreamError(c, upstreamStatus, upstreamMsg, upstreamDetail)
+	appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+		Platform:           account.Platform,
+		AccountID:          account.ID,
+		UpstreamStatusCode: upstreamStatus,
+		UpstreamRequestID:  upstreamRequestID,
+		Kind:               "http_error",
+		Message:            upstreamMsg,
+		Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+	})
+
+	// 记录上游错误详情便于排障（可选：由配置控制；不回显到客户端）
+	if logBody {
+		log.Printf("[antigravity-Forward] upstream_error status=%d body=%s", upstreamStatus, truncateForLog(body, maxBytes))
+	}
 
 	var statusCode int
 	var errType, errMsg string
@@ -1712,7 +2085,10 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) writeMappedClaudeError(c *gin.Context, upstr
 		"type":  "error",
 		"error": gin.H{"type": errType, "message": errMsg},
 	})
-	return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", upstreamStatus)
+	if upstreamMsg == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", upstreamStatus)
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d message=%s", upstreamStatus, upstreamMsg)
 }
 
 func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) writeGoogleError(c *gin.Context, status int, message string) error {
@@ -2039,6 +2415,7 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleClaudeStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context
 				continue
 			}
 			log.Printf("Stream data interval timeout (antigravity)")
+			// 注意：此函数没有 account 上下文，无法调用 HandleStreamTimeout
 			sendErrorEvent("stream_timeout")
 			return &antigravityStreamResult{usage: convertUsage(nil), firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, fmt.Errorf("stream data interval timeout")
 		}

backend/internal/service/api_key_auth_cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package service
+
+// APIKeyAuthSnapshot API Key 认证缓存快照（仅包含认证所需字段）
+type APIKeyAuthSnapshot struct {
+	APIKeyID    int64                    `json:"api_key_id"`
+	UserID      int64                    `json:"user_id"`
+	GroupID     *int64                   `json:"group_id,omitempty"`
+	Status      string                   `json:"status"`
+	IPWhitelist []string                 `json:"ip_whitelist,omitempty"`
+	IPBlacklist []string                 `json:"ip_blacklist,omitempty"`
+	User        APIKeyAuthUserSnapshot   `json:"user"`
+	Group       *APIKeyAuthGroupSnapshot `json:"group,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// APIKeyAuthUserSnapshot 用户快照
+type APIKeyAuthUserSnapshot struct {
+	ID          int64   `json:"id"`
+	Status      string  `json:"status"`
+	Role        string  `json:"role"`
+	Balance     float64 `json:"balance"`
+	Concurrency int     `json:"concurrency"`
+}
+
+// APIKeyAuthGroupSnapshot 分组快照
+type APIKeyAuthGroupSnapshot struct {
+	ID               int64    `json:"id"`
+	Name             string   `json:"name"`
+	Platform         string   `json:"platform"`
+	Status           string   `json:"status"`
+	SubscriptionType string   `json:"subscription_type"`
+	RateMultiplier   float64  `json:"rate_multiplier"`
+	DailyLimitUSD    *float64 `json:"daily_limit_usd,omitempty"`
+	WeeklyLimitUSD   *float64 `json:"weekly_limit_usd,omitempty"`
+	MonthlyLimitUSD  *float64 `json:"monthly_limit_usd,omitempty"`
+	ImagePrice1K     *float64 `json:"image_price_1k,omitempty"`
+	ImagePrice2K     *float64 `json:"image_price_2k,omitempty"`
+	ImagePrice4K     *float64 `json:"image_price_4k,omitempty"`
+	ClaudeCodeOnly   bool     `json:"claude_code_only"`
+	FallbackGroupID  *int64   `json:"fallback_group_id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// APIKeyAuthCacheEntry 缓存条目，支持负缓存
+type APIKeyAuthCacheEntry struct {
+	NotFound bool                `json:"not_found"`
+	Snapshot *APIKeyAuthSnapshot `json:"snapshot,omitempty"`
+}

backend/internal/service/api_key_auth_cache_impl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto"
+)
+
+type apiKeyAuthCacheConfig struct {
+	l1Size        int
+	l1TTL         time.Duration
+	l2TTL         time.Duration
+	negativeTTL   time.Duration
+	jitterPercent int
+	singleflight  bool
+}
+
+var (
+	jitterRandMu sync.Mutex
+	// 认证缓存抖动使用独立随机源，避免全局 Seed
+	jitterRand = rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
+)
+
+func newAPIKeyAuthCacheConfig(cfg *config.Config) apiKeyAuthCacheConfig {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return apiKeyAuthCacheConfig{}
+	}
+	auth := cfg.APIKeyAuth
+	return apiKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+		l1Size:        auth.L1Size,
+		l1TTL:         time.Duration(auth.L1TTLSeconds) * time.Second,
+		l2TTL:         time.Duration(auth.L2TTLSeconds) * time.Second,
+		negativeTTL:   time.Duration(auth.NegativeTTLSeconds) * time.Second,
+		jitterPercent: auth.JitterPercent,
+		singleflight:  auth.Singleflight,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c apiKeyAuthCacheConfig) l1Enabled() bool {
+	return c.l1Size > 0 && c.l1TTL > 0
+}
+
+func (c apiKeyAuthCacheConfig) l2Enabled() bool {
+	return c.l2TTL > 0
+}
+
+func (c apiKeyAuthCacheConfig) negativeEnabled() bool {
+	return c.negativeTTL > 0
+}
+
+func (c apiKeyAuthCacheConfig) jitterTTL(ttl time.Duration) time.Duration {
+	if ttl <= 0 {
+		return ttl
+	}
+	if c.jitterPercent <= 0 {
+		return ttl
+	}
+	percent := c.jitterPercent
+	if percent > 100 {
+		percent = 100
+	}
+	delta := float64(percent) / 100
+	jitterRandMu.Lock()
+	randVal := jitterRand.Float64()
+	jitterRandMu.Unlock()
+	factor := 1 - delta + randVal*(2*delta)
+	if factor <= 0 {
+		return ttl
+	}
+	return time.Duration(float64(ttl) * factor)
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) initAuthCache(cfg *config.Config) {
+	s.authCfg = newAPIKeyAuthCacheConfig(cfg)
+	if !s.authCfg.l1Enabled() {
+		return
+	}
+	cache, err := ristretto.NewCache(&ristretto.Config{
+		NumCounters: int64(s.authCfg.l1Size) * 10,
+		MaxCost:     int64(s.authCfg.l1Size),
+		BufferItems: 64,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.authCacheL1 = cache
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) authCacheKey(key string) string {
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(key))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) getAuthCacheEntry(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, bool) {
+	if s.authCacheL1 != nil {
+		if val, ok := s.authCacheL1.Get(cacheKey); ok {
+			if entry, ok := val.(*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry); ok {
+				return entry, true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if s.cache == nil || !s.authCfg.l2Enabled() {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	entry, err := s.cache.GetAuthCache(ctx, cacheKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	s.setAuthCacheL1(cacheKey, entry)
+	return entry, true
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) setAuthCacheL1(cacheKey string, entry *APIKeyAuthCacheEntry) {
+	if s.authCacheL1 == nil || entry == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	ttl := s.authCfg.l1TTL
+	if entry.NotFound && s.authCfg.negativeTTL > 0 && s.authCfg.negativeTTL < ttl {
+		ttl = s.authCfg.negativeTTL
+	}
+	ttl = s.authCfg.jitterTTL(ttl)
+	_ = s.authCacheL1.SetWithTTL(cacheKey, entry, 1, ttl)
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) setAuthCacheEntry(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string, entry *APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, ttl time.Duration) {
+	if entry == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.setAuthCacheL1(cacheKey, entry)
+	if s.cache == nil || !s.authCfg.l2Enabled() {
+		return
+	}
+	_ = s.cache.SetAuthCache(ctx, cacheKey, entry, s.authCfg.jitterTTL(ttl))
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) deleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string) {
+	if s.authCacheL1 != nil {
+		s.authCacheL1.Del(cacheKey)
+	}
+	if s.cache == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	_ = s.cache.DeleteAuthCache(ctx, cacheKey)
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) loadAuthCacheEntry(ctx context.Context, key, cacheKey string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+	apiKey, err := s.apiKeyRepo.GetByKeyForAuth(ctx, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrAPIKeyNotFound) {
+			entry := &APIKeyAuthCacheEntry{NotFound: true}
+			if s.authCfg.negativeEnabled() {
+				s.setAuthCacheEntry(ctx, cacheKey, entry, s.authCfg.negativeTTL)
+			}
+			return entry, nil
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get api key: %w", err)
+	}
+	apiKey.Key = key
+	snapshot := s.snapshotFromAPIKey(apiKey)
+	if snapshot == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get api key: %w", ErrAPIKeyNotFound)
+	}
+	entry := &APIKeyAuthCacheEntry{Snapshot: snapshot}
+	s.setAuthCacheEntry(ctx, cacheKey, entry, s.authCfg.l2TTL)
+	return entry, nil
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) applyAuthCacheEntry(key string, entry *APIKeyAuthCacheEntry) (*APIKey, bool, error) {
+	if entry == nil {
+		return nil, false, nil
+	}
+	if entry.NotFound {
+		return nil, true, ErrAPIKeyNotFound
+	}
+	if entry.Snapshot == nil {
+		return nil, false, nil
+	}
+	return s.snapshotToAPIKey(key, entry.Snapshot), true, nil
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) snapshotFromAPIKey(apiKey *APIKey) *APIKeyAuthSnapshot {
+	if apiKey == nil || apiKey.User == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	snapshot := &APIKeyAuthSnapshot{
+		APIKeyID:    apiKey.ID,
+		UserID:      apiKey.UserID,
+		GroupID:     apiKey.GroupID,
+		Status:      apiKey.Status,
+		IPWhitelist: apiKey.IPWhitelist,
+		IPBlacklist: apiKey.IPBlacklist,
+		User: APIKeyAuthUserSnapshot{
+			ID:          apiKey.User.ID,
+			Status:      apiKey.User.Status,
+			Role:        apiKey.User.Role,
+			Balance:     apiKey.User.Balance,
+			Concurrency: apiKey.User.Concurrency,
+		},
+	}
+	if apiKey.Group != nil {
+		snapshot.Group = &APIKeyAuthGroupSnapshot{
+			ID:               apiKey.Group.ID,
+			Name:             apiKey.Group.Name,
+			Platform:         apiKey.Group.Platform,
+			Status:           apiKey.Group.Status,
+			SubscriptionType: apiKey.Group.SubscriptionType,
+			RateMultiplier:   apiKey.Group.RateMultiplier,
+			DailyLimitUSD:    apiKey.Group.DailyLimitUSD,
+			WeeklyLimitUSD:   apiKey.Group.WeeklyLimitUSD,
+			MonthlyLimitUSD:  apiKey.Group.MonthlyLimitUSD,
+			ImagePrice1K:     apiKey.Group.ImagePrice1K,
+			ImagePrice2K:     apiKey.Group.ImagePrice2K,
+			ImagePrice4K:     apiKey.Group.ImagePrice4K,
+			ClaudeCodeOnly:   apiKey.Group.ClaudeCodeOnly,
+			FallbackGroupID:  apiKey.Group.FallbackGroupID,
+		}
+	}
+	return snapshot
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) snapshotToAPIKey(key string, snapshot *APIKeyAuthSnapshot) *APIKey {
+	if snapshot == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	apiKey := &APIKey{
+		ID:          snapshot.APIKeyID,
+		UserID:      snapshot.UserID,
+		GroupID:     snapshot.GroupID,
+		Key:         key,
+		Status:      snapshot.Status,
+		IPWhitelist: snapshot.IPWhitelist,
+		IPBlacklist: snapshot.IPBlacklist,
+		User: &User{
+			ID:          snapshot.User.ID,
+			Status:      snapshot.User.Status,
+			Role:        snapshot.User.Role,
+			Balance:     snapshot.User.Balance,
+			Concurrency: snapshot.User.Concurrency,
+		},
+	}
+	if snapshot.Group != nil {
+		apiKey.Group = &Group{
+			ID:               snapshot.Group.ID,
+			Name:             snapshot.Group.Name,
+			Platform:         snapshot.Group.Platform,
+			Status:           snapshot.Group.Status,
+			Hydrated:         true,
+			SubscriptionType: snapshot.Group.SubscriptionType,
+			RateMultiplier:   snapshot.Group.RateMultiplier,
+			DailyLimitUSD:    snapshot.Group.DailyLimitUSD,
+			WeeklyLimitUSD:   snapshot.Group.WeeklyLimitUSD,
+			MonthlyLimitUSD:  snapshot.Group.MonthlyLimitUSD,
+			ImagePrice1K:     snapshot.Group.ImagePrice1K,
+			ImagePrice2K:     snapshot.Group.ImagePrice2K,
+			ImagePrice4K:     snapshot.Group.ImagePrice4K,
+			ClaudeCodeOnly:   snapshot.Group.ClaudeCodeOnly,
+			FallbackGroupID:  snapshot.Group.FallbackGroupID,
+		}
+	}
+	return apiKey
+}

backend/internal/service/api_key_auth_cache_invalidate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package service
+
+import "context"
+
+// InvalidateAuthCacheByKey 清除指定 API Key 的认证缓存
+func (s *APIKeyService) InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) {
+	if key == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	cacheKey := s.authCacheKey(key)
+	s.deleteAuthCache(ctx, cacheKey)
+}
+
+// InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID 清除用户相关的 API Key 认证缓存
+func (s *APIKeyService) InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) {
+	if userID <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	keys, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListKeysByUserID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.deleteAuthCacheByKeys(ctx, keys)
+}
+
+// InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID 清除分组相关的 API Key 认证缓存
+func (s *APIKeyService) InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) {
+	if groupID <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	keys, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListKeysByGroupID(ctx, groupID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.deleteAuthCacheByKeys(ctx, keys)
+}
+
+func (s *APIKeyService) deleteAuthCacheByKeys(ctx context.Context, keys []string) {
+	if len(keys) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if key == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		s.deleteAuthCache(ctx, s.authCacheKey(key))
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ip"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
+	"github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/singleflight"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -31,9 +33,11 @@ const (
 type APIKeyRepository interface {
 	Create(ctx context.Context, key *APIKey) error
 	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*APIKey, error)
-	// GetOwnerID 仅获取 API Key 的所有者 ID，用于删除前的轻量级权限验证
-	GetOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (int64, error)
+	// GetKeyAndOwnerID 仅获取 API Key 的 key 与所有者 ID，用于删除等轻量场景
+	GetKeyAndOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (string, int64, error)
 	GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error)
+	// GetByKeyForAuth 认证专用查询，返回最小字段集
+	GetByKeyForAuth(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error)
 	Update(ctx context.Context, key *APIKey) error
 	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
 
@@ -45,6 +49,8 @@ type APIKeyRepository interface {
 	SearchAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, userID int64, keyword string, limit int) ([]APIKey, error)
 	ClearGroupIDByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
 	CountByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
+	ListKeysByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error)
+	ListKeysByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error)
 }
 
 // APIKeyCache defines cache operations for API key service
@@ -55,6 +61,17 @@ type APIKeyCache interface {
 
 	IncrementDailyUsage(ctx context.Context, apiKey string) error
 	SetDailyUsageExpiry(ctx context.Context, apiKey string, ttl time.Duration) error
+
+	GetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error)
+	SetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string, entry *APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, ttl time.Duration) error
+	DeleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) error
+}
+
+// APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator 提供认证缓存失效能力
+type APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator interface {
+	InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(ctx context.Context, key string)
+	InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64)
+	InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64)
 }
 
 // CreateAPIKeyRequest 创建API Key请求
@@ -83,6 +100,9 @@ type APIKeyService struct {
 	userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository
 	cache       APIKeyCache
 	cfg         *config.Config
+	authCacheL1 *ristretto.Cache
+	authCfg     apiKeyAuthCacheConfig
+	authGroup   singleflight.Group
 }
 
 // NewAPIKeyService 创建API Key服务实例
@@ -94,7 +114,7 @@ func NewAPIKeyService(
 	cache APIKeyCache,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *APIKeyService {
-	return &APIKeyService{
+	svc := &APIKeyService{
 		apiKeyRepo:  apiKeyRepo,
 		userRepo:    userRepo,
 		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
@@ -102,6 +122,8 @@ func NewAPIKeyService(
 		cache:       cache,
 		cfg:         cfg,
 	}
+	svc.initAuthCache(cfg)
+	return svc
 }
 
 // GenerateKey 生成随机API Key
@@ -269,6 +291,8 @@ func (s *APIKeyService) Create(ctx context.Context, userID int64, req CreateAPIK
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create api key: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	s.InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(ctx, apiKey.Key)
+
 	return apiKey, nil
 }
 
@@ -304,21 +328,49 @@ func (s *APIKeyService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*APIKey, error)
 
 // GetByKey 根据Key字符串获取API Key（用于认证）
 func (s *APIKeyService) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
-	// 尝试从Redis缓存获取
-	cacheKey := fmt.Sprintf("apikey:%s", key)
+	cacheKey := s.authCacheKey(key)
 
-	// 这里可以添加Redis缓存逻辑，暂时直接查询数据库
-	apiKey, err := s.apiKeyRepo.GetByKey(ctx, key)
+	if entry, ok := s.getAuthCacheEntry(ctx, cacheKey); ok {
+		if apiKey, used, err := s.applyAuthCacheEntry(key, entry); used {
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("get api key: %w", err)
+			}
+			return apiKey, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if s.authCfg.singleflight {
+		value, err, _ := s.authGroup.Do(cacheKey, func() (any, error) {
+			return s.loadAuthCacheEntry(ctx, key, cacheKey)
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		entry, _ := value.(*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry)
+		if apiKey, used, err := s.applyAuthCacheEntry(key, entry); used {
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("get api key: %w", err)
+			}
+			return apiKey, nil
+		}
+	} else {
+		entry, err := s.loadAuthCacheEntry(ctx, key, cacheKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if apiKey, used, err := s.applyAuthCacheEntry(key, entry); used {
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("get api key: %w", err)
+			}
+			return apiKey, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	apiKey, err := s.apiKeyRepo.GetByKeyForAuth(ctx, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get api key: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	// 缓存到Redis（可选，TTL设置为5分钟）
-	if s.cache != nil {
-		// 这里可以序列化并缓存API Key
-		_ = cacheKey // 使用变量避免未使用错误
-	}
-
+	apiKey.Key = key
 	return apiKey, nil
 }
 
@@ -388,15 +440,14 @@ func (s *APIKeyService) Update(ctx context.Context, id int64, userID int64, req
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("update api key: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	s.InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(ctx, apiKey.Key)
+
 	return apiKey, nil
 }
 
 // Delete 删除API Key
-// 优化：使用 GetOwnerID 替代 GetByID 进行权限验证，
-// 避免加载完整 APIKey 对象及其关联数据（User、Group），提升删除操作的性能
 func (s *APIKeyService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64, userID int64) error {
-	// 仅获取所有者 ID 用于权限验证，而非加载完整对象
-	ownerID, err := s.apiKeyRepo.GetOwnerID(ctx, id)
+	key, ownerID, err := s.apiKeyRepo.GetKeyAndOwnerID(ctx, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get api key: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -406,10 +457,11 @@ func (s *APIKeyService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64, userID int64) erro
 		return ErrInsufficientPerms
 	}
 
-	// 清除Redis缓存（使用 ownerID 而非 apiKey.UserID）
+	// 清除Redis缓存（使用 userID 而非 apiKey.UserID）
 	if s.cache != nil {
-		_ = s.cache.DeleteCreateAttemptCount(ctx, ownerID)
+		_ = s.cache.DeleteCreateAttemptCount(ctx, userID)
 	}
+	s.InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(ctx, key)
 
 	if err := s.apiKeyRepo.Delete(ctx, id); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("delete api key: %w", err)

backend/internal/service/api_key_service_cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type authRepoStub struct {
+	getByKeyForAuth   func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error)
+	listKeysByUserID  func(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error)
+	listKeysByGroupID func(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error)
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) Create(ctx context.Context, key *APIKey) error {
+	panic("unexpected Create call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*APIKey, error) {
+	panic("unexpected GetByID call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) GetKeyAndOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (string, int64, error) {
+	panic("unexpected GetKeyAndOwnerID call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+	panic("unexpected GetByKey call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) GetByKeyForAuth(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+	if s.getByKeyForAuth == nil {
+		panic("unexpected GetByKeyForAuth call")
+	}
+	return s.getByKeyForAuth(ctx, key)
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) Update(ctx context.Context, key *APIKey) error {
+	panic("unexpected Update call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	panic("unexpected Delete call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]APIKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	panic("unexpected ListByUserID call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) VerifyOwnership(ctx context.Context, userID int64, apiKeyIDs []int64) ([]int64, error) {
+	panic("unexpected VerifyOwnership call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) CountByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int64, error) {
+	panic("unexpected CountByUserID call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) ExistsByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (bool, error) {
+	panic("unexpected ExistsByKey call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]APIKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	panic("unexpected ListByGroupID call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) SearchAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, userID int64, keyword string, limit int) ([]APIKey, error) {
+	panic("unexpected SearchAPIKeys call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) ClearGroupIDByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
+	panic("unexpected ClearGroupIDByGroupID call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) CountByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
+	panic("unexpected CountByGroupID call")
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) ListKeysByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	if s.listKeysByUserID == nil {
+		panic("unexpected ListKeysByUserID call")
+	}
+	return s.listKeysByUserID(ctx, userID)
+}
+
+func (s *authRepoStub) ListKeysByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	if s.listKeysByGroupID == nil {
+		panic("unexpected ListKeysByGroupID call")
+	}
+	return s.listKeysByGroupID(ctx, groupID)
+}
+
+type authCacheStub struct {
+	getAuthCache   func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error)
+	setAuthKeys    []string
+	deleteAuthKeys []string
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) GetCreateAttemptCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int, error) {
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) IncrementCreateAttemptCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) DeleteCreateAttemptCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) IncrementDailyUsage(ctx context.Context, apiKey string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) SetDailyUsageExpiry(ctx context.Context, apiKey string, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) GetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+	if s.getAuthCache == nil {
+		return nil, redis.Nil
+	}
+	return s.getAuthCache(ctx, key)
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) SetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string, entry *APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	s.setAuthKeys = append(s.setAuthKeys, key)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *authCacheStub) DeleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	s.deleteAuthKeys = append(s.deleteAuthKeys, key)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_UsesL2Cache(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		getByKeyForAuth: func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+			return nil, errors.New("unexpected repo call")
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			L2TTLSeconds:       60,
+			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+
+	groupID := int64(9)
+	cacheEntry := &APIKeyAuthCacheEntry{
+		Snapshot: &APIKeyAuthSnapshot{
+			APIKeyID: 1,
+			UserID:   2,
+			GroupID:  &groupID,
+			Status:   StatusActive,
+			User: APIKeyAuthUserSnapshot{
+				ID:          2,
+				Status:      StatusActive,
+				Role:        RoleUser,
+				Balance:     10,
+				Concurrency: 3,
+			},
+			Group: &APIKeyAuthGroupSnapshot{
+				ID:               groupID,
+				Name:             "g",
+				Platform:         PlatformAnthropic,
+				Status:           StatusActive,
+				SubscriptionType: SubscriptionTypeStandard,
+				RateMultiplier:   1,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cache.getAuthCache = func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+		return cacheEntry, nil
+	}
+
+	apiKey, err := svc.GetByKey(context.Background(), "k1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), apiKey.ID)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), apiKey.User.ID)
+	require.Equal(t, groupID, apiKey.Group.ID)
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_NegativeCache(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		getByKeyForAuth: func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+			return nil, errors.New("unexpected repo call")
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			L2TTLSeconds:       60,
+			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	cache.getAuthCache = func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+		return &APIKeyAuthCacheEntry{NotFound: true}, nil
+	}
+
+	_, err := svc.GetByKey(context.Background(), "missing")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrAPIKeyNotFound)
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_CacheMissStoresL2(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		getByKeyForAuth: func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+			return &APIKey{
+				ID:     5,
+				UserID: 7,
+				Status: StatusActive,
+				User: &User{
+					ID:          7,
+					Status:      StatusActive,
+					Role:        RoleUser,
+					Balance:     12,
+					Concurrency: 2,
+				},
+			}, nil
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			L2TTLSeconds:       60,
+			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	cache.getAuthCache = func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+		return nil, redis.Nil
+	}
+
+	apiKey, err := svc.GetByKey(context.Background(), "k2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(5), apiKey.ID)
+	require.Len(t, cache.setAuthKeys, 1)
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_UsesL1Cache(t *testing.T) {
+	var calls int32
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		getByKeyForAuth: func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+			atomic.AddInt32(&calls, 1)
+			return &APIKey{
+				ID:     21,
+				UserID: 3,
+				Status: StatusActive,
+				User: &User{
+					ID:          3,
+					Status:      StatusActive,
+					Role:        RoleUser,
+					Balance:     5,
+					Concurrency: 2,
+				},
+			}, nil
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			L1Size:       1000,
+			L1TTLSeconds: 60,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	require.NotNil(t, svc.authCacheL1)
+
+	_, err := svc.GetByKey(context.Background(), "k-l1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	svc.authCacheL1.Wait()
+	cacheKey := svc.authCacheKey("k-l1")
+	_, ok := svc.authCacheL1.Get(cacheKey)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	_, err = svc.GetByKey(context.Background(), "k-l1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&calls))
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		listKeysByUserID: func(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
+			return []string{"k1", "k2"}, nil
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			L2TTLSeconds:       60,
+			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+
+	svc.InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(context.Background(), 7)
+	require.Len(t, cache.deleteAuthKeys, 2)
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		listKeysByGroupID: func(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error) {
+			return []string{"k1", "k2"}, nil
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			L2TTLSeconds: 60,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+
+	svc.InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(context.Background(), 9)
+	require.Len(t, cache.deleteAuthKeys, 2)
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		listKeysByUserID: func(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
+			return nil, nil
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			L2TTLSeconds: 60,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+
+	svc.InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(context.Background(), "k1")
+	require.Len(t, cache.deleteAuthKeys, 1)
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_CachesNegativeOnRepoMiss(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		getByKeyForAuth: func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+			return nil, ErrAPIKeyNotFound
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			L2TTLSeconds:       60,
+			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	cache.getAuthCache = func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+		return nil, redis.Nil
+	}
+
+	_, err := svc.GetByKey(context.Background(), "missing")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrAPIKeyNotFound)
+	require.Len(t, cache.setAuthKeys, 1)
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_SingleflightCollapses(t *testing.T) {
+	var calls int32
+	cache := &authCacheStub{}
+	repo := &authRepoStub{
+		getByKeyForAuth: func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+			atomic.AddInt32(&calls, 1)
+			time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+			return &APIKey{
+				ID:     11,
+				UserID: 2,
+				Status: StatusActive,
+				User: &User{
+					ID:          2,
+					Status:      StatusActive,
+					Role:        RoleUser,
+					Balance:     1,
+					Concurrency: 1,
+				},
+			}, nil
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		APIKeyAuth: config.APIKeyAuthCacheConfig{
+			Singleflight: true,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	errs := make([]error, 5)
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(idx int) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			<-start
+			_, err := svc.GetByKey(context.Background(), "k1")
+			errs[idx] = err
+		}(i)
+	}
+	close(start)
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&calls))
+}

backend/internal/service/api_key_service_delete_test.go

@@ -20,13 +20,12 @@ import (
 // 用于隔离测试 APIKeyService.Delete 方法，避免依赖真实数据库。
 //
 // 设计说明：
-//   - ownerID: 模拟 GetOwnerID 返回的所有者 ID
-//   - ownerErr: 模拟 GetOwnerID 返回的错误（如 ErrAPIKeyNotFound）
+//   - apiKey/getByIDErr: 模拟 GetKeyAndOwnerID 返回的记录与错误
 //   - deleteErr: 模拟 Delete 返回的错误
 //   - deletedIDs: 记录被调用删除的 API Key ID，用于断言验证
 type apiKeyRepoStub struct {
-	ownerID    int64   // GetOwnerID 的返回值
-	ownerErr   error   // GetOwnerID 的错误返回值
+	apiKey     *APIKey // GetKeyAndOwnerID 的返回值
+	getByIDErr error   // GetKeyAndOwnerID 的错误返回值
 	deleteErr  error   // Delete 的错误返回值
 	deletedIDs []int64 // 记录已删除的 API Key ID 列表
 }
@@ -38,19 +37,34 @@ func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) Create(ctx context.Context, key *APIKey) error {
 }
 
 func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*APIKey, error) {
+	if s.getByIDErr != nil {
+		return nil, s.getByIDErr
+	}
+	if s.apiKey != nil {
+		clone := *s.apiKey
+		return &clone, nil
+	}
 	panic("unexpected GetByID call")
 }
 
-// GetOwnerID 返回预设的所有者 ID 或错误。
-// 这是 Delete 方法调用的第一个仓储方法，用于验证调用者是否为 API Key 的所有者。
-func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) GetOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (int64, error) {
-	return s.ownerID, s.ownerErr
+func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) GetKeyAndOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (string, int64, error) {
+	if s.getByIDErr != nil {
+		return "", 0, s.getByIDErr
+	}
+	if s.apiKey != nil {
+		return s.apiKey.Key, s.apiKey.UserID, nil
+	}
+	return "", 0, ErrAPIKeyNotFound
 }
 
 func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
 	panic("unexpected GetByKey call")
 }
 
+func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) GetByKeyForAuth(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKey, error) {
+	panic("unexpected GetByKeyForAuth call")
+}
+
 func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) Update(ctx context.Context, key *APIKey) error {
 	panic("unexpected Update call")
 }
@@ -96,13 +110,22 @@ func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) CountByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int
 	panic("unexpected CountByGroupID call")
 }
 
+func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) ListKeysByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	panic("unexpected ListKeysByUserID call")
+}
+
+func (s *apiKeyRepoStub) ListKeysByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]string, error) {
+	panic("unexpected ListKeysByGroupID call")
+}
+
 // apiKeyCacheStub 是 APIKeyCache 接口的测试桩实现。
 // 用于验证删除操作时缓存清理逻辑是否被正确调用。
 //
 // 设计说明：
 //   - invalidated: 记录被清除缓存的用户 ID 列表
 type apiKeyCacheStub struct {
-	invalidated []int64 // 记录调用 DeleteCreateAttemptCount 时传入的用户 ID
+	invalidated    []int64  // 记录调用 DeleteCreateAttemptCount 时传入的用户 ID
+	deleteAuthKeys []string // 记录调用 DeleteAuthCache 时传入的缓存 key
 }
 
 // GetCreateAttemptCount 返回 0，表示用户未超过创建次数限制
@@ -132,15 +155,30 @@ func (s *apiKeyCacheStub) SetDailyUsageExpiry(ctx context.Context, apiKey string
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (s *apiKeyCacheStub) GetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (s *apiKeyCacheStub) SetAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string, entry *APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *apiKeyCacheStub) DeleteAuthCache(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	s.deleteAuthKeys = append(s.deleteAuthKeys, key)
+	return nil
+}
+
 // TestApiKeyService_Delete_OwnerMismatch 测试非所有者尝试删除时返回权限错误。
 // 预期行为：
-//   - GetOwnerID 返回所有者 ID 为 1
+//   - GetKeyAndOwnerID 返回所有者 ID 为 1
 //   - 调用者 userID 为 2（不匹配）
 //   - 返回 ErrInsufficientPerms 错误
 //   - Delete 方法不被调用
 //   - 缓存不被清除
 func TestApiKeyService_Delete_OwnerMismatch(t *testing.T) {
-	repo := &apiKeyRepoStub{ownerID: 1}
+	repo := &apiKeyRepoStub{
+		apiKey: &APIKey{ID: 10, UserID: 1, Key: "k"},
+	}
 	cache := &apiKeyCacheStub{}
 	svc := &APIKeyService{apiKeyRepo: repo, cache: cache}
 
@@ -148,17 +186,20 @@ func TestApiKeyService_Delete_OwnerMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInsufficientPerms)
 	require.Empty(t, repo.deletedIDs)   // 验证删除操作未被调用
 	require.Empty(t, cache.invalidated) // 验证缓存未被清除
+	require.Empty(t, cache.deleteAuthKeys)
 }
 
 // TestApiKeyService_Delete_Success 测试所有者成功删除 API Key 的场景。
 // 预期行为：
-//   - GetOwnerID 返回所有者 ID 为 7
+//   - GetKeyAndOwnerID 返回所有者 ID 为 7
 //   - 调用者 userID 为 7（匹配）
 //   - Delete 成功执行
 //   - 缓存被正确清除（使用 ownerID）
 //   - 返回 nil 错误
 func TestApiKeyService_Delete_Success(t *testing.T) {
-	repo := &apiKeyRepoStub{ownerID: 7}
+	repo := &apiKeyRepoStub{
+		apiKey: &APIKey{ID: 42, UserID: 7, Key: "k"},
+	}
 	cache := &apiKeyCacheStub{}
 	svc := &APIKeyService{apiKeyRepo: repo, cache: cache}
 
@@ -166,16 +207,17 @@ func TestApiKeyService_Delete_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []int64{42}, repo.deletedIDs)  // 验证正确的 API Key 被删除
 	require.Equal(t, []int64{7}, cache.invalidated) // 验证所有者的缓存被清除
+	require.Equal(t, []string{svc.authCacheKey("k")}, cache.deleteAuthKeys)
 }
 
 // TestApiKeyService_Delete_NotFound 测试删除不存在的 API Key 时返回正确的错误。
 // 预期行为：
-//   - GetOwnerID 返回 ErrAPIKeyNotFound 错误
+//   - GetKeyAndOwnerID 返回 ErrAPIKeyNotFound 错误
 //   - 返回 ErrAPIKeyNotFound 错误（被 fmt.Errorf 包装）
 //   - Delete 方法不被调用
 //   - 缓存不被清除
 func TestApiKeyService_Delete_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
-	repo := &apiKeyRepoStub{ownerErr: ErrAPIKeyNotFound}
+	repo := &apiKeyRepoStub{getByIDErr: ErrAPIKeyNotFound}
 	cache := &apiKeyCacheStub{}
 	svc := &APIKeyService{apiKeyRepo: repo, cache: cache}
 
@@ -183,18 +225,19 @@ func TestApiKeyService_Delete_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrAPIKeyNotFound)
 	require.Empty(t, repo.deletedIDs)
 	require.Empty(t, cache.invalidated)
+	require.Empty(t, cache.deleteAuthKeys)
 }
 
 // TestApiKeyService_Delete_DeleteFails 测试删除操作失败时的错误处理。
 // 预期行为：
-//   - GetOwnerID 返回正确的所有者 ID
+//   - GetKeyAndOwnerID 返回正确的所有者 ID
 //   - 所有权验证通过
 //   - 缓存被清除（在删除之前）
 //   - Delete 被调用但返回错误
 //   - 返回包含 "delete api key" 的错误信息
 func TestApiKeyService_Delete_DeleteFails(t *testing.T) {
 	repo := &apiKeyRepoStub{
-		ownerID:   3,
+		apiKey:    &APIKey{ID: 42, UserID: 3, Key: "k"},
 		deleteErr: errors.New("delete failed"),
 	}
 	cache := &apiKeyCacheStub{}
@@ -205,4 +248,5 @@ func TestApiKeyService_Delete_DeleteFails(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "delete api key")
 	require.Equal(t, []int64{3}, repo.deletedIDs)   // 验证删除操作被调用
 	require.Equal(t, []int64{3}, cache.invalidated) // 验证缓存已被清除（即使删除失败）
+	require.Equal(t, []string{svc.authCacheKey("k")}, cache.deleteAuthKeys)
 }

backend/internal/service/auth_cache_invalidation_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestUsageService_InvalidateUsageCaches(t *testing.T) {
+	invalidator := &authCacheInvalidatorStub{}
+	svc := &UsageService{authCacheInvalidator: invalidator}
+
+	svc.invalidateUsageCaches(context.Background(), 7, false)
+	require.Empty(t, invalidator.userIDs)
+
+	svc.invalidateUsageCaches(context.Background(), 7, true)
+	require.Equal(t, []int64{7}, invalidator.userIDs)
+}
+
+func TestRedeemService_InvalidateRedeemCaches_AuthCache(t *testing.T) {
+	invalidator := &authCacheInvalidatorStub{}
+	svc := &RedeemService{authCacheInvalidator: invalidator}
+
+	svc.invalidateRedeemCaches(context.Background(), 11, &RedeemCode{Type: RedeemTypeBalance})
+	svc.invalidateRedeemCaches(context.Background(), 11, &RedeemCode{Type: RedeemTypeConcurrency})
+	groupID := int64(3)
+	svc.invalidateRedeemCaches(context.Background(), 11, &RedeemCode{Type: RedeemTypeSubscription, GroupID: &groupID})
+
+	require.Equal(t, []int64{11, 11, 11}, invalidator.userIDs)
+}

backend/internal/service/auth_service.go

@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ func (s *AuthService) Login(ctx context.Context, email, password string) (string
 // - 如果邮箱已存在：直接登录（不需要本地密码）
 // - 如果邮箱不存在：创建新用户并登录
 //
-// 注意：该函数用于“终端用户登录 Sub2API 本身”的场景（不同于上游账号的 OAuth，例如 OpenAI/Gemini）。
+// 注意：该函数用于 LinuxDo OAuth 登录场景（不同于上游账号的 OAuth，例如 Claude/OpenAI/Gemini）。
 // 为了满足现有数据库约束（需要密码哈希），新用户会生成随机密码并进行哈希保存。
 func (s *AuthService) LoginOrRegisterOAuth(ctx context.Context, email, username string) (string, *User, error) {
 	email = strings.TrimSpace(email)
@@ -376,8 +376,8 @@ func (s *AuthService) LoginOrRegisterOAuth(ctx context.Context, email, username
 	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByEmail(ctx, email)
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, ErrUserNotFound) {
-			// OAuth 首次登录视为注册。
-			if s.settingService != nil && !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
+			// OAuth 首次登录视为注册（fail-close：settingService 未配置时不允许注册）
+			if s.settingService == nil || !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
 				return "", nil, ErrRegDisabled
 			}
 

backend/internal/service/dashboard_aggregation_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultDashboardAggregationTimeout         = 2 * time.Minute
+	defaultDashboardAggregationBackfillTimeout = 30 * time.Minute
+	dashboardAggregationRetentionInterval      = 6 * time.Hour
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrDashboardBackfillDisabled 当配置禁用回填时返回。
+	ErrDashboardBackfillDisabled = errors.New("仪表盘聚合回填已禁用")
+	// ErrDashboardBackfillTooLarge 当回填跨度超过限制时返回。
+	ErrDashboardBackfillTooLarge = errors.New("回填时间跨度过大")
+)
+
+// DashboardAggregationRepository 定义仪表盘预聚合仓储接口。
+type DashboardAggregationRepository interface {
+	AggregateRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error
+	GetAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, error)
+	UpdateAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context, aggregatedAt time.Time) error
+	CleanupAggregates(ctx context.Context, hourlyCutoff, dailyCutoff time.Time) error
+	CleanupUsageLogs(ctx context.Context, cutoff time.Time) error
+	EnsureUsageLogsPartitions(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) error
+}
+
+// DashboardAggregationService 负责定时聚合与回填。
+type DashboardAggregationService struct {
+	repo                 DashboardAggregationRepository
+	timingWheel          *TimingWheelService
+	cfg                  config.DashboardAggregationConfig
+	running              int32
+	lastRetentionCleanup atomic.Value // time.Time
+}
+
+// NewDashboardAggregationService 创建聚合服务。
+func NewDashboardAggregationService(repo DashboardAggregationRepository, timingWheel *TimingWheelService, cfg *config.Config) *DashboardAggregationService {
+	var aggCfg config.DashboardAggregationConfig
+	if cfg != nil {
+		aggCfg = cfg.DashboardAgg
+	}
+	return &DashboardAggregationService{
+		repo:        repo,
+		timingWheel: timingWheel,
+		cfg:         aggCfg,
+	}
+}
+
+// Start 启动定时聚合作业（重启生效配置）。
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) Start() {
+	if s == nil || s.repo == nil || s.timingWheel == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !s.cfg.Enabled {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 聚合作业已禁用")
+		return
+	}
+
+	interval := time.Duration(s.cfg.IntervalSeconds) * time.Second
+	if interval <= 0 {
+		interval = time.Minute
+	}
+
+	if s.cfg.RecomputeDays > 0 {
+		go s.recomputeRecentDays()
+	}
+
+	s.timingWheel.ScheduleRecurring("dashboard:aggregation", interval, func() {
+		s.runScheduledAggregation()
+	})
+	log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 聚合作业启动 (interval=%v, lookback=%ds)", interval, s.cfg.LookbackSeconds)
+	if !s.cfg.BackfillEnabled {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 回填已禁用，如需补齐保留窗口以外历史数据请手动回填")
+	}
+}
+
+// TriggerBackfill 触发回填（异步）。
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) TriggerBackfill(start, end time.Time) error {
+	if s == nil || s.repo == nil {
+		return errors.New("聚合服务未初始化")
+	}
+	if !s.cfg.BackfillEnabled {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 回填被拒绝: backfill_enabled=false")
+		return ErrDashboardBackfillDisabled
+	}
+	if !end.After(start) {
+		return errors.New("回填时间范围无效")
+	}
+	if s.cfg.BackfillMaxDays > 0 {
+		maxRange := time.Duration(s.cfg.BackfillMaxDays) * 24 * time.Hour
+		if end.Sub(start) > maxRange {
+			return ErrDashboardBackfillTooLarge
+		}
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultDashboardAggregationBackfillTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+		if err := s.backfillRange(ctx, start, end); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 回填失败: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) recomputeRecentDays() {
+	days := s.cfg.RecomputeDays
+	if days <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	start := now.AddDate(0, 0, -days)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultDashboardAggregationBackfillTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	if err := s.backfillRange(ctx, start, now); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 启动重算失败: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) runScheduledAggregation() {
+	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.running, 0, 1) {
+		return
+	}
+	defer atomic.StoreInt32(&s.running, 0)
+
+	jobStart := time.Now().UTC()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultDashboardAggregationTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	last, err := s.repo.GetAggregationWatermark(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 读取水位失败: %v", err)
+		last = time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
+	}
+
+	lookback := time.Duration(s.cfg.LookbackSeconds) * time.Second
+	epoch := time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
+	start := last.Add(-lookback)
+	if !last.After(epoch) {
+		retentionDays := s.cfg.Retention.UsageLogsDays
+		if retentionDays <= 0 {
+			retentionDays = 1
+		}
+		start = truncateToDayUTC(now.AddDate(0, 0, -retentionDays))
+	} else if start.After(now) {
+		start = now.Add(-lookback)
+	}
+
+	if err := s.aggregateRange(ctx, start, now); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 聚合失败: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	updateErr := s.repo.UpdateAggregationWatermark(ctx, now)
+	if updateErr != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 更新水位失败: %v", updateErr)
+	}
+	log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 聚合完成 (start=%s end=%s duration=%s watermark_updated=%t)",
+		start.Format(time.RFC3339),
+		now.Format(time.RFC3339),
+		time.Since(jobStart).String(),
+		updateErr == nil,
+	)
+
+	s.maybeCleanupRetention(ctx, now)
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) backfillRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.running, 0, 1) {
+		return errors.New("聚合作业正在运行")
+	}
+	defer atomic.StoreInt32(&s.running, 0)
+
+	jobStart := time.Now().UTC()
+	startUTC := start.UTC()
+	endUTC := end.UTC()
+	if !endUTC.After(startUTC) {
+		return errors.New("回填时间范围无效")
+	}
+
+	cursor := truncateToDayUTC(startUTC)
+	for cursor.Before(endUTC) {
+		windowEnd := cursor.Add(24 * time.Hour)
+		if windowEnd.After(endUTC) {
+			windowEnd = endUTC
+		}
+		if err := s.aggregateRange(ctx, cursor, windowEnd); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		cursor = windowEnd
+	}
+
+	updateErr := s.repo.UpdateAggregationWatermark(ctx, endUTC)
+	if updateErr != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 更新水位失败: %v", updateErr)
+	}
+	log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 回填聚合完成 (start=%s end=%s duration=%s watermark_updated=%t)",
+		startUTC.Format(time.RFC3339),
+		endUTC.Format(time.RFC3339),
+		time.Since(jobStart).String(),
+		updateErr == nil,
+	)
+
+	s.maybeCleanupRetention(ctx, endUTC)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) aggregateRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	if !end.After(start) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := s.repo.EnsureUsageLogsPartitions(ctx, end); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 分区检查失败: %v", err)
+	}
+	return s.repo.AggregateRange(ctx, start, end)
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardAggregationService) maybeCleanupRetention(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) {
+	lastAny := s.lastRetentionCleanup.Load()
+	if lastAny != nil {
+		if last, ok := lastAny.(time.Time); ok && now.Sub(last) < dashboardAggregationRetentionInterval {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	hourlyCutoff := now.AddDate(0, 0, -s.cfg.Retention.HourlyDays)
+	dailyCutoff := now.AddDate(0, 0, -s.cfg.Retention.DailyDays)
+	usageCutoff := now.AddDate(0, 0, -s.cfg.Retention.UsageLogsDays)
+
+	aggErr := s.repo.CleanupAggregates(ctx, hourlyCutoff, dailyCutoff)
+	if aggErr != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] 聚合保留清理失败: %v", aggErr)
+	}
+	usageErr := s.repo.CleanupUsageLogs(ctx, usageCutoff)
+	if usageErr != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DashboardAggregation] usage_logs 保留清理失败: %v", usageErr)
+	}
+	if aggErr == nil && usageErr == nil {
+		s.lastRetentionCleanup.Store(now)
+	}
+}
+
+func truncateToDayUTC(t time.Time) time.Time {
+	t = t.UTC()
+	return time.Date(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+}

backend/internal/service/dashboard_aggregation_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub struct {
+	aggregateCalls       int
+	lastStart            time.Time
+	lastEnd              time.Time
+	watermark            time.Time
+	aggregateErr         error
+	cleanupAggregatesErr error
+	cleanupUsageErr      error
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) AggregateRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	s.aggregateCalls++
+	s.lastStart = start
+	s.lastEnd = end
+	return s.aggregateErr
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) GetAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, error) {
+	return s.watermark, nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) UpdateAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context, aggregatedAt time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) CleanupAggregates(ctx context.Context, hourlyCutoff, dailyCutoff time.Time) error {
+	return s.cleanupAggregatesErr
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) CleanupUsageLogs(ctx context.Context, cutoff time.Time) error {
+	return s.cleanupUsageErr
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub) EnsureUsageLogsPartitions(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestDashboardAggregationService_RunScheduledAggregation_EpochUsesRetentionStart(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub{watermark: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()}
+	svc := &DashboardAggregationService{
+		repo: repo,
+		cfg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled:         true,
+			IntervalSeconds: 60,
+			LookbackSeconds: 120,
+			Retention: config.DashboardAggregationRetentionConfig{
+				UsageLogsDays: 1,
+				HourlyDays:    1,
+				DailyDays:     1,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.runScheduledAggregation()
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, repo.aggregateCalls)
+	require.False(t, repo.lastEnd.IsZero())
+	require.Equal(t, truncateToDayUTC(repo.lastEnd.AddDate(0, 0, -1)), repo.lastStart)
+}
+
+func TestDashboardAggregationService_CleanupRetentionFailure_DoesNotRecord(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub{cleanupAggregatesErr: errors.New("清理失败")}
+	svc := &DashboardAggregationService{
+		repo: repo,
+		cfg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Retention: config.DashboardAggregationRetentionConfig{
+				UsageLogsDays: 1,
+				HourlyDays:    1,
+				DailyDays:     1,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc.maybeCleanupRetention(context.Background(), time.Now().UTC())
+
+	require.Nil(t, svc.lastRetentionCleanup.Load())
+}
+
+func TestDashboardAggregationService_TriggerBackfill_TooLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &dashboardAggregationRepoTestStub{}
+	svc := &DashboardAggregationService{
+		repo: repo,
+		cfg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			BackfillEnabled: true,
+			BackfillMaxDays: 1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -3)
+	end := time.Now()
+	err := svc.TriggerBackfill(start, end)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrDashboardBackfillTooLarge)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, repo.aggregateCalls)
+}

backend/internal/service/dashboard_service.go

@@ -2,25 +2,122 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
 )
 
-// DashboardService provides aggregated statistics for admin dashboard.
-type DashboardService struct {
-	usageRepo UsageLogRepository
+const (
+	defaultDashboardStatsFreshTTL       = 15 * time.Second
+	defaultDashboardStatsCacheTTL       = 30 * time.Second
+	defaultDashboardStatsRefreshTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+)
+
+// ErrDashboardStatsCacheMiss 标记仪表盘缓存未命中。
+var ErrDashboardStatsCacheMiss = errors.New("仪表盘缓存未命中")
+
+// DashboardStatsCache 定义仪表盘统计缓存接口。
+type DashboardStatsCache interface {
+	GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (string, error)
+	SetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context, data string, ttl time.Duration) error
+	DeleteDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) error
 }
 
-func NewDashboardService(usageRepo UsageLogRepository) *DashboardService {
+type dashboardStatsRangeFetcher interface {
+	GetDashboardStatsWithRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, error)
+}
+
+type dashboardStatsCacheEntry struct {
+	Stats     *usagestats.DashboardStats `json:"stats"`
+	UpdatedAt int64                      `json:"updated_at"`
+}
+
+// DashboardService 提供管理员仪表盘统计服务。
+type DashboardService struct {
+	usageRepo      UsageLogRepository
+	aggRepo        DashboardAggregationRepository
+	cache          DashboardStatsCache
+	cacheFreshTTL  time.Duration
+	cacheTTL       time.Duration
+	refreshTimeout time.Duration
+	refreshing     int32
+	aggEnabled     bool
+	aggInterval    time.Duration
+	aggLookback    time.Duration
+	aggUsageDays   int
+}
+
+func NewDashboardService(usageRepo UsageLogRepository, aggRepo DashboardAggregationRepository, cache DashboardStatsCache, cfg *config.Config) *DashboardService {
+	freshTTL := defaultDashboardStatsFreshTTL
+	cacheTTL := defaultDashboardStatsCacheTTL
+	refreshTimeout := defaultDashboardStatsRefreshTimeout
+	aggEnabled := true
+	aggInterval := time.Minute
+	aggLookback := 2 * time.Minute
+	aggUsageDays := 90
+	if cfg != nil {
+		if !cfg.Dashboard.Enabled {
+			cache = nil
+		}
+		if cfg.Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds > 0 {
+			freshTTL = time.Duration(cfg.Dashboard.StatsFreshTTLSeconds) * time.Second
+		}
+		if cfg.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds > 0 {
+			cacheTTL = time.Duration(cfg.Dashboard.StatsTTLSeconds) * time.Second
+		}
+		if cfg.Dashboard.StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds > 0 {
+			refreshTimeout = time.Duration(cfg.Dashboard.StatsRefreshTimeoutSeconds) * time.Second
+		}
+		aggEnabled = cfg.DashboardAgg.Enabled
+		if cfg.DashboardAgg.IntervalSeconds > 0 {
+			aggInterval = time.Duration(cfg.DashboardAgg.IntervalSeconds) * time.Second
+		}
+		if cfg.DashboardAgg.LookbackSeconds > 0 {
+			aggLookback = time.Duration(cfg.DashboardAgg.LookbackSeconds) * time.Second
+		}
+		if cfg.DashboardAgg.Retention.UsageLogsDays > 0 {
+			aggUsageDays = cfg.DashboardAgg.Retention.UsageLogsDays
+		}
+	}
+	if aggRepo == nil {
+		aggEnabled = false
+	}
 	return &DashboardService{
-		usageRepo: usageRepo,
+		usageRepo:      usageRepo,
+		aggRepo:        aggRepo,
+		cache:          cache,
+		cacheFreshTTL:  freshTTL,
+		cacheTTL:       cacheTTL,
+		refreshTimeout: refreshTimeout,
+		aggEnabled:     aggEnabled,
+		aggInterval:    aggInterval,
+		aggLookback:    aggLookback,
+		aggUsageDays:   aggUsageDays,
 	}
 }
 
 func (s *DashboardService) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, error) {
-	stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetDashboardStats(ctx)
+	if s.cache != nil {
+		cached, fresh, err := s.getCachedDashboardStats(ctx)
+		if err == nil && cached != nil {
+			s.refreshAggregationStaleness(cached)
+			if !fresh {
+				s.refreshDashboardStatsAsync()
+			}
+			return cached, nil
+		}
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrDashboardStatsCacheMiss) {
+			log.Printf("[Dashboard] 仪表盘缓存读取失败: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	stats, err := s.refreshDashboardStats(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get dashboard stats: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -43,6 +140,169 @@ func (s *DashboardService) GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTi
 	return stats, nil
 }
 
+func (s *DashboardService) getCachedDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, bool, error) {
+	data, err := s.cache.GetDashboardStats(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+
+	var entry dashboardStatsCacheEntry
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &entry); err != nil {
+		s.evictDashboardStatsCache(err)
+		return nil, false, ErrDashboardStatsCacheMiss
+	}
+	if entry.Stats == nil {
+		s.evictDashboardStatsCache(errors.New("仪表盘缓存缺少统计数据"))
+		return nil, false, ErrDashboardStatsCacheMiss
+	}
+
+	age := time.Since(time.Unix(entry.UpdatedAt, 0))
+	return entry.Stats, age <= s.cacheFreshTTL, nil
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) refreshDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, error) {
+	stats, err := s.fetchDashboardStats(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.applyAggregationStatus(ctx, stats)
+	cacheCtx, cancel := s.cacheOperationContext()
+	defer cancel()
+	s.saveDashboardStatsCache(cacheCtx, stats)
+	return stats, nil
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) refreshDashboardStatsAsync() {
+	if s.cache == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.refreshing, 0, 1) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		defer atomic.StoreInt32(&s.refreshing, 0)
+
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), s.refreshTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		stats, err := s.fetchDashboardStats(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[Dashboard] 仪表盘缓存异步刷新失败: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		s.applyAggregationStatus(ctx, stats)
+		cacheCtx, cancel := s.cacheOperationContext()
+		defer cancel()
+		s.saveDashboardStatsCache(cacheCtx, stats)
+	}()
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) fetchDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, error) {
+	if !s.aggEnabled {
+		if fetcher, ok := s.usageRepo.(dashboardStatsRangeFetcher); ok {
+			now := time.Now().UTC()
+			start := truncateToDayUTC(now.AddDate(0, 0, -s.aggUsageDays))
+			return fetcher.GetDashboardStatsWithRange(ctx, start, now)
+		}
+	}
+	return s.usageRepo.GetDashboardStats(ctx)
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) saveDashboardStatsCache(ctx context.Context, stats *usagestats.DashboardStats) {
+	if s.cache == nil || stats == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	entry := dashboardStatsCacheEntry{
+		Stats:     stats,
+		UpdatedAt: time.Now().Unix(),
+	}
+	data, err := json.Marshal(entry)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Dashboard] 仪表盘缓存序列化失败: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := s.cache.SetDashboardStats(ctx, string(data), s.cacheTTL); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Dashboard] 仪表盘缓存写入失败: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) evictDashboardStatsCache(reason error) {
+	if s.cache == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	cacheCtx, cancel := s.cacheOperationContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err := s.cache.DeleteDashboardStats(cacheCtx); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Dashboard] 仪表盘缓存清理失败: %v", err)
+	}
+	if reason != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Dashboard] 仪表盘缓存异常，已清理: %v", reason)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) cacheOperationContext() (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+	return context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), s.refreshTimeout)
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) applyAggregationStatus(ctx context.Context, stats *usagestats.DashboardStats) {
+	if stats == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	updatedAt := s.fetchAggregationUpdatedAt(ctx)
+	stats.StatsUpdatedAt = updatedAt.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	stats.StatsStale = s.isAggregationStale(updatedAt, time.Now().UTC())
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) refreshAggregationStaleness(stats *usagestats.DashboardStats) {
+	if stats == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	updatedAt := parseStatsUpdatedAt(stats.StatsUpdatedAt)
+	stats.StatsStale = s.isAggregationStale(updatedAt, time.Now().UTC())
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) fetchAggregationUpdatedAt(ctx context.Context) time.Time {
+	if s.aggRepo == nil {
+		return time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
+	}
+	updatedAt, err := s.aggRepo.GetAggregationWatermark(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Dashboard] 读取聚合水位失败: %v", err)
+		return time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
+	}
+	if updatedAt.IsZero() {
+		return time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
+	}
+	return updatedAt.UTC()
+}
+
+func (s *DashboardService) isAggregationStale(updatedAt, now time.Time) bool {
+	if !s.aggEnabled {
+		return true
+	}
+	epoch := time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
+	if !updatedAt.After(epoch) {
+		return true
+	}
+	threshold := s.aggInterval + s.aggLookback
+	return now.Sub(updatedAt) > threshold
+}
+
+func parseStatsUpdatedAt(raw string) time.Time {
+	if raw == "" {
+		return time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
+	}
+	parsed, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
+	}
+	return parsed.UTC()
+}
+
 func (s *DashboardService) GetAPIKeyUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, limit int) ([]usagestats.APIKeyUsageTrendPoint, error) {
 	trend, err := s.usageRepo.GetAPIKeyUsageTrend(ctx, startTime, endTime, granularity, limit)
 	if err != nil {

backend/internal/service/dashboard_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type usageRepoStub struct {
+	UsageLogRepository
+	stats      *usagestats.DashboardStats
+	rangeStats *usagestats.DashboardStats
+	err        error
+	rangeErr   error
+	calls      int32
+	rangeCalls int32
+	rangeStart time.Time
+	rangeEnd   time.Time
+	onCall     chan struct{}
+}
+
+func (s *usageRepoStub) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, error) {
+	atomic.AddInt32(&s.calls, 1)
+	if s.onCall != nil {
+		select {
+		case s.onCall <- struct{}{}:
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+	if s.err != nil {
+		return nil, s.err
+	}
+	return s.stats, nil
+}
+
+func (s *usageRepoStub) GetDashboardStatsWithRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, error) {
+	atomic.AddInt32(&s.rangeCalls, 1)
+	s.rangeStart = start
+	s.rangeEnd = end
+	if s.rangeErr != nil {
+		return nil, s.rangeErr
+	}
+	if s.rangeStats != nil {
+		return s.rangeStats, nil
+	}
+	return s.stats, nil
+}
+
+type dashboardCacheStub struct {
+	get       func(ctx context.Context) (string, error)
+	set       func(ctx context.Context, data string, ttl time.Duration) error
+	del       func(ctx context.Context) error
+	getCalls  int32
+	setCalls  int32
+	delCalls  int32
+	lastSetMu sync.Mutex
+	lastSet   string
+}
+
+func (c *dashboardCacheStub) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	atomic.AddInt32(&c.getCalls, 1)
+	if c.get != nil {
+		return c.get(ctx)
+	}
+	return "", ErrDashboardStatsCacheMiss
+}
+
+func (c *dashboardCacheStub) SetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context, data string, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	atomic.AddInt32(&c.setCalls, 1)
+	c.lastSetMu.Lock()
+	c.lastSet = data
+	c.lastSetMu.Unlock()
+	if c.set != nil {
+		return c.set(ctx, data, ttl)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *dashboardCacheStub) DeleteDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) error {
+	atomic.AddInt32(&c.delCalls, 1)
+	if c.del != nil {
+		return c.del(ctx)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type dashboardAggregationRepoStub struct {
+	watermark time.Time
+	err       error
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) AggregateRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) GetAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, error) {
+	if s.err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, s.err
+	}
+	return s.watermark, nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) UpdateAggregationWatermark(ctx context.Context, aggregatedAt time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) CleanupAggregates(ctx context.Context, hourlyCutoff, dailyCutoff time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) CleanupUsageLogs(ctx context.Context, cutoff time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *dashboardAggregationRepoStub) EnsureUsageLogsPartitions(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *dashboardCacheStub) readLastEntry(t *testing.T) dashboardStatsCacheEntry {
+	t.Helper()
+	c.lastSetMu.Lock()
+	data := c.lastSet
+	c.lastSetMu.Unlock()
+
+	var entry dashboardStatsCacheEntry
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &entry)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return entry
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_CacheHitFresh(t *testing.T) {
+	stats := &usagestats.DashboardStats{
+		TotalUsers:     10,
+		StatsUpdatedAt: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		StatsStale:     true,
+	}
+	entry := dashboardStatsCacheEntry{
+		Stats:     stats,
+		UpdatedAt: time.Now().Unix(),
+	}
+	payload, err := json.Marshal(entry)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cache := &dashboardCacheStub{
+		get: func(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+			return string(payload), nil
+		},
+	}
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{
+		stats: &usagestats.DashboardStats{TotalUsers: 99},
+	}
+	aggRepo := &dashboardAggregationRepoStub{watermark: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: true},
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled: true,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, aggRepo, cache, cfg)
+
+	got, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, stats, got)
+	require.Equal(t, int32(0), atomic.LoadInt32(&repo.calls))
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.getCalls))
+	require.Equal(t, int32(0), atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.setCalls))
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_CacheMiss_StoresCache(t *testing.T) {
+	stats := &usagestats.DashboardStats{
+		TotalUsers:     7,
+		StatsUpdatedAt: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		StatsStale:     true,
+	}
+	cache := &dashboardCacheStub{
+		get: func(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+			return "", ErrDashboardStatsCacheMiss
+		},
+	}
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{stats: stats}
+	aggRepo := &dashboardAggregationRepoStub{watermark: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: true},
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled: true,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, aggRepo, cache, cfg)
+
+	got, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, stats, got)
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&repo.calls))
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.getCalls))
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.setCalls))
+	entry := cache.readLastEntry(t)
+	require.Equal(t, stats, entry.Stats)
+	require.WithinDuration(t, time.Now(), time.Unix(entry.UpdatedAt, 0), time.Second)
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_CacheDisabled_SkipsCache(t *testing.T) {
+	stats := &usagestats.DashboardStats{
+		TotalUsers:     3,
+		StatsUpdatedAt: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		StatsStale:     true,
+	}
+	cache := &dashboardCacheStub{
+		get: func(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+			return "", nil
+		},
+	}
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{stats: stats}
+	aggRepo := &dashboardAggregationRepoStub{watermark: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: false},
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled: true,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, aggRepo, cache, cfg)
+
+	got, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, stats, got)
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&repo.calls))
+	require.Equal(t, int32(0), atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.getCalls))
+	require.Equal(t, int32(0), atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.setCalls))
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_CacheHitStale_TriggersAsyncRefresh(t *testing.T) {
+	staleStats := &usagestats.DashboardStats{
+		TotalUsers:     11,
+		StatsUpdatedAt: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		StatsStale:     true,
+	}
+	entry := dashboardStatsCacheEntry{
+		Stats:     staleStats,
+		UpdatedAt: time.Now().Add(-defaultDashboardStatsFreshTTL * 2).Unix(),
+	}
+	payload, err := json.Marshal(entry)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cache := &dashboardCacheStub{
+		get: func(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+			return string(payload), nil
+		},
+	}
+	refreshCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{
+		stats:  &usagestats.DashboardStats{TotalUsers: 22},
+		onCall: refreshCh,
+	}
+	aggRepo := &dashboardAggregationRepoStub{watermark: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: true},
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled: true,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, aggRepo, cache, cfg)
+
+	got, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, staleStats, got)
+
+	select {
+	case <-refreshCh:
+	case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("等待异步刷新超时")
+	}
+	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+		return atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.setCalls) >= 1
+	}, 1*time.Second, 10*time.Millisecond)
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_CacheParseError_EvictsAndRefetches(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &dashboardCacheStub{
+		get: func(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+			return "not-json", nil
+		},
+	}
+	stats := &usagestats.DashboardStats{TotalUsers: 9}
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{stats: stats}
+	aggRepo := &dashboardAggregationRepoStub{watermark: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: true},
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled: true,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, aggRepo, cache, cfg)
+
+	got, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, stats, got)
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.delCalls))
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&repo.calls))
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_CacheParseError_RepoFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &dashboardCacheStub{
+		get: func(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+			return "not-json", nil
+		},
+	}
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{err: errors.New("db down")}
+	aggRepo := &dashboardAggregationRepoStub{watermark: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: true},
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled: true,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, aggRepo, cache, cfg)
+
+	_, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&cache.delCalls))
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_StatsUpdatedAtEpochWhenMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	stats := &usagestats.DashboardStats{}
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{stats: stats}
+	aggRepo := &dashboardAggregationRepoStub{watermark: time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()}
+	cfg := &config.Config{Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: false}}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, aggRepo, nil, cfg)
+
+	got, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z", got.StatsUpdatedAt)
+	require.True(t, got.StatsStale)
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_StatsStaleFalseWhenFresh(t *testing.T) {
+	aggNow := time.Now().UTC().Truncate(time.Second)
+	stats := &usagestats.DashboardStats{}
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{stats: stats}
+	aggRepo := &dashboardAggregationRepoStub{watermark: aggNow}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: false},
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled:         true,
+			IntervalSeconds: 60,
+			LookbackSeconds: 120,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, aggRepo, nil, cfg)
+
+	got, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, aggNow.Format(time.RFC3339), got.StatsUpdatedAt)
+	require.False(t, got.StatsStale)
+}
+
+func TestDashboardService_AggDisabled_UsesUsageLogsFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	expected := &usagestats.DashboardStats{TotalUsers: 42}
+	repo := &usageRepoStub{
+		rangeStats: expected,
+		err:        errors.New("should not call aggregated stats"),
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Dashboard: config.DashboardCacheConfig{Enabled: false},
+		DashboardAgg: config.DashboardAggregationConfig{
+			Enabled: false,
+			Retention: config.DashboardAggregationRetentionConfig{
+				UsageLogsDays: 7,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewDashboardService(repo, nil, nil, cfg)
+
+	got, err := svc.GetDashboardStats(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(42), got.TotalUsers)
+	require.Equal(t, int32(0), atomic.LoadInt32(&repo.calls))
+	require.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&repo.rangeCalls))
+	require.False(t, repo.rangeEnd.IsZero())
+	require.Equal(t, truncateToDayUTC(repo.rangeEnd.AddDate(0, 0, -7)), repo.rangeStart)
+}

backend/internal/service/domain_constants.go

@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ const (
 	SubscriptionStatusSuspended = "suspended"
 )
 
+// LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain 是 LinuxDo Connect 用户的合成邮箱后缀（RFC 保留域名）。
+const LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain = "@linuxdo-connect.invalid"
+
 // Setting keys
 const (
 	// 注册设置
@@ -83,6 +86,12 @@ const (
 	SettingKeyTurnstileSiteKey   = "turnstile_site_key"   // Turnstile Site Key
 	SettingKeyTurnstileSecretKey = "turnstile_secret_key" // Turnstile Secret Key
 
+	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录设置
+	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled      = "linuxdo_connect_enabled"
+	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientID     = "linuxdo_connect_client_id"
+	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientSecret = "linuxdo_connect_client_secret"
+	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectRedirectURL  = "linuxdo_connect_redirect_url"
+
 	// OEM设置
 	SettingKeySiteName     = "site_name"     // 网站名称
 	SettingKeySiteLogo     = "site_logo"     // 网站Logo (base64)
@@ -113,16 +122,38 @@ const (
 	SettingKeyEnableIdentityPatch = "enable_identity_patch"
 	SettingKeyIdentityPatchPrompt = "identity_patch_prompt"
 
-	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）
-	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled      = "linuxdo_connect_enabled"
-	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientID     = "linuxdo_connect_client_id"
-	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientSecret = "linuxdo_connect_client_secret"
-	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectRedirectURL  = "linuxdo_connect_redirect_url"
-)
+	// =========================
+	// Ops Monitoring (vNext)
+	// =========================
 
-// LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain 是 LinuxDo Connect 用户的合成邮箱后缀（RFC 保留域名）。
-// 目的：避免第三方登录返回的用户标识与本地真实邮箱发生碰撞，进而造成账号被接管的风险。
-const LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain = "@linuxdo-connect.invalid"
+	// SettingKeyOpsMonitoringEnabled is a DB-backed soft switch to enable/disable ops module at runtime.
+	SettingKeyOpsMonitoringEnabled = "ops_monitoring_enabled"
+
+	// SettingKeyOpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled controls realtime features (e.g. WS/QPS push).
+	SettingKeyOpsRealtimeMonitoringEnabled = "ops_realtime_monitoring_enabled"
+
+	// SettingKeyOpsQueryModeDefault controls the default query mode for ops dashboard (auto/raw/preagg).
+	SettingKeyOpsQueryModeDefault = "ops_query_mode_default"
+
+	// SettingKeyOpsEmailNotificationConfig stores JSON config for ops email notifications.
+	SettingKeyOpsEmailNotificationConfig = "ops_email_notification_config"
+
+	// SettingKeyOpsAlertRuntimeSettings stores JSON config for ops alert evaluator runtime settings.
+	SettingKeyOpsAlertRuntimeSettings = "ops_alert_runtime_settings"
+
+	// SettingKeyOpsMetricsIntervalSeconds controls the ops metrics collector interval (>=60).
+	SettingKeyOpsMetricsIntervalSeconds = "ops_metrics_interval_seconds"
+
+	// SettingKeyOpsAdvancedSettings stores JSON config for ops advanced settings (data retention, aggregation).
+	SettingKeyOpsAdvancedSettings = "ops_advanced_settings"
+
+	// =========================
+	// Stream Timeout Handling
+	// =========================
+
+	// SettingKeyStreamTimeoutSettings stores JSON config for stream timeout handling.
+	SettingKeyStreamTimeoutSettings = "stream_timeout_settings"
+)
 
 // AdminAPIKeyPrefix is the prefix for admin API keys (distinct from user "sk-" keys).
 const AdminAPIKeyPrefix = "admin-"

backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go

@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ type GatewayService struct {
 	userSubRepo         UserSubscriptionRepository
 	cache               GatewayCache
 	cfg                 *config.Config
+	schedulerSnapshot   *SchedulerSnapshotService
 	billingService      *BillingService
 	rateLimitService    *RateLimitService
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
@@ -169,6 +170,7 @@ func NewGatewayService(
 	userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository,
 	cache GatewayCache,
 	cfg *config.Config,
+	schedulerSnapshot *SchedulerSnapshotService,
 	concurrencyService *ConcurrencyService,
 	billingService *BillingService,
 	rateLimitService *RateLimitService,
@@ -185,6 +187,7 @@ func NewGatewayService(
 		userSubRepo:         userSubRepo,
 		cache:               cache,
 		cfg:                 cfg,
+		schedulerSnapshot:   schedulerSnapshot,
 		concurrencyService:  concurrencyService,
 		billingService:      billingService,
 		rateLimitService:    rateLimitService,
@@ -745,6 +748,9 @@ func (s *GatewayService) resolvePlatform(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, gr
 }
 
 func (s *GatewayService) listSchedulableAccounts(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, platform string, hasForcePlatform bool) ([]Account, bool, error) {
+	if s.schedulerSnapshot != nil {
+		return s.schedulerSnapshot.ListSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID, platform, hasForcePlatform)
+	}
 	useMixed := (platform == PlatformAnthropic || platform == PlatformGemini) && !hasForcePlatform
 	if useMixed {
 		platforms := []string{platform, PlatformAntigravity}
@@ -821,6 +827,13 @@ func (s *GatewayService) tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx context.Context, accountID in
 	return s.concurrencyService.AcquireAccountSlot(ctx, accountID, maxConcurrency)
 }
 
+func (s *GatewayService) getSchedulableAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*Account, error) {
+	if s.schedulerSnapshot != nil {
+		return s.schedulerSnapshot.GetAccount(ctx, accountID)
+	}
+	return s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+}
+
 func sortAccountsByPriorityAndLastUsed(accounts []*Account, preferOAuth bool) {
 	sort.SliceStable(accounts, func(i, j int) bool {
 		a, b := accounts[i], accounts[j]
@@ -851,7 +864,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountForModelWithPlatform(ctx context.Context,
 		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
 			if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
-				account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+				account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 				// 检查账号分组归属和平台匹配（确保粘性会话不会跨分组或跨平台）
 				if err == nil && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.Platform == platform && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
 					if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
@@ -864,16 +877,11 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountForModelWithPlatform(ctx context.Context,
 	}
 
 	// 2. 获取可调度账号列表（单平台）
-	var accounts []Account
-	var err error
-	if s.cfg.RunMode == config.RunModeSimple {
-		// 简易模式：忽略 groupID，查询所有可用账号
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, platform)
-	} else if groupID != nil {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx, *groupID, platform)
-	} else {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, platform)
+	forcePlatform, hasForcePlatform := ctx.Value(ctxkey.ForcePlatform).(string)
+	if hasForcePlatform && forcePlatform == "" {
+		hasForcePlatform = false
 	}
+	accounts, _, err := s.listSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID, platform, hasForcePlatform)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -935,7 +943,6 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountForModelWithPlatform(ctx context.Context,
 // selectAccountWithMixedScheduling 选择账户（支持混合调度）
 // 查询原生平台账户 + 启用 mixed_scheduling 的 antigravity 账户
 func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountWithMixedScheduling(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, requestedModel string, excludedIDs map[int64]struct{}, nativePlatform string) (*Account, error) {
-	platforms := []string{nativePlatform, PlatformAntigravity}
 	preferOAuth := nativePlatform == PlatformGemini
 
 	// 1. 查询粘性会话
@@ -943,7 +950,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountWithMixedScheduling(ctx context.Context, g
 		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), sessionHash)
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
 			if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
-				account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+				account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 				// 检查账号分组归属和有效性：原生平台直接匹配，antigravity 需要启用混合调度
 				if err == nil && s.isAccountInGroup(account, groupID) && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
 					if account.Platform == nativePlatform || (account.Platform == PlatformAntigravity && account.IsMixedSchedulingEnabled()) {
@@ -958,13 +965,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) selectAccountWithMixedScheduling(ctx context.Context, g
 	}
 
 	// 2. 获取可调度账号列表
-	var accounts []Account
-	var err error
-	if groupID != nil {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatforms(ctx, *groupID, platforms)
-	} else {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx, platforms)
-	}
+	accounts, _, err := s.listSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID, nativePlatform, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -1226,6 +1227,9 @@ func enforceCacheControlLimit(body []byte) []byte {
 		return body
 	}
 
+	// 清理 thinking 块中的非法 cache_control（thinking 块不支持该字段）
+	removeCacheControlFromThinkingBlocks(data)
+
 	// 计算当前 cache_control 块数量
 	count := countCacheControlBlocks(data)
 	if count <= maxCacheControlBlocks {
@@ -1253,6 +1257,7 @@ func enforceCacheControlLimit(body []byte) []byte {
 }
 
 // countCacheControlBlocks 统计 system 和 messages 中的 cache_control 块数量
+// 注意：thinking 块不支持 cache_control，统计时跳过
 func countCacheControlBlocks(data map[string]any) int {
 	count := 0
 
@@ -1260,6 +1265,10 @@ func countCacheControlBlocks(data map[string]any) int {
 	if system, ok := data["system"].([]any); ok {
 		for _, item := range system {
 			if m, ok := item.(map[string]any); ok {
+				// thinking 块不支持 cache_control，跳过
+				if blockType, _ := m["type"].(string); blockType == "thinking" {
+					continue
+				}
 				if _, has := m["cache_control"]; has {
 					count++
 				}
@@ -1274,6 +1283,10 @@ func countCacheControlBlocks(data map[string]any) int {
 				if content, ok := msgMap["content"].([]any); ok {
 					for _, item := range content {
 						if m, ok := item.(map[string]any); ok {
+							// thinking 块不支持 cache_control，跳过
+							if blockType, _ := m["type"].(string); blockType == "thinking" {
+								continue
+							}
 							if _, has := m["cache_control"]; has {
 								count++
 							}
@@ -1289,6 +1302,7 @@ func countCacheControlBlocks(data map[string]any) int {
 
 // removeCacheControlFromMessages 从 messages 中移除一个 cache_control（从头开始）
 // 返回 true 表示成功移除，false 表示没有可移除的
+// 注意：跳过 thinking 块（它不支持 cache_control）
 func removeCacheControlFromMessages(data map[string]any) bool {
 	messages, ok := data["messages"].([]any)
 	if !ok {
@@ -1306,6 +1320,10 @@ func removeCacheControlFromMessages(data map[string]any) bool {
 		}
 		for _, item := range content {
 			if m, ok := item.(map[string]any); ok {
+				// thinking 块不支持 cache_control，跳过
+				if blockType, _ := m["type"].(string); blockType == "thinking" {
+					continue
+				}
 				if _, has := m["cache_control"]; has {
 					delete(m, "cache_control")
 					return true
@@ -1318,6 +1336,7 @@ func removeCacheControlFromMessages(data map[string]any) bool {
 
 // removeCacheControlFromSystem 从 system 中移除一个 cache_control（从尾部开始，保护注入的 prompt）
 // 返回 true 表示成功移除，false 表示没有可移除的
+// 注意：跳过 thinking 块（它不支持 cache_control）
 func removeCacheControlFromSystem(data map[string]any) bool {
 	system, ok := data["system"].([]any)
 	if !ok {
@@ -1327,6 +1346,10 @@ func removeCacheControlFromSystem(data map[string]any) bool {
 	// 从尾部开始移除，保护开头注入的 Claude Code prompt
 	for i := len(system) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
 		if m, ok := system[i].(map[string]any); ok {
+			// thinking 块不支持 cache_control，跳过
+			if blockType, _ := m["type"].(string); blockType == "thinking" {
+				continue
+			}
 			if _, has := m["cache_control"]; has {
 				delete(m, "cache_control")
 				return true
@@ -1336,6 +1359,44 @@ func removeCacheControlFromSystem(data map[string]any) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+// removeCacheControlFromThinkingBlocks 强制清理所有 thinking 块中的非法 cache_control
+// thinking 块不支持 cache_control 字段，这个函数确保所有 thinking 块都不含该字段
+func removeCacheControlFromThinkingBlocks(data map[string]any) {
+	// 清理 system 中的 thinking 块
+	if system, ok := data["system"].([]any); ok {
+		for _, item := range system {
+			if m, ok := item.(map[string]any); ok {
+				if blockType, _ := m["type"].(string); blockType == "thinking" {
+					if _, has := m["cache_control"]; has {
+						delete(m, "cache_control")
+						log.Printf("[Warning] Removed illegal cache_control from thinking block in system")
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 清理 messages 中的 thinking 块
+	if messages, ok := data["messages"].([]any); ok {
+		for msgIdx, msg := range messages {
+			if msgMap, ok := msg.(map[string]any); ok {
+				if content, ok := msgMap["content"].([]any); ok {
+					for contentIdx, item := range content {
+						if m, ok := item.(map[string]any); ok {
+							if blockType, _ := m["type"].(string); blockType == "thinking" {
+								if _, has := m["cache_control"]; has {
+									delete(m, "cache_control")
+									log.Printf("[Warning] Removed illegal cache_control from thinking block in messages[%d].content[%d]", msgIdx, contentIdx)
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // Forward 转发请求到Claude API
 func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *Account, parsed *ParsedRequest) (*ForwardResult, error) {
 	startTime := time.Now()
@@ -1399,7 +1460,24 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 			if resp != nil && resp.Body != nil {
 				_ = resp.Body.Close()
 			}
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %w", err)
+			// Ensure the client receives an error response (handlers assume Forward writes on non-failover errors).
+			safeErr := sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error())
+			setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, safeErr, "")
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+				Kind:               "request_error",
+				Message:            safeErr,
+			})
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadGateway, gin.H{
+				"type": "error",
+				"error": gin.H{
+					"type":    "upstream_error",
+					"message": "Upstream request failed",
+				},
+			})
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %s", safeErr)
 		}
 
 		// 优先检测thinking block签名错误（400）并重试一次
@@ -1409,6 +1487,21 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 				_ = resp.Body.Close()
 
 				if s.isThinkingBlockSignatureError(respBody) {
+					appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+						Platform:           account.Platform,
+						AccountID:          account.ID,
+						UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+						UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+						Kind:               "signature_error",
+						Message:            extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody),
+						Detail: func() string {
+							if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+								return truncateString(string(respBody), s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes)
+							}
+							return ""
+						}(),
+					})
+
 					looksLikeToolSignatureError := func(msg string) bool {
 						m := strings.ToLower(msg)
 						return strings.Contains(m, "tool_use") ||
@@ -1445,6 +1538,20 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 							retryRespBody, retryReadErr := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(retryResp.Body, 2<<20))
 							_ = retryResp.Body.Close()
 							if retryReadErr == nil && retryResp.StatusCode == 400 && s.isThinkingBlockSignatureError(retryRespBody) {
+								appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+									Platform:           account.Platform,
+									AccountID:          account.ID,
+									UpstreamStatusCode: retryResp.StatusCode,
+									UpstreamRequestID:  retryResp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+									Kind:               "signature_retry_thinking",
+									Message:            extractUpstreamErrorMessage(retryRespBody),
+									Detail: func() string {
+										if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+											return truncateString(string(retryRespBody), s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes)
+										}
+										return ""
+									}(),
+								})
 								msg2 := extractUpstreamErrorMessage(retryRespBody)
 								if looksLikeToolSignatureError(msg2) && time.Since(retryStart) < maxRetryElapsed {
 									log.Printf("Account %d: signature retry still failing and looks tool-related, retrying with tool blocks downgraded", account.ID)
@@ -1459,6 +1566,13 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 										if retryResp2 != nil && retryResp2.Body != nil {
 											_ = retryResp2.Body.Close()
 										}
+										appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+											Platform:           account.Platform,
+											AccountID:          account.ID,
+											UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+											Kind:               "signature_retry_tools_request_error",
+											Message:            sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(retryErr2.Error()),
+										})
 										log.Printf("Account %d: tool-downgrade signature retry failed: %v", account.ID, retryErr2)
 									} else {
 										log.Printf("Account %d: tool-downgrade signature retry build failed: %v", account.ID, buildErr2)
@@ -1508,9 +1622,24 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 					break
 				}
 
+				respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+				_ = resp.Body.Close()
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+					Kind:               "retry",
+					Message:            extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody),
+					Detail: func() string {
+						if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+							return truncateString(string(respBody), s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes)
+						}
+						return ""
+					}(),
+				})
 				log.Printf("Account %d: upstream error %d, retry %d/%d after %v (elapsed=%v/%v)",
 					account.ID, resp.StatusCode, attempt, maxRetryAttempts, delay, elapsed, maxRetryElapsed)
-				_ = resp.Body.Close()
 				if err := sleepWithContext(ctx, delay); err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
@@ -1538,7 +1667,25 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 	// 处理重试耗尽的情况
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && s.shouldRetryUpstreamError(account, resp.StatusCode) {
 		if s.shouldFailoverUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+			respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
+			resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
+
 			s.handleRetryExhaustedSideEffects(ctx, resp, account)
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+				Kind:               "retry_exhausted_failover",
+				Message:            extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody),
+				Detail: func() string {
+					if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+						return truncateString(string(respBody), s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes)
+					}
+					return ""
+				}(),
+			})
 			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 		}
 		return s.handleRetryExhaustedError(ctx, resp, c, account)
@@ -1546,7 +1693,25 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 
 	// 处理可切换账号的错误
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && s.shouldFailoverUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+		respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
+
 		s.handleFailoverSideEffects(ctx, resp, account)
+		appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+			Platform:           account.Platform,
+			AccountID:          account.ID,
+			UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+			UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+			Kind:               "failover",
+			Message:            extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody),
+			Detail: func() string {
+				if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+					return truncateString(string(respBody), s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes)
+				}
+				return ""
+			}(),
+		})
 		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 	}
 
@@ -1563,6 +1728,26 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 			resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
 
 			if s.shouldFailoverOn400(respBody) {
+				upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+				upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+				upstreamDetail := ""
+				if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+					maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+					if maxBytes <= 0 {
+						maxBytes = 2048
+					}
+					upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+				}
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+					Kind:               "failover_on_400",
+					Message:            upstreamMsg,
+					Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+				})
+
 				if s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
 					log.Printf(
 						"Account %d: 400 error, attempting failover: %s",
@@ -1859,7 +2044,30 @@ func extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body []byte) string {
 }
 
 func (s *GatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, account *Account) (*ForwardResult, error) {
-	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+
+	upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body))
+	upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+
+	// Enrich Ops error logs with upstream status + message, and optionally a truncated body snippet.
+	upstreamDetail := ""
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+		maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+		if maxBytes <= 0 {
+			maxBytes = 2048
+		}
+		upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(body), maxBytes)
+	}
+	setOpsUpstreamError(c, resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg, upstreamDetail)
+	appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+		Platform:           account.Platform,
+		AccountID:          account.ID,
+		UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+		UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+		Kind:               "http_error",
+		Message:            upstreamMsg,
+		Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+	})
 
 	// 处理上游错误，标记账号状态
 	shouldDisable := false
@@ -1870,24 +2078,33 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Res
 		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 	}
 
+	// 记录上游错误响应体摘要便于排障（可选：由配置控制；不回显到客户端）
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+		log.Printf(
+			"Upstream error %d (account=%d platform=%s type=%s): %s",
+			resp.StatusCode,
+			account.ID,
+			account.Platform,
+			account.Type,
+			truncateForLog(body, s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes),
+		)
+	}
+
 	// 根据状态码返回适当的自定义错误响应（不透传上游详细信息）
 	var errType, errMsg string
 	var statusCode int
 
 	switch resp.StatusCode {
 	case 400:
-		// 仅记录上游错误摘要（避免输出请求内容）；需要时可通过配置打开
-		if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
-			log.Printf(
-				"Upstream 400 error (account=%d platform=%s type=%s): %s",
-				account.ID,
-				account.Platform,
-				account.Type,
-				truncateForLog(body, s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes),
-			)
-		}
 		c.Data(http.StatusBadRequest, "application/json", body)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		summary := upstreamMsg
+		if summary == "" {
+			summary = truncateForLog(body, 512)
+		}
+		if summary == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d message=%s", resp.StatusCode, summary)
 	case 401:
 		statusCode = http.StatusBadGateway
 		errType = "upstream_error"
@@ -1923,11 +2140,14 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Res
 		},
 	})
 
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	if upstreamMsg == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d message=%s", resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg)
 }
 
 func (s *GatewayService) handleRetryExhaustedSideEffects(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, account *Account) {
-	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
 	statusCode := resp.StatusCode
 
 	// OAuth/Setup Token 账号的 403：标记账号异常
@@ -1941,7 +2161,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleRetryExhaustedSideEffects(ctx context.Context, re
 }
 
 func (s *GatewayService) handleFailoverSideEffects(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, account *Account) {
-	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
 	s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, body)
 }
 
@@ -1949,8 +2169,45 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleFailoverSideEffects(ctx context.Context, resp *ht
 // OAuth 403：标记账号异常
 // API Key 未配置错误码：仅返回错误，不标记账号
 func (s *GatewayService) handleRetryExhaustedError(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, account *Account) (*ForwardResult, error) {
+	// Capture upstream error body before side-effects consume the stream.
+	respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+	_ = resp.Body.Close()
+	resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
+
 	s.handleRetryExhaustedSideEffects(ctx, resp, account)
 
+	upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+	upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+	upstreamDetail := ""
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+		maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+		if maxBytes <= 0 {
+			maxBytes = 2048
+		}
+		upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+	}
+	setOpsUpstreamError(c, resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg, upstreamDetail)
+	appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+		Platform:           account.Platform,
+		AccountID:          account.ID,
+		UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+		UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+		Kind:               "retry_exhausted",
+		Message:            upstreamMsg,
+		Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+	})
+
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+		log.Printf(
+			"Upstream error %d retries_exhausted (account=%d platform=%s type=%s): %s",
+			resp.StatusCode,
+			account.ID,
+			account.Platform,
+			account.Type,
+			truncateForLog(respBody, s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes),
+		)
+	}
+
 	// 返回统一的重试耗尽错误响应
 	c.JSON(http.StatusBadGateway, gin.H{
 		"type": "error",
@@ -1960,7 +2217,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleRetryExhaustedError(ctx context.Context, resp *ht
 		},
 	})
 
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d (retries exhausted)", resp.StatusCode)
+	if upstreamMsg == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d (retries exhausted)", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d (retries exhausted) message=%s", resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg)
 }
 
 // streamingResult 流式响应结果
@@ -2141,6 +2401,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http
 				return &streamingResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs, clientDisconnect: true}, nil
 			}
 			log.Printf("Stream data interval timeout: account=%d model=%s interval=%s", account.ID, originalModel, streamInterval)
+			// 处理流超时，可能标记账户为临时不可调度或错误状态
+			if s.rateLimitService != nil {
+				s.rateLimitService.HandleStreamTimeout(ctx, account, originalModel)
+			}
 			sendErrorEvent("stream_timeout")
 			return &streamingResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, fmt.Errorf("stream data interval timeout")
 		}
@@ -2490,6 +2754,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) ForwardCountTokens(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 	// 发送请求
 	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
 	if err != nil {
+		setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error()), "")
 		s.countTokensError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Request failed")
 		return fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -2527,6 +2792,18 @@ func (s *GatewayService) ForwardCountTokens(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 		// 标记账号状态（429/529等）
 		s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
 
+		upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+		upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+		upstreamDetail := ""
+		if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+			maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+			if maxBytes <= 0 {
+				maxBytes = 2048
+			}
+			upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+		}
+		setOpsUpstreamError(c, resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg, upstreamDetail)
+
 		// 记录上游错误摘要便于排障（不回显请求内容）
 		if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
 			log.Printf(
@@ -2548,7 +2825,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) ForwardCountTokens(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 			errMsg = "Service overloaded"
 		}
 		s.countTokensError(c, resp.StatusCode, "upstream_error", errMsg)
-		return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		if upstreamMsg == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d message=%s", resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg)
 	}
 
 	// 透传成功响应

backend/internal/service/gemini_messages_compat_service.go

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ type GeminiMessagesCompatService struct {
 	accountRepo               AccountRepository
 	groupRepo                 GroupRepository
 	cache                     GatewayCache
+	schedulerSnapshot         *SchedulerSnapshotService
 	tokenProvider             *GeminiTokenProvider
 	rateLimitService          *RateLimitService
 	httpUpstream              HTTPUpstream
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ func NewGeminiMessagesCompatService(
 	accountRepo AccountRepository,
 	groupRepo GroupRepository,
 	cache GatewayCache,
+	schedulerSnapshot *SchedulerSnapshotService,
 	tokenProvider *GeminiTokenProvider,
 	rateLimitService *RateLimitService,
 	httpUpstream HTTPUpstream,
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ func NewGeminiMessagesCompatService(
 		accountRepo:               accountRepo,
 		groupRepo:                 groupRepo,
 		cache:                     cache,
+		schedulerSnapshot:         schedulerSnapshot,
 		tokenProvider:             tokenProvider,
 		rateLimitService:          rateLimitService,
 		httpUpstream:              httpUpstream,
@@ -105,12 +108,6 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx co
 	// gemini 分组支持混合调度（包含启用了 mixed_scheduling 的 antigravity 账户）
 	// 注意：强制平台模式不走混合调度
 	useMixedScheduling := platform == PlatformGemini && !hasForcePlatform
-	var queryPlatforms []string
-	if useMixedScheduling {
-		queryPlatforms = []string{PlatformGemini, PlatformAntigravity}
-	} else {
-		queryPlatforms = []string{platform}
-	}
 
 	cacheKey := "gemini:" + sessionHash
 
@@ -118,7 +115,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx co
 		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), cacheKey)
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
 			if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
-				account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+				account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 				// 检查账号是否有效：原生平台直接匹配，antigravity 需要启用混合调度
 				if err == nil && account.IsSchedulableForModel(requestedModel) && (requestedModel == "" || s.isModelSupportedByAccount(account, requestedModel)) {
 					valid := false
@@ -149,22 +146,16 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx co
 	}
 
 	// 查询可调度账户（强制平台模式：优先按分组查找，找不到再查全部）
-	var accounts []Account
-	var err error
-	if groupID != nil {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatforms(ctx, *groupID, queryPlatforms)
+	accounts, err := s.listSchedulableAccountsOnce(ctx, groupID, platform, hasForcePlatform)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	// 强制平台模式下，分组中找不到账户时回退查询全部
+	if len(accounts) == 0 && groupID != nil && hasForcePlatform {
+		accounts, err = s.listSchedulableAccountsOnce(ctx, nil, platform, hasForcePlatform)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
 		}
-		// 强制平台模式下，分组中找不到账户时回退查询全部
-		if len(accounts) == 0 && hasForcePlatform {
-			accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx, queryPlatforms)
-		}
-	} else {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx, queryPlatforms)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	var selected *Account
@@ -245,6 +236,31 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) GetAntigravityGatewayService() *Antigravit
 	return s.antigravityGatewayService
 }
 
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) getSchedulableAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*Account, error) {
+	if s.schedulerSnapshot != nil {
+		return s.schedulerSnapshot.GetAccount(ctx, accountID)
+	}
+	return s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+}
+
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) listSchedulableAccountsOnce(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, platform string, hasForcePlatform bool) ([]Account, error) {
+	if s.schedulerSnapshot != nil {
+		accounts, _, err := s.schedulerSnapshot.ListSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID, platform, hasForcePlatform)
+		return accounts, err
+	}
+
+	useMixedScheduling := platform == PlatformGemini && !hasForcePlatform
+	queryPlatforms := []string{platform}
+	if useMixedScheduling {
+		queryPlatforms = []string{platform, PlatformAntigravity}
+	}
+
+	if groupID != nil {
+		return s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatforms(ctx, *groupID, queryPlatforms)
+	}
+	return s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatforms(ctx, queryPlatforms)
+}
+
 func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) validateUpstreamBaseURL(raw string) (string, error) {
 	if s.cfg != nil && !s.cfg.Security.URLAllowlist.Enabled {
 		normalized, err := urlvalidator.ValidateURLFormat(raw, s.cfg.Security.URLAllowlist.AllowInsecureHTTP)
@@ -266,13 +282,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) validateUpstreamBaseURL(raw string) (strin
 
 // HasAntigravityAccounts 检查是否有可用的 antigravity 账户
 func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) HasAntigravityAccounts(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64) (bool, error) {
-	var accounts []Account
-	var err error
-	if groupID != nil {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx, *groupID, PlatformAntigravity)
-	} else {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, PlatformAntigravity)
-	}
+	accounts, err := s.listSchedulableAccountsOnce(ctx, groupID, PlatformAntigravity, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
@@ -288,13 +298,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) HasAntigravityAccounts(ctx context.Context
 // 3) OAuth accounts explicitly marked as ai_studio
 // 4) Any remaining Gemini accounts (fallback)
 func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) SelectAccountForAIStudioEndpoints(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64) (*Account, error) {
-	var accounts []Account
-	var err error
-	if groupID != nil {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx, *groupID, PlatformGemini)
-	} else {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, PlatformGemini)
-	}
+	accounts, err := s.listSchedulableAccountsOnce(ctx, groupID, PlatformGemini, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -543,12 +547,21 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 
 		resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
 		if err != nil {
+			safeErr := sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error())
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+				Kind:               "request_error",
+				Message:            safeErr,
+			})
 			if attempt < geminiMaxRetries {
 				log.Printf("Gemini account %d: upstream request failed, retry %d/%d: %v", account.ID, attempt, geminiMaxRetries, err)
 				sleepGeminiBackoff(attempt)
 				continue
 			}
-			return nil, s.writeClaudeError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Upstream request failed after retries: "+sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error()))
+			setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, safeErr, "")
+			return nil, s.writeClaudeError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Upstream request failed after retries: "+safeErr)
 		}
 
 		// Special-case: signature/thought_signature validation errors are not transient, but may be fixed by
@@ -558,6 +571,30 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 			_ = resp.Body.Close()
 
 			if isGeminiSignatureRelatedError(respBody) {
+				upstreamReqID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
+				if upstreamReqID == "" {
+					upstreamReqID = resp.Header.Get("x-goog-request-id")
+				}
+				upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+				upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+				upstreamDetail := ""
+				if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+					maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+					if maxBytes <= 0 {
+						maxBytes = 2048
+					}
+					upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+				}
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  upstreamReqID,
+					Kind:               "signature_error",
+					Message:            upstreamMsg,
+					Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+				})
+
 				var strippedClaudeBody []byte
 				stageName := ""
 				switch signatureRetryStage {
@@ -608,6 +645,30 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 				s.handleGeminiUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
 			}
 			if attempt < geminiMaxRetries {
+				upstreamReqID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
+				if upstreamReqID == "" {
+					upstreamReqID = resp.Header.Get("x-goog-request-id")
+				}
+				upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+				upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+				upstreamDetail := ""
+				if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+					maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+					if maxBytes <= 0 {
+						maxBytes = 2048
+					}
+					upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+				}
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  upstreamReqID,
+					Kind:               "retry",
+					Message:            upstreamMsg,
+					Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+				})
+
 				log.Printf("Gemini account %d: upstream status %d, retry %d/%d", account.ID, resp.StatusCode, attempt, geminiMaxRetries)
 				sleepGeminiBackoff(attempt)
 				continue
@@ -633,12 +694,62 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 		}
 		s.handleGeminiUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
 		if tempMatched {
+			upstreamReqID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
+			if upstreamReqID == "" {
+				upstreamReqID = resp.Header.Get("x-goog-request-id")
+			}
+			upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+			upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+			upstreamDetail := ""
+			if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+				maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+				if maxBytes <= 0 {
+					maxBytes = 2048
+				}
+				upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+			}
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  upstreamReqID,
+				Kind:               "failover",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+			})
 			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 		}
 		if s.shouldFailoverGeminiUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+			upstreamReqID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
+			if upstreamReqID == "" {
+				upstreamReqID = resp.Header.Get("x-goog-request-id")
+			}
+			upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+			upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+			upstreamDetail := ""
+			if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+				maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+				if maxBytes <= 0 {
+					maxBytes = 2048
+				}
+				upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+			}
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  upstreamReqID,
+				Kind:               "failover",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+			})
 			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 		}
-		return nil, s.writeGeminiMappedError(c, resp.StatusCode, respBody)
+		upstreamReqID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
+		if upstreamReqID == "" {
+			upstreamReqID = resp.Header.Get("x-goog-request-id")
+		}
+		return nil, s.writeGeminiMappedError(c, account, resp.StatusCode, upstreamReqID, respBody)
 	}
 
 	requestID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
@@ -863,6 +974,14 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 
 		resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
 		if err != nil {
+			safeErr := sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error())
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+				Kind:               "request_error",
+				Message:            safeErr,
+			})
 			if attempt < geminiMaxRetries {
 				log.Printf("Gemini account %d: upstream request failed, retry %d/%d: %v", account.ID, attempt, geminiMaxRetries, err)
 				sleepGeminiBackoff(attempt)
@@ -880,7 +999,8 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 					FirstTokenMs: nil,
 				}, nil
 			}
-			return nil, s.writeGoogleError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "Upstream request failed after retries: "+sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error()))
+			setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, safeErr, "")
+			return nil, s.writeGoogleError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "Upstream request failed after retries: "+safeErr)
 		}
 
 		if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && s.shouldRetryGeminiUpstreamError(account, resp.StatusCode) {
@@ -899,6 +1019,30 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 				s.handleGeminiUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
 			}
 			if attempt < geminiMaxRetries {
+				upstreamReqID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
+				if upstreamReqID == "" {
+					upstreamReqID = resp.Header.Get("x-goog-request-id")
+				}
+				upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+				upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+				upstreamDetail := ""
+				if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+					maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+					if maxBytes <= 0 {
+						maxBytes = 2048
+					}
+					upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+				}
+				appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+					Platform:           account.Platform,
+					AccountID:          account.ID,
+					UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					UpstreamRequestID:  upstreamReqID,
+					Kind:               "retry",
+					Message:            upstreamMsg,
+					Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+				})
+
 				log.Printf("Gemini account %d: upstream status %d, retry %d/%d", account.ID, resp.StatusCode, attempt, geminiMaxRetries)
 				sleepGeminiBackoff(attempt)
 				continue
@@ -962,19 +1106,84 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 		}
 
 		if tempMatched {
+			evBody := unwrapIfNeeded(isOAuth, respBody)
+			upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(evBody))
+			upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+			upstreamDetail := ""
+			if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+				maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+				if maxBytes <= 0 {
+					maxBytes = 2048
+				}
+				upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(evBody), maxBytes)
+			}
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  requestID,
+				Kind:               "failover",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+			})
 			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 		}
 		if s.shouldFailoverGeminiUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+			evBody := unwrapIfNeeded(isOAuth, respBody)
+			upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(evBody))
+			upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+			upstreamDetail := ""
+			if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+				maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+				if maxBytes <= 0 {
+					maxBytes = 2048
+				}
+				upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(evBody), maxBytes)
+			}
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  requestID,
+				Kind:               "failover",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+			})
 			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 		}
 
 		respBody = unwrapIfNeeded(isOAuth, respBody)
+		upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+		upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+		upstreamDetail := ""
+		if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+			maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+			if maxBytes <= 0 {
+				maxBytes = 2048
+			}
+			upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+			log.Printf("[Gemini] native upstream error %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, truncateForLog(respBody, s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes))
+		}
+		setOpsUpstreamError(c, resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg, upstreamDetail)
+		appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+			Platform:           account.Platform,
+			AccountID:          account.ID,
+			UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+			UpstreamRequestID:  requestID,
+			Kind:               "http_error",
+			Message:            upstreamMsg,
+			Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+		})
+
 		contentType := resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")
 		if contentType == "" {
 			contentType = "application/json"
 		}
 		c.Data(resp.StatusCode, contentType, respBody)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("gemini upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		if upstreamMsg == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("gemini upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("gemini upstream error: %d message=%s", resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg)
 	}
 
 	var usage *ClaudeUsage
@@ -1076,7 +1285,32 @@ func sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(msg string) string {
 	return sensitiveQueryParamRegex.ReplaceAllString(msg, `$1***`)
 }
 
-func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) writeGeminiMappedError(c *gin.Context, upstreamStatus int, body []byte) error {
+func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) writeGeminiMappedError(c *gin.Context, account *Account, upstreamStatus int, upstreamRequestID string, body []byte) error {
+	upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body))
+	upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+	upstreamDetail := ""
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+		maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+		if maxBytes <= 0 {
+			maxBytes = 2048
+		}
+		upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(body), maxBytes)
+	}
+	setOpsUpstreamError(c, upstreamStatus, upstreamMsg, upstreamDetail)
+	appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+		Platform:           account.Platform,
+		AccountID:          account.ID,
+		UpstreamStatusCode: upstreamStatus,
+		UpstreamRequestID:  upstreamRequestID,
+		Kind:               "http_error",
+		Message:            upstreamMsg,
+		Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+	})
+
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+		log.Printf("[Gemini] upstream error %d: %s", upstreamStatus, truncateForLog(body, s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes))
+	}
+
 	var statusCode int
 	var errType, errMsg string
 
@@ -1184,7 +1418,10 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) writeGeminiMappedError(c *gin.Context, ups
 		"type":  "error",
 		"error": gin.H{"type": errType, "message": errMsg},
 	})
-	return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", upstreamStatus)
+	if upstreamMsg == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", upstreamStatus)
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d message=%s", upstreamStatus, upstreamMsg)
 }
 
 type claudeErrorMapping struct {

backend/internal/service/group_service.go

@@ -50,13 +50,15 @@ type UpdateGroupRequest struct {
 
 // GroupService 分组管理服务
 type GroupService struct {
-	groupRepo GroupRepository
+	groupRepo            GroupRepository
+	authCacheInvalidator APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator
 }
 
 // NewGroupService 创建分组服务实例
-func NewGroupService(groupRepo GroupRepository) *GroupService {
+func NewGroupService(groupRepo GroupRepository, authCacheInvalidator APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator) *GroupService {
 	return &GroupService{
-		groupRepo: groupRepo,
+		groupRepo:            groupRepo,
+		authCacheInvalidator: authCacheInvalidator,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -155,6 +157,9 @@ func (s *GroupService) Update(ctx context.Context, id int64, req UpdateGroupRequ
 	if err := s.groupRepo.Update(ctx, group); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("update group: %w", err)
 	}
+	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil {
+		s.authCacheInvalidator.InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(ctx, id)
+	}
 
 	return group, nil
 }
@@ -167,6 +172,9 @@ func (s *GroupService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get group: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil {
+		s.authCacheInvalidator.InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(ctx, id)
+	}
 	if err := s.groupRepo.Delete(ctx, id); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("delete group: %w", err)
 	}

backend/internal/service/openai_codex_transform.go

@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	opencodeCodexHeaderURL = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/anomalyco/opencode/dev/packages/opencode/src/session/prompt/codex_header.txt"
+	codexCacheTTL          = 15 * time.Minute
+)
+
+//go:embed prompts/codex_cli_instructions.md
+var codexCLIInstructions string
+
+var codexModelMap = map[string]string{
+	"gpt-5.1-codex":             "gpt-5.1-codex",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-low":         "gpt-5.1-codex",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-medium":      "gpt-5.1-codex",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-high":        "gpt-5.1-codex",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-max":         "gpt-5.1-codex-max",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-max-low":     "gpt-5.1-codex-max",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-max-medium":  "gpt-5.1-codex-max",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-max-high":    "gpt-5.1-codex-max",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-max-xhigh":   "gpt-5.1-codex-max",
+	"gpt-5.2":                   "gpt-5.2",
+	"gpt-5.2-none":              "gpt-5.2",
+	"gpt-5.2-low":               "gpt-5.2",
+	"gpt-5.2-medium":            "gpt-5.2",
+	"gpt-5.2-high":              "gpt-5.2",
+	"gpt-5.2-xhigh":             "gpt-5.2",
+	"gpt-5.2-codex":             "gpt-5.2-codex",
+	"gpt-5.2-codex-low":         "gpt-5.2-codex",
+	"gpt-5.2-codex-medium":      "gpt-5.2-codex",
+	"gpt-5.2-codex-high":        "gpt-5.2-codex",
+	"gpt-5.2-codex-xhigh":       "gpt-5.2-codex",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-mini":        "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-mini-medium": "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+	"gpt-5.1-codex-mini-high":   "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+	"gpt-5.1":                   "gpt-5.1",
+	"gpt-5.1-none":              "gpt-5.1",
+	"gpt-5.1-low":               "gpt-5.1",
+	"gpt-5.1-medium":            "gpt-5.1",
+	"gpt-5.1-high":              "gpt-5.1",
+	"gpt-5.1-chat-latest":       "gpt-5.1",
+	"gpt-5-codex":               "gpt-5.1-codex",
+	"codex-mini-latest":         "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+	"gpt-5-codex-mini":          "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+	"gpt-5-codex-mini-medium":   "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+	"gpt-5-codex-mini-high":     "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+	"gpt-5":                     "gpt-5.1",
+	"gpt-5-mini":                "gpt-5.1",
+	"gpt-5-nano":                "gpt-5.1",
+}
+
+type codexTransformResult struct {
+	Modified        bool
+	NormalizedModel string
+	PromptCacheKey  string
+}
+
+type opencodeCacheMetadata struct {
+	ETag        string `json:"etag"`
+	LastFetch   string `json:"lastFetch,omitempty"`
+	LastChecked int64  `json:"lastChecked"`
+}
+
+func applyCodexOAuthTransform(reqBody map[string]any) codexTransformResult {
+	result := codexTransformResult{}
+	// 工具续链需求会影响存储策略与 input 过滤逻辑。
+	needsToolContinuation := NeedsToolContinuation(reqBody)
+
+	model := ""
+	if v, ok := reqBody["model"].(string); ok {
+		model = v
+	}
+	normalizedModel := normalizeCodexModel(model)
+	if normalizedModel != "" {
+		if model != normalizedModel {
+			reqBody["model"] = normalizedModel
+			result.Modified = true
+		}
+		result.NormalizedModel = normalizedModel
+	}
+
+	// OAuth 走 ChatGPT internal API 时，store 必须为 false；显式 true 也会强制覆盖。
+	// 避免上游返回 "Store must be set to false"。
+	if v, ok := reqBody["store"].(bool); !ok || v {
+		reqBody["store"] = false
+		result.Modified = true
+	}
+	if v, ok := reqBody["stream"].(bool); !ok || !v {
+		reqBody["stream"] = true
+		result.Modified = true
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := reqBody["max_output_tokens"]; ok {
+		delete(reqBody, "max_output_tokens")
+		result.Modified = true
+	}
+	if _, ok := reqBody["max_completion_tokens"]; ok {
+		delete(reqBody, "max_completion_tokens")
+		result.Modified = true
+	}
+
+	if normalizeCodexTools(reqBody) {
+		result.Modified = true
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := reqBody["prompt_cache_key"].(string); ok {
+		result.PromptCacheKey = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+
+	instructions := strings.TrimSpace(getOpenCodeCodexHeader())
+	existingInstructions, _ := reqBody["instructions"].(string)
+	existingInstructions = strings.TrimSpace(existingInstructions)
+
+	if instructions != "" {
+		if existingInstructions != instructions {
+			reqBody["instructions"] = instructions
+			result.Modified = true
+		}
+	} else if existingInstructions == "" {
+		// 未获取到 opencode 指令时，回退使用 Codex CLI 指令。
+		codexInstructions := strings.TrimSpace(getCodexCLIInstructions())
+		if codexInstructions != "" {
+			reqBody["instructions"] = codexInstructions
+			result.Modified = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 续链场景保留 item_reference 与 id，避免 call_id 上下文丢失。
+	if input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any); ok {
+		input = filterCodexInput(input, needsToolContinuation)
+		reqBody["input"] = input
+		result.Modified = true
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+func normalizeCodexModel(model string) string {
+	if model == "" {
+		return "gpt-5.1"
+	}
+
+	modelID := model
+	if strings.Contains(modelID, "/") {
+		parts := strings.Split(modelID, "/")
+		modelID = parts[len(parts)-1]
+	}
+
+	if mapped := getNormalizedCodexModel(modelID); mapped != "" {
+		return mapped
+	}
+
+	normalized := strings.ToLower(modelID)
+
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.2-codex") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.2 codex") {
+		return "gpt-5.2-codex"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.2") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.2") {
+		return "gpt-5.2"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.1-codex-max") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.1 codex max") {
+		return "gpt-5.1-codex-max"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.1-codex-mini") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.1 codex mini") {
+		return "gpt-5.1-codex-mini"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "codex-mini-latest") ||
+		strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5-codex-mini") ||
+		strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5 codex mini") {
+		return "codex-mini-latest"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.1-codex") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.1 codex") {
+		return "gpt-5.1-codex"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.1") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.1") {
+		return "gpt-5.1"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "codex") {
+		return "gpt-5.1-codex"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5") {
+		return "gpt-5.1"
+	}
+
+	return "gpt-5.1"
+}
+
+func getNormalizedCodexModel(modelID string) string {
+	if modelID == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if mapped, ok := codexModelMap[modelID]; ok {
+		return mapped
+	}
+	lower := strings.ToLower(modelID)
+	for key, value := range codexModelMap {
+		if strings.ToLower(key) == lower {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func getOpenCodeCachedPrompt(url, cacheFileName, metaFileName string) string {
+	cacheDir := codexCachePath("")
+	if cacheDir == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	cacheFile := filepath.Join(cacheDir, cacheFileName)
+	metaFile := filepath.Join(cacheDir, metaFileName)
+
+	var cachedContent string
+	if content, ok := readFile(cacheFile); ok {
+		cachedContent = content
+	}
+
+	var meta opencodeCacheMetadata
+	if loadJSON(metaFile, &meta) && meta.LastChecked > 0 && cachedContent != "" {
+		if time.Since(time.UnixMilli(meta.LastChecked)) < codexCacheTTL {
+			return cachedContent
+		}
+	}
+
+	content, etag, status, err := fetchWithETag(url, meta.ETag)
+	if err == nil && status == http.StatusNotModified && cachedContent != "" {
+		return cachedContent
+	}
+	if err == nil && status >= 200 && status < 300 && content != "" {
+		_ = writeFile(cacheFile, content)
+		meta = opencodeCacheMetadata{
+			ETag:        etag,
+			LastFetch:   time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+			LastChecked: time.Now().UnixMilli(),
+		}
+		_ = writeJSON(metaFile, meta)
+		return content
+	}
+
+	return cachedContent
+}
+
+func getOpenCodeCodexHeader() string {
+	// 优先从 opencode 仓库缓存获取指令。
+	opencodeInstructions := getOpenCodeCachedPrompt(opencodeCodexHeaderURL, "opencode-codex-header.txt", "opencode-codex-header-meta.json")
+
+	// 若 opencode 指令可用，直接返回。
+	if opencodeInstructions != "" {
+		return opencodeInstructions
+	}
+
+	// 否则回退使用本地 Codex CLI 指令。
+	return getCodexCLIInstructions()
+}
+
+func getCodexCLIInstructions() string {
+	return codexCLIInstructions
+}
+
+func GetOpenCodeInstructions() string {
+	return getOpenCodeCodexHeader()
+}
+
+// GetCodexCLIInstructions 返回内置的 Codex CLI 指令内容。
+func GetCodexCLIInstructions() string {
+	return getCodexCLIInstructions()
+}
+
+// ReplaceWithCodexInstructions 将请求 instructions 替换为内置 Codex 指令（必要时）。
+func ReplaceWithCodexInstructions(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	codexInstructions := strings.TrimSpace(getCodexCLIInstructions())
+	if codexInstructions == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	existingInstructions, _ := reqBody["instructions"].(string)
+	if strings.TrimSpace(existingInstructions) != codexInstructions {
+		reqBody["instructions"] = codexInstructions
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// IsInstructionError 判断错误信息是否与指令格式/系统提示相关。
+func IsInstructionError(errorMessage string) bool {
+	if errorMessage == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	lowerMsg := strings.ToLower(errorMessage)
+	instructionKeywords := []string{
+		"instruction",
+		"instructions",
+		"system prompt",
+		"system message",
+		"invalid prompt",
+		"prompt format",
+	}
+
+	for _, keyword := range instructionKeywords {
+		if strings.Contains(lowerMsg, keyword) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// filterCodexInput 按需过滤 item_reference 与 id。
+// preserveReferences 为 true 时保持引用与 id，以满足续链请求对上下文的依赖。
+func filterCodexInput(input []any, preserveReferences bool) []any {
+	filtered := make([]any, 0, len(input))
+	for _, item := range input {
+		m, ok := item.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			filtered = append(filtered, item)
+			continue
+		}
+		typ, _ := m["type"].(string)
+		if typ == "item_reference" {
+			if !preserveReferences {
+				continue
+			}
+			newItem := make(map[string]any, len(m))
+			for key, value := range m {
+				newItem[key] = value
+			}
+			filtered = append(filtered, newItem)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		newItem := m
+		copied := false
+		// 仅在需要修改字段时创建副本，避免直接改写原始输入。
+		ensureCopy := func() {
+			if copied {
+				return
+			}
+			newItem = make(map[string]any, len(m))
+			for key, value := range m {
+				newItem[key] = value
+			}
+			copied = true
+		}
+
+		if isCodexToolCallItemType(typ) {
+			if callID, ok := m["call_id"].(string); !ok || strings.TrimSpace(callID) == "" {
+				if id, ok := m["id"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(id) != "" {
+					ensureCopy()
+					newItem["call_id"] = id
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !preserveReferences {
+			ensureCopy()
+			delete(newItem, "id")
+			if !isCodexToolCallItemType(typ) {
+				delete(newItem, "call_id")
+			}
+		}
+
+		filtered = append(filtered, newItem)
+	}
+	return filtered
+}
+
+func isCodexToolCallItemType(typ string) bool {
+	if typ == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	return strings.HasSuffix(typ, "_call") || strings.HasSuffix(typ, "_call_output")
+}
+
+func normalizeCodexTools(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	rawTools, ok := reqBody["tools"]
+	if !ok || rawTools == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	tools, ok := rawTools.([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	modified := false
+	for idx, tool := range tools {
+		toolMap, ok := tool.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		toolType, _ := toolMap["type"].(string)
+		if strings.TrimSpace(toolType) != "function" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		function, ok := toolMap["function"].(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if _, ok := toolMap["name"]; !ok {
+			if name, ok := function["name"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(name) != "" {
+				toolMap["name"] = name
+				modified = true
+			}
+		}
+		if _, ok := toolMap["description"]; !ok {
+			if desc, ok := function["description"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(desc) != "" {
+				toolMap["description"] = desc
+				modified = true
+			}
+		}
+		if _, ok := toolMap["parameters"]; !ok {
+			if params, ok := function["parameters"]; ok {
+				toolMap["parameters"] = params
+				modified = true
+			}
+		}
+		if _, ok := toolMap["strict"]; !ok {
+			if strict, ok := function["strict"]; ok {
+				toolMap["strict"] = strict
+				modified = true
+			}
+		}
+
+		tools[idx] = toolMap
+	}
+
+	if modified {
+		reqBody["tools"] = tools
+	}
+
+	return modified
+}
+
+func codexCachePath(filename string) string {
+	home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	cacheDir := filepath.Join(home, ".opencode", "cache")
+	if filename == "" {
+		return cacheDir
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(cacheDir, filename)
+}
+
+func readFile(path string) (string, bool) {
+	if path == "" {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	return string(data), true
+}
+
+func writeFile(path, content string) error {
+	if path == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("empty cache path")
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(path), 0o755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return os.WriteFile(path, []byte(content), 0o644)
+}
+
+func loadJSON(path string, target any) bool {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, target); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func writeJSON(path string, value any) error {
+	if path == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("empty json path")
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(path), 0o755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	data, err := json.Marshal(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return os.WriteFile(path, data, 0o644)
+}
+
+func fetchWithETag(url, etag string) (string, string, int, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", 0, err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "sub2api-codex")
+	if etag != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("If-None-Match", etag)
+	}
+	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", 0, err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+	}()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", resp.StatusCode, err
+	}
+	return string(body), resp.Header.Get("etag"), resp.StatusCode, nil
+}

backend/internal/service/openai_codex_transform_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestApplyCodexOAuthTransform_ToolContinuationPreservesInput(t *testing.T) {
+	// 续链场景：保留 item_reference 与 id，但不再强制 store=true。
+	setupCodexCache(t)
+
+	reqBody := map[string]any{
+		"model": "gpt-5.2",
+		"input": []any{
+			map[string]any{"type": "item_reference", "id": "ref1", "text": "x"},
+			map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": "call_1", "output": "ok", "id": "o1"},
+		},
+		"tool_choice": "auto",
+	}
+
+	applyCodexOAuthTransform(reqBody)
+
+	// 未显式设置 store=true，默认为 false。
+	store, ok := reqBody["store"].(bool)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.False(t, store)
+
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Len(t, input, 2)
+
+	// 校验 input[0] 为 map，避免断言失败导致测试中断。
+	first, ok := input[0].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, "item_reference", first["type"])
+	require.Equal(t, "ref1", first["id"])
+
+	// 校验 input[1] 为 map，确保后续字段断言安全。
+	second, ok := input[1].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, "o1", second["id"])
+}
+
+func TestApplyCodexOAuthTransform_ExplicitStoreFalsePreserved(t *testing.T) {
+	// 续链场景：显式 store=false 不再强制为 true，保持 false。
+	setupCodexCache(t)
+
+	reqBody := map[string]any{
+		"model": "gpt-5.1",
+		"store": false,
+		"input": []any{
+			map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": "call_1"},
+		},
+		"tool_choice": "auto",
+	}
+
+	applyCodexOAuthTransform(reqBody)
+
+	store, ok := reqBody["store"].(bool)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.False(t, store)
+}
+
+func TestApplyCodexOAuthTransform_ExplicitStoreTrueForcedFalse(t *testing.T) {
+	// 显式 store=true 也会强制为 false。
+	setupCodexCache(t)
+
+	reqBody := map[string]any{
+		"model": "gpt-5.1",
+		"store": true,
+		"input": []any{
+			map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": "call_1"},
+		},
+		"tool_choice": "auto",
+	}
+
+	applyCodexOAuthTransform(reqBody)
+
+	store, ok := reqBody["store"].(bool)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.False(t, store)
+}
+
+func TestApplyCodexOAuthTransform_NonContinuationDefaultsStoreFalseAndStripsIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	// 非续链场景：未设置 store 时默认 false，并移除 input 中的 id。
+	setupCodexCache(t)
+
+	reqBody := map[string]any{
+		"model": "gpt-5.1",
+		"input": []any{
+			map[string]any{"type": "text", "id": "t1", "text": "hi"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	applyCodexOAuthTransform(reqBody)
+
+	store, ok := reqBody["store"].(bool)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.False(t, store)
+
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Len(t, input, 1)
+	// 校验 input[0] 为 map，避免类型不匹配触发 errcheck。
+	item, ok := input[0].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	_, hasID := item["id"]
+	require.False(t, hasID)
+}
+
+func TestFilterCodexInput_RemovesItemReferenceWhenNotPreserved(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []any{
+		map[string]any{"type": "item_reference", "id": "ref1"},
+		map[string]any{"type": "text", "id": "t1", "text": "hi"},
+	}
+
+	filtered := filterCodexInput(input, false)
+	require.Len(t, filtered, 1)
+	// 校验 filtered[0] 为 map，确保字段检查可靠。
+	item, ok := filtered[0].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, "text", item["type"])
+	_, hasID := item["id"]
+	require.False(t, hasID)
+}
+
+func TestApplyCodexOAuthTransform_EmptyInput(t *testing.T) {
+	// 空 input 应保持为空且不触发异常。
+	setupCodexCache(t)
+
+	reqBody := map[string]any{
+		"model": "gpt-5.1",
+		"input": []any{},
+	}
+
+	applyCodexOAuthTransform(reqBody)
+
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Len(t, input, 0)
+}
+
+func setupCodexCache(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// 使用临时 HOME 避免触发网络拉取 header。
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("HOME", tempDir)
+
+	cacheDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, ".opencode", "cache")
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(cacheDir, 0o755))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(cacheDir, "opencode-codex-header.txt"), []byte("header"), 0o644))
+
+	meta := map[string]any{
+		"etag":        "",
+		"lastFetch":   time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		"lastChecked": time.Now().UnixMilli(),
+	}
+	data, err := json.Marshal(meta)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(cacheDir, "opencode-codex-header-meta.json"), data, 0o644))
+}

backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/util/responseheaders"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/util/urlvalidator"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ var openaiSSEDataRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^data:\s*`)
 var openaiAllowedHeaders = map[string]bool{
 	"accept-language": true,
 	"content-type":    true,
+	"conversation_id": true,
 	"user-agent":      true,
 	"originator":      true,
 	"session_id":      true,
@@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ type OpenAIGatewayService struct {
 	userSubRepo         UserSubscriptionRepository
 	cache               GatewayCache
 	cfg                 *config.Config
+	schedulerSnapshot   *SchedulerSnapshotService
 	concurrencyService  *ConcurrencyService
 	billingService      *BillingService
 	rateLimitService    *RateLimitService
@@ -100,6 +103,7 @@ func NewOpenAIGatewayService(
 	userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository,
 	cache GatewayCache,
 	cfg *config.Config,
+	schedulerSnapshot *SchedulerSnapshotService,
 	concurrencyService *ConcurrencyService,
 	billingService *BillingService,
 	rateLimitService *RateLimitService,
@@ -114,6 +118,7 @@ func NewOpenAIGatewayService(
 		userSubRepo:         userSubRepo,
 		cache:               cache,
 		cfg:                 cfg,
+		schedulerSnapshot:   schedulerSnapshot,
 		concurrencyService:  concurrencyService,
 		billingService:      billingService,
 		rateLimitService:    rateLimitService,
@@ -158,7 +163,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx context.C
 		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash)
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
 			if _, excluded := excludedIDs[accountID]; !excluded {
-				account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+				account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 				if err == nil && account.IsSchedulable() && account.IsOpenAI() && (requestedModel == "" || account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)) {
 					// Refresh sticky session TTL
 					_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash, openaiStickySessionTTL)
@@ -169,16 +174,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountForModelWithExclusions(ctx context.C
 	}
 
 	// 2. Get schedulable OpenAI accounts
-	var accounts []Account
-	var err error
-	// 简易模式：忽略分组限制，查询所有可用账号
-	if s.cfg.RunMode == config.RunModeSimple {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, PlatformOpenAI)
-	} else if groupID != nil {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx, *groupID, PlatformOpenAI)
-	} else {
-		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, PlatformOpenAI)
-	}
+	accounts, err := s.listSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -300,7 +296,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Contex
 	if sessionHash != "" {
 		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, derefGroupID(groupID), "openai:"+sessionHash)
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 && !isExcluded(accountID) {
-			account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+			account, err := s.getSchedulableAccount(ctx, accountID)
 			if err == nil && account.IsSchedulable() && account.IsOpenAI() &&
 				(requestedModel == "" || account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)) {
 				result, err := s.tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx, accountID, account.Concurrency)
@@ -445,6 +441,10 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(ctx context.Contex
 }
 
 func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) listSchedulableAccounts(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64) ([]Account, error) {
+	if s.schedulerSnapshot != nil {
+		accounts, _, err := s.schedulerSnapshot.ListSchedulableAccounts(ctx, groupID, PlatformOpenAI, false)
+		return accounts, err
+	}
 	var accounts []Account
 	var err error
 	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.RunMode == config.RunModeSimple {
@@ -467,6 +467,13 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) tryAcquireAccountSlot(ctx context.Context, accoun
 	return s.concurrencyService.AcquireAccountSlot(ctx, accountID, maxConcurrency)
 }
 
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) getSchedulableAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*Account, error) {
+	if s.schedulerSnapshot != nil {
+		return s.schedulerSnapshot.GetAccount(ctx, accountID)
+	}
+	return s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+}
+
 func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) schedulingConfig() config.GatewaySchedulingConfig {
 	if s.cfg != nil {
 		return s.cfg.Gateway.Scheduling
@@ -511,7 +518,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) shouldFailoverUpstreamError(statusCode int) bool
 }
 
 func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleFailoverSideEffects(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, account *Account) {
-	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
 	s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, body)
 }
 
@@ -528,33 +535,97 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, acco
 	// Extract model and stream from parsed body
 	reqModel, _ := reqBody["model"].(string)
 	reqStream, _ := reqBody["stream"].(bool)
+	promptCacheKey := ""
+	if v, ok := reqBody["prompt_cache_key"].(string); ok {
+		promptCacheKey = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
 
 	// Track if body needs re-serialization
 	bodyModified := false
 	originalModel := reqModel
 
-	// Apply model mapping
+	isCodexCLI := openai.IsCodexCLIRequest(c.GetHeader("User-Agent"))
+
+	// 对所有请求执行模型映射（包含 Codex CLI）。
 	mappedModel := account.GetMappedModel(reqModel)
 	if mappedModel != reqModel {
+		log.Printf("[OpenAI] Model mapping applied: %s -> %s (account: %s, isCodexCLI: %v)", reqModel, mappedModel, account.Name, isCodexCLI)
 		reqBody["model"] = mappedModel
 		bodyModified = true
 	}
 
-	// For OAuth accounts using ChatGPT internal API:
-	// 1. Add store: false
-	// 2. Normalize input format for Codex API compatibility
-	if account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth {
-		reqBody["store"] = false
-		bodyModified = true
-
-		// Normalize input format: convert AI SDK multi-part content format to simplified format
-		// AI SDK sends: {"content": [{"type": "input_text", "text": "..."}]}
-		// Codex API expects: {"content": "..."}
-		if normalizeInputForCodexAPI(reqBody) {
+	// 针对所有 OpenAI 账号执行 Codex 模型名规范化，确保上游识别一致。
+	if model, ok := reqBody["model"].(string); ok {
+		normalizedModel := normalizeCodexModel(model)
+		if normalizedModel != "" && normalizedModel != model {
+			log.Printf("[OpenAI] Codex model normalization: %s -> %s (account: %s, type: %s, isCodexCLI: %v)",
+				model, normalizedModel, account.Name, account.Type, isCodexCLI)
+			reqBody["model"] = normalizedModel
+			mappedModel = normalizedModel
 			bodyModified = true
 		}
 	}
 
+	// 规范化 reasoning.effort 参数（minimal -> none），与上游允许值对齐。
+	if reasoning, ok := reqBody["reasoning"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		if effort, ok := reasoning["effort"].(string); ok && effort == "minimal" {
+			reasoning["effort"] = "none"
+			bodyModified = true
+			log.Printf("[OpenAI] Normalized reasoning.effort: minimal -> none (account: %s)", account.Name)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth && !isCodexCLI {
+		codexResult := applyCodexOAuthTransform(reqBody)
+		if codexResult.Modified {
+			bodyModified = true
+		}
+		if codexResult.NormalizedModel != "" {
+			mappedModel = codexResult.NormalizedModel
+		}
+		if codexResult.PromptCacheKey != "" {
+			promptCacheKey = codexResult.PromptCacheKey
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Handle max_output_tokens based on platform and account type
+	if !isCodexCLI {
+		if maxOutputTokens, hasMaxOutputTokens := reqBody["max_output_tokens"]; hasMaxOutputTokens {
+			switch account.Platform {
+			case PlatformOpenAI:
+				// For OpenAI API Key, remove max_output_tokens (not supported)
+				// For OpenAI OAuth (Responses API), keep it (supported)
+				if account.Type == AccountTypeAPIKey {
+					delete(reqBody, "max_output_tokens")
+					bodyModified = true
+				}
+			case PlatformAnthropic:
+				// For Anthropic (Claude), convert to max_tokens
+				delete(reqBody, "max_output_tokens")
+				if _, hasMaxTokens := reqBody["max_tokens"]; !hasMaxTokens {
+					reqBody["max_tokens"] = maxOutputTokens
+				}
+				bodyModified = true
+			case PlatformGemini:
+				// For Gemini, remove (will be handled by Gemini-specific transform)
+				delete(reqBody, "max_output_tokens")
+				bodyModified = true
+			default:
+				// For unknown platforms, remove to be safe
+				delete(reqBody, "max_output_tokens")
+				bodyModified = true
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Also handle max_completion_tokens (similar logic)
+		if _, hasMaxCompletionTokens := reqBody["max_completion_tokens"]; hasMaxCompletionTokens {
+			if account.Type == AccountTypeAPIKey || account.Platform != PlatformOpenAI {
+				delete(reqBody, "max_completion_tokens")
+				bodyModified = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Re-serialize body only if modified
 	if bodyModified {
 		var err error
@@ -571,7 +642,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, acco
 	}
 
 	// Build upstream request
-	upstreamReq, err := s.buildUpstreamRequest(ctx, c, account, body, token, reqStream)
+	upstreamReq, err := s.buildUpstreamRequest(ctx, c, account, body, token, reqStream, promptCacheKey, isCodexCLI)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -585,13 +656,53 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, acco
 	// Send request
 	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %w", err)
+		// Ensure the client receives an error response (handlers assume Forward writes on non-failover errors).
+		safeErr := sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error())
+		setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, safeErr, "")
+		appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+			Platform:           account.Platform,
+			AccountID:          account.ID,
+			UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+			Kind:               "request_error",
+			Message:            safeErr,
+		})
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadGateway, gin.H{
+			"error": gin.H{
+				"type":    "upstream_error",
+				"message": "Upstream request failed",
+			},
+		})
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %s", safeErr)
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
 
 	// Handle error response
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
 		if s.shouldFailoverUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+			respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
+			resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
+
+			upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+			upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+			upstreamDetail := ""
+			if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+				maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+				if maxBytes <= 0 {
+					maxBytes = 2048
+				}
+				upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(respBody), maxBytes)
+			}
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+				Kind:               "failover",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+			})
+
 			s.handleFailoverSideEffects(ctx, resp, account)
 			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 		}
@@ -632,7 +743,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, acco
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *Account, body []byte, token string, isStream bool) (*http.Request, error) {
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *Account, body []byte, token string, isStream bool, promptCacheKey string, isCodexCLI bool) (*http.Request, error) {
 	// Determine target URL based on account type
 	var targetURL string
 	switch account.Type {
@@ -672,12 +783,6 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 		if chatgptAccountID != "" {
 			req.Header.Set("chatgpt-account-id", chatgptAccountID)
 		}
-		// Set accept header based on stream mode
-		if isStream {
-			req.Header.Set("accept", "text/event-stream")
-		} else {
-			req.Header.Set("accept", "application/json")
-		}
 	}
 
 	// Whitelist passthrough headers
@@ -689,6 +794,19 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	if account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth {
+		req.Header.Set("OpenAI-Beta", "responses=experimental")
+		if isCodexCLI {
+			req.Header.Set("originator", "codex_cli_rs")
+		} else {
+			req.Header.Set("originator", "opencode")
+		}
+		req.Header.Set("accept", "text/event-stream")
+		if promptCacheKey != "" {
+			req.Header.Set("conversation_id", promptCacheKey)
+			req.Header.Set("session_id", promptCacheKey)
+		}
+	}
 
 	// Apply custom User-Agent if configured
 	customUA := account.GetOpenAIUserAgent()
@@ -705,17 +823,52 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 }
 
 func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, account *Account) (*OpenAIForwardResult, error) {
-	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+
+	upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body))
+	upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+	upstreamDetail := ""
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+		maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
+		if maxBytes <= 0 {
+			maxBytes = 2048
+		}
+		upstreamDetail = truncateString(string(body), maxBytes)
+	}
+	setOpsUpstreamError(c, resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg, upstreamDetail)
+
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
+		log.Printf(
+			"OpenAI upstream error %d (account=%d platform=%s type=%s): %s",
+			resp.StatusCode,
+			account.ID,
+			account.Platform,
+			account.Type,
+			truncateForLog(body, s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes),
+		)
+	}
 
 	// Check custom error codes
 	if !account.ShouldHandleErrorCode(resp.StatusCode) {
+		appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+			Platform:           account.Platform,
+			AccountID:          account.ID,
+			UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+			UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+			Kind:               "http_error",
+			Message:            upstreamMsg,
+			Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+		})
 		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{
 			"error": gin.H{
 				"type":    "upstream_error",
 				"message": "Upstream gateway error",
 			},
 		})
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d (not in custom error codes)", resp.StatusCode)
+		if upstreamMsg == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d (not in custom error codes)", resp.StatusCode)
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d (not in custom error codes) message=%s", resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg)
 	}
 
 	// Handle upstream error (mark account status)
@@ -723,6 +876,19 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *ht
 	if s.rateLimitService != nil {
 		shouldDisable = s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, body)
 	}
+	kind := "http_error"
+	if shouldDisable {
+		kind = "failover"
+	}
+	appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+		Platform:           account.Platform,
+		AccountID:          account.ID,
+		UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+		UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+		Kind:               kind,
+		Message:            upstreamMsg,
+		Detail:             upstreamDetail,
+	})
 	if shouldDisable {
 		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 	}
@@ -761,7 +927,10 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *ht
 		},
 	})
 
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	if upstreamMsg == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d message=%s", resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg)
 }
 
 // openaiStreamingResult streaming response result
@@ -933,6 +1102,10 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, resp
 				continue
 			}
 			log.Printf("Stream data interval timeout: account=%d model=%s interval=%s", account.ID, originalModel, streamInterval)
+			// 处理流超时，可能标记账户为临时不可调度或错误状态
+			if s.rateLimitService != nil {
+				s.rateLimitService.HandleStreamTimeout(ctx, account, originalModel)
+			}
 			sendErrorEvent("stream_timeout")
 			return &openaiStreamingResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, fmt.Errorf("stream data interval timeout")
 
@@ -1016,6 +1189,13 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleNonStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, r
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	if account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth {
+		bodyLooksLikeSSE := bytes.Contains(body, []byte("data:")) || bytes.Contains(body, []byte("event:"))
+		if isEventStreamResponse(resp.Header) || bodyLooksLikeSSE {
+			return s.handleOAuthSSEToJSON(resp, c, body, originalModel, mappedModel)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Parse usage
 	var response struct {
 		Usage struct {
@@ -1055,6 +1235,110 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleNonStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, r
 	return usage, nil
 }
 
+func isEventStreamResponse(header http.Header) bool {
+	contentType := strings.ToLower(header.Get("Content-Type"))
+	return strings.Contains(contentType, "text/event-stream")
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleOAuthSSEToJSON(resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, body []byte, originalModel, mappedModel string) (*OpenAIUsage, error) {
+	bodyText := string(body)
+	finalResponse, ok := extractCodexFinalResponse(bodyText)
+
+	usage := &OpenAIUsage{}
+	if ok {
+		var response struct {
+			Usage struct {
+				InputTokens       int `json:"input_tokens"`
+				OutputTokens      int `json:"output_tokens"`
+				InputTokenDetails struct {
+					CachedTokens int `json:"cached_tokens"`
+				} `json:"input_tokens_details"`
+			} `json:"usage"`
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(finalResponse, &response); err == nil {
+			usage.InputTokens = response.Usage.InputTokens
+			usage.OutputTokens = response.Usage.OutputTokens
+			usage.CacheReadInputTokens = response.Usage.InputTokenDetails.CachedTokens
+		}
+		body = finalResponse
+		if originalModel != mappedModel {
+			body = s.replaceModelInResponseBody(body, mappedModel, originalModel)
+		}
+	} else {
+		usage = s.parseSSEUsageFromBody(bodyText)
+		if originalModel != mappedModel {
+			bodyText = s.replaceModelInSSEBody(bodyText, mappedModel, originalModel)
+		}
+		body = []byte(bodyText)
+	}
+
+	responseheaders.WriteFilteredHeaders(c.Writer.Header(), resp.Header, s.cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders)
+
+	contentType := "application/json; charset=utf-8"
+	if !ok {
+		contentType = resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")
+		if contentType == "" {
+			contentType = "text/event-stream"
+		}
+	}
+	c.Data(resp.StatusCode, contentType, body)
+
+	return usage, nil
+}
+
+func extractCodexFinalResponse(body string) ([]byte, bool) {
+	lines := strings.Split(body, "\n")
+	for _, line := range lines {
+		if !openaiSSEDataRe.MatchString(line) {
+			continue
+		}
+		data := openaiSSEDataRe.ReplaceAllString(line, "")
+		if data == "" || data == "[DONE]" {
+			continue
+		}
+		var event struct {
+			Type     string          `json:"type"`
+			Response json.RawMessage `json:"response"`
+		}
+		if json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &event) != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if event.Type == "response.done" || event.Type == "response.completed" {
+			if len(event.Response) > 0 {
+				return event.Response, true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) parseSSEUsageFromBody(body string) *OpenAIUsage {
+	usage := &OpenAIUsage{}
+	lines := strings.Split(body, "\n")
+	for _, line := range lines {
+		if !openaiSSEDataRe.MatchString(line) {
+			continue
+		}
+		data := openaiSSEDataRe.ReplaceAllString(line, "")
+		if data == "" || data == "[DONE]" {
+			continue
+		}
+		s.parseSSEUsage(data, usage)
+	}
+	return usage
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) replaceModelInSSEBody(body, fromModel, toModel string) string {
+	lines := strings.Split(body, "\n")
+	for i, line := range lines {
+		if !openaiSSEDataRe.MatchString(line) {
+			continue
+		}
+		lines[i] = s.replaceModelInSSELine(line, fromModel, toModel)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(lines, "\n")
+}
+
 func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) validateUpstreamBaseURL(raw string) (string, error) {
 	if s.cfg != nil && !s.cfg.Security.URLAllowlist.Enabled {
 		normalized, err := urlvalidator.ValidateURLFormat(raw, s.cfg.Security.URLAllowlist.AllowInsecureHTTP)
@@ -1094,101 +1378,6 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) replaceModelInResponseBody(body []byte, fromModel
 	return newBody
 }
 
-// normalizeInputForCodexAPI converts AI SDK multi-part content format to simplified format
-// that the ChatGPT internal Codex API expects.
-//
-// AI SDK sends content as an array of typed objects:
-//
-//	{"content": [{"type": "input_text", "text": "hello"}]}
-//
-// ChatGPT Codex API expects content as a simple string:
-//
-//	{"content": "hello"}
-//
-// This function modifies reqBody in-place and returns true if any modification was made.
-func normalizeInputForCodexAPI(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
-	input, ok := reqBody["input"]
-	if !ok {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// Handle case where input is a simple string (already compatible)
-	if _, isString := input.(string); isString {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// Handle case where input is an array of messages
-	inputArray, ok := input.([]any)
-	if !ok {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	modified := false
-	for _, item := range inputArray {
-		message, ok := item.(map[string]any)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		content, ok := message["content"]
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// If content is already a string, no conversion needed
-		if _, isString := content.(string); isString {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// If content is an array (AI SDK format), convert to string
-		contentArray, ok := content.([]any)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Extract text from content array
-		var textParts []string
-		for _, part := range contentArray {
-			partMap, ok := part.(map[string]any)
-			if !ok {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// Handle different content types
-			partType, _ := partMap["type"].(string)
-			switch partType {
-			case "input_text", "text":
-				// Extract text from input_text or text type
-				if text, ok := partMap["text"].(string); ok {
-					textParts = append(textParts, text)
-				}
-			case "input_image", "image":
-				// For images, we need to preserve the original format
-				// as ChatGPT Codex API may support images in a different way
-				// For now, skip image parts (they will be lost in conversion)
-				// TODO: Consider preserving image data or handling it separately
-				continue
-			case "input_file", "file":
-				// Similar to images, file inputs may need special handling
-				continue
-			default:
-				// For unknown types, try to extract text if available
-				if text, ok := partMap["text"].(string); ok {
-					textParts = append(textParts, text)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Convert content array to string
-		if len(textParts) > 0 {
-			message["content"] = strings.Join(textParts, "\n")
-			modified = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	return modified
-}
-
 // OpenAIRecordUsageInput input for recording usage
 type OpenAIRecordUsageInput struct {
 	Result       *OpenAIForwardResult

backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service_test.go

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func TestOpenAIInvalidBaseURLWhenAllowlistDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 		Credentials: map[string]any{"base_url": "://invalid-url"},
 	}
 
-	_, err := svc.buildUpstreamRequest(c.Request.Context(), c, account, []byte("{}"), "token", false)
+	_, err := svc.buildUpstreamRequest(c.Request.Context(), c, account, []byte("{}"), "token", false, "", false)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected error for invalid base_url when allowlist disabled")
 	}

backend/internal/service/openai_tool_continuation.go

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+package service
+
+import "strings"
+
+// NeedsToolContinuation 判定请求是否需要工具调用续链处理。
+// 满足以下任一信号即视为续链：previous_response_id、input 内包含 function_call_output/item_reference、
+// 或显式声明 tools/tool_choice。
+func NeedsToolContinuation(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	if reqBody == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if hasNonEmptyString(reqBody["previous_response_id"]) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if hasToolsSignal(reqBody) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if hasToolChoiceSignal(reqBody) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if inputHasType(reqBody, "function_call_output") {
+		return true
+	}
+	if inputHasType(reqBody, "item_reference") {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// HasFunctionCallOutput 判断 input 是否包含 function_call_output，用于触发续链校验。
+func HasFunctionCallOutput(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	if reqBody == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return inputHasType(reqBody, "function_call_output")
+}
+
+// HasToolCallContext 判断 input 是否包含带 call_id 的 tool_call/function_call，
+// 用于判断 function_call_output 是否具备可关联的上下文。
+func HasToolCallContext(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	if reqBody == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, item := range input {
+		itemMap, ok := item.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		itemType, _ := itemMap["type"].(string)
+		if itemType != "tool_call" && itemType != "function_call" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if callID, ok := itemMap["call_id"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(callID) != "" {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// FunctionCallOutputCallIDs 提取 input 中 function_call_output 的 call_id 集合。
+// 仅返回非空 call_id，用于与 item_reference.id 做匹配校验。
+func FunctionCallOutputCallIDs(reqBody map[string]any) []string {
+	if reqBody == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ids := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, item := range input {
+		itemMap, ok := item.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		itemType, _ := itemMap["type"].(string)
+		if itemType != "function_call_output" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if callID, ok := itemMap["call_id"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(callID) != "" {
+			ids[callID] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result := make([]string, 0, len(ids))
+	for id := range ids {
+		result = append(result, id)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// HasFunctionCallOutputMissingCallID 判断是否存在缺少 call_id 的 function_call_output。
+func HasFunctionCallOutputMissingCallID(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	if reqBody == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, item := range input {
+		itemMap, ok := item.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		itemType, _ := itemMap["type"].(string)
+		if itemType != "function_call_output" {
+			continue
+		}
+		callID, _ := itemMap["call_id"].(string)
+		if strings.TrimSpace(callID) == "" {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// HasItemReferenceForCallIDs 判断 item_reference.id 是否覆盖所有 call_id。
+// 用于仅依赖引用项完成续链场景的校验。
+func HasItemReferenceForCallIDs(reqBody map[string]any, callIDs []string) bool {
+	if reqBody == nil || len(callIDs) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	referenceIDs := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, item := range input {
+		itemMap, ok := item.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		itemType, _ := itemMap["type"].(string)
+		if itemType != "item_reference" {
+			continue
+		}
+		idValue, _ := itemMap["id"].(string)
+		idValue = strings.TrimSpace(idValue)
+		if idValue == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		referenceIDs[idValue] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	if len(referenceIDs) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, callID := range callIDs {
+		if _, ok := referenceIDs[callID]; !ok {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// inputHasType 判断 input 中是否存在指定类型的 item。
+func inputHasType(reqBody map[string]any, want string) bool {
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, item := range input {
+		itemMap, ok := item.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		itemType, _ := itemMap["type"].(string)
+		if itemType == want {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// hasNonEmptyString 判断字段是否为非空字符串。
+func hasNonEmptyString(value any) bool {
+	stringValue, ok := value.(string)
+	return ok && strings.TrimSpace(stringValue) != ""
+}
+
+// hasToolsSignal 判断 tools 字段是否显式声明（存在且不为空）。
+func hasToolsSignal(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	raw, exists := reqBody["tools"]
+	if !exists || raw == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if tools, ok := raw.([]any); ok {
+		return len(tools) > 0
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// hasToolChoiceSignal 判断 tool_choice 是否显式声明（非空或非 nil）。
+func hasToolChoiceSignal(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	raw, exists := reqBody["tool_choice"]
+	if !exists || raw == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	switch value := raw.(type) {
+	case string:
+		return strings.TrimSpace(value) != ""
+	case map[string]any:
+		return len(value) > 0
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/openai_tool_continuation_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestNeedsToolContinuationSignals(t *testing.T) {
+	// 覆盖所有触发续链的信号来源，确保判定逻辑完整。
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		body map[string]any
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{name: "nil", body: nil, want: false},
+		{name: "previous_response_id", body: map[string]any{"previous_response_id": "resp_1"}, want: true},
+		{name: "previous_response_id_blank", body: map[string]any{"previous_response_id": "  "}, want: false},
+		{name: "function_call_output", body: map[string]any{"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output"}}}, want: true},
+		{name: "item_reference", body: map[string]any{"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "item_reference"}}}, want: true},
+		{name: "tools", body: map[string]any{"tools": []any{map[string]any{"type": "function"}}}, want: true},
+		{name: "tools_empty", body: map[string]any{"tools": []any{}}, want: false},
+		{name: "tools_invalid", body: map[string]any{"tools": "bad"}, want: false},
+		{name: "tool_choice", body: map[string]any{"tool_choice": "auto"}, want: true},
+		{name: "tool_choice_object", body: map[string]any{"tool_choice": map[string]any{"type": "function"}}, want: true},
+		{name: "tool_choice_empty_object", body: map[string]any{"tool_choice": map[string]any{}}, want: false},
+		{name: "none", body: map[string]any{"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "text", "text": "hi"}}}, want: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require.Equal(t, tt.want, NeedsToolContinuation(tt.body))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHasFunctionCallOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	// 仅当 input 中存在 function_call_output 才视为续链输出。
+	require.False(t, HasFunctionCallOutput(nil))
+	require.True(t, HasFunctionCallOutput(map[string]any{
+		"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output"}},
+	}))
+	require.False(t, HasFunctionCallOutput(map[string]any{
+		"input": "text",
+	}))
+}
+
+func TestHasToolCallContext(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_call/function_call 必须包含 call_id，才能作为可关联上下文。
+	require.False(t, HasToolCallContext(nil))
+	require.True(t, HasToolCallContext(map[string]any{
+		"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "tool_call", "call_id": "call_1"}},
+	}))
+	require.True(t, HasToolCallContext(map[string]any{
+		"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "function_call", "call_id": "call_2"}},
+	}))
+	require.False(t, HasToolCallContext(map[string]any{
+		"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "tool_call"}},
+	}))
+}
+
+func TestFunctionCallOutputCallIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	// 仅提取非空 call_id，去重后返回。
+	require.Empty(t, FunctionCallOutputCallIDs(nil))
+	callIDs := FunctionCallOutputCallIDs(map[string]any{
+		"input": []any{
+			map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": "call_1"},
+			map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": ""},
+			map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": "call_1"},
+		},
+	})
+	require.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"call_1"}, callIDs)
+}
+
+func TestHasFunctionCallOutputMissingCallID(t *testing.T) {
+	require.False(t, HasFunctionCallOutputMissingCallID(nil))
+	require.True(t, HasFunctionCallOutputMissingCallID(map[string]any{
+		"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output"}},
+	}))
+	require.False(t, HasFunctionCallOutputMissingCallID(map[string]any{
+		"input": []any{map[string]any{"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": "call_1"}},
+	}))
+}
+
+func TestHasItemReferenceForCallIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	// item_reference 需要覆盖所有 call_id 才视为可关联上下文。
+	require.False(t, HasItemReferenceForCallIDs(nil, []string{"call_1"}))
+	require.False(t, HasItemReferenceForCallIDs(map[string]any{}, []string{"call_1"}))
+	req := map[string]any{
+		"input": []any{
+			map[string]any{"type": "item_reference", "id": "call_1"},
+			map[string]any{"type": "item_reference", "id": "call_2"},
+		},
+	}
+	require.True(t, HasItemReferenceForCallIDs(req, []string{"call_1"}))
+	require.True(t, HasItemReferenceForCallIDs(req, []string{"call_1", "call_2"}))
+	require.False(t, HasItemReferenceForCallIDs(req, []string{"call_1", "call_3"}))
+}

backend/internal/service/ops_account_availability.go

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// GetAccountAvailabilityStats returns current account availability stats.
+//
+// Query-level filtering is intentionally limited to platform/group to match the dashboard scope.
+func (s *OpsService) GetAccountAvailabilityStats(ctx context.Context, platformFilter string, groupIDFilter *int64) (
+	map[string]*PlatformAvailability,
+	map[int64]*GroupAvailability,
+	map[int64]*AccountAvailability,
+	*time.Time,
+	error,
+) {
+	if err := s.RequireMonitoringEnabled(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	accounts, err := s.listAllAccountsForOps(ctx, platformFilter)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	if groupIDFilter != nil && *groupIDFilter > 0 {
+		filtered := make([]Account, 0, len(accounts))
+		for _, acc := range accounts {
+			for _, grp := range acc.Groups {
+				if grp != nil && grp.ID == *groupIDFilter {
+					filtered = append(filtered, acc)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		accounts = filtered
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	collectedAt := now
+
+	platform := make(map[string]*PlatformAvailability)
+	group := make(map[int64]*GroupAvailability)
+	account := make(map[int64]*AccountAvailability)
+
+	for _, acc := range accounts {
+		if acc.ID <= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		isTempUnsched := false
+		if acc.TempUnschedulableUntil != nil && now.Before(*acc.TempUnschedulableUntil) {
+			isTempUnsched = true
+		}
+
+		isRateLimited := acc.RateLimitResetAt != nil && now.Before(*acc.RateLimitResetAt)
+		isOverloaded := acc.OverloadUntil != nil && now.Before(*acc.OverloadUntil)
+		hasError := acc.Status == StatusError
+
+		// Normalize exclusive status flags so the UI doesn't show conflicting badges.
+		if hasError {
+			isRateLimited = false
+			isOverloaded = false
+		}
+
+		isAvailable := acc.Status == StatusActive && acc.Schedulable && !isRateLimited && !isOverloaded && !isTempUnsched
+
+		if acc.Platform != "" {
+			if _, ok := platform[acc.Platform]; !ok {
+				platform[acc.Platform] = &PlatformAvailability{
+					Platform: acc.Platform,
+				}
+			}
+			p := platform[acc.Platform]
+			p.TotalAccounts++
+			if isAvailable {
+				p.AvailableCount++
+			}
+			if isRateLimited {
+				p.RateLimitCount++
+			}
+			if hasError {
+				p.ErrorCount++
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, grp := range acc.Groups {
+			if grp == nil || grp.ID <= 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, ok := group[grp.ID]; !ok {
+				group[grp.ID] = &GroupAvailability{
+					GroupID:   grp.ID,
+					GroupName: grp.Name,
+					Platform:  grp.Platform,
+				}
+			}
+			g := group[grp.ID]
+			g.TotalAccounts++
+			if isAvailable {
+				g.AvailableCount++
+			}
+			if isRateLimited {
+				g.RateLimitCount++
+			}
+			if hasError {
+				g.ErrorCount++
+			}
+		}
+
+		displayGroupID := int64(0)
+		displayGroupName := ""
+		if len(acc.Groups) > 0 && acc.Groups[0] != nil {
+			displayGroupID = acc.Groups[0].ID
+			displayGroupName = acc.Groups[0].Name
+		}
+
+		item := &AccountAvailability{
+			AccountID:   acc.ID,
+			AccountName: acc.Name,
+			Platform:    acc.Platform,
+			GroupID:     displayGroupID,
+			GroupName:   displayGroupName,
+			Status:      acc.Status,
+
+			IsAvailable:   isAvailable,
+			IsRateLimited: isRateLimited,
+			IsOverloaded:  isOverloaded,
+			HasError:      hasError,
+
+			ErrorMessage: acc.ErrorMessage,
+		}
+
+		if isRateLimited && acc.RateLimitResetAt != nil {
+			item.RateLimitResetAt = acc.RateLimitResetAt
+			remainingSec := int64(time.Until(*acc.RateLimitResetAt).Seconds())
+			if remainingSec > 0 {
+				item.RateLimitRemainingSec = &remainingSec
+			}
+		}
+		if isOverloaded && acc.OverloadUntil != nil {
+			item.OverloadUntil = acc.OverloadUntil
+			remainingSec := int64(time.Until(*acc.OverloadUntil).Seconds())
+			if remainingSec > 0 {
+				item.OverloadRemainingSec = &remainingSec
+			}
+		}
+		if isTempUnsched && acc.TempUnschedulableUntil != nil {
+			item.TempUnschedulableUntil = acc.TempUnschedulableUntil
+		}
+
+		account[acc.ID] = item
+	}
+
+	return platform, group, account, &collectedAt, nil
+}
+
+type OpsAccountAvailability struct {
+	Group       *GroupAvailability
+	Accounts    map[int64]*AccountAvailability
+	CollectedAt *time.Time
+}
+
+func (s *OpsService) GetAccountAvailability(ctx context.Context, platformFilter string, groupIDFilter *int64) (*OpsAccountAvailability, error) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("ops service is nil")
+	}
+
+	if s.getAccountAvailability != nil {
+		return s.getAccountAvailability(ctx, platformFilter, groupIDFilter)
+	}
+
+	_, groupStats, accountStats, collectedAt, err := s.GetAccountAvailabilityStats(ctx, platformFilter, groupIDFilter)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var group *GroupAvailability
+	if groupIDFilter != nil && *groupIDFilter > 0 {
+		group = groupStats[*groupIDFilter]
+	}
+
+	if accountStats == nil {
+		accountStats = map[int64]*AccountAvailability{}
+	}
+
+	return &OpsAccountAvailability{
+		Group:       group,
+		Accounts:    accountStats,
+		CollectedAt: collectedAt,
+	}, nil
+}

backend/internal/service/ops_advisory_lock.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"hash/fnv"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func hashAdvisoryLockID(key string) int64 {
+	h := fnv.New64a()
+	_, _ = h.Write([]byte(key))
+	return int64(h.Sum64())
+}
+
+func tryAcquireDBAdvisoryLock(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, lockID int64) (func(), bool) {
+	if db == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	conn, err := db.Conn(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	acquired := false
+	if err := conn.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT pg_try_advisory_lock($1)", lockID).Scan(&acquired); err != nil {
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	if !acquired {
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	release := func() {
+		unlockCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		_, _ = conn.ExecContext(unlockCtx, "SELECT pg_advisory_unlock($1)", lockID)
+		_ = conn.Close()
+	}
+	return release, true
+}

backend/internal/service/ops_aggregation_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	opsAggHourlyJobName = "ops_preaggregation_hourly"
+	opsAggDailyJobName  = "ops_preaggregation_daily"
+
+	opsAggHourlyInterval = 10 * time.Minute
+	opsAggDailyInterval  = 1 * time.Hour
+
+	// Keep in sync with ops retention target (vNext default 30d).
+	opsAggBackfillWindow = 30 * 24 * time.Hour
+
+	// Recompute overlap to absorb late-arriving rows near boundaries.
+	opsAggHourlyOverlap = 2 * time.Hour
+	opsAggDailyOverlap  = 48 * time.Hour
+
+	opsAggHourlyChunk = 24 * time.Hour
+	opsAggDailyChunk  = 7 * 24 * time.Hour
+
+	// Delay around boundaries (e.g. 10:00..10:05) to avoid aggregating buckets
+	// that may still receive late inserts.
+	opsAggSafeDelay = 5 * time.Minute
+
+	opsAggMaxQueryTimeout = 3 * time.Second
+	opsAggHourlyTimeout   = 5 * time.Minute
+	opsAggDailyTimeout    = 2 * time.Minute
+
+	opsAggHourlyLeaderLockKey = "ops:aggregation:hourly:leader"
+	opsAggDailyLeaderLockKey  = "ops:aggregation:daily:leader"
+
+	opsAggHourlyLeaderLockTTL = 15 * time.Minute
+	opsAggDailyLeaderLockTTL  = 10 * time.Minute
+)
+
+// OpsAggregationService periodically backfills ops_metrics_hourly / ops_metrics_daily
+// for stable long-window dashboard queries.
+//
+// It is safe to run in multi-replica deployments when Redis is available (leader lock).
+type OpsAggregationService struct {
+	opsRepo     OpsRepository
+	settingRepo SettingRepository
+	cfg         *config.Config
+
+	db          *sql.DB
+	redisClient *redis.Client
+	instanceID  string
+
+	stopCh    chan struct{}
+	startOnce sync.Once
+	stopOnce  sync.Once
+
+	hourlyMu sync.Mutex
+	dailyMu  sync.Mutex
+
+	skipLogMu sync.Mutex
+	skipLogAt time.Time
+}
+
+func NewOpsAggregationService(
+	opsRepo OpsRepository,
+	settingRepo SettingRepository,
+	db *sql.DB,
+	redisClient *redis.Client,
+	cfg *config.Config,
+) *OpsAggregationService {
+	return &OpsAggregationService{
+		opsRepo:     opsRepo,
+		settingRepo: settingRepo,
+		cfg:         cfg,
+		db:          db,
+		redisClient: redisClient,
+		instanceID:  uuid.NewString(),
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) Start() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.startOnce.Do(func() {
+		if s.stopCh == nil {
+			s.stopCh = make(chan struct{})
+		}
+		go s.hourlyLoop()
+		go s.dailyLoop()
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) Stop() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.stopOnce.Do(func() {
+		if s.stopCh != nil {
+			close(s.stopCh)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) hourlyLoop() {
+	// First run immediately.
+	s.aggregateHourly()
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(opsAggHourlyInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			s.aggregateHourly()
+		case <-s.stopCh:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) dailyLoop() {
+	// First run immediately.
+	s.aggregateDaily()
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(opsAggDailyInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			s.aggregateDaily()
+		case <-s.stopCh:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) aggregateHourly() {
+	if s == nil || s.opsRepo == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.cfg != nil {
+		if !s.cfg.Ops.Enabled {
+			return
+		}
+		if !s.cfg.Ops.Aggregation.Enabled {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), opsAggHourlyTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if !s.isMonitoringEnabled(ctx) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	release, ok := s.tryAcquireLeaderLock(ctx, opsAggHourlyLeaderLockKey, opsAggHourlyLeaderLockTTL, "[OpsAggregation][hourly]")
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	if release != nil {
+		defer release()
+	}
+
+	s.hourlyMu.Lock()
+	defer s.hourlyMu.Unlock()
+
+	startedAt := time.Now().UTC()
+	runAt := startedAt
+
+	// Aggregate stable full hours only.
+	end := utcFloorToHour(time.Now().UTC().Add(-opsAggSafeDelay))
+	start := end.Add(-opsAggBackfillWindow)
+
+	// Resume from the latest bucket with overlap.
+	{
+		ctxMax, cancelMax := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), opsAggMaxQueryTimeout)
+		latest, ok, err := s.opsRepo.GetLatestHourlyBucketStart(ctxMax)
+		cancelMax()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[OpsAggregation][hourly] failed to read latest bucket: %v", err)
+		} else if ok {
+			candidate := latest.Add(-opsAggHourlyOverlap)
+			if candidate.After(start) {
+				start = candidate
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	start = utcFloorToHour(start)
+	if !start.Before(end) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var aggErr error
+	for cursor := start; cursor.Before(end); cursor = cursor.Add(opsAggHourlyChunk) {
+		chunkEnd := minTime(cursor.Add(opsAggHourlyChunk), end)
+		if err := s.opsRepo.UpsertHourlyMetrics(ctx, cursor, chunkEnd); err != nil {
+			aggErr = err
+			log.Printf("[OpsAggregation][hourly] upsert failed (%s..%s): %v", cursor.Format(time.RFC3339), chunkEnd.Format(time.RFC3339), err)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	finishedAt := time.Now().UTC()
+	durationMs := finishedAt.Sub(startedAt).Milliseconds()
+	dur := durationMs
+
+	if aggErr != nil {
+		msg := truncateString(aggErr.Error(), 2048)
+		errAt := finishedAt
+		hbCtx, hbCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+		defer hbCancel()
+		_ = s.opsRepo.UpsertJobHeartbeat(hbCtx, &OpsUpsertJobHeartbeatInput{
+			JobName:        opsAggHourlyJobName,
+			LastRunAt:      &runAt,
+			LastErrorAt:    &errAt,
+			LastError:      &msg,
+			LastDurationMs: &dur,
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	successAt := finishedAt
+	hbCtx, hbCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+	defer hbCancel()
+	_ = s.opsRepo.UpsertJobHeartbeat(hbCtx, &OpsUpsertJobHeartbeatInput{
+		JobName:        opsAggHourlyJobName,
+		LastRunAt:      &runAt,
+		LastSuccessAt:  &successAt,
+		LastDurationMs: &dur,
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) aggregateDaily() {
+	if s == nil || s.opsRepo == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.cfg != nil {
+		if !s.cfg.Ops.Enabled {
+			return
+		}
+		if !s.cfg.Ops.Aggregation.Enabled {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), opsAggDailyTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if !s.isMonitoringEnabled(ctx) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	release, ok := s.tryAcquireLeaderLock(ctx, opsAggDailyLeaderLockKey, opsAggDailyLeaderLockTTL, "[OpsAggregation][daily]")
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	if release != nil {
+		defer release()
+	}
+
+	s.dailyMu.Lock()
+	defer s.dailyMu.Unlock()
+
+	startedAt := time.Now().UTC()
+	runAt := startedAt
+
+	end := utcFloorToDay(time.Now().UTC())
+	start := end.Add(-opsAggBackfillWindow)
+
+	{
+		ctxMax, cancelMax := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), opsAggMaxQueryTimeout)
+		latest, ok, err := s.opsRepo.GetLatestDailyBucketDate(ctxMax)
+		cancelMax()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[OpsAggregation][daily] failed to read latest bucket: %v", err)
+		} else if ok {
+			candidate := latest.Add(-opsAggDailyOverlap)
+			if candidate.After(start) {
+				start = candidate
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	start = utcFloorToDay(start)
+	if !start.Before(end) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var aggErr error
+	for cursor := start; cursor.Before(end); cursor = cursor.Add(opsAggDailyChunk) {
+		chunkEnd := minTime(cursor.Add(opsAggDailyChunk), end)
+		if err := s.opsRepo.UpsertDailyMetrics(ctx, cursor, chunkEnd); err != nil {
+			aggErr = err
+			log.Printf("[OpsAggregation][daily] upsert failed (%s..%s): %v", cursor.Format("2006-01-02"), chunkEnd.Format("2006-01-02"), err)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	finishedAt := time.Now().UTC()
+	durationMs := finishedAt.Sub(startedAt).Milliseconds()
+	dur := durationMs
+
+	if aggErr != nil {
+		msg := truncateString(aggErr.Error(), 2048)
+		errAt := finishedAt
+		hbCtx, hbCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+		defer hbCancel()
+		_ = s.opsRepo.UpsertJobHeartbeat(hbCtx, &OpsUpsertJobHeartbeatInput{
+			JobName:        opsAggDailyJobName,
+			LastRunAt:      &runAt,
+			LastErrorAt:    &errAt,
+			LastError:      &msg,
+			LastDurationMs: &dur,
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	successAt := finishedAt
+	hbCtx, hbCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+	defer hbCancel()
+	_ = s.opsRepo.UpsertJobHeartbeat(hbCtx, &OpsUpsertJobHeartbeatInput{
+		JobName:        opsAggDailyJobName,
+		LastRunAt:      &runAt,
+		LastSuccessAt:  &successAt,
+		LastDurationMs: &dur,
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) isMonitoringEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if s.cfg != nil && !s.cfg.Ops.Enabled {
+		return false
+	}
+	if s.settingRepo == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	value, err := s.settingRepo.GetValue(ctx, SettingKeyOpsMonitoringEnabled)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrSettingNotFound) {
+			return true
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(value)) {
+	case "false", "0", "off", "disabled":
+		return false
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+var opsAggReleaseScript = redis.NewScript(`
+if redis.call("GET", KEYS[1]) == ARGV[1] then
+  return redis.call("DEL", KEYS[1])
+end
+return 0
+`)
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) tryAcquireLeaderLock(ctx context.Context, key string, ttl time.Duration, logPrefix string) (func(), bool) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	// Prefer Redis leader lock when available (multi-instance), but avoid stampeding
+	// the DB when Redis is flaky by falling back to a DB advisory lock.
+	if s.redisClient != nil {
+		ok, err := s.redisClient.SetNX(ctx, key, s.instanceID, ttl).Result()
+		if err == nil {
+			if !ok {
+				s.maybeLogSkip(logPrefix)
+				return nil, false
+			}
+			release := func() {
+				ctx2, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+				defer cancel()
+				_, _ = opsAggReleaseScript.Run(ctx2, s.redisClient, []string{key}, s.instanceID).Result()
+			}
+			return release, true
+		}
+		// Redis error: fall through to DB advisory lock.
+	}
+
+	release, ok := tryAcquireDBAdvisoryLock(ctx, s.db, hashAdvisoryLockID(key))
+	if !ok {
+		s.maybeLogSkip(logPrefix)
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return release, true
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAggregationService) maybeLogSkip(prefix string) {
+	s.skipLogMu.Lock()
+	defer s.skipLogMu.Unlock()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	if !s.skipLogAt.IsZero() && now.Sub(s.skipLogAt) < time.Minute {
+		return
+	}
+	s.skipLogAt = now
+	if prefix == "" {
+		prefix = "[OpsAggregation]"
+	}
+	log.Printf("%s leader lock held by another instance; skipping", prefix)
+}
+
+func utcFloorToHour(t time.Time) time.Time {
+	return t.UTC().Truncate(time.Hour)
+}
+
+func utcFloorToDay(t time.Time) time.Time {
+	u := t.UTC()
+	y, m, d := u.Date()
+	return time.Date(y, m, d, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+}
+
+func minTime(a, b time.Time) time.Time {
+	if a.Before(b) {
+		return a
+	}
+	return b
+}

backend/internal/service/ops_alert_evaluator_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,913 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	opsAlertEvaluatorJobName = "ops_alert_evaluator"
+
+	opsAlertEvaluatorTimeout         = 45 * time.Second
+	opsAlertEvaluatorLeaderLockKey   = "ops:alert:evaluator:leader"
+	opsAlertEvaluatorLeaderLockTTL   = 90 * time.Second
+	opsAlertEvaluatorSkipLogInterval = 1 * time.Minute
+)
+
+var opsAlertEvaluatorReleaseScript = redis.NewScript(`
+if redis.call("GET", KEYS[1]) == ARGV[1] then
+  return redis.call("DEL", KEYS[1])
+end
+return 0
+`)
+
+type OpsAlertEvaluatorService struct {
+	opsService   *OpsService
+	opsRepo      OpsRepository
+	emailService *EmailService
+
+	redisClient *redis.Client
+	cfg         *config.Config
+	instanceID  string
+
+	stopCh    chan struct{}
+	startOnce sync.Once
+	stopOnce  sync.Once
+	wg        sync.WaitGroup
+
+	mu         sync.Mutex
+	ruleStates map[int64]*opsAlertRuleState
+
+	emailLimiter *slidingWindowLimiter
+
+	skipLogMu sync.Mutex
+	skipLogAt time.Time
+
+	warnNoRedisOnce sync.Once
+}
+
+type opsAlertRuleState struct {
+	LastEvaluatedAt     time.Time
+	ConsecutiveBreaches int
+}
+
+func NewOpsAlertEvaluatorService(
+	opsService *OpsService,
+	opsRepo OpsRepository,
+	emailService *EmailService,
+	redisClient *redis.Client,
+	cfg *config.Config,
+) *OpsAlertEvaluatorService {
+	return &OpsAlertEvaluatorService{
+		opsService:   opsService,
+		opsRepo:      opsRepo,
+		emailService: emailService,
+		redisClient:  redisClient,
+		cfg:          cfg,
+		instanceID:   uuid.NewString(),
+		ruleStates:   map[int64]*opsAlertRuleState{},
+		emailLimiter: newSlidingWindowLimiter(0, time.Hour),
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) Start() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.startOnce.Do(func() {
+		if s.stopCh == nil {
+			s.stopCh = make(chan struct{})
+		}
+		go s.run()
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) Stop() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.stopOnce.Do(func() {
+		if s.stopCh != nil {
+			close(s.stopCh)
+		}
+	})
+	s.wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) run() {
+	s.wg.Add(1)
+	defer s.wg.Done()
+
+	// Start immediately to produce early feedback in ops dashboard.
+	timer := time.NewTimer(0)
+	defer timer.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-timer.C:
+			interval := s.getInterval()
+			s.evaluateOnce(interval)
+			timer.Reset(interval)
+		case <-s.stopCh:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) getInterval() time.Duration {
+	// Default.
+	interval := 60 * time.Second
+
+	if s == nil || s.opsService == nil {
+		return interval
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	cfg, err := s.opsService.GetOpsAlertRuntimeSettings(ctx)
+	if err != nil || cfg == nil {
+		return interval
+	}
+	if cfg.EvaluationIntervalSeconds <= 0 {
+		return interval
+	}
+	if cfg.EvaluationIntervalSeconds < 1 {
+		return interval
+	}
+	if cfg.EvaluationIntervalSeconds > int((24 * time.Hour).Seconds()) {
+		return interval
+	}
+	return time.Duration(cfg.EvaluationIntervalSeconds) * time.Second
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) evaluateOnce(interval time.Duration) {
+	if s == nil || s.opsRepo == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.cfg != nil && !s.cfg.Ops.Enabled {
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), opsAlertEvaluatorTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if s.opsService != nil && !s.opsService.IsMonitoringEnabled(ctx) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	runtimeCfg := defaultOpsAlertRuntimeSettings()
+	if s.opsService != nil {
+		if loaded, err := s.opsService.GetOpsAlertRuntimeSettings(ctx); err == nil && loaded != nil {
+			runtimeCfg = loaded
+		}
+	}
+
+	release, ok := s.tryAcquireLeaderLock(ctx, runtimeCfg.DistributedLock)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	if release != nil {
+		defer release()
+	}
+
+	startedAt := time.Now().UTC()
+	runAt := startedAt
+
+	rules, err := s.opsRepo.ListAlertRules(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.recordHeartbeatError(runAt, time.Since(startedAt), err)
+		log.Printf("[OpsAlertEvaluator] list rules failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	safeEnd := now.Truncate(time.Minute)
+	if safeEnd.IsZero() {
+		safeEnd = now
+	}
+
+	systemMetrics, _ := s.opsRepo.GetLatestSystemMetrics(ctx, 1)
+
+	// Cleanup stale state for removed rules.
+	s.pruneRuleStates(rules)
+
+	for _, rule := range rules {
+		if rule == nil || !rule.Enabled || rule.ID <= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		scopePlatform, scopeGroupID := parseOpsAlertRuleScope(rule.Filters)
+
+		windowMinutes := rule.WindowMinutes
+		if windowMinutes <= 0 {
+			windowMinutes = 1
+		}
+		windowStart := safeEnd.Add(-time.Duration(windowMinutes) * time.Minute)
+		windowEnd := safeEnd
+
+		metricValue, ok := s.computeRuleMetric(ctx, rule, systemMetrics, windowStart, windowEnd, scopePlatform, scopeGroupID)
+		if !ok {
+			s.resetRuleState(rule.ID, now)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		breachedNow := compareMetric(metricValue, rule.Operator, rule.Threshold)
+		required := requiredSustainedBreaches(rule.SustainedMinutes, interval)
+		consecutive := s.updateRuleBreaches(rule.ID, now, interval, breachedNow)
+
+		activeEvent, err := s.opsRepo.GetActiveAlertEvent(ctx, rule.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[OpsAlertEvaluator] get active event failed (rule=%d): %v", rule.ID, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if breachedNow && consecutive >= required {
+			if activeEvent != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			latestEvent, err := s.opsRepo.GetLatestAlertEvent(ctx, rule.ID)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[OpsAlertEvaluator] get latest event failed (rule=%d): %v", rule.ID, err)
+				continue
+			}
+			if latestEvent != nil && rule.CooldownMinutes > 0 {
+				cooldown := time.Duration(rule.CooldownMinutes) * time.Minute
+				if now.Sub(latestEvent.FiredAt) < cooldown {
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+
+			firedEvent := &OpsAlertEvent{
+				RuleID:         rule.ID,
+				Severity:       strings.TrimSpace(rule.Severity),
+				Status:         OpsAlertStatusFiring,
+				Title:          fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", strings.TrimSpace(rule.Severity), strings.TrimSpace(rule.Name)),
+				Description:    buildOpsAlertDescription(rule, metricValue, windowMinutes, scopePlatform, scopeGroupID),
+				MetricValue:    float64Ptr(metricValue),
+				ThresholdValue: float64Ptr(rule.Threshold),
+				Dimensions:     buildOpsAlertDimensions(scopePlatform, scopeGroupID),
+				FiredAt:        now,
+				CreatedAt:      now,
+			}
+
+			created, err := s.opsRepo.CreateAlertEvent(ctx, firedEvent)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[OpsAlertEvaluator] create event failed (rule=%d): %v", rule.ID, err)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if created != nil && created.ID > 0 {
+				s.maybeSendAlertEmail(ctx, runtimeCfg, rule, created)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Not breached: resolve active event if present.
+		if activeEvent != nil {
+			resolvedAt := now
+			if err := s.opsRepo.UpdateAlertEventStatus(ctx, activeEvent.ID, OpsAlertStatusResolved, &resolvedAt); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[OpsAlertEvaluator] resolve event failed (event=%d): %v", activeEvent.ID, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	s.recordHeartbeatSuccess(runAt, time.Since(startedAt))
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) pruneRuleStates(rules []*OpsAlertRule) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	live := map[int64]struct{}{}
+	for _, r := range rules {
+		if r != nil && r.ID > 0 {
+			live[r.ID] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	for id := range s.ruleStates {
+		if _, ok := live[id]; !ok {
+			delete(s.ruleStates, id)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) resetRuleState(ruleID int64, now time.Time) {
+	if ruleID <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	state, ok := s.ruleStates[ruleID]
+	if !ok {
+		state = &opsAlertRuleState{}
+		s.ruleStates[ruleID] = state
+	}
+	state.LastEvaluatedAt = now
+	state.ConsecutiveBreaches = 0
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) updateRuleBreaches(ruleID int64, now time.Time, interval time.Duration, breached bool) int {
+	if ruleID <= 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	state, ok := s.ruleStates[ruleID]
+	if !ok {
+		state = &opsAlertRuleState{}
+		s.ruleStates[ruleID] = state
+	}
+
+	if !state.LastEvaluatedAt.IsZero() && interval > 0 {
+		if now.Sub(state.LastEvaluatedAt) > interval*2 {
+			state.ConsecutiveBreaches = 0
+		}
+	}
+
+	state.LastEvaluatedAt = now
+	if breached {
+		state.ConsecutiveBreaches++
+	} else {
+		state.ConsecutiveBreaches = 0
+	}
+	return state.ConsecutiveBreaches
+}
+
+func requiredSustainedBreaches(sustainedMinutes int, interval time.Duration) int {
+	if sustainedMinutes <= 0 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	if interval <= 0 {
+		return sustainedMinutes
+	}
+	required := int(math.Ceil(float64(sustainedMinutes*60) / interval.Seconds()))
+	if required < 1 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return required
+}
+
+func parseOpsAlertRuleScope(filters map[string]any) (platform string, groupID *int64) {
+	if filters == nil {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	if v, ok := filters["platform"]; ok {
+		if s, ok := v.(string); ok {
+			platform = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+		}
+	}
+	if v, ok := filters["group_id"]; ok {
+		switch t := v.(type) {
+		case float64:
+			if t > 0 {
+				id := int64(t)
+				groupID = &id
+			}
+		case int64:
+			if t > 0 {
+				id := t
+				groupID = &id
+			}
+		case int:
+			if t > 0 {
+				id := int64(t)
+				groupID = &id
+			}
+		case string:
+			n, err := strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(t), 10, 64)
+			if err == nil && n > 0 {
+				groupID = &n
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return platform, groupID
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) computeRuleMetric(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	rule *OpsAlertRule,
+	systemMetrics *OpsSystemMetricsSnapshot,
+	start time.Time,
+	end time.Time,
+	platform string,
+	groupID *int64,
+) (float64, bool) {
+	if rule == nil {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(rule.MetricType) {
+	case "cpu_usage_percent":
+		if systemMetrics != nil && systemMetrics.CPUUsagePercent != nil {
+			return *systemMetrics.CPUUsagePercent, true
+		}
+		return 0, false
+	case "memory_usage_percent":
+		if systemMetrics != nil && systemMetrics.MemoryUsagePercent != nil {
+			return *systemMetrics.MemoryUsagePercent, true
+		}
+		return 0, false
+	case "concurrency_queue_depth":
+		if systemMetrics != nil && systemMetrics.ConcurrencyQueueDepth != nil {
+			return float64(*systemMetrics.ConcurrencyQueueDepth), true
+		}
+		return 0, false
+	case "group_available_accounts":
+		if groupID == nil || *groupID <= 0 {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		if s == nil || s.opsService == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		availability, err := s.opsService.GetAccountAvailability(ctx, platform, groupID)
+		if err != nil || availability == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		if availability.Group == nil {
+			return 0, true
+		}
+		return float64(availability.Group.AvailableCount), true
+	case "group_available_ratio":
+		if groupID == nil || *groupID <= 0 {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		if s == nil || s.opsService == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		availability, err := s.opsService.GetAccountAvailability(ctx, platform, groupID)
+		if err != nil || availability == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		return computeGroupAvailableRatio(availability.Group), true
+	case "account_rate_limited_count":
+		if s == nil || s.opsService == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		availability, err := s.opsService.GetAccountAvailability(ctx, platform, groupID)
+		if err != nil || availability == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		return float64(countAccountsByCondition(availability.Accounts, func(acc *AccountAvailability) bool {
+			return acc.IsRateLimited
+		})), true
+	case "account_error_count":
+		if s == nil || s.opsService == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		availability, err := s.opsService.GetAccountAvailability(ctx, platform, groupID)
+		if err != nil || availability == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		return float64(countAccountsByCondition(availability.Accounts, func(acc *AccountAvailability) bool {
+			return acc.HasError && acc.TempUnschedulableUntil == nil
+		})), true
+	}
+
+	overview, err := s.opsRepo.GetDashboardOverview(ctx, &OpsDashboardFilter{
+		StartTime: start,
+		EndTime:   end,
+		Platform:  platform,
+		GroupID:   groupID,
+		QueryMode: OpsQueryModeRaw,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	if overview == nil {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(rule.MetricType) {
+	case "success_rate":
+		if overview.RequestCountSLA <= 0 {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		return overview.SLA * 100, true
+	case "error_rate":
+		if overview.RequestCountSLA <= 0 {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		return overview.ErrorRate * 100, true
+	case "upstream_error_rate":
+		if overview.RequestCountSLA <= 0 {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		return overview.UpstreamErrorRate * 100, true
+	case "p95_latency_ms":
+		if overview.Duration.P95 == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		return float64(*overview.Duration.P95), true
+	case "p99_latency_ms":
+		if overview.Duration.P99 == nil {
+			return 0, false
+		}
+		return float64(*overview.Duration.P99), true
+	default:
+		return 0, false
+	}
+}
+
+func compareMetric(value float64, operator string, threshold float64) bool {
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(operator) {
+	case ">":
+		return value > threshold
+	case ">=":
+		return value >= threshold
+	case "<":
+		return value < threshold
+	case "<=":
+		return value <= threshold
+	case "==":
+		return value == threshold
+	case "!=":
+		return value != threshold
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func buildOpsAlertDimensions(platform string, groupID *int64) map[string]any {
+	dims := map[string]any{}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(platform) != "" {
+		dims["platform"] = strings.TrimSpace(platform)
+	}
+	if groupID != nil && *groupID > 0 {
+		dims["group_id"] = *groupID
+	}
+	if len(dims) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return dims
+}
+
+func buildOpsAlertDescription(rule *OpsAlertRule, value float64, windowMinutes int, platform string, groupID *int64) string {
+	if rule == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	scope := "overall"
+	if strings.TrimSpace(platform) != "" {
+		scope = fmt.Sprintf("platform=%s", strings.TrimSpace(platform))
+	}
+	if groupID != nil && *groupID > 0 {
+		scope = fmt.Sprintf("%s group_id=%d", scope, *groupID)
+	}
+	if windowMinutes <= 0 {
+		windowMinutes = 1
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %.2f (current %.2f) over last %dm (%s)",
+		strings.TrimSpace(rule.MetricType),
+		strings.TrimSpace(rule.Operator),
+		rule.Threshold,
+		value,
+		windowMinutes,
+		strings.TrimSpace(scope),
+	)
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) maybeSendAlertEmail(ctx context.Context, runtimeCfg *OpsAlertRuntimeSettings, rule *OpsAlertRule, event *OpsAlertEvent) {
+	if s == nil || s.emailService == nil || s.opsService == nil || event == nil || rule == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if event.EmailSent {
+		return
+	}
+	if !rule.NotifyEmail {
+		return
+	}
+
+	emailCfg, err := s.opsService.GetEmailNotificationConfig(ctx)
+	if err != nil || emailCfg == nil || !emailCfg.Alert.Enabled {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(emailCfg.Alert.Recipients) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if !shouldSendOpsAlertEmailByMinSeverity(strings.TrimSpace(emailCfg.Alert.MinSeverity), strings.TrimSpace(rule.Severity)) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if runtimeCfg != nil && runtimeCfg.Silencing.Enabled {
+		if isOpsAlertSilenced(time.Now().UTC(), rule, event, runtimeCfg.Silencing) {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Apply/update rate limiter.
+	s.emailLimiter.SetLimit(emailCfg.Alert.RateLimitPerHour)
+
+	subject := fmt.Sprintf("[Ops Alert][%s] %s", strings.TrimSpace(rule.Severity), strings.TrimSpace(rule.Name))
+	body := buildOpsAlertEmailBody(rule, event)
+
+	anySent := false
+	for _, to := range emailCfg.Alert.Recipients {
+		addr := strings.TrimSpace(to)
+		if addr == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !s.emailLimiter.Allow(time.Now().UTC()) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := s.emailService.SendEmail(ctx, addr, subject, body); err != nil {
+			// Ignore per-recipient failures; continue best-effort.
+			continue
+		}
+		anySent = true
+	}
+
+	if anySent {
+		_ = s.opsRepo.UpdateAlertEventEmailSent(context.Background(), event.ID, true)
+	}
+}
+
+func buildOpsAlertEmailBody(rule *OpsAlertRule, event *OpsAlertEvent) string {
+	if rule == nil || event == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	metric := strings.TrimSpace(rule.MetricType)
+	value := "-"
+	threshold := fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", rule.Threshold)
+	if event.MetricValue != nil {
+		value = fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", *event.MetricValue)
+	}
+	if event.ThresholdValue != nil {
+		threshold = fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", *event.ThresholdValue)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`
+<h2>Ops Alert</h2>
+<p><b>Rule</b>: %s</p>
+<p><b>Severity</b>: %s</p>
+<p><b>Status</b>: %s</p>
+<p><b>Metric</b>: %s %s %s</p>
+<p><b>Fired at</b>: %s</p>
+<p><b>Description</b>: %s</p>
+`,
+		htmlEscape(rule.Name),
+		htmlEscape(rule.Severity),
+		htmlEscape(event.Status),
+		htmlEscape(metric),
+		htmlEscape(rule.Operator),
+		htmlEscape(fmt.Sprintf("%s (threshold %s)", value, threshold)),
+		event.FiredAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
+		htmlEscape(event.Description),
+	)
+}
+
+func shouldSendOpsAlertEmailByMinSeverity(minSeverity string, ruleSeverity string) bool {
+	minSeverity = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(minSeverity))
+	if minSeverity == "" {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	eventLevel := opsEmailSeverityForOps(ruleSeverity)
+	minLevel := strings.ToLower(minSeverity)
+
+	rank := func(level string) int {
+		switch level {
+		case "critical":
+			return 3
+		case "warning":
+			return 2
+		case "info":
+			return 1
+		default:
+			return 0
+		}
+	}
+	return rank(eventLevel) >= rank(minLevel)
+}
+
+func opsEmailSeverityForOps(severity string) string {
+	switch strings.ToUpper(strings.TrimSpace(severity)) {
+	case "P0":
+		return "critical"
+	case "P1":
+		return "warning"
+	default:
+		return "info"
+	}
+}
+
+func isOpsAlertSilenced(now time.Time, rule *OpsAlertRule, event *OpsAlertEvent, silencing OpsAlertSilencingSettings) bool {
+	if !silencing.Enabled {
+		return false
+	}
+	if now.IsZero() {
+		now = time.Now().UTC()
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(silencing.GlobalUntilRFC3339) != "" {
+		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, strings.TrimSpace(silencing.GlobalUntilRFC3339)); err == nil {
+			if now.Before(t) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, entry := range silencing.Entries {
+		untilRaw := strings.TrimSpace(entry.UntilRFC3339)
+		if untilRaw == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		until, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, untilRaw)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if now.After(until) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if entry.RuleID != nil && rule != nil && rule.ID > 0 && *entry.RuleID != rule.ID {
+			continue
+		}
+		if len(entry.Severities) > 0 {
+			match := false
+			for _, s := range entry.Severities {
+				if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(s), strings.TrimSpace(event.Severity)) || strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(s), strings.TrimSpace(rule.Severity)) {
+					match = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !match {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) tryAcquireLeaderLock(ctx context.Context, lock OpsDistributedLockSettings) (func(), bool) {
+	if !lock.Enabled {
+		return nil, true
+	}
+	if s.redisClient == nil {
+		s.warnNoRedisOnce.Do(func() {
+			log.Printf("[OpsAlertEvaluator] redis not configured; running without distributed lock")
+		})
+		return nil, true
+	}
+	key := strings.TrimSpace(lock.Key)
+	if key == "" {
+		key = opsAlertEvaluatorLeaderLockKey
+	}
+	ttl := time.Duration(lock.TTLSeconds) * time.Second
+	if ttl <= 0 {
+		ttl = opsAlertEvaluatorLeaderLockTTL
+	}
+
+	ok, err := s.redisClient.SetNX(ctx, key, s.instanceID, ttl).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		// Prefer fail-closed to avoid duplicate evaluators stampeding the DB when Redis is flaky.
+		// Single-node deployments can disable the distributed lock via runtime settings.
+		s.warnNoRedisOnce.Do(func() {
+			log.Printf("[OpsAlertEvaluator] leader lock SetNX failed; skipping this cycle: %v", err)
+		})
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		s.maybeLogSkip(key)
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return func() {
+		_, _ = opsAlertEvaluatorReleaseScript.Run(ctx, s.redisClient, []string{key}, s.instanceID).Result()
+	}, true
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) maybeLogSkip(key string) {
+	s.skipLogMu.Lock()
+	defer s.skipLogMu.Unlock()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	if !s.skipLogAt.IsZero() && now.Sub(s.skipLogAt) < opsAlertEvaluatorSkipLogInterval {
+		return
+	}
+	s.skipLogAt = now
+	log.Printf("[OpsAlertEvaluator] leader lock held by another instance; skipping (key=%q)", key)
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) recordHeartbeatSuccess(runAt time.Time, duration time.Duration) {
+	if s == nil || s.opsRepo == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	durMs := duration.Milliseconds()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	_ = s.opsRepo.UpsertJobHeartbeat(ctx, &OpsUpsertJobHeartbeatInput{
+		JobName:        opsAlertEvaluatorJobName,
+		LastRunAt:      &runAt,
+		LastSuccessAt:  &now,
+		LastDurationMs: &durMs,
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *OpsAlertEvaluatorService) recordHeartbeatError(runAt time.Time, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+	if s == nil || s.opsRepo == nil || err == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	durMs := duration.Milliseconds()
+	msg := truncateString(err.Error(), 2048)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	_ = s.opsRepo.UpsertJobHeartbeat(ctx, &OpsUpsertJobHeartbeatInput{
+		JobName:        opsAlertEvaluatorJobName,
+		LastRunAt:      &runAt,
+		LastErrorAt:    &now,
+		LastError:      &msg,
+		LastDurationMs: &durMs,
+	})
+}
+
+func htmlEscape(s string) string {
+	replacer := strings.NewReplacer(
+		"&", "&amp;",
+		"<", "&lt;",
+		">", "&gt;",
+		`"`, "&quot;",
+		"'", "&#39;",
+	)
+	return replacer.Replace(s)
+}
+
+type slidingWindowLimiter struct {
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	limit  int
+	window time.Duration
+	sent   []time.Time
+}
+
+func newSlidingWindowLimiter(limit int, window time.Duration) *slidingWindowLimiter {
+	if window <= 0 {
+		window = time.Hour
+	}
+	return &slidingWindowLimiter{
+		limit:  limit,
+		window: window,
+		sent:   []time.Time{},
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *slidingWindowLimiter) SetLimit(limit int) {
+	l.mu.Lock()
+	defer l.mu.Unlock()
+	l.limit = limit
+}
+
+func (l *slidingWindowLimiter) Allow(now time.Time) bool {
+	l.mu.Lock()
+	defer l.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if l.limit <= 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	cutoff := now.Add(-l.window)
+	keep := l.sent[:0]
+	for _, t := range l.sent {
+		if t.After(cutoff) {
+			keep = append(keep, t)
+		}
+	}
+	l.sent = keep
+	if len(l.sent) >= l.limit {
+		return false
+	}
+	l.sent = append(l.sent, now)
+	return true
+}
+
+// computeGroupAvailableRatio returns the available percentage for a group.
+// Formula: (AvailableCount / TotalAccounts) * 100.
+// Returns 0 when TotalAccounts is 0.
+func computeGroupAvailableRatio(group *GroupAvailability) float64 {
+	if group == nil || group.TotalAccounts <= 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return (float64(group.AvailableCount) / float64(group.TotalAccounts)) * 100
+}
+
+// countAccountsByCondition counts accounts that satisfy the given condition.
+func countAccountsByCondition(accounts map[int64]*AccountAvailability, condition func(*AccountAvailability) bool) int64 {
+	if len(accounts) == 0 || condition == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	var count int64
+	for _, account := range accounts {
+		if account != nil && condition(account) {
+			count++
+		}
+	}
+	return count
+}

backend/internal/service/ops_alert_evaluator_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type stubOpsRepo struct {
+	OpsRepository
+	overview *OpsDashboardOverview
+	err      error
+}
+
+func (s *stubOpsRepo) GetDashboardOverview(ctx context.Context, filter *OpsDashboardFilter) (*OpsDashboardOverview, error) {
+	if s.err != nil {
+		return nil, s.err
+	}
+	if s.overview != nil {
+		return s.overview, nil
+	}
+	return &OpsDashboardOverview{}, nil
+}
+
+func TestComputeGroupAvailableRatio(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("正常情况: 10个账号, 8个可用 = 80%", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		got := computeGroupAvailableRatio(&GroupAvailability{
+			TotalAccounts:  10,
+			AvailableCount: 8,
+		})
+		require.InDelta(t, 80.0, got, 0.0001)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("边界情况: TotalAccounts = 0 应返回 0", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		got := computeGroupAvailableRatio(&GroupAvailability{
+			TotalAccounts:  0,
+			AvailableCount: 8,
+		})
+		require.Equal(t, 0.0, got)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("边界情况: AvailableCount = 0 应返回 0%", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		got := computeGroupAvailableRatio(&GroupAvailability{
+			TotalAccounts:  10,
+			AvailableCount: 0,
+		})
+		require.Equal(t, 0.0, got)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCountAccountsByCondition(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("测试限流账号统计: acc.IsRateLimited", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		accounts := map[int64]*AccountAvailability{
+			1: {IsRateLimited: true},
+			2: {IsRateLimited: false},
+			3: {IsRateLimited: true},
+		}
+
+		got := countAccountsByCondition(accounts, func(acc *AccountAvailability) bool {
+			return acc.IsRateLimited
+		})
+		require.Equal(t, int64(2), got)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("测试错误账号统计（排除临时不可调度）: acc.HasError && acc.TempUnschedulableUntil == nil", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		until := time.Now().UTC().Add(5 * time.Minute)
+		accounts := map[int64]*AccountAvailability{
+			1: {HasError: true},
+			2: {HasError: true, TempUnschedulableUntil: &until},
+			3: {HasError: false},
+		}
+
+		got := countAccountsByCondition(accounts, func(acc *AccountAvailability) bool {
+			return acc.HasError && acc.TempUnschedulableUntil == nil
+		})
+		require.Equal(t, int64(1), got)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("边界情况: 空 map 应返回 0", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		got := countAccountsByCondition(map[int64]*AccountAvailability{}, func(acc *AccountAvailability) bool {
+			return acc.IsRateLimited
+		})
+		require.Equal(t, int64(0), got)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestComputeRuleMetricNewIndicators(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	groupID := int64(101)
+	platform := "openai"
+
+	availability := &OpsAccountAvailability{
+		Group: &GroupAvailability{
+			GroupID:        groupID,
+			TotalAccounts:  10,
+			AvailableCount: 8,
+		},
+		Accounts: map[int64]*AccountAvailability{
+			1: {IsRateLimited: true},
+			2: {IsRateLimited: true},
+			3: {HasError: true},
+			4: {HasError: true, TempUnschedulableUntil: timePtr(time.Now().UTC().Add(2 * time.Minute))},
+			5: {HasError: false, IsRateLimited: false},
+		},
+	}
+
+	opsService := &OpsService{
+		getAccountAvailability: func(_ context.Context, _ string, _ *int64) (*OpsAccountAvailability, error) {
+			return availability, nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := &OpsAlertEvaluatorService{
+		opsService: opsService,
+		opsRepo:    &stubOpsRepo{overview: &OpsDashboardOverview{}},
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now().UTC().Add(-5 * time.Minute)
+	end := time.Now().UTC()
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		metricType string
+		groupID    *int64
+		wantValue  float64
+		wantOK     bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "group_available_accounts",
+			metricType: "group_available_accounts",
+			groupID:    &groupID,
+			wantValue:  8,
+			wantOK:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "group_available_ratio",
+			metricType: "group_available_ratio",
+			groupID:    &groupID,
+			wantValue:  80.0,
+			wantOK:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "account_rate_limited_count",
+			metricType: "account_rate_limited_count",
+			groupID:    nil,
+			wantValue:  2,
+			wantOK:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "account_error_count",
+			metricType: "account_error_count",
+			groupID:    nil,
+			wantValue:  1,
+			wantOK:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "group_available_accounts without group_id returns false",
+			metricType: "group_available_accounts",
+			groupID:    nil,
+			wantValue:  0,
+			wantOK:     false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "group_available_ratio without group_id returns false",
+			metricType: "group_available_ratio",
+			groupID:    nil,
+			wantValue:  0,
+			wantOK:     false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			rule := &OpsAlertRule{
+				MetricType: tt.metricType,
+			}
+			gotValue, gotOK := svc.computeRuleMetric(ctx, rule, nil, start, end, platform, tt.groupID)
+			require.Equal(t, tt.wantOK, gotOK)
+			if !tt.wantOK {
+				return
+			}
+			require.InDelta(t, tt.wantValue, gotValue, 0.0001)
+		})
+	}
+}