fix: 修复Claude OAuth token交换时authorization code解析错误

原代码中 `parts` 变量被创建但从未使用，导致 `len(parts) == 0` 永远为 true，使得即使成功从 `code#state` 格式中分割出 authCode，最后也会被覆盖为原始的完整字符串。这导致传递给Claude Token端点的code包含了 `#state` 部分， Claude返回 "Invalid 'code' in request" 错误。
fix: 兼容GLM等API的usage数据解析
2026-04-04 15:32:13 +08:00 · 2025-12-23 19:42:52 +08:00 · 2025-12-23 19:42:52 +08:00 · 2025-12-23 16:29:57 +08:00 · 2025-12-23 16:27:56 +08:00 · 2025-12-23 16:26:07 +08:00
191 changed files with 13773 additions and 3588 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/backend-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/backend-ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+name: CI
+
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version-file: backend/go.mod
+          check-latest: true
+          cache: true
+      - name: Run tests
+        working-directory: backend
+        run: go test ./...
+
+  golangci-lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version-file: backend/go.mod
+          check-latest: true
+          cache: true
+      - name: golangci-lint
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
+        with:
+          version: v2.7
+          args: --timeout=5m
+          working-directory: backend
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -85,11 +85,25 @@ jobs:
          go-version: '1.24'
          cache-dependency-path: backend/go.sum

+      - name: Fetch tags with annotations
+        run: |
+          # 确保获取完整的 annotated tag 信息
+          git fetch --tags --force
+
      - name: Get tag message
        id: tag_message
        run: |
+          TAG_NAME=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}
+          echo "Processing tag: $TAG_NAME"
+
          # 获取完整的 tag message（跳过第一行标题）
-          TAG_MESSAGE=$(git tag -l --format='%(contents:body)' ${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/})
+          TAG_MESSAGE=$(git tag -l --format='%(contents:body)' "$TAG_NAME")
+
+          # 调试输出
+          echo "Tag message length: ${#TAG_MESSAGE}"
+          echo "Tag message preview:"
+          echo "$TAG_MESSAGE" | head -10
+
          # 使用 EOF 分隔符处理多行内容
          echo "message<<EOF" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          echo "$TAG_MESSAGE" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ node_modules/
 frontend/node_modules/
 frontend/dist/
 *.local
+*.tsbuildinfo

 # 日志
 npm-debug.log*
@@ -81,7 +82,12 @@ build/
 release/

 # 后端嵌入的前端构建产物
+# Keep a placeholder file so `//go:embed all:dist` always has a match in CI/lint,
+# while still ignoring generated frontend build outputs.
 backend/internal/web/dist/
+!backend/internal/web/dist/
+backend/internal/web/dist/*
+!backend/internal/web/dist/.keep

 # 后端运行时缓存数据
 backend/data/
@@ -91,4 +97,5 @@ backend/data/
 # ===================
 tests
 CLAUDE.md
-.claude
+.claude
+scripts
--- a/.goreleaser.yaml
+++ b/.goreleaser.yaml
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ builds:
    dir: backend
    main: ./cmd/server
    binary: sub2api
+    flags:
+      - -tags=embed
    env:
      - CGO_ENABLED=0
    goos:
--- a/11
+++ b/11
@@ -40,14 +40,15 @@ WORKDIR /app/backend
 COPY backend/go.mod backend/go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download

-# Copy frontend dist from previous stage
-COPY --from=frontend-builder /app/frontend/../backend/internal/web/dist ./internal/web/dist
-
-# Copy backend source
+# Copy backend source first
 COPY backend/ ./

-# Build the binary (BuildType=release for CI builds)
+# Copy frontend dist from previous stage (must be after backend copy to avoid being overwritten)
+COPY --from=frontend-builder /app/backend/internal/web/dist ./internal/web/dist
+
+# Build the binary (BuildType=release for CI builds, embed frontend)
 RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build \
+    -tags embed \
    -ldflags="-s -w -X main.Commit=${COMMIT} -X main.Date=${DATE:-$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)} -X main.BuildType=release" \
    -o /app/sub2api \
    ./cmd/server
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ English | [中文](README_CN.md)

 ---

+## Demo
+
+Try Sub2API online: **https://v2.pincc.ai/**
+
+| Email | Password |
+|-------|----------|
+| admin@sub2api.com | admin123 |
+
 ## Overview

 Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quotas from AI product subscriptions (like Claude Code $200/month). Users can access upstream AI services through platform-generated API Keys, while the platform handles authentication, billing, load balancing, and request forwarding.
@@ -107,7 +115,7 @@ sudo journalctl -u sub2api -f
 sudo systemctl restart sub2api

 # Uninstall
-curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/main/deploy/install.sh | sudo bash -s uninstall
+curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/main/deploy/install.sh | sudo bash -s -- uninstall -y
 ```

 ---
@@ -208,26 +216,25 @@ Build and run from source code for development or customization.
 git clone https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api.git
 cd sub2api

-# 2. Build backend
-cd backend
-go build -o sub2api ./cmd/server
-
-# 3. Build frontend
-cd ../frontend
+# 2. Build frontend
+cd frontend
 npm install
 npm run build
+# Output will be in ../backend/internal/web/dist/

-# 4. Copy frontend build to backend (for embedding)
-cp -r dist ../backend/internal/web/
-
-# 5. Create configuration file
+# 3. Build backend with embedded frontend
 cd ../backend
+go build -tags embed -o sub2api ./cmd/server
+
+# 4. Create configuration file
 cp ../deploy/config.example.yaml ./config.yaml

-# 6. Edit configuration
+# 5. Edit configuration
 nano config.yaml
 ```

+> **Note:** The `-tags embed` flag embeds the frontend into the binary. Without this flag, the binary will not serve the frontend UI.
+
 **Key configuration in `config.yaml`:**

 ```yaml
@@ -258,7 +265,7 @@ default:
 ```

 ```bash
-# 7. Run the application
+# 6. Run the application
 ./sub2api
 ```

--- a/README_CN.md
+++ b/README_CN.md
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@

 ---

+## 在线体验
+
+体验地址：**https://v2.pincc.ai/**
+
+| 邮箱 | 密码 |
+|------|------|
+| admin@sub2api.com | admin123 |
+
 ## 项目概述

 Sub2API 是一个 AI API 网关平台，用于分发和管理 AI 产品订阅（如 Claude Code $200/月）的 API 配额。用户通过平台生成的 API Key 调用上游 AI 服务，平台负责鉴权、计费、负载均衡和请求转发。
@@ -107,7 +115,7 @@ sudo journalctl -u sub2api -f
 sudo systemctl restart sub2api

 # 卸载
-curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/main/deploy/install.sh | sudo bash -s uninstall
+curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/main/deploy/install.sh | sudo bash -s -- uninstall -y
 ```

 ---
@@ -208,26 +216,25 @@ docker-compose logs -f
 git clone https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api.git
 cd sub2api

-# 2. 编译后端
-cd backend
-go build -o sub2api ./cmd/server
-
-# 3. 编译前端
-cd ../frontend
+# 2. 编译前端
+cd frontend
 npm install
 npm run build
+# 构建产物输出到 ../backend/internal/web/dist/

-# 4. 复制前端构建产物到后端（用于嵌入）
-cp -r dist ../backend/internal/web/
-
-# 5. 创建配置文件
+# 3. 编译后端（嵌入前端）
 cd ../backend
+go build -tags embed -o sub2api ./cmd/server
+
+# 4. 创建配置文件
 cp ../deploy/config.example.yaml ./config.yaml

-# 6. 编辑配置
+# 5. 编辑配置
 nano config.yaml
 ```

+> **注意：** `-tags embed` 参数会将前端嵌入到二进制文件中。不使用此参数编译的程序将不包含前端界面。
+
 **`config.yaml` 关键配置：**

 ```yaml
@@ -258,7 +265,7 @@ default:
 ```

 ```bash
-# 7. 运行应用
+# 6. 运行应用
 ./sub2api
 ```

--- a/backend/.golangci.yml
+++ b/backend/.golangci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+version: "2"
+
+linters:
+  default: none
+  enable:
+    - depguard
+    - errcheck
+    - govet
+    - ineffassign
+    - staticcheck
+    - unused
+
+  settings:
+    depguard:
+      rules:
+        # Enforce: service must not depend on repository.
+        service-no-repository:
+          list-mode: original
+          files:
+            - internal/service/**
+          deny:
+            - pkg: sub2api/internal/repository
+              desc: "service must not import repository"
+    errcheck:
+      # Report about not checking of errors in type assertions: `a := b.(MyStruct)`.
+      # Such cases aren't reported by default.
+      # Default: false
+      check-type-assertions: true
+      # report about assignment of errors to blank identifier: `num, _ := strconv.Atoi(numStr)`.
+      # Such cases aren't reported by default.
+      # Default: false
+      check-blank: false
+      # To disable the errcheck built-in exclude list.
+      # See `-excludeonly` option in https://github.com/kisielk/errcheck#excluding-functions for details.
+      # Default: false
+      disable-default-exclusions: true
+      # List of functions to exclude from checking, where each entry is a single function to exclude.
+      # See https://github.com/kisielk/errcheck#excluding-functions for details.
+      exclude-functions:
+        - io/ioutil.ReadFile
+        - io.Copy(*bytes.Buffer)
+        - io.Copy(os.Stdout)
+        - fmt.Println
+        - fmt.Print
+        - fmt.Printf
+        - fmt.Fprint
+        - fmt.Fprintf
+        - fmt.Fprintln
+      # Display function signature instead of selector.
+      # Default: false
+      verbose: true
+    ineffassign:
+      # Check escaping variables of type error, may cause false positives.
+      # Default: false
+      check-escaping-errors: true
+    staticcheck:
+      # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/configuration/options/#dot_import_whitelist
+      # Default: ["github.com/mmcloughlin/avo/build", "github.com/mmcloughlin/avo/operand", "github.com/mmcloughlin/avo/reg"]
+      dot-import-whitelist:
+        - fmt
+      # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/configuration/options/#initialisms
+      # Default: ["ACL", "API", "ASCII", "CPU", "CSS", "DNS", "EOF", "GUID", "HTML", "HTTP", "HTTPS", "ID", "IP", "JSON", "QPS", "RAM", "RPC", "SLA", "SMTP", "SQL", "SSH", "TCP", "TLS", "TTL", "UDP", "UI", "GID", "UID", "UUID", "URI", "URL", "UTF8", "VM", "XML", "XMPP", "XSRF", "XSS", "SIP", "RTP", "AMQP", "DB", "TS"]
+      initialisms: [ "ACL", "API", "ASCII", "CPU", "CSS", "DNS", "EOF", "GUID", "HTML", "HTTP", "HTTPS", "ID", "IP", "JSON", "QPS", "RAM", "RPC", "SLA", "SMTP", "SQL", "SSH", "TCP", "TLS", "TTL", "UDP", "UI", "GID", "UID", "UUID", "URI", "URL", "UTF8", "VM", "XML", "XMPP", "XSRF", "XSS", "SIP", "RTP", "AMQP", "DB", "TS" ]
+      # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/configuration/options/#http_status_code_whitelist
+      # Default: ["200", "400", "404", "500"]
+      http-status-code-whitelist: [ "200", "400", "404", "500" ]
+      # SAxxxx checks in https://staticcheck.dev/docs/configuration/options/#checks
+      # Example (to disable some checks): [ "all", "-SA1000", "-SA1001"]
+      # Run `GL_DEBUG=staticcheck golangci-lint run --enable=staticcheck` to see all available checks and enabled by config checks.
+      # Default: ["all", "-ST1000", "-ST1003", "-ST1016", "-ST1020", "-ST1021", "-ST1022"]
+      checks:
+        # Invalid regular expression.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1000
+        - SA1000
+        # Invalid template.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1001
+        - SA1001
+        # Invalid format in 'time.Parse'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1002
+        - SA1002
+        # Unsupported argument to functions in 'encoding/binary'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1003
+        - SA1003
+        # Suspiciously small untyped constant in 'time.Sleep'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1004
+        - SA1004
+        # Invalid first argument to 'exec.Command'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1005
+        - SA1005
+        # 'Printf' with dynamic first argument and no further arguments.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1006
+        - SA1006
+        # Invalid URL in 'net/url.Parse'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1007
+        - SA1007
+        # Non-canonical key in 'http.Header' map.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1008
+        - SA1008
+        # '(*regexp.Regexp).FindAll' called with 'n == 0', which will always return zero results.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1010
+        - SA1010
+        # Various methods in the "strings" package expect valid UTF-8, but invalid input is provided.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1011
+        - SA1011
+        # A nil 'context.Context' is being passed to a function, consider using 'context.TODO' instead.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1012
+        - SA1012
+        # 'io.Seeker.Seek' is being called with the whence constant as the first argument, but it should be the second.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1013
+        - SA1013
+        # Non-pointer value passed to 'Unmarshal' or 'Decode'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1014
+        - SA1014
+        # Using 'time.Tick' in a way that will leak. Consider using 'time.NewTicker', and only use 'time.Tick' in tests, commands and endless functions.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1015
+        - SA1015
+        # Trapping a signal that cannot be trapped.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1016
+        - SA1016
+        # Channels used with 'os/signal.Notify' should be buffered.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1017
+        - SA1017
+        # 'strings.Replace' called with 'n == 0', which does nothing.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1018
+        - SA1018
+        # Using a deprecated function, variable, constant or field.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1019
+        - SA1019
+        # Using an invalid host:port pair with a 'net.Listen'-related function.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1020
+        - SA1020
+        # Using 'bytes.Equal' to compare two 'net.IP'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1021
+        - SA1021
+        # Modifying the buffer in an 'io.Writer' implementation.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1023
+        - SA1023
+        # A string cutset contains duplicate characters.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1024
+        - SA1024
+        # It is not possible to use '(*time.Timer).Reset''s return value correctly.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1025
+        - SA1025
+        # Cannot marshal channels or functions.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1026
+        - SA1026
+        # Atomic access to 64-bit variable must be 64-bit aligned.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1027
+        - SA1027
+        # 'sort.Slice' can only be used on slices.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1028
+        - SA1028
+        # Inappropriate key in call to 'context.WithValue'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1029
+        - SA1029
+        # Invalid argument in call to a 'strconv' function.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1030
+        - SA1030
+        # Overlapping byte slices passed to an encoder.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1031
+        - SA1031
+        # Wrong order of arguments to 'errors.Is'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1032
+        - SA1032
+        # 'sync.WaitGroup.Add' called inside the goroutine, leading to a race condition.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA2000
+        - SA2000
+        # Empty critical section, did you mean to defer the unlock?.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA2001
+        - SA2001
+        # Called 'testing.T.FailNow' or 'SkipNow' in a goroutine, which isn't allowed.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA2002
+        - SA2002
+        # Deferred 'Lock' right after locking, likely meant to defer 'Unlock' instead.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA2003
+        - SA2003
+        # 'TestMain' doesn't call 'os.Exit', hiding test failures.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA3000
+        - SA3000
+        # Assigning to 'b.N' in benchmarks distorts the results.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA3001
+        - SA3001
+        # Binary operator has identical expressions on both sides.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4000
+        - SA4000
+        # '&*x' gets simplified to 'x', it does not copy 'x'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4001
+        - SA4001
+        # Comparing unsigned values against negative values is pointless.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4003
+        - SA4003
+        # The loop exits unconditionally after one iteration.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4004
+        - SA4004
+        # Field assignment that will never be observed. Did you mean to use a pointer receiver?.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4005
+        - SA4005
+        # A value assigned to a variable is never read before being overwritten. Forgotten error check or dead code?.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4006
+        - SA4006
+        # The variable in the loop condition never changes, are you incrementing the wrong variable?.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4008
+        - SA4008
+        # A function argument is overwritten before its first use.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4009
+        - SA4009
+        # The result of 'append' will never be observed anywhere.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4010
+        - SA4010
+        # Break statement with no effect. Did you mean to break out of an outer loop?.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4011
+        - SA4011
+        # Comparing a value against NaN even though no value is equal to NaN.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4012
+        - SA4012
+        # Negating a boolean twice ('!!b') is the same as writing 'b'. This is either redundant, or a typo.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4013
+        - SA4013
+        # An if/else if chain has repeated conditions and no side-effects; if the condition didn't match the first time, it won't match the second time, either.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4014
+        - SA4014
+        # Calling functions like 'math.Ceil' on floats converted from integers doesn't do anything useful.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4015
+        - SA4015
+        # Certain bitwise operations, such as 'x ^ 0', do not do anything useful.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4016
+        - SA4016
+        # Discarding the return values of a function without side effects, making the call pointless.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4017
+        - SA4017
+        # Self-assignment of variables.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4018
+        - SA4018
+        # Multiple, identical build constraints in the same file.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4019
+        - SA4019
+        # Unreachable case clause in a type switch.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4020
+        - SA4020
+        # "x = append(y)" is equivalent to "x = y".
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4021
+        - SA4021
+        # Comparing the address of a variable against nil.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4022
+        - SA4022
+        # Impossible comparison of interface value with untyped nil.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4023
+        - SA4023
+        # Checking for impossible return value from a builtin function.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4024
+        - SA4024
+        # Integer division of literals that results in zero.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4025
+        - SA4025
+        # Go constants cannot express negative zero.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4026
+        - SA4026
+        # '(*net/url.URL).Query' returns a copy, modifying it doesn't change the URL.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4027
+        - SA4027
+        # 'x % 1' is always zero.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4028
+        - SA4028
+        # Ineffective attempt at sorting slice.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4029
+        - SA4029
+        # Ineffective attempt at generating random number.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4030
+        - SA4030
+        # Checking never-nil value against nil.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4031
+        - SA4031
+        # Comparing 'runtime.GOOS' or 'runtime.GOARCH' against impossible value.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA4032
+        - SA4032
+        # Assignment to nil map.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5000
+        - SA5000
+        # Deferring 'Close' before checking for a possible error.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5001
+        - SA5001
+        # The empty for loop ("for {}") spins and can block the scheduler.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5002
+        - SA5002
+        # Defers in infinite loops will never execute.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5003
+        - SA5003
+        # "for { select { ..." with an empty default branch spins.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5004
+        - SA5004
+        # The finalizer references the finalized object, preventing garbage collection.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5005
+        - SA5005
+        # Infinite recursive call.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5007
+        - SA5007
+        # Invalid struct tag.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5008
+        - SA5008
+        # Invalid Printf call.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5009
+        - SA5009
+        # Impossible type assertion.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5010
+        - SA5010
+        # Possible nil pointer dereference.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5011
+        - SA5011
+        # Passing odd-sized slice to function expecting even size.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA5012
+        - SA5012
+        # Using 'regexp.Match' or related in a loop, should use 'regexp.Compile'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA6000
+        - SA6000
+        # Missing an optimization opportunity when indexing maps by byte slices.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA6001
+        - SA6001
+        # Storing non-pointer values in 'sync.Pool' allocates memory.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA6002
+        - SA6002
+        # Converting a string to a slice of runes before ranging over it.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA6003
+        - SA6003
+        # Inefficient string comparison with 'strings.ToLower' or 'strings.ToUpper'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA6005
+        - SA6005
+        # Using io.WriteString to write '[]byte'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA6006
+        - SA6006
+        # Defers in range loops may not run when you expect them to.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9001
+        - SA9001
+        # Using a non-octal 'os.FileMode' that looks like it was meant to be in octal.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9002
+        - SA9002
+        # Empty body in an if or else branch.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9003
+        - SA9003
+        # Only the first constant has an explicit type.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9004
+        - SA9004
+        # Trying to marshal a struct with no public fields nor custom marshaling.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9005
+        - SA9005
+        # Dubious bit shifting of a fixed size integer value.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9006
+        - SA9006
+        # Deleting a directory that shouldn't be deleted.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9007
+        - SA9007
+        # 'else' branch of a type assertion is probably not reading the right value.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9008
+        - SA9008
+        # Ineffectual Go compiler directive.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA9009
+        - SA9009
+        # Incorrect or missing package comment.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1000
+        - ST1000
+        # Dot imports are discouraged.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1001
+        - ST1001
+        # Poorly chosen identifier.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1003
+        - ST1003
+        # Incorrectly formatted error string.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1005
+        - ST1005
+        # Poorly chosen receiver name.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1006
+        - ST1006
+        # A function's error value should be its last return value.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1008
+        - ST1008
+        # Poorly chosen name for variable of type 'time.Duration'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1011
+        - ST1011
+        # Poorly chosen name for error variable.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1012
+        - ST1012
+        # Should use constants for HTTP error codes, not magic numbers.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1013
+        - ST1013
+        # A switch's default case should be the first or last case.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1015
+        - ST1015
+        # Use consistent method receiver names.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1016
+        - ST1016
+        # Don't use Yoda conditions.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1017
+        - ST1017
+        # Avoid zero-width and control characters in string literals.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1018
+        - ST1018
+        # Importing the same package multiple times.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1019
+        - ST1019
+        # The documentation of an exported function should start with the function's name.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1020
+        - ST1020
+        # The documentation of an exported type should start with type's name.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1021
+        - ST1021
+        # The documentation of an exported variable or constant should start with variable's name.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1022
+        - ST1022
+        # Redundant type in variable declaration.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#ST1023
+        - ST1023
+        # Use plain channel send or receive instead of single-case select.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1000
+        - S1000
+        # Replace for loop with call to copy.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1001
+        - S1001
+        # Omit comparison with boolean constant.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1002
+        - S1002
+        # Replace call to 'strings.Index' with 'strings.Contains'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1003
+        - S1003
+        # Replace call to 'bytes.Compare' with 'bytes.Equal'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1004
+        - S1004
+        # Drop unnecessary use of the blank identifier.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1005
+        - S1005
+        # Use "for { ... }" for infinite loops.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1006
+        - S1006
+        # Simplify regular expression by using raw string literal.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1007
+        - S1007
+        # Simplify returning boolean expression.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1008
+        - S1008
+        # Omit redundant nil check on slices, maps, and channels.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1009
+        - S1009
+        # Omit default slice index.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1010
+        - S1010
+        # Use a single 'append' to concatenate two slices.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1011
+        - S1011
+        # Replace 'time.Now().Sub(x)' with 'time.Since(x)'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1012
+        - S1012
+        # Use a type conversion instead of manually copying struct fields.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1016
+        - S1016
+        # Replace manual trimming with 'strings.TrimPrefix'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1017
+        - S1017
+        # Use "copy" for sliding elements.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1018
+        - S1018
+        # Simplify "make" call by omitting redundant arguments.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1019
+        - S1019
+        # Omit redundant nil check in type assertion.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1020
+        - S1020
+        # Merge variable declaration and assignment.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1021
+        - S1021
+        # Omit redundant control flow.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1023
+        - S1023
+        # Replace 'x.Sub(time.Now())' with 'time.Until(x)'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1024
+        - S1024
+        # Don't use 'fmt.Sprintf("%s", x)' unnecessarily.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1025
+        - S1025
+        # Simplify error construction with 'fmt.Errorf'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1028
+        - S1028
+        # Range over the string directly.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1029
+        - S1029
+        # Use 'bytes.Buffer.String' or 'bytes.Buffer.Bytes'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1030
+        - S1030
+        # Omit redundant nil check around loop.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1031
+        - S1031
+        # Use 'sort.Ints(x)', 'sort.Float64s(x)', and 'sort.Strings(x)'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1032
+        - S1032
+        # Unnecessary guard around call to "delete".
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1033
+        - S1033
+        # Use result of type assertion to simplify cases.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1034
+        - S1034
+        # Redundant call to 'net/http.CanonicalHeaderKey' in method call on 'net/http.Header'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1035
+        - S1035
+        # Unnecessary guard around map access.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1036
+        - S1036
+        # Elaborate way of sleeping.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1037
+        - S1037
+        # Unnecessarily complex way of printing formatted string.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1038
+        - S1038
+        # Unnecessary use of 'fmt.Sprint'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1039
+        - S1039
+        # Type assertion to current type.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#S1040
+        - S1040
+        # Apply De Morgan's law.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1001
+        - QF1001
+        # Convert untagged switch to tagged switch.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1002
+        - QF1002
+        # Convert if/else-if chain to tagged switch.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1003
+        - QF1003
+        # Use 'strings.ReplaceAll' instead of 'strings.Replace' with 'n == -1'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1004
+        - QF1004
+        # Expand call to 'math.Pow'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1005
+        - QF1005
+        # Lift 'if'+'break' into loop condition.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1006
+        - QF1006
+        # Merge conditional assignment into variable declaration.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1007
+        - QF1007
+        # Omit embedded fields from selector expression.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1008
+        - QF1008
+        # Use 'time.Time.Equal' instead of '==' operator.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1009
+        - QF1009
+        # Convert slice of bytes to string when printing it.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1010
+        - QF1010
+        # Omit redundant type from variable declaration.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1011
+        - QF1011
+        # Use 'fmt.Fprintf(x, ...)' instead of 'x.Write(fmt.Sprintf(...))'.
+        # https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#QF1012
+        - QF1012
+    unused:
+      # Mark all struct fields that have been written to as used.
+      # Default: true
+      field-writes-are-uses: false
+      # Treat IncDec statement (e.g. `i++` or `i--`) as both read and write operation instead of just write.
+      # Default: false
+      post-statements-are-reads: true
+      # Mark all exported fields as used.
+      # default: true
+      exported-fields-are-used: false
+      # Mark all function parameters as used.
+      # default: true
+      parameters-are-used: true
+      # Mark all local variables as used.
+      # default: true
+      local-variables-are-used: false
+      # Mark all identifiers inside generated files as used.
+      # Default: true
+      generated-is-used: false
+
+formatters:
+  enable:
+    - gofmt
+  settings:
+    gofmt:
+      # Simplify code: gofmt with `-s` option.
+      # Default: true
+      simplify: false
+      # Apply the rewrite rules to the source before reformatting.
+      # https://pkg.go.dev/cmd/gofmt
+      # Default: []
+      rewrite-rules:
+        - pattern: 'interface{}'
+          replacement: 'any'
+        - pattern: 'a[b:len(a)]'
+          replacement: 'a[b:]'
--- a/backend/Makefile
+++ b/backend/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+.PHONY: wire build build-embed
+
+wire:
+	@echo "生成 Wire 代码..."
+	@cd cmd/server && go generate
+	@echo "Wire 代码生成完成"
+
+build:
+	@echo "构建后端（不嵌入前端）..."
+	@go build -o bin/server ./cmd/server
+	@echo "构建完成: bin/server"
+
+build-embed:
+	@echo "构建后端（嵌入前端）..."
+	@go build -tags embed -o bin/server ./cmd/server
+	@echo "构建完成: bin/server (with embedded frontend)"
--- a/backend/cmd/server/main.go
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/main.go
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package main

+//go:generate go run github.com/google/wire/cmd/wire
+
 import (
 	"context"
 	_ "embed"
+	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
@@ -15,18 +18,10 @@ import (
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/handler"
 	"sub2api/internal/middleware"
-	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
-	"sub2api/internal/service"
 	"sub2api/internal/setup"
 	"sub2api/internal/web"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
-	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
 )

 //go:embed VERSION
@@ -100,8 +95,10 @@ func runSetupServer() {
 		r.Use(web.ServeEmbeddedFrontend())
 	}

-	addr := ":8080"
-	log.Printf("Setup wizard available at http://localhost%s", addr)
+	// Get server address from config.yaml or environment variables (SERVER_HOST, SERVER_PORT)
+	// This allows users to run setup on a different address if needed
+	addr := config.GetServerAddress()
+	log.Printf("Setup wizard available at http://%s", addr)
 	log.Println("Complete the setup wizard to configure Sub2API")

 	if err := r.Run(addr); err != nil {
@@ -110,78 +107,25 @@ func runSetupServer() {
 }

 func runMainServer() {
-	// 加载配置
-	cfg, err := config.Load()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to load config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// 初始化时区（类似 PHP 的 date_default_timezone_set）
-	if err := timezone.Init(cfg.Timezone); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to initialize timezone: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// 初始化数据库
-	db, err := initDB(cfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to connect to database: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// 初始化Redis
-	rdb := initRedis(cfg)
-
-	// 初始化Repository
-	repos := repository.NewRepositories(db)
-
-	// 初始化Service
-	services := service.NewServices(repos, rdb, cfg)
-
-	// 初始化Handler
 	buildInfo := handler.BuildInfo{
 		Version:   Version,
 		BuildType: BuildType,
 	}
-	handlers := handler.NewHandlers(services, repos, rdb, buildInfo)

-	// 设置Gin模式
-	if cfg.Server.Mode == "release" {
-		gin.SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode)
-	}
-
-	// 创建路由
-	r := gin.New()
-	r.Use(gin.Recovery())
-	r.Use(middleware.Logger())
-	r.Use(middleware.CORS())
-
-	// 注册路由
-	registerRoutes(r, handlers, services, repos)
-
-	// Serve embedded frontend if available
-	if web.HasEmbeddedFrontend() {
-		r.Use(web.ServeEmbeddedFrontend())
+	app, err := initializeApplication(buildInfo)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to initialize application: %v", err)
 	}
+	defer app.Cleanup()

 	// 启动服务器
-	srv := &http.Server{
-		Addr:    cfg.Server.Address(),
-		Handler: r,
-		// ReadHeaderTimeout: 读取请求头的超时时间，防止慢速请求头攻击
-		ReadHeaderTimeout: time.Duration(cfg.Server.ReadHeaderTimeout) * time.Second,
-		// IdleTimeout: 空闲连接超时时间，释放不活跃的连接资源
-		IdleTimeout: time.Duration(cfg.Server.IdleTimeout) * time.Second,
-		// 注意：不设置 WriteTimeout，因为流式响应可能持续十几分钟
-		// 不设置 ReadTimeout，因为大请求体可能需要较长时间读取
-	}
-
-	// 优雅关闭
 	go func() {
-		if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+		if err := app.Server.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
 			log.Fatalf("Failed to start server: %v", err)
 		}
 	}()

-	log.Printf("Server started on %s", cfg.Server.Address())
+	log.Printf("Server started on %s", app.Server.Addr)

 	// 等待中断信号
 	quit := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
@@ -193,277 +137,9 @@ func runMainServer() {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()

-	if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := app.Server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("Server forced to shutdown: %v", err)
 	}

 	log.Println("Server exited")
 }
-
-func initDB(cfg *config.Config) (*gorm.DB, error) {
-	gormConfig := &gorm.Config{}
-	if cfg.Server.Mode == "debug" {
-		gormConfig.Logger = logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Info)
-	}
-
-	// 使用带时区的 DSN 连接数据库
-	db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(cfg.Database.DSNWithTimezone(cfg.Timezone)), gormConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// 自动迁移（始终执行，确保数据库结构与代码同步）
-	// GORM 的 AutoMigrate 只会添加新字段，不会删除或修改已有字段，是安全的
-	if err := model.AutoMigrate(db); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return db, nil
-}
-
-func initRedis(cfg *config.Config) *redis.Client {
-	return redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     cfg.Redis.Address(),
-		Password: cfg.Redis.Password,
-		DB:       cfg.Redis.DB,
-	})
-}
-
-func registerRoutes(r *gin.Engine, h *handler.Handlers, s *service.Services, repos *repository.Repositories) {
-	// 健康检查
-	r.GET("/health", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
-	})
-
-	// API v1
-	v1 := r.Group("/api/v1")
-	{
-		// 公开接口
-		auth := v1.Group("/auth")
-		{
-			auth.POST("/register", h.Auth.Register)
-			auth.POST("/login", h.Auth.Login)
-			auth.POST("/send-verify-code", h.Auth.SendVerifyCode)
-		}
-
-		// 公开设置（无需认证）
-		settings := v1.Group("/settings")
-		{
-			settings.GET("/public", h.Setting.GetPublicSettings)
-		}
-
-		// 需要认证的接口
-		authenticated := v1.Group("")
-		authenticated.Use(middleware.JWTAuth(s.Auth, repos.User))
-		{
-			// 当前用户信息
-			authenticated.GET("/auth/me", h.Auth.GetCurrentUser)
-
-			// 用户接口
-			user := authenticated.Group("/user")
-			{
-				user.GET("/profile", h.User.GetProfile)
-				user.PUT("/password", h.User.ChangePassword)
-			}
-
-			// API Key管理
-			keys := authenticated.Group("/keys")
-			{
-				keys.GET("", h.APIKey.List)
-				keys.GET("/:id", h.APIKey.GetByID)
-				keys.POST("", h.APIKey.Create)
-				keys.PUT("/:id", h.APIKey.Update)
-				keys.DELETE("/:id", h.APIKey.Delete)
-			}
-
-			// 用户可用分组（非管理员接口）
-			groups := authenticated.Group("/groups")
-			{
-				groups.GET("/available", h.APIKey.GetAvailableGroups)
-			}
-
-			// 使用记录
-			usage := authenticated.Group("/usage")
-			{
-				usage.GET("", h.Usage.List)
-				usage.GET("/:id", h.Usage.GetByID)
-				usage.GET("/stats", h.Usage.Stats)
-				// User dashboard endpoints
-				usage.GET("/dashboard/stats", h.Usage.DashboardStats)
-				usage.GET("/dashboard/trend", h.Usage.DashboardTrend)
-				usage.GET("/dashboard/models", h.Usage.DashboardModels)
-				usage.POST("/dashboard/api-keys-usage", h.Usage.DashboardApiKeysUsage)
-			}
-
-			// 卡密兑换
-			redeem := authenticated.Group("/redeem")
-			{
-				redeem.POST("", h.Redeem.Redeem)
-				redeem.GET("/history", h.Redeem.GetHistory)
-			}
-
-			// 用户订阅
-			subscriptions := authenticated.Group("/subscriptions")
-			{
-				subscriptions.GET("", h.Subscription.List)
-				subscriptions.GET("/active", h.Subscription.GetActive)
-				subscriptions.GET("/progress", h.Subscription.GetProgress)
-				subscriptions.GET("/summary", h.Subscription.GetSummary)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// 管理员接口
-		admin := v1.Group("/admin")
-		admin.Use(middleware.JWTAuth(s.Auth, repos.User), middleware.AdminOnly())
-		{
-			// 仪表盘
-			dashboard := admin.Group("/dashboard")
-			{
-				dashboard.GET("/stats", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetStats)
-				dashboard.GET("/realtime", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetRealtimeMetrics)
-				dashboard.GET("/trend", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetUsageTrend)
-				dashboard.GET("/models", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetModelStats)
-				dashboard.GET("/api-keys-trend", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetApiKeyUsageTrend)
-				dashboard.GET("/users-trend", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetUserUsageTrend)
-				dashboard.POST("/users-usage", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetBatchUsersUsage)
-				dashboard.POST("/api-keys-usage", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetBatchApiKeysUsage)
-			}
-
-			// 用户管理
-			users := admin.Group("/users")
-			{
-				users.GET("", h.Admin.User.List)
-				users.GET("/:id", h.Admin.User.GetByID)
-				users.POST("", h.Admin.User.Create)
-				users.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.User.Update)
-				users.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.User.Delete)
-				users.POST("/:id/balance", h.Admin.User.UpdateBalance)
-				users.GET("/:id/api-keys", h.Admin.User.GetUserAPIKeys)
-				users.GET("/:id/usage", h.Admin.User.GetUserUsage)
-			}
-
-			// 分组管理
-			groups := admin.Group("/groups")
-			{
-				groups.GET("", h.Admin.Group.List)
-				groups.GET("/all", h.Admin.Group.GetAll)
-				groups.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Group.GetByID)
-				groups.POST("", h.Admin.Group.Create)
-				groups.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.Group.Update)
-				groups.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Group.Delete)
-				groups.GET("/:id/stats", h.Admin.Group.GetStats)
-				groups.GET("/:id/api-keys", h.Admin.Group.GetGroupAPIKeys)
-			}
-
-			// 账号管理
-			accounts := admin.Group("/accounts")
-			{
-				accounts.GET("", h.Admin.Account.List)
-				accounts.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Account.GetByID)
-				accounts.POST("", h.Admin.Account.Create)
-				accounts.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.Account.Update)
-				accounts.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Account.Delete)
-				accounts.POST("/:id/test", h.Admin.Account.Test)
-				accounts.POST("/:id/refresh", h.Admin.Account.Refresh)
-				accounts.GET("/:id/stats", h.Admin.Account.GetStats)
-				accounts.POST("/:id/clear-error", h.Admin.Account.ClearError)
-				accounts.GET("/:id/usage", h.Admin.Account.GetUsage)
-				accounts.GET("/:id/today-stats", h.Admin.Account.GetTodayStats)
-				accounts.POST("/:id/clear-rate-limit", h.Admin.Account.ClearRateLimit)
-				accounts.POST("/:id/schedulable", h.Admin.Account.SetSchedulable)
-				accounts.POST("/batch", h.Admin.Account.BatchCreate)
-
-				// OAuth routes
-				accounts.POST("/generate-auth-url", h.Admin.OAuth.GenerateAuthURL)
-				accounts.POST("/generate-setup-token-url", h.Admin.OAuth.GenerateSetupTokenURL)
-				accounts.POST("/exchange-code", h.Admin.OAuth.ExchangeCode)
-				accounts.POST("/exchange-setup-token-code", h.Admin.OAuth.ExchangeSetupTokenCode)
-				accounts.POST("/cookie-auth", h.Admin.OAuth.CookieAuth)
-				accounts.POST("/setup-token-cookie-auth", h.Admin.OAuth.SetupTokenCookieAuth)
-			}
-
-			// 代理管理
-			proxies := admin.Group("/proxies")
-			{
-				proxies.GET("", h.Admin.Proxy.List)
-				proxies.GET("/all", h.Admin.Proxy.GetAll)
-				proxies.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Proxy.GetByID)
-				proxies.POST("", h.Admin.Proxy.Create)
-				proxies.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.Proxy.Update)
-				proxies.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Proxy.Delete)
-				proxies.POST("/:id/test", h.Admin.Proxy.Test)
-				proxies.GET("/:id/stats", h.Admin.Proxy.GetStats)
-				proxies.GET("/:id/accounts", h.Admin.Proxy.GetProxyAccounts)
-				proxies.POST("/batch", h.Admin.Proxy.BatchCreate)
-			}
-
-			// 卡密管理
-			codes := admin.Group("/redeem-codes")
-			{
-				codes.GET("", h.Admin.Redeem.List)
-				codes.GET("/stats", h.Admin.Redeem.GetStats)
-				codes.GET("/export", h.Admin.Redeem.Export)
-				codes.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Redeem.GetByID)
-				codes.POST("/generate", h.Admin.Redeem.Generate)
-				codes.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Redeem.Delete)
-				codes.POST("/batch-delete", h.Admin.Redeem.BatchDelete)
-				codes.POST("/:id/expire", h.Admin.Redeem.Expire)
-			}
-
-			// 系统设置
-			adminSettings := admin.Group("/settings")
-			{
-				adminSettings.GET("", h.Admin.Setting.GetSettings)
-				adminSettings.PUT("", h.Admin.Setting.UpdateSettings)
-				adminSettings.POST("/test-smtp", h.Admin.Setting.TestSmtpConnection)
-				adminSettings.POST("/send-test-email", h.Admin.Setting.SendTestEmail)
-			}
-
-			// 系统管理
-			system := admin.Group("/system")
-			{
-				system.GET("/version", h.Admin.System.GetVersion)
-				system.GET("/check-updates", h.Admin.System.CheckUpdates)
-				system.POST("/update", h.Admin.System.PerformUpdate)
-				system.POST("/rollback", h.Admin.System.Rollback)
-				system.POST("/restart", h.Admin.System.RestartService)
-			}
-
-			// 订阅管理
-			subscriptions := admin.Group("/subscriptions")
-			{
-				subscriptions.GET("", h.Admin.Subscription.List)
-				subscriptions.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Subscription.GetByID)
-				subscriptions.GET("/:id/progress", h.Admin.Subscription.GetProgress)
-				subscriptions.POST("/assign", h.Admin.Subscription.Assign)
-				subscriptions.POST("/bulk-assign", h.Admin.Subscription.BulkAssign)
-				subscriptions.POST("/:id/extend", h.Admin.Subscription.Extend)
-				subscriptions.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Subscription.Revoke)
-			}
-
-			// 分组下的订阅列表
-			admin.GET("/groups/:id/subscriptions", h.Admin.Subscription.ListByGroup)
-
-			// 用户下的订阅列表
-			admin.GET("/users/:id/subscriptions", h.Admin.Subscription.ListByUser)
-
-			// 使用记录管理
-			usage := admin.Group("/usage")
-			{
-				usage.GET("", h.Admin.Usage.List)
-				usage.GET("/stats", h.Admin.Usage.Stats)
-				usage.GET("/search-users", h.Admin.Usage.SearchUsers)
-				usage.GET("/search-api-keys", h.Admin.Usage.SearchApiKeys)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// API网关（Claude API兼容）
-	gateway := r.Group("/v1")
-	gateway.Use(middleware.ApiKeyAuthWithSubscription(s.ApiKey, s.Subscription))
-	{
-		gateway.POST("/messages", h.Gateway.Messages)
-		gateway.GET("/models", h.Gateway.Models)
-		gateway.GET("/usage", h.Gateway.Usage)
-	}
-}
--- a/backend/cmd/server/wire.go
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/wire.go
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//go:build wireinject
+// +build wireinject
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+	"sub2api/internal/handler"
+	"sub2api/internal/infrastructure"
+	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/server"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"context"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/wire"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+type Application struct {
+	Server  *http.Server
+	Cleanup func()
+}
+
+func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
+	wire.Build(
+		// 基础设施层 ProviderSets
+		config.ProviderSet,
+		infrastructure.ProviderSet,
+
+		// 业务层 ProviderSets
+		repository.ProviderSet,
+		service.ProviderSet,
+		handler.ProviderSet,
+
+		// 服务器层 ProviderSet
+		server.ProviderSet,
+
+		// BuildInfo provider
+		provideServiceBuildInfo,
+
+		// 清理函数提供者
+		provideCleanup,
+
+		// 应用程序结构体
+		wire.Struct(new(Application), "Server", "Cleanup"),
+	)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func provideServiceBuildInfo(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) service.BuildInfo {
+	return service.BuildInfo{
+		Version:   buildInfo.Version,
+		BuildType: buildInfo.BuildType,
+	}
+}
+
+func provideCleanup(
+	db *gorm.DB,
+	rdb *redis.Client,
+	services *service.Services,
+) func() {
+	return func() {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		// Cleanup steps in reverse dependency order
+		cleanupSteps := []struct {
+			name string
+			fn   func() error
+		}{
+			{"TokenRefreshService", func() error {
+				services.TokenRefresh.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"PricingService", func() error {
+				services.Pricing.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"EmailQueueService", func() error {
+				services.EmailQueue.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OAuthService", func() error {
+				services.OAuth.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpenAIOAuthService", func() error {
+				services.OpenAIOAuth.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"Redis", func() error {
+				return rdb.Close()
+			}},
+			{"Database", func() error {
+				sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				return sqlDB.Close()
+			}},
+		}
+
+		for _, step := range cleanupSteps {
+			if err := step.fn(); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[Cleanup] %s failed: %v", step.name, err)
+				// Continue with remaining cleanup steps even if one fails
+			} else {
+				log.Printf("[Cleanup] %s succeeded", step.name)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Check if context timed out
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			log.Printf("[Cleanup] Warning: cleanup timed out after 10 seconds")
+		default:
+			log.Printf("[Cleanup] All cleanup steps completed")
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// Code generated by Wire. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+//go:generate go run -mod=mod github.com/google/wire/cmd/wire
+//go:build !wireinject
+// +build !wireinject
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+	"sub2api/internal/handler"
+	"sub2api/internal/handler/admin"
+	"sub2api/internal/infrastructure"
+	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/server"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+	"time"
+)
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+)
+
+// Injectors from wire.go:
+
+func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
+	configConfig, err := config.ProvideConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	db, err := infrastructure.ProvideDB(configConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	userRepository := repository.NewUserRepository(db)
+	settingRepository := repository.NewSettingRepository(db)
+	settingService := service.NewSettingService(settingRepository, configConfig)
+	client := infrastructure.ProvideRedis(configConfig)
+	emailCache := repository.NewEmailCache(client)
+	emailService := service.NewEmailService(settingRepository, emailCache)
+	turnstileVerifier := repository.NewTurnstileVerifier()
+	turnstileService := service.NewTurnstileService(settingService, turnstileVerifier)
+	emailQueueService := service.ProvideEmailQueueService(emailService)
+	authService := service.NewAuthService(userRepository, configConfig, settingService, emailService, turnstileService, emailQueueService)
+	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(authService)
+	userService := service.NewUserService(userRepository)
+	userHandler := handler.NewUserHandler(userService)
+	apiKeyRepository := repository.NewApiKeyRepository(db)
+	groupRepository := repository.NewGroupRepository(db)
+	userSubscriptionRepository := repository.NewUserSubscriptionRepository(db)
+	apiKeyCache := repository.NewApiKeyCache(client)
+	apiKeyService := service.NewApiKeyService(apiKeyRepository, userRepository, groupRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, apiKeyCache, configConfig)
+	apiKeyHandler := handler.NewAPIKeyHandler(apiKeyService)
+	usageLogRepository := repository.NewUsageLogRepository(db)
+	usageService := service.NewUsageService(usageLogRepository, userRepository)
+	usageHandler := handler.NewUsageHandler(usageService, usageLogRepository, apiKeyService)
+	redeemCodeRepository := repository.NewRedeemCodeRepository(db)
+	billingCache := repository.NewBillingCache(client)
+	billingCacheService := service.NewBillingCacheService(billingCache, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository)
+	subscriptionService := service.NewSubscriptionService(groupRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, billingCacheService)
+	redeemCache := repository.NewRedeemCache(client)
+	redeemService := service.NewRedeemService(redeemCodeRepository, userRepository, subscriptionService, redeemCache, billingCacheService)
+	redeemHandler := handler.NewRedeemHandler(redeemService)
+	subscriptionHandler := handler.NewSubscriptionHandler(subscriptionService)
+	dashboardHandler := admin.NewDashboardHandler(usageLogRepository)
+	accountRepository := repository.NewAccountRepository(db)
+	proxyRepository := repository.NewProxyRepository(db)
+	proxyExitInfoProber := repository.NewProxyExitInfoProber()
+	adminService := service.NewAdminService(userRepository, groupRepository, accountRepository, proxyRepository, apiKeyRepository, redeemCodeRepository, billingCacheService, proxyExitInfoProber)
+	adminUserHandler := admin.NewUserHandler(adminService)
+	groupHandler := admin.NewGroupHandler(adminService)
+	claudeOAuthClient := repository.NewClaudeOAuthClient()
+	oAuthService := service.NewOAuthService(proxyRepository, claudeOAuthClient)
+	openAIOAuthClient := repository.NewOpenAIOAuthClient()
+	openAIOAuthService := service.NewOpenAIOAuthService(proxyRepository, openAIOAuthClient)
+	rateLimitService := service.NewRateLimitService(accountRepository, configConfig)
+	claudeUsageFetcher := repository.NewClaudeUsageFetcher()
+	accountUsageService := service.NewAccountUsageService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, claudeUsageFetcher)
+	httpUpstream := repository.NewHTTPUpstream(configConfig)
+	accountTestService := service.NewAccountTestService(accountRepository, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, httpUpstream)
+	accountHandler := admin.NewAccountHandler(adminService, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, rateLimitService, accountUsageService, accountTestService, usageLogRepository)
+	oAuthHandler := admin.NewOAuthHandler(oAuthService)
+	openAIOAuthHandler := admin.NewOpenAIOAuthHandler(openAIOAuthService, adminService)
+	proxyHandler := admin.NewProxyHandler(adminService)
+	adminRedeemHandler := admin.NewRedeemHandler(adminService)
+	settingHandler := admin.NewSettingHandler(settingService, emailService)
+	updateCache := repository.NewUpdateCache(client)
+	gitHubReleaseClient := repository.NewGitHubReleaseClient()
+	serviceBuildInfo := provideServiceBuildInfo(buildInfo)
+	updateService := service.ProvideUpdateService(updateCache, gitHubReleaseClient, serviceBuildInfo)
+	systemHandler := handler.ProvideSystemHandler(updateService)
+	adminSubscriptionHandler := admin.NewSubscriptionHandler(subscriptionService)
+	adminUsageHandler := admin.NewUsageHandler(usageLogRepository, apiKeyRepository, usageService, adminService)
+	adminHandlers := handler.ProvideAdminHandlers(dashboardHandler, adminUserHandler, groupHandler, accountHandler, oAuthHandler, openAIOAuthHandler, proxyHandler, adminRedeemHandler, settingHandler, systemHandler, adminSubscriptionHandler, adminUsageHandler)
+	gatewayCache := repository.NewGatewayCache(client)
+	pricingRemoteClient := repository.NewPricingRemoteClient()
+	pricingService, err := service.ProvidePricingService(configConfig, pricingRemoteClient)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	billingService := service.NewBillingService(configConfig, pricingService)
+	identityCache := repository.NewIdentityCache(client)
+	identityService := service.NewIdentityService(identityCache)
+	gatewayService := service.NewGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, identityService, httpUpstream)
+	concurrencyCache := repository.NewConcurrencyCache(client)
+	concurrencyService := service.NewConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache)
+	gatewayHandler := handler.NewGatewayHandler(gatewayService, userService, concurrencyService, billingCacheService)
+	openAIGatewayService := service.NewOpenAIGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, httpUpstream)
+	openAIGatewayHandler := handler.NewOpenAIGatewayHandler(openAIGatewayService, concurrencyService, billingCacheService)
+	handlerSettingHandler := handler.ProvideSettingHandler(settingService, buildInfo)
+	handlers := handler.ProvideHandlers(authHandler, userHandler, apiKeyHandler, usageHandler, redeemHandler, subscriptionHandler, adminHandlers, gatewayHandler, openAIGatewayHandler, handlerSettingHandler)
+	groupService := service.NewGroupService(groupRepository)
+	accountService := service.NewAccountService(accountRepository, groupRepository)
+	proxyService := service.NewProxyService(proxyRepository)
+	tokenRefreshService := service.ProvideTokenRefreshService(accountRepository, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, configConfig)
+	services := &service.Services{
+		Auth:          authService,
+		User:          userService,
+		ApiKey:        apiKeyService,
+		Group:         groupService,
+		Account:       accountService,
+		Proxy:         proxyService,
+		Redeem:        redeemService,
+		Usage:         usageService,
+		Pricing:       pricingService,
+		Billing:       billingService,
+		BillingCache:  billingCacheService,
+		Admin:         adminService,
+		Gateway:       gatewayService,
+		OpenAIGateway: openAIGatewayService,
+		OAuth:         oAuthService,
+		OpenAIOAuth:   openAIOAuthService,
+		RateLimit:     rateLimitService,
+		AccountUsage:  accountUsageService,
+		AccountTest:   accountTestService,
+		Setting:       settingService,
+		Email:         emailService,
+		EmailQueue:    emailQueueService,
+		Turnstile:     turnstileService,
+		Subscription:  subscriptionService,
+		Concurrency:   concurrencyService,
+		Identity:      identityService,
+		Update:        updateService,
+		TokenRefresh:  tokenRefreshService,
+	}
+	repositories := &repository.Repositories{
+		User:             userRepository,
+		ApiKey:           apiKeyRepository,
+		Group:            groupRepository,
+		Account:          accountRepository,
+		Proxy:            proxyRepository,
+		RedeemCode:       redeemCodeRepository,
+		UsageLog:         usageLogRepository,
+		Setting:          settingRepository,
+		UserSubscription: userSubscriptionRepository,
+	}
+	engine := server.ProvideRouter(configConfig, handlers, services, repositories)
+	httpServer := server.ProvideHTTPServer(configConfig, engine)
+	v := provideCleanup(db, client, services)
+	application := &Application{
+		Server:  httpServer,
+		Cleanup: v,
+	}
+	return application, nil
+}
+
+// wire.go:
+
+type Application struct {
+	Server  *http.Server
+	Cleanup func()
+}
+
+func provideServiceBuildInfo(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) service.BuildInfo {
+	return service.BuildInfo{
+		Version:   buildInfo.Version,
+		BuildType: buildInfo.BuildType,
+	}
+}
+
+func provideCleanup(
+	db *gorm.DB,
+	rdb *redis.Client,
+	services *service.Services,
+) func() {
+	return func() {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		cleanupSteps := []struct {
+			name string
+			fn   func() error
+		}{
+			{"TokenRefreshService", func() error {
+				services.TokenRefresh.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"PricingService", func() error {
+				services.Pricing.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"EmailQueueService", func() error {
+				services.EmailQueue.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OAuthService", func() error {
+				services.OAuth.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"OpenAIOAuthService", func() error {
+				services.OpenAIOAuth.Stop()
+				return nil
+			}},
+			{"Redis", func() error {
+				return rdb.Close()
+			}},
+			{"Database", func() error {
+				sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				return sqlDB.Close()
+			}},
+		}
+
+		for _, step := range cleanupSteps {
+			if err := step.fn(); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[Cleanup] %s failed: %v", step.name, err)
+
+			} else {
+				log.Printf("[Cleanup] %s succeeded", step.name)
+			}
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			log.Printf("[Cleanup] Warning: cleanup timed out after 10 seconds")
+		default:
+			log.Printf("[Cleanup] All cleanup steps completed")
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/backend/go.mod
+++ b/backend/go.mod
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.3.0
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.18.2
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0
 	golang.org/x/term v0.37.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.4
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.14.0 // indirect
 	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/subcommands v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/wire v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/icholy/digest v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
 	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.56.0 // indirect
 	github.com/refraction-networking/utls v1.8.1 // indirect
@@ -66,9 +70,11 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/arch v0.3.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230905200255-921286631fa9 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.38.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
 )
--- a/backend/go.sum
+++ b/backend/go.sum
@@ -48,8 +48,12 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX
 github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 h1:AnCroh3fv4ZBgVIf1Iwtovgjaw/GiKJo8M8yD/fhyJ8=
 github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0/go.mod h1:Kcdr2DB4koayq7X8pmAG4sNG59So17icRSOU623lUBU=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
+github.com/google/subcommands v1.2.0 h1:vWQspBTo2nEqTUFita5/KeEWlUL8kQObDFbub/EN9oE=
+github.com/google/subcommands v1.2.0/go.mod h1:ZjhPrFU+Olkh9WazFPsl27BQ4UPiG37m3yTrtFlrHVk=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
+github.com/google/wire v0.7.0 h1:JxUKI6+CVBgCO2WToKy/nQk0sS+amI9z9EjVmdaocj4=
+github.com/google/wire v0.7.0/go.mod h1:n6YbUQD9cPKTnHXEBN2DXlOp/mVADhVErcMFb0v3J18=
 github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 h1:0Anlzjpi4vEasTeNFn2mLJgTSwt0+6sfsiTG8qcWGx4=
 github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0/go.mod h1:E5yfLk+7swimpb2L/Alb/PJmXilQ/rhwaUYs4T20WEQ=
 github.com/icholy/digest v1.1.0 h1:HfGg9Irj7i+IX1o1QAmPfIBNu/Q5A5Tu3n/MED9k9H4=
@@ -154,8 +158,12 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0 h1:A97SsFvM3AIwEEmTBiaxPPTYpDC47w720rdiiUvgoAU=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0/go.mod h1:013i+Nw79BMiQiMsOPcVCB5ZIJbYkerPrGnOa00tvmc=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230905200255-921286631fa9 h1:GoHiUyI/Tp2nVkLI2mCxVkOjsbSXD66ic0XW0js0R9g=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230905200255-921286631fa9/go.mod h1:S2oDrQGGwySpoQPVqRShND87VCbxmc6bL1Yd2oYrm6k=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0 h1:HV8lRxZC4l2cr3Zq1LvtOsi/ThTgWnUk/y64QSs8GwA=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0/go.mod h1:NyhrlYXJ2H4eJiRy/WDBO6HMqZQ6q9nk4JzS3NuCK+w=
 golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 h1:Mx+4dIFzqraBXUugkia1OOvlD6LemFo1ALMHjrXDOhY=
 golang.org/x/net v0.47.0/go.mod h1:/jNxtkgq5yWUGYkaZGqo27cfGZ1c5Nen03aYrrKpVRU=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 h1:kr88TuHDroi+UVf+0hZnirlk8o8T+4MrK6mr60WkH/I=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220704084225-05e143d24a9e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 h1:3yZWxaJjBmCWXqhN1qh02AkOnCQ1poK6oF+a7xWL6Gc=
@@ -166,6 +174,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
 golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
 golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
 golang.org/x/time v0.12.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.38.0 h1:Hx2Xv8hISq8Lm16jvBZ2VQf+RLmbd7wVUsALibYI/IQ=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.38.0/go.mod h1:yEsQ/d/YK8cjh0L6rZlY8tgtlKiBNTL14pGDJPJpYQs=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0 h1:g0LDEJHgrBl9N9r17Ru3sqWhkIx2NB67okBHPwC7hs8=
--- a/backend/internal/config/config.go
+++ b/backend/internal/config/config.go
@@ -8,15 +8,30 @@ import (
 )

 type Config struct {
-	Server    ServerConfig    `mapstructure:"server"`
-	Database  DatabaseConfig  `mapstructure:"database"`
-	Redis     RedisConfig     `mapstructure:"redis"`
-	JWT       JWTConfig       `mapstructure:"jwt"`
-	Default   DefaultConfig   `mapstructure:"default"`
-	RateLimit RateLimitConfig `mapstructure:"rate_limit"`
-	Pricing   PricingConfig   `mapstructure:"pricing"`
-	Gateway   GatewayConfig   `mapstructure:"gateway"`
-	Timezone  string          `mapstructure:"timezone"` // e.g. "Asia/Shanghai", "UTC"
+	Server       ServerConfig       `mapstructure:"server"`
+	Database     DatabaseConfig     `mapstructure:"database"`
+	Redis        RedisConfig        `mapstructure:"redis"`
+	JWT          JWTConfig          `mapstructure:"jwt"`
+	Default      DefaultConfig      `mapstructure:"default"`
+	RateLimit    RateLimitConfig    `mapstructure:"rate_limit"`
+	Pricing      PricingConfig      `mapstructure:"pricing"`
+	Gateway      GatewayConfig      `mapstructure:"gateway"`
+	TokenRefresh TokenRefreshConfig `mapstructure:"token_refresh"`
+	Timezone     string             `mapstructure:"timezone"` // e.g. "Asia/Shanghai", "UTC"
+}
+
+// TokenRefreshConfig OAuth token自动刷新配置
+type TokenRefreshConfig struct {
+	// 是否启用自动刷新
+	Enabled bool `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+	// 检查间隔（分钟）
+	CheckIntervalMinutes int `mapstructure:"check_interval_minutes"`
+	// 提前刷新时间（小时），在token过期前多久开始刷新
+	RefreshBeforeExpiryHours float64 `mapstructure:"refresh_before_expiry_hours"`
+	// 最大重试次数
+	MaxRetries int `mapstructure:"max_retries"`
+	// 重试退避基础时间（秒）
+	RetryBackoffSeconds int `mapstructure:"retry_backoff_seconds"`
 }

 type PricingConfig struct {
@@ -37,7 +52,7 @@ type PricingConfig struct {
 type ServerConfig struct {
 	Host              string `mapstructure:"host"`
 	Port              int    `mapstructure:"port"`
-	Mode              string `mapstructure:"mode"`               // debug/release
+	Mode              string `mapstructure:"mode"`                // debug/release
 	ReadHeaderTimeout int    `mapstructure:"read_header_timeout"` // 读取请求头超时（秒）
 	IdleTimeout       int    `mapstructure:"idle_timeout"`        // 空闲连接超时（秒）
 }
@@ -148,7 +163,7 @@ func setDefaults() {
 	viper.SetDefault("server.port", 8080)
 	viper.SetDefault("server.mode", "debug")
 	viper.SetDefault("server.read_header_timeout", 30) // 30秒读取请求头
-	viper.SetDefault("server.idle_timeout", 120)      // 120秒空闲超时
+	viper.SetDefault("server.idle_timeout", 120)       // 120秒空闲超时

 	// Database
 	viper.SetDefault("database.host", "localhost")
@@ -192,6 +207,13 @@ func setDefaults() {

 	// Gateway
 	viper.SetDefault("gateway.response_header_timeout", 300) // 300秒(5分钟)等待上游响应头，LLM高负载时可能排队较久
+
+	// TokenRefresh
+	viper.SetDefault("token_refresh.enabled", true)
+	viper.SetDefault("token_refresh.check_interval_minutes", 5)        // 每5分钟检查一次
+	viper.SetDefault("token_refresh.refresh_before_expiry_hours", 1.5) // 提前1.5小时刷新
+	viper.SetDefault("token_refresh.max_retries", 3)                   // 最多重试3次
+	viper.SetDefault("token_refresh.retry_backoff_seconds", 2)         // 重试退避基础2秒
 }

 func (c *Config) Validate() error {
@@ -203,3 +225,29 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// GetServerAddress returns the server address (host:port) from config file or environment variable.
+// This is a lightweight function that can be used before full config validation,
+// such as during setup wizard startup.
+// Priority: config.yaml > environment variables > defaults
+func GetServerAddress() string {
+	v := viper.New()
+	v.SetConfigName("config")
+	v.SetConfigType("yaml")
+	v.AddConfigPath(".")
+	v.AddConfigPath("./config")
+	v.AddConfigPath("/etc/sub2api")
+
+	// Support SERVER_HOST and SERVER_PORT environment variables
+	v.AutomaticEnv()
+	v.SetEnvKeyReplacer(strings.NewReplacer(".", "_"))
+	v.SetDefault("server.host", "0.0.0.0")
+	v.SetDefault("server.port", 8080)
+
+	// Try to read config file (ignore errors if not found)
+	_ = v.ReadInConfig()
+
+	host := v.GetString("server.host")
+	port := v.GetInt("server.port")
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", host, port)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/config/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/config/wire.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package config
+
+import "github.com/google/wire"
+
+// ProviderSet 提供配置层的依赖
+var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
+	ProvideConfig,
+)
+
+// ProvideConfig 提供应用配置
+func ProvideConfig() (*Config, error) {
+	return Load()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/account_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/account_handler.go
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ package admin
 import (
 	"strconv"

+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
+	"sub2api/internal/repository"
 	"sub2api/internal/service"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -12,14 +16,12 @@ import (
 // OAuthHandler handles OAuth-related operations for accounts
 type OAuthHandler struct {
 	oauthService *service.OAuthService
-	adminService service.AdminService
 }

 // NewOAuthHandler creates a new OAuth handler
-func NewOAuthHandler(oauthService *service.OAuthService, adminService service.AdminService) *OAuthHandler {
+func NewOAuthHandler(oauthService *service.OAuthService) *OAuthHandler {
 	return &OAuthHandler{
 		oauthService: oauthService,
-		adminService: adminService,
 	}
 }

@@ -27,47 +29,51 @@ func NewOAuthHandler(oauthService *service.OAuthService, adminService service.Ad
 type AccountHandler struct {
 	adminService        service.AdminService
 	oauthService        *service.OAuthService
+	openaiOAuthService  *service.OpenAIOAuthService
 	rateLimitService    *service.RateLimitService
 	accountUsageService *service.AccountUsageService
 	accountTestService  *service.AccountTestService
+	usageLogRepo        *repository.UsageLogRepository
 }

 // NewAccountHandler creates a new admin account handler
-func NewAccountHandler(adminService service.AdminService, oauthService *service.OAuthService, rateLimitService *service.RateLimitService, accountUsageService *service.AccountUsageService, accountTestService *service.AccountTestService) *AccountHandler {
+func NewAccountHandler(adminService service.AdminService, oauthService *service.OAuthService, openaiOAuthService *service.OpenAIOAuthService, rateLimitService *service.RateLimitService, accountUsageService *service.AccountUsageService, accountTestService *service.AccountTestService, usageLogRepo *repository.UsageLogRepository) *AccountHandler {
 	return &AccountHandler{
 		adminService:        adminService,
 		oauthService:        oauthService,
+		openaiOAuthService:  openaiOAuthService,
 		rateLimitService:    rateLimitService,
 		accountUsageService: accountUsageService,
 		accountTestService:  accountTestService,
+		usageLogRepo:        usageLogRepo,
 	}
 }

 // CreateAccountRequest represents create account request
 type CreateAccountRequest struct {
-	Name        string                 `json:"name" binding:"required"`
-	Platform    string                 `json:"platform" binding:"required"`
-	Type        string                 `json:"type" binding:"required,oneof=oauth setup-token apikey"`
-	Credentials map[string]interface{} `json:"credentials" binding:"required"`
-	Extra       map[string]interface{} `json:"extra"`
-	ProxyID     *int64                 `json:"proxy_id"`
-	Concurrency int                    `json:"concurrency"`
-	Priority    int                    `json:"priority"`
-	GroupIDs    []int64                `json:"group_ids"`
+	Name        string         `json:"name" binding:"required"`
+	Platform    string         `json:"platform" binding:"required"`
+	Type        string         `json:"type" binding:"required,oneof=oauth setup-token apikey"`
+	Credentials map[string]any `json:"credentials" binding:"required"`
+	Extra       map[string]any `json:"extra"`
+	ProxyID     *int64         `json:"proxy_id"`
+	Concurrency int            `json:"concurrency"`
+	Priority    int            `json:"priority"`
+	GroupIDs    []int64        `json:"group_ids"`
 }

 // UpdateAccountRequest represents update account request
 // 使用指针类型来区分"未提供"和"设置为0"
 type UpdateAccountRequest struct {
-	Name        string                 `json:"name"`
-	Type        string                 `json:"type" binding:"omitempty,oneof=oauth setup-token apikey"`
-	Credentials map[string]interface{} `json:"credentials"`
-	Extra       map[string]interface{} `json:"extra"`
-	ProxyID     *int64                 `json:"proxy_id"`
-	Concurrency *int                   `json:"concurrency"`
-	Priority    *int                   `json:"priority"`
-	Status      string                 `json:"status" binding:"omitempty,oneof=active inactive"`
-	GroupIDs    *[]int64               `json:"group_ids"`
+	Name        string         `json:"name"`
+	Type        string         `json:"type" binding:"omitempty,oneof=oauth setup-token apikey"`
+	Credentials map[string]any `json:"credentials"`
+	Extra       map[string]any `json:"extra"`
+	ProxyID     *int64         `json:"proxy_id"`
+	Concurrency *int           `json:"concurrency"`
+	Priority    *int           `json:"priority"`
+	Status      string         `json:"status" binding:"omitempty,oneof=active inactive"`
+	GroupIDs    *[]int64       `json:"group_ids"`
 }

 // List handles listing all accounts with pagination
@@ -186,6 +192,11 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) Delete(c *gin.Context) {
 	response.Success(c, gin.H{"message": "Account deleted successfully"})
 }

+// TestAccountRequest represents the request body for testing an account
+type TestAccountRequest struct {
+	ModelID string `json:"model_id"`
+}
+
 // Test handles testing account connectivity with SSE streaming
 // POST /api/v1/admin/accounts/:id/test
 func (h *AccountHandler) Test(c *gin.Context) {
@@ -195,8 +206,12 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) Test(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

+	var req TestAccountRequest
+	// Allow empty body, model_id is optional
+	_ = c.ShouldBindJSON(&req)
+
 	// Use AccountTestService to test the account with SSE streaming
-	if err := h.accountTestService.TestAccountConnection(c, accountID); err != nil {
+	if err := h.accountTestService.TestAccountConnection(c, accountID, req.ModelID); err != nil {
 		// Error already sent via SSE, just log
 		return
 	}
@@ -224,21 +239,46 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) Refresh(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	// Use OAuth service to refresh token
-	tokenInfo, err := h.oauthService.RefreshAccountToken(c.Request.Context(), account)
-	if err != nil {
-		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to refresh credentials: "+err.Error())
-		return
-	}
+	var newCredentials map[string]any

-	// Update account credentials
-	newCredentials := map[string]interface{}{
-		"access_token":  tokenInfo.AccessToken,
-		"token_type":    tokenInfo.TokenType,
-		"expires_in":    tokenInfo.ExpiresIn,
-		"expires_at":    tokenInfo.ExpiresAt,
-		"refresh_token": tokenInfo.RefreshToken,
-		"scope":         tokenInfo.Scope,
+	if account.IsOpenAI() {
+		// Use OpenAI OAuth service to refresh token
+		tokenInfo, err := h.openaiOAuthService.RefreshAccountToken(c.Request.Context(), account)
+		if err != nil {
+			response.InternalError(c, "Failed to refresh credentials: "+err.Error())
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Build new credentials from token info
+		newCredentials = h.openaiOAuthService.BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo)
+
+		// Preserve non-token settings from existing credentials
+		for k, v := range account.Credentials {
+			if _, exists := newCredentials[k]; !exists {
+				newCredentials[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Use Anthropic/Claude OAuth service to refresh token
+		tokenInfo, err := h.oauthService.RefreshAccountToken(c.Request.Context(), account)
+		if err != nil {
+			response.InternalError(c, "Failed to refresh credentials: "+err.Error())
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Copy existing credentials to preserve non-token settings (e.g., intercept_warmup_requests)
+		newCredentials = make(map[string]any)
+		for k, v := range account.Credentials {
+			newCredentials[k] = v
+		}
+
+		// Update token-related fields
+		newCredentials["access_token"] = tokenInfo.AccessToken
+		newCredentials["token_type"] = tokenInfo.TokenType
+		newCredentials["expires_in"] = tokenInfo.ExpiresIn
+		newCredentials["expires_at"] = tokenInfo.ExpiresAt
+		newCredentials["refresh_token"] = tokenInfo.RefreshToken
+		newCredentials["scope"] = tokenInfo.Scope
 	}

 	updatedAccount, err := h.adminService.UpdateAccount(c.Request.Context(), accountID, &service.UpdateAccountInput{
@@ -261,15 +301,26 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) GetStats(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	// Return mock data for now
-	_ = accountID
-	response.Success(c, gin.H{
-		"total_requests":        0,
-		"successful_requests":   0,
-		"failed_requests":       0,
-		"total_tokens":          0,
-		"average_response_time": 0,
-	})
+	// Parse days parameter (default 30)
+	days := 30
+	if daysStr := c.Query("days"); daysStr != "" {
+		if d, err := strconv.Atoi(daysStr); err == nil && d > 0 && d <= 90 {
+			days = d
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Calculate time range
+	now := timezone.Now()
+	endTime := timezone.StartOfDay(now.AddDate(0, 0, 1))
+	startTime := timezone.StartOfDay(now.AddDate(0, 0, -days+1))
+
+	stats, err := h.usageLogRepo.GetAccountUsageStats(c.Request.Context(), accountID, startTime, endTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to get account stats: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, stats)
 }

 // ClearError handles clearing account error
@@ -535,3 +586,98 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) SetSchedulable(c *gin.Context) {

 	response.Success(c, account)
 }
+
+// GetAvailableModels handles getting available models for an account
+// GET /api/v1/admin/accounts/:id/models
+func (h *AccountHandler) GetAvailableModels(c *gin.Context) {
+	accountID, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid account ID")
+		return
+	}
+
+	account, err := h.adminService.GetAccount(c.Request.Context(), accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.NotFound(c, "Account not found")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Handle OpenAI accounts
+	if account.IsOpenAI() {
+		// For OAuth accounts: return default OpenAI models
+		if account.IsOAuth() {
+			response.Success(c, openai.DefaultModels)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// For API Key accounts: check model_mapping
+		mapping := account.GetModelMapping()
+		if len(mapping) == 0 {
+			response.Success(c, openai.DefaultModels)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Return mapped models
+		var models []openai.Model
+		for requestedModel := range mapping {
+			var found bool
+			for _, dm := range openai.DefaultModels {
+				if dm.ID == requestedModel {
+					models = append(models, dm)
+					found = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !found {
+				models = append(models, openai.Model{
+					ID:          requestedModel,
+					Object:      "model",
+					Type:        "model",
+					DisplayName: requestedModel,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+		response.Success(c, models)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Handle Claude/Anthropic accounts
+	// For OAuth and Setup-Token accounts: return default models
+	if account.IsOAuth() {
+		response.Success(c, claude.DefaultModels)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// For API Key accounts: return models based on model_mapping
+	mapping := account.GetModelMapping()
+	if len(mapping) == 0 {
+		// No mapping configured, return default models
+		response.Success(c, claude.DefaultModels)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Return mapped models (keys of the mapping are the available model IDs)
+	var models []claude.Model
+	for requestedModel := range mapping {
+		// Try to find display info from default models
+		var found bool
+		for _, dm := range claude.DefaultModels {
+			if dm.ID == requestedModel {
+				models = append(models, dm)
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		// If not found in defaults, create a basic entry
+		if !found {
+			models = append(models, claude.Model{
+				ID:          requestedModel,
+				Type:        "model",
+				DisplayName: requestedModel,
+				CreatedAt:   "",
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, models)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/dashboard_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/dashboard_handler.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
 	"sub2api/internal/repository"
-	"sub2api/internal/service"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -13,17 +12,15 @@ import (

 // DashboardHandler handles admin dashboard statistics
 type DashboardHandler struct {
-	adminService service.AdminService
-	usageRepo    *repository.UsageLogRepository
-	startTime    time.Time // Server start time for uptime calculation
+	usageRepo *repository.UsageLogRepository
+	startTime time.Time // Server start time for uptime calculation
 }

 // NewDashboardHandler creates a new admin dashboard handler
-func NewDashboardHandler(adminService service.AdminService, usageRepo *repository.UsageLogRepository) *DashboardHandler {
+func NewDashboardHandler(usageRepo *repository.UsageLogRepository) *DashboardHandler {
 	return &DashboardHandler{
-		adminService: adminService,
-		usageRepo:    usageRepo,
-		startTime:    time.Now(),
+		usageRepo: usageRepo,
+		startTime: time.Now(),
 	}
 }

@@ -127,12 +124,25 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetRealtimeMetrics(c *gin.Context) {

 // GetUsageTrend handles getting usage trend data
 // GET /api/v1/admin/dashboard/trend
-// Query params: start_date, end_date (YYYY-MM-DD), granularity (day/hour)
+// Query params: start_date, end_date (YYYY-MM-DD), granularity (day/hour), user_id, api_key_id
 func (h *DashboardHandler) GetUsageTrend(c *gin.Context) {
 	startTime, endTime := parseTimeRange(c)
 	granularity := c.DefaultQuery("granularity", "day")

-	trend, err := h.usageRepo.GetUsageTrend(c.Request.Context(), startTime, endTime, granularity)
+	// Parse optional filter params
+	var userID, apiKeyID int64
+	if userIDStr := c.Query("user_id"); userIDStr != "" {
+		if id, err := strconv.ParseInt(userIDStr, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			userID = id
+		}
+	}
+	if apiKeyIDStr := c.Query("api_key_id"); apiKeyIDStr != "" {
+		if id, err := strconv.ParseInt(apiKeyIDStr, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			apiKeyID = id
+		}
+	}
+
+	trend, err := h.usageRepo.GetUsageTrendWithFilters(c.Request.Context(), startTime, endTime, granularity, userID, apiKeyID)
 	if err != nil {
 		response.Error(c, 500, "Failed to get usage trend")
 		return
@@ -148,11 +158,24 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetUsageTrend(c *gin.Context) {

 // GetModelStats handles getting model usage statistics
 // GET /api/v1/admin/dashboard/models
-// Query params: start_date, end_date (YYYY-MM-DD)
+// Query params: start_date, end_date (YYYY-MM-DD), user_id, api_key_id
 func (h *DashboardHandler) GetModelStats(c *gin.Context) {
 	startTime, endTime := parseTimeRange(c)

-	stats, err := h.usageRepo.GetModelStats(c.Request.Context(), startTime, endTime)
+	// Parse optional filter params
+	var userID, apiKeyID int64
+	if userIDStr := c.Query("user_id"); userIDStr != "" {
+		if id, err := strconv.ParseInt(userIDStr, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			userID = id
+		}
+	}
+	if apiKeyIDStr := c.Query("api_key_id"); apiKeyIDStr != "" {
+		if id, err := strconv.ParseInt(apiKeyIDStr, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			apiKeyID = id
+		}
+	}
+
+	stats, err := h.usageRepo.GetModelStatsWithFilters(c.Request.Context(), startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		response.Error(c, 500, "Failed to get model statistics")
 		return
@@ -232,7 +255,7 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetBatchUsersUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	if len(req.UserIDs) == 0 {
-		response.Success(c, gin.H{"stats": map[string]interface{}{}})
+		response.Success(c, gin.H{"stats": map[string]any{}})
 		return
 	}

@@ -260,7 +283,7 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetBatchApiKeysUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	if len(req.ApiKeyIDs) == 0 {
-		response.Success(c, gin.H{"stats": map[string]interface{}{}})
+		response.Success(c, gin.H{"stats": map[string]any{}})
 		return
 	}

--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/openai_oauth_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/openai_oauth_handler.go
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// OpenAIOAuthHandler handles OpenAI OAuth-related operations
+type OpenAIOAuthHandler struct {
+	openaiOAuthService *service.OpenAIOAuthService
+	adminService       service.AdminService
+}
+
+// NewOpenAIOAuthHandler creates a new OpenAI OAuth handler
+func NewOpenAIOAuthHandler(openaiOAuthService *service.OpenAIOAuthService, adminService service.AdminService) *OpenAIOAuthHandler {
+	return &OpenAIOAuthHandler{
+		openaiOAuthService: openaiOAuthService,
+		adminService:       adminService,
+	}
+}
+
+// OpenAIGenerateAuthURLRequest represents the request for generating OpenAI auth URL
+type OpenAIGenerateAuthURLRequest struct {
+	ProxyID     *int64 `json:"proxy_id"`
+	RedirectURI string `json:"redirect_uri"`
+}
+
+// GenerateAuthURL generates OpenAI OAuth authorization URL
+// POST /api/v1/admin/openai/generate-auth-url
+func (h *OpenAIOAuthHandler) GenerateAuthURL(c *gin.Context) {
+	var req OpenAIGenerateAuthURLRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		// Allow empty body
+		req = OpenAIGenerateAuthURLRequest{}
+	}
+
+	result, err := h.openaiOAuthService.GenerateAuthURL(c.Request.Context(), req.ProxyID, req.RedirectURI)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to generate auth URL: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, result)
+}
+
+// OpenAIExchangeCodeRequest represents the request for exchanging OpenAI auth code
+type OpenAIExchangeCodeRequest struct {
+	SessionID   string `json:"session_id" binding:"required"`
+	Code        string `json:"code" binding:"required"`
+	RedirectURI string `json:"redirect_uri"`
+	ProxyID     *int64 `json:"proxy_id"`
+}
+
+// ExchangeCode exchanges OpenAI authorization code for tokens
+// POST /api/v1/admin/openai/exchange-code
+func (h *OpenAIOAuthHandler) ExchangeCode(c *gin.Context) {
+	var req OpenAIExchangeCodeRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	tokenInfo, err := h.openaiOAuthService.ExchangeCode(c.Request.Context(), &service.OpenAIExchangeCodeInput{
+		SessionID:   req.SessionID,
+		Code:        req.Code,
+		RedirectURI: req.RedirectURI,
+		ProxyID:     req.ProxyID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Failed to exchange code: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, tokenInfo)
+}
+
+// OpenAIRefreshTokenRequest represents the request for refreshing OpenAI token
+type OpenAIRefreshTokenRequest struct {
+	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token" binding:"required"`
+	ProxyID      *int64 `json:"proxy_id"`
+}
+
+// RefreshToken refreshes an OpenAI OAuth token
+// POST /api/v1/admin/openai/refresh-token
+func (h *OpenAIOAuthHandler) RefreshToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	var req OpenAIRefreshTokenRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	var proxyURL string
+	if req.ProxyID != nil {
+		proxy, err := h.adminService.GetProxy(c.Request.Context(), *req.ProxyID)
+		if err == nil && proxy != nil {
+			proxyURL = proxy.URL()
+		}
+	}
+
+	tokenInfo, err := h.openaiOAuthService.RefreshToken(c.Request.Context(), req.RefreshToken, proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Failed to refresh token: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, tokenInfo)
+}
+
+// RefreshAccountToken refreshes token for a specific OpenAI account
+// POST /api/v1/admin/openai/accounts/:id/refresh
+func (h *OpenAIOAuthHandler) RefreshAccountToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	accountID, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid account ID")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Get account
+	account, err := h.adminService.GetAccount(c.Request.Context(), accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.NotFound(c, "Account not found")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Ensure account is OpenAI platform
+	if !account.IsOpenAI() {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Account is not an OpenAI account")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Only refresh OAuth-based accounts
+	if !account.IsOAuth() {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Cannot refresh non-OAuth account credentials")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Use OpenAI OAuth service to refresh token
+	tokenInfo, err := h.openaiOAuthService.RefreshAccountToken(c.Request.Context(), account)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to refresh credentials: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Build new credentials from token info
+	newCredentials := h.openaiOAuthService.BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo)
+
+	// Preserve non-token settings from existing credentials
+	for k, v := range account.Credentials {
+		if _, exists := newCredentials[k]; !exists {
+			newCredentials[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	updatedAccount, err := h.adminService.UpdateAccount(c.Request.Context(), accountID, &service.UpdateAccountInput{
+		Credentials: newCredentials,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to update account credentials: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, updatedAccount)
+}
+
+// CreateAccountFromOAuth creates a new OpenAI OAuth account from token info
+// POST /api/v1/admin/openai/create-from-oauth
+func (h *OpenAIOAuthHandler) CreateAccountFromOAuth(c *gin.Context) {
+	var req struct {
+		SessionID   string  `json:"session_id" binding:"required"`
+		Code        string  `json:"code" binding:"required"`
+		RedirectURI string  `json:"redirect_uri"`
+		ProxyID     *int64  `json:"proxy_id"`
+		Name        string  `json:"name"`
+		Concurrency int     `json:"concurrency"`
+		Priority    int     `json:"priority"`
+		GroupIDs    []int64 `json:"group_ids"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Exchange code for tokens
+	tokenInfo, err := h.openaiOAuthService.ExchangeCode(c.Request.Context(), &service.OpenAIExchangeCodeInput{
+		SessionID:   req.SessionID,
+		Code:        req.Code,
+		RedirectURI: req.RedirectURI,
+		ProxyID:     req.ProxyID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Failed to exchange code: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Build credentials from token info
+	credentials := h.openaiOAuthService.BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo)
+
+	// Use email as default name if not provided
+	name := req.Name
+	if name == "" && tokenInfo.Email != "" {
+		name = tokenInfo.Email
+	}
+	if name == "" {
+		name = "OpenAI OAuth Account"
+	}
+
+	// Create account
+	account, err := h.adminService.CreateAccount(c.Request.Context(), &service.CreateAccountInput{
+		Name:        name,
+		Platform:    "openai",
+		Type:        "oauth",
+		Credentials: credentials,
+		ProxyID:     req.ProxyID,
+		Concurrency: req.Concurrency,
+		Priority:    req.Priority,
+		GroupIDs:    req.GroupIDs,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to create account: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, account)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/proxy_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/proxy_handler.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package admin

 import (
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"

 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	"sub2api/internal/service"
@@ -112,12 +113,12 @@ func (h *ProxyHandler) Create(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	proxy, err := h.adminService.CreateProxy(c.Request.Context(), &service.CreateProxyInput{
-		Name:     req.Name,
-		Protocol: req.Protocol,
-		Host:     req.Host,
+		Name:     strings.TrimSpace(req.Name),
+		Protocol: strings.TrimSpace(req.Protocol),
+		Host:     strings.TrimSpace(req.Host),
 		Port:     req.Port,
-		Username: req.Username,
-		Password: req.Password,
+		Username: strings.TrimSpace(req.Username),
+		Password: strings.TrimSpace(req.Password),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		response.BadRequest(c, "Failed to create proxy: "+err.Error())
@@ -143,13 +144,13 @@ func (h *ProxyHandler) Update(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	proxy, err := h.adminService.UpdateProxy(c.Request.Context(), proxyID, &service.UpdateProxyInput{
-		Name:     req.Name,
-		Protocol: req.Protocol,
-		Host:     req.Host,
+		Name:     strings.TrimSpace(req.Name),
+		Protocol: strings.TrimSpace(req.Protocol),
+		Host:     strings.TrimSpace(req.Host),
 		Port:     req.Port,
-		Username: req.Username,
-		Password: req.Password,
-		Status:   req.Status,
+		Username: strings.TrimSpace(req.Username),
+		Password: strings.TrimSpace(req.Password),
+		Status:   strings.TrimSpace(req.Status),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to update proxy: "+err.Error())
@@ -235,7 +236,6 @@ func (h *ProxyHandler) GetProxyAccounts(c *gin.Context) {
 	response.Paginated(c, accounts, total, page, pageSize)
 }

-
 // BatchCreateProxyItem represents a single proxy in batch create request
 type BatchCreateProxyItem struct {
 	Protocol string `json:"protocol" binding:"required,oneof=http https socks5"`
@@ -263,8 +263,14 @@ func (h *ProxyHandler) BatchCreate(c *gin.Context) {
 	skipped := 0

 	for _, item := range req.Proxies {
+		// Trim all string fields
+		host := strings.TrimSpace(item.Host)
+		protocol := strings.TrimSpace(item.Protocol)
+		username := strings.TrimSpace(item.Username)
+		password := strings.TrimSpace(item.Password)
+
 		// Check for duplicates (same host, port, username, password)
-		exists, err := h.adminService.CheckProxyExists(c.Request.Context(), item.Host, item.Port, item.Username, item.Password)
+		exists, err := h.adminService.CheckProxyExists(c.Request.Context(), host, item.Port, username, password)
 		if err != nil {
 			response.InternalError(c, "Failed to check proxy existence: "+err.Error())
 			return
@@ -278,11 +284,11 @@ func (h *ProxyHandler) BatchCreate(c *gin.Context) {
 		// Create proxy with default name
 		_, err = h.adminService.CreateProxy(c.Request.Context(), &service.CreateProxyInput{
 			Name:     "default",
-			Protocol: item.Protocol,
-			Host:     item.Host,
+			Protocol: protocol,
+			Host:     host,
 			Port:     item.Port,
-			Username: item.Username,
-			Password: item.Password,
+			Username: username,
+			Password: password,
 		})
 		if err != nil {
 			// If creation fails due to duplicate, count as skipped
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/redeem_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/redeem_handler.go
@@ -156,10 +156,10 @@ func (h *RedeemHandler) Expire(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *RedeemHandler) GetStats(c *gin.Context) {
 	// Return mock data for now
 	response.Success(c, gin.H{
-		"total_codes":            0,
-		"active_codes":           0,
-		"used_codes":             0,
-		"expired_codes":          0,
+		"total_codes":             0,
+		"active_codes":            0,
+		"used_codes":              0,
+		"expired_codes":           0,
 		"total_value_distributed": 0.0,
 		"by_type": gin.H{
 			"balance":     0,
@@ -187,7 +187,10 @@ func (h *RedeemHandler) Export(c *gin.Context) {
 	writer := csv.NewWriter(&buf)

 	// Write header
-	writer.Write([]string{"id", "code", "type", "value", "status", "used_by", "used_at", "created_at"})
+	if err := writer.Write([]string{"id", "code", "type", "value", "status", "used_by", "used_at", "created_at"}); err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to export redeem codes: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}

 	// Write data rows
 	for _, code := range codes {
@@ -199,7 +202,7 @@ func (h *RedeemHandler) Export(c *gin.Context) {
 		if code.UsedAt != nil {
 			usedAt = code.UsedAt.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05")
 		}
-		writer.Write([]string{
+		if err := writer.Write([]string{
 			fmt.Sprintf("%d", code.ID),
 			code.Code,
 			code.Type,
@@ -208,10 +211,17 @@ func (h *RedeemHandler) Export(c *gin.Context) {
 			usedBy,
 			usedAt,
 			code.CreatedAt.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"),
-		})
+		}); err != nil {
+			response.InternalError(c, "Failed to export redeem codes: "+err.Error())
+			return
+		}
 	}

 	writer.Flush()
+	if err := writer.Error(); err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to export redeem codes: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}

 	c.Header("Content-Type", "text/csv")
 	c.Header("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=redeem_codes.csv")
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/setting_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/setting_handler.go
@@ -256,3 +256,43 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) SendTestEmail(c *gin.Context) {

 	response.Success(c, gin.H{"message": "Test email sent successfully"})
 }
+
+// GetAdminApiKey 获取管理员 API Key 状态
+// GET /api/v1/admin/settings/admin-api-key
+func (h *SettingHandler) GetAdminApiKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	maskedKey, exists, err := h.settingService.GetAdminApiKeyStatus(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to get admin API key status: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, gin.H{
+		"exists":     exists,
+		"masked_key": maskedKey,
+	})
+}
+
+// RegenerateAdminApiKey 生成/重新生成管理员 API Key
+// POST /api/v1/admin/settings/admin-api-key/regenerate
+func (h *SettingHandler) RegenerateAdminApiKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	key, err := h.settingService.GenerateAdminApiKey(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to generate admin API key: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, gin.H{
+		"key": key, // 完整 key 只在生成时返回一次
+	})
+}
+
+// DeleteAdminApiKey 删除管理员 API Key
+// DELETE /api/v1/admin/settings/admin-api-key
+func (h *SettingHandler) DeleteAdminApiKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	if err := h.settingService.DeleteAdminApiKey(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to delete admin API key: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, gin.H{"message": "Admin API key deleted"})
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/subscription_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/subscription_handler.go
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ import (
 	"strconv"

 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
 	"sub2api/internal/service"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )

-// toResponsePagination converts repository.PaginationResult to response.PaginationResult
-func toResponsePagination(p *repository.PaginationResult) *response.PaginationResult {
+// toResponsePagination converts pagination.PaginationResult to response.PaginationResult
+func toResponsePagination(p *pagination.PaginationResult) *response.PaginationResult {
 	if p == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/system_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/system_handler.go
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ package admin

 import (
 	"net/http"
+	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/sysutil"
 	"sub2api/internal/service"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )

 // SystemHandler handles system-related operations
@@ -16,9 +17,9 @@ type SystemHandler struct {
 }

 // NewSystemHandler creates a new SystemHandler
-func NewSystemHandler(rdb *redis.Client, version, buildType string) *SystemHandler {
+func NewSystemHandler(updateSvc *service.UpdateService) *SystemHandler {
 	return &SystemHandler{
-		updateSvc: service.NewUpdateService(rdb, version, buildType),
+		updateSvc: updateSvc,
 	}
 }

@@ -72,10 +73,14 @@ func (h *SystemHandler) Rollback(c *gin.Context) {
 // RestartService restarts the systemd service
 // POST /api/v1/admin/system/restart
 func (h *SystemHandler) RestartService(c *gin.Context) {
-	if err := h.updateSvc.RestartService(); err != nil {
-		response.Error(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
-		return
-	}
+	// Schedule service restart in background after sending response
+	// This ensures the client receives the success response before the service restarts
+	go func() {
+		// Wait a moment to ensure the response is sent
+		time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+		sysutil.RestartServiceAsync()
+	}()
+
 	response.Success(c, gin.H{
 		"message": "Service restart initiated",
 	})
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/usage_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/usage_handler.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"time"

+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
 	"sub2api/internal/repository"
@@ -14,10 +15,10 @@ import (

 // UsageHandler handles admin usage-related requests
 type UsageHandler struct {
-	usageRepo     *repository.UsageLogRepository
-	apiKeyRepo    *repository.ApiKeyRepository
-	usageService  *service.UsageService
-	adminService  service.AdminService
+	usageRepo    *repository.UsageLogRepository
+	apiKeyRepo   *repository.ApiKeyRepository
+	usageService *service.UsageService
+	adminService service.AdminService
 }

 // NewUsageHandler creates a new admin usage handler
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 		endTime = &t
 	}

-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	filters := repository.UsageLogFilters{
 		UserID:    userID,
 		ApiKeyID:  apiKeyID,
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) Stats(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *UsageHandler) SearchUsers(c *gin.Context) {
 	keyword := c.Query("q")
 	if keyword == "" {
-		response.Success(c, []interface{}{})
+		response.Success(c, []any{})
 		return
 	}

--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/user_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/user_handler.go
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ func NewUserHandler(adminService service.AdminService) *UserHandler {
 type CreateUserRequest struct {
 	Email         string  `json:"email" binding:"required,email"`
 	Password      string  `json:"password" binding:"required,min=6"`
+	Username      string  `json:"username"`
+	Wechat        string  `json:"wechat"`
+	Notes         string  `json:"notes"`
 	Balance       float64 `json:"balance"`
 	Concurrency   int     `json:"concurrency"`
 	AllowedGroups []int64 `json:"allowed_groups"`
@@ -35,6 +38,9 @@ type CreateUserRequest struct {
 type UpdateUserRequest struct {
 	Email         string   `json:"email" binding:"omitempty,email"`
 	Password      string   `json:"password" binding:"omitempty,min=6"`
+	Username      *string  `json:"username"`
+	Wechat        *string  `json:"wechat"`
+	Notes         *string  `json:"notes"`
 	Balance       *float64 `json:"balance"`
 	Concurrency   *int     `json:"concurrency"`
 	Status        string   `json:"status" binding:"omitempty,oneof=active disabled"`
@@ -43,8 +49,9 @@ type UpdateUserRequest struct {

 // UpdateBalanceRequest represents balance update request
 type UpdateBalanceRequest struct {
-	Balance   float64 `json:"balance" binding:"required"`
+	Balance   float64 `json:"balance" binding:"required,gt=0"`
 	Operation string  `json:"operation" binding:"required,oneof=set add subtract"`
+	Notes     string  `json:"notes"`
 }

 // List handles listing all users with pagination
@@ -94,6 +101,9 @@ func (h *UserHandler) Create(c *gin.Context) {
 	user, err := h.adminService.CreateUser(c.Request.Context(), &service.CreateUserInput{
 		Email:         req.Email,
 		Password:      req.Password,
+		Username:      req.Username,
+		Wechat:        req.Wechat,
+		Notes:         req.Notes,
 		Balance:       req.Balance,
 		Concurrency:   req.Concurrency,
 		AllowedGroups: req.AllowedGroups,
@@ -125,6 +135,9 @@ func (h *UserHandler) Update(c *gin.Context) {
 	user, err := h.adminService.UpdateUser(c.Request.Context(), userID, &service.UpdateUserInput{
 		Email:         req.Email,
 		Password:      req.Password,
+		Username:      req.Username,
+		Wechat:        req.Wechat,
+		Notes:         req.Notes,
 		Balance:       req.Balance,
 		Concurrency:   req.Concurrency,
 		Status:        req.Status,
@@ -171,7 +184,7 @@ func (h *UserHandler) UpdateBalance(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	user, err := h.adminService.UpdateUserBalance(c.Request.Context(), userID, req.Balance, req.Operation)
+	user, err := h.adminService.UpdateUserBalance(c.Request.Context(), userID, req.Balance, req.Operation, req.Notes)
 	if err != nil {
 		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to update balance: "+err.Error())
 		return
--- a/backend/internal/handler/api_key_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/api_key_handler.go
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"strconv"

 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
 	"sub2api/internal/service"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (h *APIKeyHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	page, pageSize := response.ParsePagination(c)
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}

 	keys, result, err := h.apiKeyService.List(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, params)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/backend/internal/handler/gateway_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/gateway_handler.go
@@ -7,28 +7,24 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
+	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/middleware"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
 	"sub2api/internal/service"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )

-const (
-	// Maximum wait time for concurrency slot
-	maxConcurrencyWait = 60 * time.Second
-	// Ping interval during wait
-	pingInterval = 5 * time.Second
-)
-
 // GatewayHandler handles API gateway requests
 type GatewayHandler struct {
 	gatewayService      *service.GatewayService
 	userService         *service.UserService
-	concurrencyService  *service.ConcurrencyService
 	billingCacheService *service.BillingCacheService
+	concurrencyHelper   *ConcurrencyHelper
 }

 // NewGatewayHandler creates a new GatewayHandler
@@ -36,8 +32,8 @@ func NewGatewayHandler(gatewayService *service.GatewayService, userService *serv
 	return &GatewayHandler{
 		gatewayService:      gatewayService,
 		userService:         userService,
-		concurrencyService:  concurrencyService,
 		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
+		concurrencyHelper:   NewConcurrencyHelper(concurrencyService, SSEPingFormatClaude),
 	}
 }

@@ -87,7 +83,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {

 	// 0. 检查wait队列是否已满
 	maxWait := service.CalculateMaxWait(user.Concurrency)
-	canWait, err := h.concurrencyService.IncrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, maxWait)
+	canWait, err := h.concurrencyHelper.IncrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, maxWait)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Increment wait count failed: %v", err)
 		// On error, allow request to proceed
@@ -96,10 +92,10 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 	// 确保在函数退出时减少wait计数
-	defer h.concurrencyService.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), user.ID)
+	defer h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), user.ID)

 	// 1. 首先获取用户并发槽位
-	userReleaseFunc, err := h.acquireUserSlotWithWait(c, user, req.Stream, &streamStarted)
+	userReleaseFunc, err := h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireUserSlotWithWait(c, user, req.Stream, &streamStarted)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("User concurrency acquire failed: %v", err)
 		h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "user", streamStarted)
@@ -126,8 +122,18 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

+	// 检查预热请求拦截（在账号选择后、转发前检查）
+	if account.IsInterceptWarmupEnabled() && isWarmupRequest(body) {
+		if req.Stream {
+			sendMockWarmupStream(c, req.Model)
+		} else {
+			sendMockWarmupResponse(c, req.Model)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
 	// 3. 获取账号并发槽位
-	accountReleaseFunc, err := h.acquireAccountSlotWithWait(c, account, req.Stream, &streamStarted)
+	accountReleaseFunc, err := h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireAccountSlotWithWait(c, account, req.Stream, &streamStarted)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Account concurrency acquire failed: %v", err)
 		h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "account", streamStarted)
@@ -161,154 +167,25 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 	}()
 }

-// acquireUserSlotWithWait acquires a user concurrency slot, waiting if necessary
-// For streaming requests, sends ping events during the wait
-// streamStarted is updated if streaming response has begun
-func (h *GatewayHandler) acquireUserSlotWithWait(c *gin.Context, user *model.User, isStream bool, streamStarted *bool) (func(), error) {
-	ctx := c.Request.Context()
-
-	// Try to acquire immediately
-	result, err := h.concurrencyService.AcquireUserSlot(ctx, user.ID, user.Concurrency)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if result.Acquired {
-		return result.ReleaseFunc, nil
-	}
-
-	// Need to wait - handle streaming ping if needed
-	return h.waitForSlotWithPing(c, "user", user.ID, user.Concurrency, isStream, streamStarted)
-}
-
-// acquireAccountSlotWithWait acquires an account concurrency slot, waiting if necessary
-// For streaming requests, sends ping events during the wait
-// streamStarted is updated if streaming response has begun
-func (h *GatewayHandler) acquireAccountSlotWithWait(c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, isStream bool, streamStarted *bool) (func(), error) {
-	ctx := c.Request.Context()
-
-	// Try to acquire immediately
-	result, err := h.concurrencyService.AcquireAccountSlot(ctx, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if result.Acquired {
-		return result.ReleaseFunc, nil
-	}
-
-	// Need to wait - handle streaming ping if needed
-	return h.waitForSlotWithPing(c, "account", account.ID, account.Concurrency, isStream, streamStarted)
-}
-
-// concurrencyError represents a concurrency limit error with context
-type concurrencyError struct {
-	SlotType  string
-	IsTimeout bool
-}
-
-func (e *concurrencyError) Error() string {
-	if e.IsTimeout {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("timeout waiting for %s concurrency slot", e.SlotType)
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s concurrency limit reached", e.SlotType)
-}
-
-// waitForSlotWithPing waits for a concurrency slot, sending ping events for streaming requests
-// Note: For streaming requests, we send ping to keep the connection alive.
-// streamStarted pointer is updated when streaming begins (for proper error handling by caller)
-func (h *GatewayHandler) waitForSlotWithPing(c *gin.Context, slotType string, id int64, maxConcurrency int, isStream bool, streamStarted *bool) (func(), error) {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(c.Request.Context(), maxConcurrencyWait)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	// For streaming requests, set up SSE headers for ping
-	var flusher http.Flusher
-	if isStream {
-		var ok bool
-		flusher, ok = c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("streaming not supported")
-		}
-	}
-
-	pingTicker := time.NewTicker(pingInterval)
-	defer pingTicker.Stop()
-
-	pollTicker := time.NewTicker(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	defer pollTicker.Stop()
-
-	for {
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return nil, &concurrencyError{
-				SlotType:  slotType,
-				IsTimeout: true,
-			}
-
-		case <-pingTicker.C:
-			// Send ping for streaming requests to keep connection alive
-			if isStream && flusher != nil {
-				// Set headers on first ping (lazy initialization)
-				if !*streamStarted {
-					c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
-					c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
-					c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
-					c.Header("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
-					*streamStarted = true
-				}
-				fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "data: {\"type\": \"ping\"}\n\n")
-				flusher.Flush()
-			}
-
-		case <-pollTicker.C:
-			// Try to acquire slot
-			var result *service.AcquireResult
-			var err error
-
-			if slotType == "user" {
-				result, err = h.concurrencyService.AcquireUserSlot(ctx, id, maxConcurrency)
-			} else {
-				result, err = h.concurrencyService.AcquireAccountSlot(ctx, id, maxConcurrency)
-			}
-
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			if result.Acquired {
-				return result.ReleaseFunc, nil
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // Models handles listing available models
 // GET /v1/models
+// Returns different model lists based on the API key's group platform
 func (h *GatewayHandler) Models(c *gin.Context) {
-	models := []gin.H{
-		{
-			"id":           "claude-opus-4-5-20251101",
-			"type":         "model",
-			"display_name": "Claude Opus 4.5",
-			"created_at":   "2025-11-01T00:00:00Z",
-		},
-		{
-			"id":           "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929",
-			"type":         "model",
-			"display_name": "Claude Sonnet 4.5",
-			"created_at":   "2025-09-29T00:00:00Z",
-		},
-		{
-			"id":           "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001",
-			"type":         "model",
-			"display_name": "Claude Haiku 4.5",
-			"created_at":   "2025-10-01T00:00:00Z",
-		},
+	apiKey, _ := middleware.GetApiKeyFromContext(c)
+
+	// Return OpenAI models for OpenAI platform groups
+	if apiKey != nil && apiKey.Group != nil && apiKey.Group.Platform == "openai" {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+			"object": "list",
+			"data":   openai.DefaultModels,
+		})
+		return
 	}

+	// Default: Claude models
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-		"data":   models,
 		"object": "list",
+		"data":   claude.DefaultModels,
 	})
 }

@@ -423,7 +300,9 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) handleStreamingAwareError(c *gin.Context, status int, e
 		if ok {
 			// Send error event in SSE format
 			errorEvent := fmt.Sprintf(`data: {"type": "error", "error": {"type": "%s", "message": "%s"}}`+"\n\n", errType, message)
-			fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, errorEvent)
+			if _, err := fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, errorEvent); err != nil {
+				_ = c.Error(err)
+			}
 			flusher.Flush()
 		}
 		return
@@ -443,3 +322,155 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) errorResponse(c *gin.Context, status int, errType, mess
 		},
 	})
 }
+
+// CountTokens handles token counting endpoint
+// POST /v1/messages/count_tokens
+// 特点：校验订阅/余额，但不计算并发、不记录使用量
+func (h *GatewayHandler) CountTokens(c *gin.Context) {
+	// 从context获取apiKey和user（ApiKeyAuth中间件已设置）
+	apiKey, ok := middleware.GetApiKeyFromContext(c)
+	if !ok {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusUnauthorized, "authentication_error", "Invalid API key")
+		return
+	}
+
+	user, ok := middleware.GetUserFromContext(c)
+	if !ok {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "api_error", "User context not found")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 读取请求体
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "Failed to read request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "Request body is empty")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 解析请求获取模型名
+	var req struct {
+		Model string `json:"model"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &req); err != nil {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "Failed to parse request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 获取订阅信息（可能为nil）
+	subscription, _ := middleware.GetSubscriptionFromContext(c)
+
+	// 校验 billing eligibility（订阅/余额）
+	// 【注意】不计算并发，但需要校验订阅/余额
+	if err := h.billingCacheService.CheckBillingEligibility(c.Request.Context(), user, apiKey, apiKey.Group, subscription); err != nil {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusForbidden, "billing_error", err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 计算粘性会话 hash
+	sessionHash := h.gatewayService.GenerateSessionHash(body)
+
+	// 选择支持该模型的账号
+	account, err := h.gatewayService.SelectAccountForModel(c.Request.Context(), apiKey.GroupID, sessionHash, req.Model)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 转发请求（不记录使用量）
+	if err := h.gatewayService.ForwardCountTokens(c.Request.Context(), c, account, body); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Forward count_tokens request failed: %v", err)
+		// 错误响应已在 ForwardCountTokens 中处理
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// isWarmupRequest 检测是否为预热请求（标题生成、Warmup等）
+func isWarmupRequest(body []byte) bool {
+	// 快速检查：如果body不包含关键字，直接返回false
+	bodyStr := string(body)
+	if !strings.Contains(bodyStr, "title") && !strings.Contains(bodyStr, "Warmup") {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 解析完整请求
+	var req struct {
+		Messages []struct {
+			Content []struct {
+				Type string `json:"type"`
+				Text string `json:"text"`
+			} `json:"content"`
+		} `json:"messages"`
+		System []struct {
+			Text string `json:"text"`
+		} `json:"system"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &req); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 检查 messages 中的标题提示模式
+	for _, msg := range req.Messages {
+		for _, content := range msg.Content {
+			if content.Type == "text" {
+				if strings.Contains(content.Text, "Please write a 5-10 word title for the following conversation:") ||
+					content.Text == "Warmup" {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 检查 system 中的标题提取模式
+	for _, system := range req.System {
+		if strings.Contains(system.Text, "nalyze if this message indicates a new conversation topic. If it does, extract a 2-3 word title") {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// sendMockWarmupStream 发送流式 mock 响应（用于预热请求拦截）
+func sendMockWarmupStream(c *gin.Context, model string) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Header("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+
+	events := []string{
+		`event: message_start` + "\n" + `data: {"message":{"content":[],"id":"msg_mock_warmup","model":"` + model + `","role":"assistant","stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"type":"message","usage":{"input_tokens":10,"output_tokens":0}},"type":"message_start"}`,
+		`event: content_block_start` + "\n" + `data: {"content_block":{"text":"","type":"text"},"index":0,"type":"content_block_start"}`,
+		`event: content_block_delta` + "\n" + `data: {"delta":{"text":"New","type":"text_delta"},"index":0,"type":"content_block_delta"}`,
+		`event: content_block_delta` + "\n" + `data: {"delta":{"text":" Conversation","type":"text_delta"},"index":0,"type":"content_block_delta"}`,
+		`event: content_block_stop` + "\n" + `data: {"index":0,"type":"content_block_stop"}`,
+		`event: message_delta` + "\n" + `data: {"delta":{"stop_reason":"end_turn","stop_sequence":null},"type":"message_delta","usage":{"input_tokens":10,"output_tokens":2}}`,
+		`event: message_stop` + "\n" + `data: {"type":"message_stop"}`,
+	}
+
+	for _, event := range events {
+		_, _ = c.Writer.WriteString(event + "\n\n")
+		c.Writer.Flush()
+		time.Sleep(20 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+}
+
+// sendMockWarmupResponse 发送非流式 mock 响应（用于预热请求拦截）
+func sendMockWarmupResponse(c *gin.Context, model string) {
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+		"id":          "msg_mock_warmup",
+		"type":        "message",
+		"role":        "assistant",
+		"model":       model,
+		"content":     []gin.H{{"type": "text", "text": "New Conversation"}},
+		"stop_reason": "end_turn",
+		"usage": gin.H{
+			"input_tokens":  10,
+			"output_tokens": 2,
+		},
+	})
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/gateway_helper.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/gateway_helper.go
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package handler
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+const (
+	// maxConcurrencyWait is the maximum time to wait for a concurrency slot
+	maxConcurrencyWait = 30 * time.Second
+	// pingInterval is the interval for sending ping events during slot wait
+	pingInterval = 15 * time.Second
+)
+
+// SSEPingFormat defines the format of SSE ping events for different platforms
+type SSEPingFormat string
+
+const (
+	// SSEPingFormatClaude is the Claude/Anthropic SSE ping format
+	SSEPingFormatClaude SSEPingFormat = "data: {\"type\": \"ping\"}\n\n"
+	// SSEPingFormatNone indicates no ping should be sent (e.g., OpenAI has no ping spec)
+	SSEPingFormatNone SSEPingFormat = ""
+)
+
+// ConcurrencyError represents a concurrency limit error with context
+type ConcurrencyError struct {
+	SlotType  string
+	IsTimeout bool
+}
+
+func (e *ConcurrencyError) Error() string {
+	if e.IsTimeout {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("timeout waiting for %s concurrency slot", e.SlotType)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s concurrency limit reached", e.SlotType)
+}
+
+// ConcurrencyHelper provides common concurrency slot management for gateway handlers
+type ConcurrencyHelper struct {
+	concurrencyService *service.ConcurrencyService
+	pingFormat         SSEPingFormat
+}
+
+// NewConcurrencyHelper creates a new ConcurrencyHelper
+func NewConcurrencyHelper(concurrencyService *service.ConcurrencyService, pingFormat SSEPingFormat) *ConcurrencyHelper {
+	return &ConcurrencyHelper{
+		concurrencyService: concurrencyService,
+		pingFormat:         pingFormat,
+	}
+}
+
+// IncrementWaitCount increments the wait count for a user
+func (h *ConcurrencyHelper) IncrementWaitCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64, maxWait int) (bool, error) {
+	return h.concurrencyService.IncrementWaitCount(ctx, userID, maxWait)
+}
+
+// DecrementWaitCount decrements the wait count for a user
+func (h *ConcurrencyHelper) DecrementWaitCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) {
+	h.concurrencyService.DecrementWaitCount(ctx, userID)
+}
+
+// AcquireUserSlotWithWait acquires a user concurrency slot, waiting if necessary.
+// For streaming requests, sends ping events during the wait.
+// streamStarted is updated if streaming response has begun.
+func (h *ConcurrencyHelper) AcquireUserSlotWithWait(c *gin.Context, user *model.User, isStream bool, streamStarted *bool) (func(), error) {
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+
+	// Try to acquire immediately
+	result, err := h.concurrencyService.AcquireUserSlot(ctx, user.ID, user.Concurrency)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if result.Acquired {
+		return result.ReleaseFunc, nil
+	}
+
+	// Need to wait - handle streaming ping if needed
+	return h.waitForSlotWithPing(c, "user", user.ID, user.Concurrency, isStream, streamStarted)
+}
+
+// AcquireAccountSlotWithWait acquires an account concurrency slot, waiting if necessary.
+// For streaming requests, sends ping events during the wait.
+// streamStarted is updated if streaming response has begun.
+func (h *ConcurrencyHelper) AcquireAccountSlotWithWait(c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, isStream bool, streamStarted *bool) (func(), error) {
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+
+	// Try to acquire immediately
+	result, err := h.concurrencyService.AcquireAccountSlot(ctx, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if result.Acquired {
+		return result.ReleaseFunc, nil
+	}
+
+	// Need to wait - handle streaming ping if needed
+	return h.waitForSlotWithPing(c, "account", account.ID, account.Concurrency, isStream, streamStarted)
+}
+
+// waitForSlotWithPing waits for a concurrency slot, sending ping events for streaming requests.
+// streamStarted pointer is updated when streaming begins (for proper error handling by caller).
+func (h *ConcurrencyHelper) waitForSlotWithPing(c *gin.Context, slotType string, id int64, maxConcurrency int, isStream bool, streamStarted *bool) (func(), error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(c.Request.Context(), maxConcurrencyWait)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Determine if ping is needed (streaming + ping format defined)
+	needPing := isStream && h.pingFormat != ""
+
+	var flusher http.Flusher
+	if needPing {
+		var ok bool
+		flusher, ok = c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("streaming not supported")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Only create ping ticker if ping is needed
+	var pingCh <-chan time.Time
+	if needPing {
+		pingTicker := time.NewTicker(pingInterval)
+		defer pingTicker.Stop()
+		pingCh = pingTicker.C
+	}
+
+	pollTicker := time.NewTicker(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	defer pollTicker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, &ConcurrencyError{
+				SlotType:  slotType,
+				IsTimeout: true,
+			}
+
+		case <-pingCh:
+			// Send ping to keep connection alive
+			if !*streamStarted {
+				c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+				c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+				c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+				c.Header("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+				*streamStarted = true
+			}
+			if _, err := fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, string(h.pingFormat)); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			flusher.Flush()
+
+		case <-pollTicker.C:
+			// Try to acquire slot
+			var result *service.AcquireResult
+			var err error
+
+			if slotType == "user" {
+				result, err = h.concurrencyService.AcquireUserSlot(ctx, id, maxConcurrency)
+			} else {
+				result, err = h.concurrencyService.AcquireAccountSlot(ctx, id, maxConcurrency)
+			}
+
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			if result.Acquired {
+				return result.ReleaseFunc, nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/handler.go
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@ package handler

 import (
 	"sub2api/internal/handler/admin"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
-	"sub2api/internal/service"
-
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )

 // AdminHandlers contains all admin-related HTTP handlers
@@ -15,6 +11,7 @@ type AdminHandlers struct {
 	Group        *admin.GroupHandler
 	Account      *admin.AccountHandler
 	OAuth        *admin.OAuthHandler
+	OpenAIOAuth  *admin.OpenAIOAuthHandler
 	Proxy        *admin.ProxyHandler
 	Redeem       *admin.RedeemHandler
 	Setting      *admin.SettingHandler
@@ -25,15 +22,16 @@ type AdminHandlers struct {

 // Handlers contains all HTTP handlers
 type Handlers struct {
-	Auth         *AuthHandler
-	User         *UserHandler
-	APIKey       *APIKeyHandler
-	Usage        *UsageHandler
-	Redeem       *RedeemHandler
-	Subscription *SubscriptionHandler
-	Admin        *AdminHandlers
-	Gateway      *GatewayHandler
-	Setting      *SettingHandler
+	Auth          *AuthHandler
+	User          *UserHandler
+	APIKey        *APIKeyHandler
+	Usage         *UsageHandler
+	Redeem        *RedeemHandler
+	Subscription  *SubscriptionHandler
+	Admin         *AdminHandlers
+	Gateway       *GatewayHandler
+	OpenAIGateway *OpenAIGatewayHandler
+	Setting       *SettingHandler
 }

 // BuildInfo contains build-time information
@@ -41,30 +39,3 @@ type BuildInfo struct {
 	Version   string
 	BuildType string // "source" for manual builds, "release" for CI builds
 }
-
-// NewHandlers creates a new Handlers instance with all handlers initialized
-func NewHandlers(services *service.Services, repos *repository.Repositories, rdb *redis.Client, buildInfo BuildInfo) *Handlers {
-	return &Handlers{
-		Auth:         NewAuthHandler(services.Auth),
-		User:         NewUserHandler(services.User),
-		APIKey:       NewAPIKeyHandler(services.ApiKey),
-		Usage:        NewUsageHandler(services.Usage, repos.UsageLog, services.ApiKey),
-		Redeem:       NewRedeemHandler(services.Redeem),
-		Subscription: NewSubscriptionHandler(services.Subscription),
-		Admin: &AdminHandlers{
-			Dashboard:    admin.NewDashboardHandler(services.Admin, repos.UsageLog),
-			User:         admin.NewUserHandler(services.Admin),
-			Group:        admin.NewGroupHandler(services.Admin),
-			Account:      admin.NewAccountHandler(services.Admin, services.OAuth, services.RateLimit, services.AccountUsage, services.AccountTest),
-			OAuth:        admin.NewOAuthHandler(services.OAuth, services.Admin),
-			Proxy:        admin.NewProxyHandler(services.Admin),
-			Redeem:       admin.NewRedeemHandler(services.Admin),
-			Setting:      admin.NewSettingHandler(services.Setting, services.Email),
-			System:       admin.NewSystemHandler(rdb, buildInfo.Version, buildInfo.BuildType),
-			Subscription: admin.NewSubscriptionHandler(services.Subscription),
-			Usage:        admin.NewUsageHandler(repos.UsageLog, repos.ApiKey, services.Usage, services.Admin),
-		},
-		Gateway: NewGatewayHandler(services.Gateway, services.User, services.Concurrency, services.BillingCache),
-		Setting: NewSettingHandler(services.Setting, buildInfo.Version),
-	}
-}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+package handler
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/middleware"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// OpenAIGatewayHandler handles OpenAI API gateway requests
+type OpenAIGatewayHandler struct {
+	gatewayService      *service.OpenAIGatewayService
+	billingCacheService *service.BillingCacheService
+	concurrencyHelper   *ConcurrencyHelper
+}
+
+// NewOpenAIGatewayHandler creates a new OpenAIGatewayHandler
+func NewOpenAIGatewayHandler(
+	gatewayService *service.OpenAIGatewayService,
+	concurrencyService *service.ConcurrencyService,
+	billingCacheService *service.BillingCacheService,
+) *OpenAIGatewayHandler {
+	return &OpenAIGatewayHandler{
+		gatewayService:      gatewayService,
+		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
+		concurrencyHelper:   NewConcurrencyHelper(concurrencyService, SSEPingFormatNone),
+	}
+}
+
+// Responses handles OpenAI Responses API endpoint
+// POST /openai/v1/responses
+func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
+	// Get apiKey and user from context (set by ApiKeyAuth middleware)
+	apiKey, ok := middleware.GetApiKeyFromContext(c)
+	if !ok {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusUnauthorized, "authentication_error", "Invalid API key")
+		return
+	}
+
+	user, ok := middleware.GetUserFromContext(c)
+	if !ok {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "api_error", "User context not found")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Read request body
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "Failed to read request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "Request body is empty")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Parse request body to map for potential modification
+	var reqBody map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &reqBody); err != nil {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request_error", "Failed to parse request body")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Extract model and stream
+	reqModel, _ := reqBody["model"].(string)
+	reqStream, _ := reqBody["stream"].(bool)
+
+	// For non-Codex CLI requests, set default instructions
+	userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
+	if !openai.IsCodexCLIRequest(userAgent) {
+		reqBody["instructions"] = openai.DefaultInstructions
+		// Re-serialize body
+		body, err = json.Marshal(reqBody)
+		if err != nil {
+			h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "api_error", "Failed to process request")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Track if we've started streaming (for error handling)
+	streamStarted := false
+
+	// Get subscription info (may be nil)
+	subscription, _ := middleware.GetSubscriptionFromContext(c)
+
+	// 0. Check if wait queue is full
+	maxWait := service.CalculateMaxWait(user.Concurrency)
+	canWait, err := h.concurrencyHelper.IncrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, maxWait)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Increment wait count failed: %v", err)
+		// On error, allow request to proceed
+	} else if !canWait {
+		h.errorResponse(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "rate_limit_error", "Too many pending requests, please retry later")
+		return
+	}
+	// Ensure wait count is decremented when function exits
+	defer h.concurrencyHelper.DecrementWaitCount(c.Request.Context(), user.ID)
+
+	// 1. First acquire user concurrency slot
+	userReleaseFunc, err := h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireUserSlotWithWait(c, user, reqStream, &streamStarted)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("User concurrency acquire failed: %v", err)
+		h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "user", streamStarted)
+		return
+	}
+	if userReleaseFunc != nil {
+		defer userReleaseFunc()
+	}
+
+	// 2. Re-check billing eligibility after wait
+	if err := h.billingCacheService.CheckBillingEligibility(c.Request.Context(), user, apiKey, apiKey.Group, subscription); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Billing eligibility check failed after wait: %v", err)
+		h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusForbidden, "billing_error", err.Error(), streamStarted)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Generate session hash (from header for OpenAI)
+	sessionHash := h.gatewayService.GenerateSessionHash(c)
+
+	// Select account supporting the requested model
+	log.Printf("[OpenAI Handler] Selecting account: groupID=%v model=%s", apiKey.GroupID, reqModel)
+	account, err := h.gatewayService.SelectAccountForModel(c.Request.Context(), apiKey.GroupID, sessionHash, reqModel)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[OpenAI Handler] SelectAccount failed: %v", err)
+		h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts: "+err.Error(), streamStarted)
+		return
+	}
+	log.Printf("[OpenAI Handler] Selected account: id=%d name=%s", account.ID, account.Name)
+
+	// 3. Acquire account concurrency slot
+	accountReleaseFunc, err := h.concurrencyHelper.AcquireAccountSlotWithWait(c, account, reqStream, &streamStarted)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Account concurrency acquire failed: %v", err)
+		h.handleConcurrencyError(c, err, "account", streamStarted)
+		return
+	}
+	if accountReleaseFunc != nil {
+		defer accountReleaseFunc()
+	}
+
+	// Forward request
+	result, err := h.gatewayService.Forward(c.Request.Context(), c, account, body)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Error response already handled in Forward, just log
+		log.Printf("Forward request failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Async record usage
+	go func() {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		if err := h.gatewayService.RecordUsage(ctx, &service.OpenAIRecordUsageInput{
+			Result:       result,
+			ApiKey:       apiKey,
+			User:         user,
+			Account:      account,
+			Subscription: subscription,
+		}); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("Record usage failed: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// handleConcurrencyError handles concurrency-related errors with proper 429 response
+func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleConcurrencyError(c *gin.Context, err error, slotType string, streamStarted bool) {
+	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusTooManyRequests, "rate_limit_error",
+		fmt.Sprintf("Concurrency limit exceeded for %s, please retry later", slotType), streamStarted)
+}
+
+// handleStreamingAwareError handles errors that may occur after streaming has started
+func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleStreamingAwareError(c *gin.Context, status int, errType, message string, streamStarted bool) {
+	if streamStarted {
+		// Stream already started, send error as SSE event then close
+		flusher, ok := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+		if ok {
+			// Send error event in OpenAI SSE format
+			errorEvent := fmt.Sprintf(`event: error`+"\n"+`data: {"error": {"type": "%s", "message": "%s"}}`+"\n\n", errType, message)
+			if _, err := fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, errorEvent); err != nil {
+				_ = c.Error(err)
+			}
+			flusher.Flush()
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Normal case: return JSON response with proper status code
+	h.errorResponse(c, status, errType, message)
+}
+
+// errorResponse returns OpenAI API format error response
+func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) errorResponse(c *gin.Context, status int, errType, message string) {
+	c.JSON(status, gin.H{
+		"error": gin.H{
+			"type":    errType,
+			"message": message,
+		},
+	})
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/usage_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/usage_handler.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
 	"sub2api/internal/repository"
@@ -68,9 +69,9 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 		apiKeyID = id
 	}

-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	var records []model.UsageLog
-	var result *repository.PaginationResult
+	var result *pagination.PaginationResult
 	var err error

 	if apiKeyID > 0 {
@@ -357,12 +358,12 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) DashboardApiKeysUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	if len(req.ApiKeyIDs) == 0 {
-		response.Success(c, gin.H{"stats": map[string]interface{}{}})
+		response.Success(c, gin.H{"stats": map[string]any{}})
 		return
 	}

 	// Verify ownership of all requested API keys
-	userApiKeys, _, err := h.apiKeyService.List(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, repository.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 1000})
+	userApiKeys, _, err := h.apiKeyService.List(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 1000})
 	if err != nil {
 		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to verify API key ownership")
 		return
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) DashboardApiKeysUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	if len(validApiKeyIDs) == 0 {
-		response.Success(c, gin.H{"stats": map[string]interface{}{}})
+		response.Success(c, gin.H{"stats": map[string]any{}})
 		return
 	}

--- a/backend/internal/handler/user_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/user_handler.go
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ type ChangePasswordRequest struct {
 	NewPassword string `json:"new_password" binding:"required,min=6"`
 }

+// UpdateProfileRequest represents the update profile request payload
+type UpdateProfileRequest struct {
+	Username *string `json:"username"`
+	Wechat   *string `json:"wechat"`
+}
+
 // GetProfile handles getting user profile
 // GET /api/v1/users/me
 func (h *UserHandler) GetProfile(c *gin.Context) {
@@ -47,6 +53,9 @@ func (h *UserHandler) GetProfile(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

+	// 清空notes字段，普通用户不应看到备注
+	userData.Notes = ""
+
 	response.Success(c, userData)
 }

@@ -83,3 +92,40 @@ func (h *UserHandler) ChangePassword(c *gin.Context) {

 	response.Success(c, gin.H{"message": "Password changed successfully"})
 }
+
+// UpdateProfile handles updating user profile
+// PUT /api/v1/users/me
+func (h *UserHandler) UpdateProfile(c *gin.Context) {
+	userValue, exists := c.Get("user")
+	if !exists {
+		response.Unauthorized(c, "User not authenticated")
+		return
+	}
+
+	user, ok := userValue.(*model.User)
+	if !ok {
+		response.InternalError(c, "Invalid user context")
+		return
+	}
+
+	var req UpdateProfileRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	svcReq := service.UpdateProfileRequest{
+		Username: req.Username,
+		Wechat:   req.Wechat,
+	}
+	updatedUser, err := h.userService.UpdateProfile(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, svcReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Failed to update profile: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 清空notes字段，普通用户不应看到备注
+	updatedUser.Notes = ""
+
+	response.Success(c, updatedUser)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/wire.go
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package handler
+
+import (
+	"sub2api/internal/handler/admin"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/google/wire"
+)
+
+// ProvideAdminHandlers creates the AdminHandlers struct
+func ProvideAdminHandlers(
+	dashboardHandler *admin.DashboardHandler,
+	userHandler *admin.UserHandler,
+	groupHandler *admin.GroupHandler,
+	accountHandler *admin.AccountHandler,
+	oauthHandler *admin.OAuthHandler,
+	openaiOAuthHandler *admin.OpenAIOAuthHandler,
+	proxyHandler *admin.ProxyHandler,
+	redeemHandler *admin.RedeemHandler,
+	settingHandler *admin.SettingHandler,
+	systemHandler *admin.SystemHandler,
+	subscriptionHandler *admin.SubscriptionHandler,
+	usageHandler *admin.UsageHandler,
+) *AdminHandlers {
+	return &AdminHandlers{
+		Dashboard:    dashboardHandler,
+		User:         userHandler,
+		Group:        groupHandler,
+		Account:      accountHandler,
+		OAuth:        oauthHandler,
+		OpenAIOAuth:  openaiOAuthHandler,
+		Proxy:        proxyHandler,
+		Redeem:       redeemHandler,
+		Setting:      settingHandler,
+		System:       systemHandler,
+		Subscription: subscriptionHandler,
+		Usage:        usageHandler,
+	}
+}
+
+// ProvideSystemHandler creates admin.SystemHandler with UpdateService
+func ProvideSystemHandler(updateService *service.UpdateService) *admin.SystemHandler {
+	return admin.NewSystemHandler(updateService)
+}
+
+// ProvideSettingHandler creates SettingHandler with version from BuildInfo
+func ProvideSettingHandler(settingService *service.SettingService, buildInfo BuildInfo) *SettingHandler {
+	return NewSettingHandler(settingService, buildInfo.Version)
+}
+
+// ProvideHandlers creates the Handlers struct
+func ProvideHandlers(
+	authHandler *AuthHandler,
+	userHandler *UserHandler,
+	apiKeyHandler *APIKeyHandler,
+	usageHandler *UsageHandler,
+	redeemHandler *RedeemHandler,
+	subscriptionHandler *SubscriptionHandler,
+	adminHandlers *AdminHandlers,
+	gatewayHandler *GatewayHandler,
+	openaiGatewayHandler *OpenAIGatewayHandler,
+	settingHandler *SettingHandler,
+) *Handlers {
+	return &Handlers{
+		Auth:          authHandler,
+		User:          userHandler,
+		APIKey:        apiKeyHandler,
+		Usage:         usageHandler,
+		Redeem:        redeemHandler,
+		Subscription:  subscriptionHandler,
+		Admin:         adminHandlers,
+		Gateway:       gatewayHandler,
+		OpenAIGateway: openaiGatewayHandler,
+		Setting:       settingHandler,
+	}
+}
+
+// ProviderSet is the Wire provider set for all handlers
+var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
+	// Top-level handlers
+	NewAuthHandler,
+	NewUserHandler,
+	NewAPIKeyHandler,
+	NewUsageHandler,
+	NewRedeemHandler,
+	NewSubscriptionHandler,
+	NewGatewayHandler,
+	NewOpenAIGatewayHandler,
+	ProvideSettingHandler,
+
+	// Admin handlers
+	admin.NewDashboardHandler,
+	admin.NewUserHandler,
+	admin.NewGroupHandler,
+	admin.NewAccountHandler,
+	admin.NewOAuthHandler,
+	admin.NewOpenAIOAuthHandler,
+	admin.NewProxyHandler,
+	admin.NewRedeemHandler,
+	admin.NewSettingHandler,
+	ProvideSystemHandler,
+	admin.NewSubscriptionHandler,
+	admin.NewUsageHandler,
+
+	// AdminHandlers and Handlers constructors
+	ProvideAdminHandlers,
+	ProvideHandlers,
+)
--- a/backend/internal/infrastructure/database.go
+++ b/backend/internal/infrastructure/database.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package infrastructure
+
+import (
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
+
+	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+)
+
+// InitDB 初始化数据库连接
+func InitDB(cfg *config.Config) (*gorm.DB, error) {
+	// 初始化时区（在数据库连接之前，确保时区设置正确）
+	if err := timezone.Init(cfg.Timezone); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	gormConfig := &gorm.Config{}
+	if cfg.Server.Mode == "debug" {
+		gormConfig.Logger = logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Info)
+	}
+
+	// 使用带时区的 DSN 连接数据库
+	db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(cfg.Database.DSNWithTimezone(cfg.Timezone)), gormConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// 自动迁移（始终执行，确保数据库结构与代码同步）
+	// GORM 的 AutoMigrate 只会添加新字段，不会删除或修改已有字段，是安全的
+	if err := model.AutoMigrate(db); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return db, nil
+}
--- a/backend/internal/infrastructure/redis.go
+++ b/backend/internal/infrastructure/redis.go
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package infrastructure
+
+import (
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+// InitRedis 初始化 Redis 客户端
+func InitRedis(cfg *config.Config) *redis.Client {
+	return redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
+		Addr:     cfg.Redis.Address(),
+		Password: cfg.Redis.Password,
+		DB:       cfg.Redis.DB,
+	})
+}
--- a/backend/internal/infrastructure/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/infrastructure/wire.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package infrastructure
+
+import (
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+
+	"github.com/google/wire"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+// ProviderSet 提供基础设施层的依赖
+var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
+	ProvideDB,
+	ProvideRedis,
+)
+
+// ProvideDB 提供数据库连接
+func ProvideDB(cfg *config.Config) (*gorm.DB, error) {
+	return InitDB(cfg)
+}
+
+// ProvideRedis 提供 Redis 客户端
+func ProvideRedis(cfg *config.Config) *redis.Client {
+	return InitRedis(cfg)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/middleware/admin_auth.go
+++ b/backend/internal/middleware/admin_auth.go
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/subtle"
+	"strings"
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// AdminAuth 管理员认证中间件
+// 支持两种认证方式（通过不同的 header 区分）：
+// 1. Admin API Key: x-api-key: <admin-api-key>
+// 2. JWT Token: Authorization: Bearer <jwt-token> (需要管理员角色)
+func AdminAuth(
+	authService *service.AuthService,
+	userRepo interface {
+		GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.User, error)
+		GetFirstAdmin(ctx context.Context) (*model.User, error)
+	},
+	settingService *service.SettingService,
+) gin.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		// 检查 x-api-key header（Admin API Key 认证）
+		apiKey := c.GetHeader("x-api-key")
+		if apiKey != "" {
+			if !validateAdminApiKey(c, apiKey, settingService, userRepo) {
+				return
+			}
+			c.Next()
+			return
+		}
+
+		// 检查 Authorization header（JWT 认证）
+		authHeader := c.GetHeader("Authorization")
+		if authHeader != "" {
+			parts := strings.SplitN(authHeader, " ", 2)
+			if len(parts) == 2 && parts[0] == "Bearer" {
+				if !validateJWTForAdmin(c, parts[1], authService, userRepo) {
+					return
+				}
+				c.Next()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 无有效认证信息
+		AbortWithError(c, 401, "UNAUTHORIZED", "Authorization required")
+	}
+}
+
+// validateAdminApiKey 验证管理员 API Key
+func validateAdminApiKey(
+	c *gin.Context,
+	key string,
+	settingService *service.SettingService,
+	userRepo interface {
+		GetFirstAdmin(ctx context.Context) (*model.User, error)
+	},
+) bool {
+	storedKey, err := settingService.GetAdminApiKey(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		AbortWithError(c, 500, "INTERNAL_ERROR", "Internal server error")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 未配置或不匹配，统一返回相同错误（避免信息泄露）
+	if storedKey == "" || subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(key), []byte(storedKey)) != 1 {
+		AbortWithError(c, 401, "INVALID_ADMIN_KEY", "Invalid admin API key")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 获取真实的管理员用户
+	admin, err := userRepo.GetFirstAdmin(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		AbortWithError(c, 500, "INTERNAL_ERROR", "No admin user found")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	c.Set(string(ContextKeyUser), admin)
+	c.Set("auth_method", "admin_api_key")
+	return true
+}
+
+// validateJWTForAdmin 验证 JWT 并检查管理员权限
+func validateJWTForAdmin(
+	c *gin.Context,
+	token string,
+	authService *service.AuthService,
+	userRepo interface {
+		GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.User, error)
+	},
+) bool {
+	// 验证 JWT token
+	claims, err := authService.ValidateToken(token)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == service.ErrTokenExpired {
+			AbortWithError(c, 401, "TOKEN_EXPIRED", "Token has expired")
+			return false
+		}
+		AbortWithError(c, 401, "INVALID_TOKEN", "Invalid token")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 从数据库获取用户
+	user, err := userRepo.GetByID(c.Request.Context(), claims.UserID)
+	if err != nil {
+		AbortWithError(c, 401, "USER_NOT_FOUND", "User not found")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 检查用户状态
+	if !user.IsActive() {
+		AbortWithError(c, 401, "USER_INACTIVE", "User account is not active")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 检查管理员权限
+	if user.Role != model.RoleAdmin {
+		AbortWithError(c, 403, "FORBIDDEN", "Admin access required")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	c.Set(string(ContextKeyUser), user)
+	c.Set("auth_method", "jwt")
+
+	return true
+}
--- a/backend/internal/model/account.go
+++ b/backend/internal/model/account.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 )

 // JSONB 用于存储JSONB数据
-type JSONB map[string]interface{}
+type JSONB map[string]any

 func (j JSONB) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
 	if j == nil {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func (j JSONB) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
 	return json.Marshal(j)
 }

-func (j *JSONB) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+func (j *JSONB) Scan(value any) error {
 	if value == nil {
 		*j = nil
 		return nil
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ type Account struct {
 	Extra        JSONB          `gorm:"type:jsonb;default:'{}'" json:"extra"`       // 扩展信息
 	ProxyID      *int64         `gorm:"index" json:"proxy_id"`
 	Concurrency  int            `gorm:"default:3;not null" json:"concurrency"`
-	Priority     int            `gorm:"default:50;not null" json:"priority"`            // 1-100，越小越高
-	Status       string         `gorm:"size:20;default:active;not null" json:"status"`  // active/disabled/error
+	Priority     int            `gorm:"default:50;not null" json:"priority"`           // 1-100，越小越高
+	Status       string         `gorm:"size:20;default:active;not null" json:"status"` // active/disabled/error
 	ErrorMessage string         `gorm:"type:text" json:"error_message"`
 	LastUsedAt   *time.Time     `gorm:"index" json:"last_used_at"`
 	CreatedAt    time.Time      `gorm:"not null" json:"created_at"`
@@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ type Account struct {
 	AccountGroups []AccountGroup `gorm:"foreignKey:AccountID" json:"account_groups,omitempty"`

 	// 虚拟字段 (不存储到数据库)
-	GroupIDs []int64 `gorm:"-" json:"group_ids,omitempty"`
+	GroupIDs []int64  `gorm:"-" json:"group_ids,omitempty"`
+	Groups   []*Group `gorm:"-" json:"groups,omitempty"`
 }

 func (Account) TableName() string {
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ func (a *Account) GetModelMapping() map[string]string {
 		return nil
 	}
 	// 处理map[string]interface{}类型
-	if m, ok := raw.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+	if m, ok := raw.(map[string]any); ok {
 		result := make(map[string]string)
 		for k, v := range m {
 			if s, ok := v.(string); ok {
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ func (a *Account) GetModelMapping() map[string]string {
 // 如果没有设置模型映射，则支持所有模型
 func (a *Account) IsModelSupported(requestedModel string) bool {
 	mapping := a.GetModelMapping()
-	if mapping == nil || len(mapping) == 0 {
+	if len(mapping) == 0 {
 		return true // 没有映射配置，支持所有模型
 	}
 	_, exists := mapping[requestedModel]
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ func (a *Account) IsModelSupported(requestedModel string) bool {
 // 如果没有映射，返回原始模型名
 func (a *Account) GetMappedModel(requestedModel string) string {
 	mapping := a.GetModelMapping()
-	if mapping == nil || len(mapping) == 0 {
+	if len(mapping) == 0 {
 		return requestedModel
 	}
 	if mappedModel, exists := mapping[requestedModel]; exists {
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ func (a *Account) GetCustomErrorCodes() []int {
 		return nil
 	}
 	// 处理 []interface{} 类型（JSON反序列化后的格式）
-	if arr, ok := raw.([]interface{}); ok {
+	if arr, ok := raw.([]any); ok {
 		result := make([]int, 0, len(arr))
 		for _, v := range arr {
 			// JSON 数字默认解析为 float64
@@ -263,3 +264,152 @@ func (a *Account) ShouldHandleErrorCode(statusCode int) bool {
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+// IsInterceptWarmupEnabled 检查是否启用预热请求拦截
+// 启用后，标题生成、Warmup等预热请求将返回mock响应，不消耗上游token
+func (a *Account) IsInterceptWarmupEnabled() bool {
+	if a.Credentials == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if v, ok := a.Credentials["intercept_warmup_requests"]; ok {
+		if enabled, ok := v.(bool); ok {
+			return enabled
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// =============== OpenAI 相关方法 ===============
+
+// IsOpenAI 检查是否为 OpenAI 平台账号
+func (a *Account) IsOpenAI() bool {
+	return a.Platform == PlatformOpenAI
+}
+
+// IsAnthropic 检查是否为 Anthropic 平台账号
+func (a *Account) IsAnthropic() bool {
+	return a.Platform == PlatformAnthropic
+}
+
+// IsOpenAIOAuth 检查是否为 OpenAI OAuth 类型账号
+func (a *Account) IsOpenAIOAuth() bool {
+	return a.IsOpenAI() && a.Type == AccountTypeOAuth
+}
+
+// IsOpenAIApiKey 检查是否为 OpenAI API Key 类型账号（Response 账号）
+func (a *Account) IsOpenAIApiKey() bool {
+	return a.IsOpenAI() && a.Type == AccountTypeApiKey
+}
+
+// GetOpenAIBaseURL 获取 OpenAI API 基础 URL
+// 对于 API Key 类型账号，从 credentials 中获取 base_url
+// 对于 OAuth 类型账号，返回默认的 OpenAI API URL
+func (a *Account) GetOpenAIBaseURL() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAI() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if a.Type == AccountTypeApiKey {
+		baseURL := a.GetCredential("base_url")
+		if baseURL != "" {
+			return baseURL
+		}
+	}
+	return "https://api.openai.com" // OpenAI 默认 API URL
+}
+
+// GetOpenAIAccessToken 获取 OpenAI 访问令牌
+func (a *Account) GetOpenAIAccessToken() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAI() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.GetCredential("access_token")
+}
+
+// GetOpenAIRefreshToken 获取 OpenAI 刷新令牌
+func (a *Account) GetOpenAIRefreshToken() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAIOAuth() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.GetCredential("refresh_token")
+}
+
+// GetOpenAIIDToken 获取 OpenAI ID Token（JWT，包含用户信息）
+func (a *Account) GetOpenAIIDToken() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAIOAuth() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.GetCredential("id_token")
+}
+
+// GetOpenAIApiKey 获取 OpenAI API Key（用于 Response 账号）
+func (a *Account) GetOpenAIApiKey() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAIApiKey() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.GetCredential("api_key")
+}
+
+// GetOpenAIUserAgent 获取 OpenAI 自定义 User-Agent
+// 返回空字符串表示透传原始 User-Agent
+func (a *Account) GetOpenAIUserAgent() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAI() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.GetCredential("user_agent")
+}
+
+// GetChatGPTAccountID 获取 ChatGPT 账号 ID（从 ID Token 解析）
+func (a *Account) GetChatGPTAccountID() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAIOAuth() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.GetCredential("chatgpt_account_id")
+}
+
+// GetChatGPTUserID 获取 ChatGPT 用户 ID（从 ID Token 解析）
+func (a *Account) GetChatGPTUserID() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAIOAuth() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.GetCredential("chatgpt_user_id")
+}
+
+// GetOpenAIOrganizationID 获取 OpenAI 组织 ID
+func (a *Account) GetOpenAIOrganizationID() string {
+	if !a.IsOpenAIOAuth() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return a.GetCredential("organization_id")
+}
+
+// GetOpenAITokenExpiresAt 获取 OpenAI Token 过期时间
+func (a *Account) GetOpenAITokenExpiresAt() *time.Time {
+	if !a.IsOpenAIOAuth() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	expiresAtStr := a.GetCredential("expires_at")
+	if expiresAtStr == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// 尝试解析时间
+	t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, expiresAtStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		// 尝试解析为 Unix 时间戳
+		if v, ok := a.Credentials["expires_at"].(float64); ok {
+			t = time.Unix(int64(v), 0)
+			return &t
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &t
+}
+
+// IsOpenAITokenExpired 检查 OpenAI Token 是否过期
+func (a *Account) IsOpenAITokenExpired() bool {
+	expiresAt := a.GetOpenAITokenExpiresAt()
+	if expiresAt == nil {
+		return false // 没有过期时间信息，假设未过期
+	}
+	// 提前 60 秒认为过期，便于刷新
+	return time.Now().Add(60 * time.Second).After(*expiresAt)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/model/group.go
+++ b/backend/internal/model/group.go
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ const (
 )

 type Group struct {
-	ID             int64          `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	Name           string         `gorm:"uniqueIndex;size:100;not null" json:"name"`
-	Description    string         `gorm:"type:text" json:"description"`
-	Platform       string         `gorm:"size:50;default:anthropic;not null" json:"platform"` // anthropic/openai/gemini
-	RateMultiplier float64        `gorm:"type:decimal(10,4);default:1.0;not null" json:"rate_multiplier"`
-	IsExclusive    bool           `gorm:"default:false;not null" json:"is_exclusive"`
-	Status         string         `gorm:"size:20;default:active;not null" json:"status"` // active/disabled
+	ID             int64   `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
+	Name           string  `gorm:"uniqueIndex;size:100;not null" json:"name"`
+	Description    string  `gorm:"type:text" json:"description"`
+	Platform       string  `gorm:"size:50;default:anthropic;not null" json:"platform"` // anthropic/openai/gemini
+	RateMultiplier float64 `gorm:"type:decimal(10,4);default:1.0;not null" json:"rate_multiplier"`
+	IsExclusive    bool    `gorm:"default:false;not null" json:"is_exclusive"`
+	Status         string  `gorm:"size:20;default:active;not null" json:"status"` // active/disabled

 	// 订阅功能字段
 	SubscriptionType string   `gorm:"size:20;default:standard;not null" json:"subscription_type"` // standard/subscription
--- a/backend/internal/model/redeem_code.go
+++ b/backend/internal/model/redeem_code.go
@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@ import (
 type RedeemCode struct {
 	ID        int64      `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
 	Code      string     `gorm:"uniqueIndex;size:32;not null" json:"code"`
-	Type      string     `gorm:"size:20;default:balance;not null" json:"type"` // balance/concurrency/subscription
-	Value     float64    `gorm:"type:decimal(20,8);not null" json:"value"`     // 面值(USD)或并发数或有效天数
+	Type      string     `gorm:"size:20;default:balance;not null" json:"type"`  // balance/concurrency/subscription
+	Value     float64    `gorm:"type:decimal(20,8);not null" json:"value"`      // 面值(USD)或并发数或有效天数
 	Status    string     `gorm:"size:20;default:unused;not null" json:"status"` // unused/used
 	UsedBy    *int64     `gorm:"index" json:"used_by"`
 	UsedAt    *time.Time `json:"used_at"`
+	Notes     string     `gorm:"type:text" json:"notes"`
 	CreatedAt time.Time  `gorm:"not null" json:"created_at"`

 	// 订阅类型专用字段
-	GroupID      *int64 `gorm:"index" json:"group_id"`      // 订阅分组ID (仅subscription类型使用)
+	GroupID      *int64 `gorm:"index" json:"group_id"`           // 订阅分组ID (仅subscription类型使用)
 	ValidityDays int    `gorm:"default:30" json:"validity_days"` // 订阅有效天数 (仅subscription类型使用)

 	// 关联
@@ -40,8 +41,10 @@ func (r *RedeemCode) CanUse() bool {
 }

 // GenerateRedeemCode 生成唯一的兑换码
-func GenerateRedeemCode() string {
+func GenerateRedeemCode() (string, error) {
 	b := make([]byte, 16)
-	rand.Read(b)
-	return hex.EncodeToString(b)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(b), nil
 }
--- a/backend/internal/model/setting.go
+++ b/backend/internal/model/setting.go
@@ -19,17 +19,17 @@ func (Setting) TableName() string {
 // 设置Key常量
 const (
 	// 注册设置
-	SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled = "registration_enabled"  // 是否开放注册
-	SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled  = "email_verify_enabled"  // 是否开启邮件验证
+	SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled = "registration_enabled" // 是否开放注册
+	SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled  = "email_verify_enabled" // 是否开启邮件验证

 	// 邮件服务设置
-	SettingKeySmtpHost     = "smtp_host"     // SMTP服务器地址
-	SettingKeySmtpPort     = "smtp_port"     // SMTP端口
-	SettingKeySmtpUsername = "smtp_username" // SMTP用户名
-	SettingKeySmtpPassword = "smtp_password" // SMTP密码（加密存储）
-	SettingKeySmtpFrom     = "smtp_from"     // 发件人地址
+	SettingKeySmtpHost     = "smtp_host"      // SMTP服务器地址
+	SettingKeySmtpPort     = "smtp_port"      // SMTP端口
+	SettingKeySmtpUsername = "smtp_username"  // SMTP用户名
+	SettingKeySmtpPassword = "smtp_password"  // SMTP密码（加密存储）
+	SettingKeySmtpFrom     = "smtp_from"      // 发件人地址
 	SettingKeySmtpFromName = "smtp_from_name" // 发件人名称
-	SettingKeySmtpUseTLS   = "smtp_use_tls"  // 是否使用TLS
+	SettingKeySmtpUseTLS   = "smtp_use_tls"   // 是否使用TLS

 	// Cloudflare Turnstile 设置
 	SettingKeyTurnstileEnabled   = "turnstile_enabled"    // 是否启用 Turnstile 验证
@@ -46,8 +46,14 @@ const (
 	// 默认配置
 	SettingKeyDefaultConcurrency = "default_concurrency" // 新用户默认并发量
 	SettingKeyDefaultBalance     = "default_balance"     // 新用户默认余额
+
+	// 管理员 API Key
+	SettingKeyAdminApiKey = "admin_api_key" // 全局管理员 API Key（用于外部系统集成）
 )

+// 管理员 API Key 前缀（与用户 sk- 前缀区分）
+const AdminApiKeyPrefix = "admin-"
+
 // SystemSettings 系统设置结构体（用于API响应）
 type SystemSettings struct {
 	// 注册设置
--- a/backend/internal/model/usage_log.go
+++ b/backend/internal/model/usage_log.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ type UsageLog struct {
 	OutputCost        float64 `gorm:"type:decimal(20,10);default:0;not null" json:"output_cost"`
 	CacheCreationCost float64 `gorm:"type:decimal(20,10);default:0;not null" json:"cache_creation_cost"`
 	CacheReadCost     float64 `gorm:"type:decimal(20,10);default:0;not null" json:"cache_read_cost"`
-	TotalCost         float64 `gorm:"type:decimal(20,10);default:0;not null" json:"total_cost"`      // 原始总费用
+	TotalCost         float64 `gorm:"type:decimal(20,10);default:0;not null" json:"total_cost"`     // 原始总费用
 	ActualCost        float64 `gorm:"type:decimal(20,10);default:0;not null" json:"actual_cost"`    // 实际扣除费用
 	RateMultiplier    float64 `gorm:"type:decimal(10,4);default:1;not null" json:"rate_multiplier"` // 计费倍率

--- a/backend/internal/model/user.go
+++ b/backend/internal/model/user.go
@@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ import (
 )

 type User struct {
-	ID    int64  `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	Email string `gorm:"uniqueIndex;size:255;not null" json:"email"`
+	ID            int64          `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
+	Email         string         `gorm:"uniqueIndex;size:255;not null" json:"email"`
+	Username      string         `gorm:"size:100;default:''" json:"username"`
+	Wechat        string         `gorm:"size:100;default:''" json:"wechat"`
+	Notes         string         `gorm:"type:text;default:''" json:"notes"`
 	PasswordHash  string         `gorm:"size:255;not null" json:"-"`
 	Role          string         `gorm:"size:20;default:user;not null" json:"role"` // admin/user
 	Balance       float64        `gorm:"type:decimal(20,8);default:0;not null" json:"balance"`
@@ -22,7 +25,8 @@ type User struct {
 	DeletedAt     gorm.DeletedAt `gorm:"index" json:"-"`

 	// 关联
-	ApiKeys []ApiKey `gorm:"foreignKey:UserID" json:"api_keys,omitempty"`
+	ApiKeys       []ApiKey           `gorm:"foreignKey:UserID" json:"api_keys,omitempty"`
+	Subscriptions []UserSubscription `gorm:"foreignKey:UserID" json:"subscriptions,omitempty"`
 }

 func (User) TableName() string {
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/claude/constants.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/claude/constants.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package claude
+
+// Claude Code 客户端相关常量
+
+// Beta header 常量
+const (
+	BetaOAuth                    = "oauth-2025-04-20"
+	BetaClaudeCode               = "claude-code-20250219"
+	BetaInterleavedThinking      = "interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14"
+	BetaFineGrainedToolStreaming = "fine-grained-tool-streaming-2025-05-14"
+)
+
+// DefaultBetaHeader Claude Code 客户端默认的 anthropic-beta header
+const DefaultBetaHeader = BetaClaudeCode + "," + BetaOAuth + "," + BetaInterleavedThinking + "," + BetaFineGrainedToolStreaming
+
+// HaikuBetaHeader Haiku 模型使用的 anthropic-beta header（不需要 claude-code beta）
+const HaikuBetaHeader = BetaOAuth + "," + BetaInterleavedThinking
+
+// Claude Code 客户端默认请求头
+var DefaultHeaders = map[string]string{
+	"User-Agent":                                "claude-cli/2.0.62 (external, cli)",
+	"X-Stainless-Lang":                          "js",
+	"X-Stainless-Package-Version":               "0.52.0",
+	"X-Stainless-OS":                            "Linux",
+	"X-Stainless-Arch":                          "x64",
+	"X-Stainless-Runtime":                       "node",
+	"X-Stainless-Runtime-Version":               "v22.14.0",
+	"X-Stainless-Retry-Count":                   "0",
+	"X-Stainless-Timeout":                       "60",
+	"X-App":                                     "cli",
+	"Anthropic-Dangerous-Direct-Browser-Access": "true",
+}
+
+// Model 表示一个 Claude 模型
+type Model struct {
+	ID          string `json:"id"`
+	Type        string `json:"type"`
+	DisplayName string `json:"display_name"`
+	CreatedAt   string `json:"created_at"`
+}
+
+// DefaultModels Claude Code 客户端支持的默认模型列表
+var DefaultModels = []Model{
+	{
+		ID:          "claude-opus-4-5-20251101",
+		Type:        "model",
+		DisplayName: "Claude Opus 4.5",
+		CreatedAt:   "2025-11-01T00:00:00Z",
+	},
+	{
+		ID:          "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929",
+		Type:        "model",
+		DisplayName: "Claude Sonnet 4.5",
+		CreatedAt:   "2025-09-29T00:00:00Z",
+	},
+	{
+		ID:          "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001",
+		Type:        "model",
+		DisplayName: "Claude Haiku 4.5",
+		CreatedAt:   "2025-10-01T00:00:00Z",
+	},
+}
+
+// DefaultModelIDs 返回默认模型的 ID 列表
+func DefaultModelIDs() []string {
+	ids := make([]string, len(DefaultModels))
+	for i, m := range DefaultModels {
+		ids[i] = m.ID
+	}
+	return ids
+}
+
+// DefaultTestModel 测试时使用的默认模型
+const DefaultTestModel = "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929"
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/oauth/oauth.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/oauth/oauth.go
@@ -43,18 +43,25 @@ type OAuthSession struct {
 type SessionStore struct {
 	mu       sync.RWMutex
 	sessions map[string]*OAuthSession
+	stopCh   chan struct{}
 }

 // NewSessionStore creates a new session store
 func NewSessionStore() *SessionStore {
 	store := &SessionStore{
 		sessions: make(map[string]*OAuthSession),
+		stopCh:   make(chan struct{}),
 	}
 	// Start cleanup goroutine
 	go store.cleanup()
 	return store
 }

+// Stop stops the cleanup goroutine
+func (s *SessionStore) Stop() {
+	close(s.stopCh)
+}
+
 // Set stores a session
 func (s *SessionStore) Set(sessionID string, session *OAuthSession) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
@@ -87,14 +94,20 @@ func (s *SessionStore) Delete(sessionID string) {
 // cleanup removes expired sessions periodically
 func (s *SessionStore) cleanup() {
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Minute)
-	for range ticker.C {
-		s.mu.Lock()
-		for id, session := range s.sessions {
-			if time.Since(session.CreatedAt) > SessionTTL {
-				delete(s.sessions, id)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-s.stopCh:
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			s.mu.Lock()
+			for id, session := range s.sessions {
+				if time.Since(session.CreatedAt) > SessionTTL {
+					delete(s.sessions, id)
+				}
 			}
+			s.mu.Unlock()
 		}
-		s.mu.Unlock()
 	}
 }

--- a/backend/internal/pkg/openai/constants.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/openai/constants.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package openai
+
+import _ "embed"
+
+// Model represents an OpenAI model
+type Model struct {
+	ID          string `json:"id"`
+	Object      string `json:"object"`
+	Created     int64  `json:"created"`
+	OwnedBy     string `json:"owned_by"`
+	Type        string `json:"type"`
+	DisplayName string `json:"display_name"`
+}
+
+// DefaultModels OpenAI models list
+var DefaultModels = []Model{
+	{ID: "gpt-5.2", Object: "model", Created: 1733875200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.2"},
+	{ID: "gpt-5.2-codex", Object: "model", Created: 1733011200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.2 Codex"},
+	{ID: "gpt-5.1-codex-max", Object: "model", Created: 1730419200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.1 Codex Max"},
+	{ID: "gpt-5.1-codex", Object: "model", Created: 1730419200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.1 Codex"},
+	{ID: "gpt-5.1", Object: "model", Created: 1731456000, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.1"},
+	{ID: "gpt-5.1-codex-mini", Object: "model", Created: 1730419200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.1 Codex Mini"},
+	{ID: "gpt-5", Object: "model", Created: 1722988800, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5"},
+}
+
+// DefaultModelIDs returns the default model ID list
+func DefaultModelIDs() []string {
+	ids := make([]string, len(DefaultModels))
+	for i, m := range DefaultModels {
+		ids[i] = m.ID
+	}
+	return ids
+}
+
+// DefaultTestModel default model for testing OpenAI accounts
+const DefaultTestModel = "gpt-5.1-codex"
+
+// DefaultInstructions default instructions for non-Codex CLI requests
+// Content loaded from instructions.txt at compile time
+//
+//go:embed instructions.txt
+var DefaultInstructions string
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/openai/instructions.txt
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/openai/instructions.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+You are Codex, based on GPT-5. You are running as a coding agent in the Codex CLI on a user's computer.
+
+## General
+
+- When searching for text or files, prefer using `rg` or `rg --files` respectively because `rg` is much faster than alternatives like `grep`. (If the `rg` command is not found, then use alternatives.)
+
+## Editing constraints
+
+- Default to ASCII when editing or creating files. Only introduce non-ASCII or other Unicode characters when there is a clear justification and the file already uses them.
+- Add succinct code comments that explain what is going on if code is not self-explanatory. You should not add comments like \"Assigns the value to the variable\", but a brief comment might be useful ahead of a complex code block that the user would otherwise have to spend time parsing out. Usage of these comments should be rare.
+- Try to use apply_patch for single file edits, but it is fine to explore other options to make the edit if it does not work well. Do not use apply_patch for changes that are auto-generated (i.e. generating package.json or running a lint or format command like gofmt) or when scripting is more efficient (such as search and replacing a string across a codebase).
+- You may be in a dirty git worktree.
+    * NEVER revert existing changes you did not make unless explicitly requested, since these changes were made by the user.
+    * If asked to make a commit or code edits and there are unrelated changes to your work or changes that you didn't make in those files, don't revert those changes.
+    * If the changes are in files you've touched recently, you should read carefully and understand how you can work with the changes rather than reverting them.
+    * If the changes are in unrelated files, just ignore them and don't revert them.
+    - Do not amend a commit unless explicitly requested to do so.
+- While you are working, you might notice unexpected changes that you didn't make. If this happens, STOP IMMEDIATELY and ask the user how they would like to proceed.
+- **NEVER** use destructive commands like `git reset --hard` or `git checkout --` unless specifically requested or approved by the user.
+
+## Plan tool
+
+When using the planning tool:
+- Skip using the planning tool for straightforward tasks (roughly the easiest 25%).
+- Do not make single-step plans.
+- When you made a plan, update it after having performed one of the sub-tasks that you shared on the plan.
+
+## Codex CLI harness, sandboxing, and approvals
+
+The Codex CLI harness supports several different configurations for sandboxing and escalation approvals that the user can choose from.
+
+Filesystem sandboxing defines which files can be read or written. The options for `sandbox_mode` are:
+- **read-only**: The sandbox only permits reading files.
+- **workspace-write**: The sandbox permits reading files, and editing files in `cwd` and `writable_roots`. Editing files in other directories requires approval.
+- **danger-full-access**: No filesystem sandboxing - all commands are permitted.
+
+Network sandboxing defines whether network can be accessed without approval. Options for `network_access` are:
+- **restricted**: Requires approval
+- **enabled**: No approval needed
+
+Approvals are your mechanism to get user consent to run shell commands without the sandbox. Possible configuration options for `approval_policy` are
+- **untrusted**: The harness will escalate most commands for user approval, apart from a limited allowlist of safe \"read\" commands.
+- **on-failure**: The harness will allow all commands to run in the sandbox (if enabled), and failures will be escalated to the user for approval to run again without the sandbox.
+- **on-request**: Commands will be run in the sandbox by default, and you can specify in your tool call if you want to escalate a command to run without sandboxing. (Note that this mode is not always available. If it is, you'll see parameters for it in the `shell` command description.)
+- **never**: This is a non-interactive mode where you may NEVER ask the user for approval to run commands. Instead, you must always persist and work around constraints to solve the task for the user. You MUST do your utmost best to finish the task and validate your work before yielding. If this mode is paired with `danger-full-access`, take advantage of it to deliver the best outcome for the user. Further, in this mode, your default testing philosophy is overridden: Even if you don't see local patterns for testing, you may add tests and scripts to validate your work. Just remove them before yielding.
+
+When you are running with `approval_policy == on-request`, and sandboxing enabled, here are scenarios where you'll need to request approval:
+- You need to run a command that writes to a directory that requires it (e.g. running tests that write to /var)
+- You need to run a GUI app (e.g., open/xdg-open/osascript) to open browsers or files.
+- You are running sandboxed and need to run a command that requires network access (e.g. installing packages)
+- If you run a command that is important to solving the user's query, but it fails because of sandboxing, rerun the command with approval. ALWAYS proceed to use the `sandbox_permissions` and `justification` parameters - do not message the user before requesting approval for the command.
+- You are about to take a potentially destructive action such as an `rm` or `git reset` that the user did not explicitly ask for
+- (for all of these, you should weigh alternative paths that do not require approval)
+
+When `sandbox_mode` is set to read-only, you'll need to request approval for any command that isn't a read.
+
+You will be told what filesystem sandboxing, network sandboxing, and approval mode are active in a developer or user message. If you are not told about this, assume that you are running with workspace-write, network sandboxing enabled, and approval on-failure.
+
+Although they introduce friction to the user because your work is paused until the user responds, you should leverage them when necessary to accomplish important work. If the completing the task requires escalated permissions, Do not let these settings or the sandbox deter you from attempting to accomplish the user's task unless it is set to \"never\", in which case never ask for approvals.
+
+When requesting approval to execute a command that will require escalated privileges:
+  - Provide the `sandbox_permissions` parameter with the value `\"require_escalated\"`
+  - Include a short, 1 sentence explanation for why you need escalated permissions in the justification parameter
+
+## Special user requests
+
+- If the user makes a simple request (such as asking for the time) which you can fulfill by running a terminal command (such as `date`), you should do so.
+- If the user asks for a \"review\", default to a code review mindset: prioritise identifying bugs, risks, behavioural regressions, and missing tests. Findings must be the primary focus of the response - keep summaries or overviews brief and only after enumerating the issues. Present findings first (ordered by severity with file/line references), follow with open questions or assumptions, and offer a change-summary only as a secondary detail. If no findings are discovered, state that explicitly and mention any residual risks or testing gaps.
+
+## Frontend tasks
+When doing frontend design tasks, avoid collapsing into \"AI slop\" or safe, average-looking layouts.
+Aim for interfaces that feel intentional, bold, and a bit surprising.
+- Typography: Use expressive, purposeful fonts and avoid default stacks (Inter, Roboto, Arial, system).
+- Color & Look: Choose a clear visual direction; define CSS variables; avoid purple-on-white defaults. No purple bias or dark mode bias.
+- Motion: Use a few meaningful animations (page-load, staggered reveals) instead of generic micro-motions.
+- Background: Don't rely on flat, single-color backgrounds; use gradients, shapes, or subtle patterns to build atmosphere.
+- Overall: Avoid boilerplate layouts and interchangeable UI patterns. Vary themes, type families, and visual languages across outputs.
+- Ensure the page loads properly on both desktop and mobile
+
+Exception: If working within an existing website or design system, preserve the established patterns, structure, and visual language.
+
+## Presenting your work and final message
+
+You are producing plain text that will later be styled by the CLI. Follow these rules exactly. Formatting should make results easy to scan, but not feel mechanical. Use judgment to decide how much structure adds value.
+
+- Default: be very concise; friendly coding teammate tone.
+- Ask only when needed; suggest ideas; mirror the user's style.
+- For substantial work, summarize clearly; follow final‑answer formatting.
+- Skip heavy formatting for simple confirmations.
+- Don't dump large files you've written; reference paths only.
+- No \"save/copy this file\" - User is on the same machine.
+- Offer logical next steps (tests, commits, build) briefly; add verify steps if you couldn't do something.
+- For code changes:
+  * Lead with a quick explanation of the change, and then give more details on the context covering where and why a change was made. Do not start this explanation with \"summary\", just jump right in.
+  * If there are natural next steps the user may want to take, suggest them at the end of your response. Do not make suggestions if there are no natural next steps.
+  * When suggesting multiple options, use numeric lists for the suggestions so the user can quickly respond with a single number.
+  - The user does not command execution outputs. When asked to show the output of a command (e.g. `git show`), relay the important details in your answer or summarize the key lines so the user understands the result.
+
+### Final answer structure and style guidelines
+
+- Plain text; CLI handles styling. Use structure only when it helps scanability.
+- Headers: optional; short Title Case (1-3 words) wrapped in **…**; no blank line before the first bullet; add only if they truly help.
+- Bullets: use - ; merge related points; keep to one line when possible; 4–6 per list ordered by importance; keep phrasing consistent.
+- Monospace: backticks for commands/paths/env vars/code ids and inline examples; use for literal keyword bullets; never combine with **.
+- Code samples or multi-line snippets should be wrapped in fenced code blocks; include an info string as often as possible.
+- Structure: group related bullets; order sections general → specific → supporting; for subsections, start with a bolded keyword bullet, then items; match complexity to the task.
+- Tone: collaborative, concise, factual; present tense, active voice; self‑contained; no \"above/below\"; parallel wording.
+- Don'ts: no nested bullets/hierarchies; no ANSI codes; don't cram unrelated keywords; keep keyword lists short—wrap/reformat if long; avoid naming formatting styles in answers.
+- Adaptation: code explanations → precise, structured with code refs; simple tasks → lead with outcome; big changes → logical walkthrough + rationale + next actions; casual one-offs → plain sentences, no headers/bullets.
+- File References: When referencing files in your response follow the below rules:
+  * Use inline code to make file paths clickable.
+  * Each reference should have a stand alone path. Even if it's the same file.
+  * Accepted: absolute, workspace‑relative, a/ or b/ diff prefixes, or bare filename/suffix.
+  * Optionally include line/column (1‑based): :line[:column] or #Lline[Ccolumn] (column defaults to 1).
+  * Do not use URIs like file://, vscode://, or https://.
+  * Do not provide range of lines
+  * Examples: src/app.ts, src/app.ts:42, b/server/index.js#L10, C:\\repo\\project\\main.rs:12:5
+  
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/openai/oauth.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/openai/oauth.go
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+package openai
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// OpenAI OAuth Constants (from CRS project - Codex CLI client)
+const (
+	// OAuth Client ID for OpenAI (Codex CLI official)
+	ClientID = "app_EMoamEEZ73f0CkXaXp7hrann"
+
+	// OAuth endpoints
+	AuthorizeURL = "https://auth.openai.com/oauth/authorize"
+	TokenURL     = "https://auth.openai.com/oauth/token"
+
+	// Default redirect URI (can be customized)
+	DefaultRedirectURI = "http://localhost:1455/auth/callback"
+
+	// Scopes
+	DefaultScopes = "openid profile email offline_access"
+	// RefreshScopes - scope for token refresh (without offline_access, aligned with CRS project)
+	RefreshScopes = "openid profile email"
+
+	// Session TTL
+	SessionTTL = 30 * time.Minute
+)
+
+// OAuthSession stores OAuth flow state for OpenAI
+type OAuthSession struct {
+	State        string    `json:"state"`
+	CodeVerifier string    `json:"code_verifier"`
+	ProxyURL     string    `json:"proxy_url,omitempty"`
+	RedirectURI  string    `json:"redirect_uri"`
+	CreatedAt    time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+}
+
+// SessionStore manages OAuth sessions in memory
+type SessionStore struct {
+	mu       sync.RWMutex
+	sessions map[string]*OAuthSession
+	stopCh   chan struct{}
+}
+
+// NewSessionStore creates a new session store
+func NewSessionStore() *SessionStore {
+	store := &SessionStore{
+		sessions: make(map[string]*OAuthSession),
+		stopCh:   make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	// Start cleanup goroutine
+	go store.cleanup()
+	return store
+}
+
+// Set stores a session
+func (s *SessionStore) Set(sessionID string, session *OAuthSession) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.sessions[sessionID] = session
+}
+
+// Get retrieves a session
+func (s *SessionStore) Get(sessionID string) (*OAuthSession, bool) {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+	session, ok := s.sessions[sessionID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	// Check if expired
+	if time.Since(session.CreatedAt) > SessionTTL {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return session, true
+}
+
+// Delete removes a session
+func (s *SessionStore) Delete(sessionID string) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	delete(s.sessions, sessionID)
+}
+
+// Stop stops the cleanup goroutine
+func (s *SessionStore) Stop() {
+	close(s.stopCh)
+}
+
+// cleanup removes expired sessions periodically
+func (s *SessionStore) cleanup() {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Minute)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-s.stopCh:
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			s.mu.Lock()
+			for id, session := range s.sessions {
+				if time.Since(session.CreatedAt) > SessionTTL {
+					delete(s.sessions, id)
+				}
+			}
+			s.mu.Unlock()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// GenerateRandomBytes generates cryptographically secure random bytes
+func GenerateRandomBytes(n int) ([]byte, error) {
+	b := make([]byte, n)
+	_, err := rand.Read(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+// GenerateState generates a random state string for OAuth
+func GenerateState() (string, error) {
+	bytes, err := GenerateRandomBytes(32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(bytes), nil
+}
+
+// GenerateSessionID generates a unique session ID
+func GenerateSessionID() (string, error) {
+	bytes, err := GenerateRandomBytes(16)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(bytes), nil
+}
+
+// GenerateCodeVerifier generates a PKCE code verifier (64 bytes -> hex for OpenAI)
+// OpenAI uses hex encoding instead of base64url
+func GenerateCodeVerifier() (string, error) {
+	bytes, err := GenerateRandomBytes(64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(bytes), nil
+}
+
+// GenerateCodeChallenge generates a PKCE code challenge using S256 method
+// Uses base64url encoding as per RFC 7636
+func GenerateCodeChallenge(verifier string) string {
+	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(verifier))
+	return base64URLEncode(hash[:])
+}
+
+// base64URLEncode encodes bytes to base64url without padding
+func base64URLEncode(data []byte) string {
+	encoded := base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
+	// Remove padding
+	return strings.TrimRight(encoded, "=")
+}
+
+// BuildAuthorizationURL builds the OpenAI OAuth authorization URL
+func BuildAuthorizationURL(state, codeChallenge, redirectURI string) string {
+	if redirectURI == "" {
+		redirectURI = DefaultRedirectURI
+	}
+
+	params := url.Values{}
+	params.Set("response_type", "code")
+	params.Set("client_id", ClientID)
+	params.Set("redirect_uri", redirectURI)
+	params.Set("scope", DefaultScopes)
+	params.Set("state", state)
+	params.Set("code_challenge", codeChallenge)
+	params.Set("code_challenge_method", "S256")
+	// OpenAI specific parameters
+	params.Set("id_token_add_organizations", "true")
+	params.Set("codex_cli_simplified_flow", "true")
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s?%s", AuthorizeURL, params.Encode())
+}
+
+// TokenRequest represents the token exchange request body
+type TokenRequest struct {
+	GrantType    string `json:"grant_type"`
+	ClientID     string `json:"client_id"`
+	Code         string `json:"code"`
+	RedirectURI  string `json:"redirect_uri"`
+	CodeVerifier string `json:"code_verifier"`
+}
+
+// TokenResponse represents the token response from OpenAI OAuth
+type TokenResponse struct {
+	AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
+	IDToken      string `json:"id_token"`
+	TokenType    string `json:"token_type"`
+	ExpiresIn    int64  `json:"expires_in"`
+	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token,omitempty"`
+	Scope        string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// RefreshTokenRequest represents the refresh token request
+type RefreshTokenRequest struct {
+	GrantType    string `json:"grant_type"`
+	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token"`
+	ClientID     string `json:"client_id"`
+	Scope        string `json:"scope"`
+}
+
+// IDTokenClaims represents the claims from OpenAI ID Token
+type IDTokenClaims struct {
+	// Standard claims
+	Sub           string   `json:"sub"`
+	Email         string   `json:"email"`
+	EmailVerified bool     `json:"email_verified"`
+	Iss           string   `json:"iss"`
+	Aud           []string `json:"aud"` // OpenAI returns aud as an array
+	Exp           int64    `json:"exp"`
+	Iat           int64    `json:"iat"`
+
+	// OpenAI specific claims (nested under https://api.openai.com/auth)
+	OpenAIAuth *OpenAIAuthClaims `json:"https://api.openai.com/auth,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// OpenAIAuthClaims represents the OpenAI specific auth claims
+type OpenAIAuthClaims struct {
+	ChatGPTAccountID string              `json:"chatgpt_account_id"`
+	ChatGPTUserID    string              `json:"chatgpt_user_id"`
+	UserID           string              `json:"user_id"`
+	Organizations    []OrganizationClaim `json:"organizations"`
+}
+
+// OrganizationClaim represents an organization in the ID Token
+type OrganizationClaim struct {
+	ID        string `json:"id"`
+	Role      string `json:"role"`
+	Title     string `json:"title"`
+	IsDefault bool   `json:"is_default"`
+}
+
+// BuildTokenRequest creates a token exchange request for OpenAI
+func BuildTokenRequest(code, codeVerifier, redirectURI string) *TokenRequest {
+	if redirectURI == "" {
+		redirectURI = DefaultRedirectURI
+	}
+	return &TokenRequest{
+		GrantType:    "authorization_code",
+		ClientID:     ClientID,
+		Code:         code,
+		RedirectURI:  redirectURI,
+		CodeVerifier: codeVerifier,
+	}
+}
+
+// BuildRefreshTokenRequest creates a refresh token request for OpenAI
+func BuildRefreshTokenRequest(refreshToken string) *RefreshTokenRequest {
+	return &RefreshTokenRequest{
+		GrantType:    "refresh_token",
+		RefreshToken: refreshToken,
+		ClientID:     ClientID,
+		Scope:        RefreshScopes,
+	}
+}
+
+// ToFormData converts TokenRequest to URL-encoded form data
+func (r *TokenRequest) ToFormData() string {
+	params := url.Values{}
+	params.Set("grant_type", r.GrantType)
+	params.Set("client_id", r.ClientID)
+	params.Set("code", r.Code)
+	params.Set("redirect_uri", r.RedirectURI)
+	params.Set("code_verifier", r.CodeVerifier)
+	return params.Encode()
+}
+
+// ToFormData converts RefreshTokenRequest to URL-encoded form data
+func (r *RefreshTokenRequest) ToFormData() string {
+	params := url.Values{}
+	params.Set("grant_type", r.GrantType)
+	params.Set("client_id", r.ClientID)
+	params.Set("refresh_token", r.RefreshToken)
+	params.Set("scope", r.Scope)
+	return params.Encode()
+}
+
+// ParseIDToken parses the ID Token JWT and extracts claims
+// Note: This does NOT verify the signature - it only decodes the payload
+// For production, you should verify the token signature using OpenAI's public keys
+func ParseIDToken(idToken string) (*IDTokenClaims, error) {
+	parts := strings.Split(idToken, ".")
+	if len(parts) != 3 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid JWT format: expected 3 parts, got %d", len(parts))
+	}
+
+	// Decode payload (second part)
+	payload := parts[1]
+	// Add padding if necessary
+	switch len(payload) % 4 {
+	case 2:
+		payload += "=="
+	case 3:
+		payload += "="
+	}
+
+	decoded, err := base64.URLEncoding.DecodeString(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Try standard encoding
+		decoded, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(payload)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode JWT payload: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var claims IDTokenClaims
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(decoded, &claims); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse JWT claims: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &claims, nil
+}
+
+// ExtractUserInfo extracts user information from ID Token claims
+type UserInfo struct {
+	Email            string
+	ChatGPTAccountID string
+	ChatGPTUserID    string
+	UserID           string
+	OrganizationID   string
+	Organizations    []OrganizationClaim
+}
+
+// GetUserInfo extracts user info from ID Token claims
+func (c *IDTokenClaims) GetUserInfo() *UserInfo {
+	info := &UserInfo{
+		Email: c.Email,
+	}
+
+	if c.OpenAIAuth != nil {
+		info.ChatGPTAccountID = c.OpenAIAuth.ChatGPTAccountID
+		info.ChatGPTUserID = c.OpenAIAuth.ChatGPTUserID
+		info.UserID = c.OpenAIAuth.UserID
+		info.Organizations = c.OpenAIAuth.Organizations
+
+		// Get default organization ID
+		for _, org := range c.OpenAIAuth.Organizations {
+			if org.IsDefault {
+				info.OrganizationID = org.ID
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		// If no default, use first org
+		if info.OrganizationID == "" && len(c.OpenAIAuth.Organizations) > 0 {
+			info.OrganizationID = c.OpenAIAuth.Organizations[0].ID
+		}
+	}
+
+	return info
+}
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/openai/request.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/openai/request.go
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package openai
+
+// CodexCLIUserAgentPrefixes matches Codex CLI User-Agent patterns
+// Examples: "codex_vscode/1.0.0", "codex_cli_rs/0.1.2"
+var CodexCLIUserAgentPrefixes = []string{
+	"codex_vscode/",
+	"codex_cli_rs/",
+}
+
+// IsCodexCLIRequest checks if the User-Agent indicates a Codex CLI request
+func IsCodexCLIRequest(userAgent string) bool {
+	for _, prefix := range CodexCLIUserAgentPrefixes {
+		if len(userAgent) >= len(prefix) && userAgent[:len(prefix)] == prefix {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/pagination/pagination.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/pagination/pagination.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package pagination
+
+// PaginationParams 分页参数
+type PaginationParams struct {
+	Page     int
+	PageSize int
+}
+
+// PaginationResult 分页结果
+type PaginationResult struct {
+	Total    int64
+	Page     int
+	PageSize int
+	Pages    int
+}
+
+// DefaultPagination 默认分页参数
+func DefaultPagination() PaginationParams {
+	return PaginationParams{
+		Page:     1,
+		PageSize: 20,
+	}
+}
+
+// Offset 计算偏移量
+func (p PaginationParams) Offset() int {
+	if p.Page < 1 {
+		p.Page = 1
+	}
+	return (p.Page - 1) * p.PageSize
+}
+
+// Limit 获取限制数
+func (p PaginationParams) Limit() int {
+	if p.PageSize < 1 {
+		return 20
+	}
+	if p.PageSize > 100 {
+		return 100
+	}
+	return p.PageSize
+}
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/response/response.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/response/response.go
@@ -9,22 +9,22 @@ import (

 // Response 标准API响应格式
 type Response struct {
-	Code    int         `json:"code"`
-	Message string      `json:"message"`
-	Data    interface{} `json:"data,omitempty"`
+	Code    int    `json:"code"`
+	Message string `json:"message"`
+	Data    any    `json:"data,omitempty"`
 }

 // PaginatedData 分页数据格式（匹配前端期望）
 type PaginatedData struct {
-	Items    interface{} `json:"items"`
-	Total    int64       `json:"total"`
-	Page     int         `json:"page"`
-	PageSize int         `json:"page_size"`
-	Pages    int         `json:"pages"`
+	Items    any   `json:"items"`
+	Total    int64 `json:"total"`
+	Page     int   `json:"page"`
+	PageSize int   `json:"page_size"`
+	Pages    int   `json:"pages"`
 }

 // Success 返回成功响应
-func Success(c *gin.Context, data interface{}) {
+func Success(c *gin.Context, data any) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, Response{
 		Code:    0,
 		Message: "success",
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func Success(c *gin.Context, data interface{}) {
 }

 // Created 返回创建成功响应
-func Created(c *gin.Context, data interface{}) {
+func Created(c *gin.Context, data any) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, Response{
 		Code:    0,
 		Message: "success",
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func InternalError(c *gin.Context, message string) {
 }

 // Paginated 返回分页数据
-func Paginated(c *gin.Context, items interface{}, total int64, page, pageSize int) {
+func Paginated(c *gin.Context, items any, total int64, page, pageSize int) {
 	pages := int(math.Ceil(float64(total) / float64(pageSize)))
 	if pages < 1 {
 		pages = 1
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func Paginated(c *gin.Context, items interface{}, total int64, page, pageSize in
 	})
 }

-// PaginationResult 分页结果（与repository.PaginationResult兼容）
+// PaginationResult 分页结果（与pagination.PaginationResult兼容）
 type PaginationResult struct {
 	Total    int64
 	Page     int
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ type PaginationResult struct {
 }

 // PaginatedWithResult 使用PaginationResult返回分页数据
-func PaginatedWithResult(c *gin.Context, items interface{}, pagination *PaginationResult) {
+func PaginatedWithResult(c *gin.Context, items any, pagination *PaginationResult) {
 	if pagination == nil {
 		Success(c, PaginatedData{
 			Items:    items,
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/sysutil/restart.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/sysutil/restart.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package sysutil
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// RestartService triggers a service restart by gracefully exiting.
+//
+// This relies on systemd's Restart=always configuration to automatically
+// restart the service after it exits. This is the industry-standard approach:
+//   - Simple and reliable
+//   - No sudo permissions needed
+//   - No complex process management
+//   - Leverages systemd's native restart capability
+//
+// Prerequisites:
+//   - Linux OS with systemd
+//   - Service configured with Restart=always in systemd unit file
+func RestartService() error {
+	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
+		log.Println("Service restart via exit only works on Linux with systemd")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	log.Println("Initiating service restart by graceful exit...")
+	log.Println("systemd will automatically restart the service (Restart=always)")
+
+	// Give a moment for logs to flush and response to be sent
+	go func() {
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RestartServiceAsync is a fire-and-forget version of RestartService.
+// It logs errors instead of returning them, suitable for goroutine usage.
+func RestartServiceAsync() {
+	if err := RestartService(); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Service restart failed: %v", err)
+		log.Println("Please restart the service manually: sudo systemctl restart sub2api")
+	}
+}
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/timezone/timezone_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/timezone/timezone_test.go
@@ -37,11 +37,15 @@ func TestInitInvalidTimezone(t *testing.T) {

 func TestTimeNowAffected(t *testing.T) {
 	// Reset to UTC first
-	Init("UTC")
+	if err := Init("UTC"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Init failed with UTC: %v", err)
+	}
 	utcNow := time.Now()

 	// Switch to Shanghai (UTC+8)
-	Init("Asia/Shanghai")
+	if err := Init("Asia/Shanghai"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Init failed with Asia/Shanghai: %v", err)
+	}
 	shanghaiNow := time.Now()

 	// The times should be the same instant, but different timezone representation
@@ -58,7 +62,9 @@ func TestTimeNowAffected(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestToday(t *testing.T) {
-	Init("Asia/Shanghai")
+	if err := Init("Asia/Shanghai"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Init failed with Asia/Shanghai: %v", err)
+	}

 	today := Today()
 	now := Now()
@@ -75,7 +81,9 @@ func TestToday(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestStartOfDay(t *testing.T) {
-	Init("Asia/Shanghai")
+	if err := Init("Asia/Shanghai"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Init failed with Asia/Shanghai: %v", err)
+	}

 	// Create a time at 15:30:45
 	testTime := time.Date(2024, 6, 15, 15, 30, 45, 123456789, Location())
@@ -91,7 +99,9 @@ func TestTruncateVsStartOfDay(t *testing.T) {
 	// This test demonstrates why Truncate(24*time.Hour) can be problematic
 	// and why StartOfDay is more reliable for timezone-aware code

-	Init("Asia/Shanghai")
+	if err := Init("Asia/Shanghai"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Init failed with Asia/Shanghai: %v", err)
+	}

 	now := Now()

--- a/backend/internal/pkg/usagestats/account_stats.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/usagestats/account_stats.go
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package usagestats
+
+// AccountStats 账号使用统计
+type AccountStats struct {
+	Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
+	Tokens   int64   `json:"tokens"`
+	Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"time"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -22,14 +23,18 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account)

 func (r *AccountRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Account, error) {
 	var account model.Account
-	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Preload("Proxy").Preload("AccountGroups").First(&account, id).Error
+	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Preload("Proxy").Preload("AccountGroups.Group").First(&account, id).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// 填充 GroupIDs 虚拟字段
+	// 填充 GroupIDs 和 Groups 虚拟字段
 	account.GroupIDs = make([]int64, 0, len(account.AccountGroups))
+	account.Groups = make([]*model.Group, 0, len(account.AccountGroups))
 	for _, ag := range account.AccountGroups {
 		account.GroupIDs = append(account.GroupIDs, ag.GroupID)
+		if ag.Group != nil {
+			account.Groups = append(account.Groups, ag.Group)
+		}
 	}
 	return &account, nil
 }
@@ -47,12 +52,12 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.Account{}, id).Error
 }

-func (r *AccountRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *AccountRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "", "")
 }

 // ListWithFilters lists accounts with optional filtering by platform, type, status, and search query
-func (r *AccountRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]model.Account, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *AccountRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var accounts []model.Account
 	var total int64

@@ -77,15 +82,19 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Paginati
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

-	if err := db.Preload("Proxy").Preload("AccountGroups").Offset(params.Offset()).Limit(params.Limit()).Order("id DESC").Find(&accounts).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := db.Preload("Proxy").Preload("AccountGroups.Group").Offset(params.Offset()).Limit(params.Limit()).Order("id DESC").Find(&accounts).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

-	// 填充每个 Account 的 GroupIDs 虚拟字段
+	// 填充每个 Account 的虚拟字段（GroupIDs 和 Groups）
 	for i := range accounts {
 		accounts[i].GroupIDs = make([]int64, 0, len(accounts[i].AccountGroups))
+		accounts[i].Groups = make([]*model.Group, 0, len(accounts[i].AccountGroups))
 		for _, ag := range accounts[i].AccountGroups {
 			accounts[i].GroupIDs = append(accounts[i].GroupIDs, ag.GroupID)
+			if ag.Group != nil {
+				accounts[i].Groups = append(accounts[i].Groups, ag.Group)
+			}
 		}
 	}

@@ -94,7 +103,7 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Paginati
 		pages++
 	}

-	return accounts, &PaginationResult{
+	return accounts, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -130,7 +139,7 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error

 func (r *AccountRepository) SetError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg string) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.Account{}).Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"status":        model.StatusError,
 			"error_message": errorMsg,
 		}).Error
@@ -221,12 +230,44 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupI
 	return accounts, err
 }

+// ListSchedulableByPlatform 按平台获取可调度的账号
+func (r *AccountRepository) ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]model.Account, error) {
+	var accounts []model.Account
+	now := time.Now()
+	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("platform = ?", platform).
+		Where("status = ? AND schedulable = ?", model.StatusActive, true).
+		Where("(overload_until IS NULL OR overload_until <= ?)", now).
+		Where("(rate_limit_reset_at IS NULL OR rate_limit_reset_at <= ?)", now).
+		Preload("Proxy").
+		Order("priority ASC").
+		Find(&accounts).Error
+	return accounts, err
+}
+
+// ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform 按组和平台获取可调度的账号
+func (r *AccountRepository) ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, platform string) ([]model.Account, error) {
+	var accounts []model.Account
+	now := time.Now()
+	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Joins("JOIN account_groups ON account_groups.account_id = accounts.id").
+		Where("account_groups.group_id = ?", groupID).
+		Where("accounts.platform = ?", platform).
+		Where("accounts.status = ? AND accounts.schedulable = ?", model.StatusActive, true).
+		Where("(accounts.overload_until IS NULL OR accounts.overload_until <= ?)", now).
+		Where("(accounts.rate_limit_reset_at IS NULL OR accounts.rate_limit_reset_at <= ?)", now).
+		Preload("Proxy").
+		Order("account_groups.priority ASC, accounts.priority ASC").
+		Find(&accounts).Error
+	return accounts, err
+}
+
 // SetRateLimited 标记账号为限流状态(429)
 func (r *AccountRepository) SetRateLimited(ctx context.Context, id int64, resetAt time.Time) error {
 	now := time.Now()
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.Account{}).Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-			"rate_limited_at":    now,
+		Updates(map[string]any{
+			"rate_limited_at":     now,
 			"rate_limit_reset_at": resetAt,
 		}).Error
 }
@@ -240,7 +281,7 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) SetOverloaded(ctx context.Context, id int64, until t
 // ClearRateLimit 清除账号的限流状态
 func (r *AccountRepository) ClearRateLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.Account{}).Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"rate_limited_at":     nil,
 			"rate_limit_reset_at": nil,
 			"overload_until":      nil,
@@ -249,7 +290,7 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) ClearRateLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64) error

 // UpdateSessionWindow 更新账号的5小时时间窗口信息
 func (r *AccountRepository) UpdateSessionWindow(ctx context.Context, id int64, start, end *time.Time, status string) error {
-	updates := map[string]interface{}{
+	updates := map[string]any{
 		"session_window_status": status,
 	}
 	if start != nil {
@@ -266,3 +307,31 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) SetSchedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64, schedu
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.Account{}).Where("id = ?", id).
 		Update("schedulable", schedulable).Error
 }
+
+// UpdateExtra updates specific fields in account's Extra JSONB field
+// It merges the updates into existing Extra data without overwriting other fields
+func (r *AccountRepository) UpdateExtra(ctx context.Context, id int64, updates map[string]any) error {
+	if len(updates) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Get current account to preserve existing Extra data
+	var account model.Account
+	if err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Select("extra").Where("id = ?", id).First(&account).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Initialize Extra if nil
+	if account.Extra == nil {
+		account.Extra = make(model.JSONB)
+	}
+
+	// Merge updates into existing Extra
+	for k, v := range updates {
+		account.Extra[k] = v
+	}
+
+	// Save updated Extra
+	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.Account{}).Where("id = ?", id).
+		Update("extra", account.Extra).Error
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/api_key_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/api_key_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix = "apikey:ratelimit:"
+	apiKeyRateLimitDuration  = 24 * time.Hour
+)
+
+type apiKeyCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewApiKeyCache(rdb *redis.Client) ports.ApiKeyCache {
+	return &apiKeyCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *apiKeyCache) GetCreateAttemptCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix, userID)
+	return c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Int()
+}
+
+func (c *apiKeyCache) IncrementCreateAttemptCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix, userID)
+	pipe := c.rdb.Pipeline()
+	pipe.Incr(ctx, key)
+	pipe.Expire(ctx, key, apiKeyRateLimitDuration)
+	_, err := pipe.Exec(ctx)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *apiKeyCache) DeleteCreateAttemptCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix, userID)
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *apiKeyCache) IncrementDailyUsage(ctx context.Context, apiKey string) error {
+	return c.rdb.Incr(ctx, apiKey).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *apiKeyCache) SetDailyUsageExpiry(ctx context.Context, apiKey string, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return c.rdb.Expire(ctx, apiKey, ttl).Err()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/api_key_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/api_key_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ func (r *ApiKeyRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.ApiKey{}, id).Error
 }

-func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var keys []model.ApiKey
 	var total int64

@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, param
 		pages++
 	}

-	return keys, &PaginationResult{
+	return keys, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ExistsByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (bool, e
 	return count > 0, err
 }

-func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var keys []model.ApiKey
 	var total int64

@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, par
 		pages++
 	}

-	return keys, &PaginationResult{
+	return keys, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
--- a/backend/internal/repository/billing_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/billing_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	billingBalanceKeyPrefix = "billing:balance:"
+	billingSubKeyPrefix     = "billing:sub:"
+	billingCacheTTL         = 5 * time.Minute
+)
+
+const (
+	subFieldStatus       = "status"
+	subFieldExpiresAt    = "expires_at"
+	subFieldDailyUsage   = "daily_usage"
+	subFieldWeeklyUsage  = "weekly_usage"
+	subFieldMonthlyUsage = "monthly_usage"
+	subFieldVersion      = "version"
+)
+
+var (
+	deductBalanceScript = redis.NewScript(`
+		local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
+		if current == false then
+			return 0
+		end
+		local newVal = tonumber(current) - tonumber(ARGV[1])
+		redis.call('SET', KEYS[1], newVal)
+		redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
+		return 1
+	`)
+
+	updateSubUsageScript = redis.NewScript(`
+		local exists = redis.call('EXISTS', KEYS[1])
+		if exists == 0 then
+			return 0
+		end
+		local cost = tonumber(ARGV[1])
+		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'daily_usage', cost)
+		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'weekly_usage', cost)
+		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'monthly_usage', cost)
+		redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
+		return 1
+	`)
+)
+
+type billingCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewBillingCache(rdb *redis.Client) ports.BillingCache {
+	return &billingCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) GetUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (float64, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", billingBalanceKeyPrefix, userID)
+	val, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) SetUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64, balance float64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", billingBalanceKeyPrefix, userID)
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, key, balance, billingCacheTTL).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) DeductUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64, amount float64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", billingBalanceKeyPrefix, userID)
+	_, err := deductBalanceScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}, amount, int(billingCacheTTL.Seconds())).Result()
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
+		log.Printf("Warning: deduct balance cache failed for user %d: %v", userID, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) InvalidateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", billingBalanceKeyPrefix, userID)
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) GetSubscriptionCache(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*ports.SubscriptionCacheData, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%d", billingSubKeyPrefix, userID, groupID)
+	result, err := c.rdb.HGetAll(ctx, key).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(result) == 0 {
+		return nil, redis.Nil
+	}
+	return c.parseSubscriptionCache(result)
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) parseSubscriptionCache(data map[string]string) (*ports.SubscriptionCacheData, error) {
+	result := &ports.SubscriptionCacheData{}
+
+	result.Status = data[subFieldStatus]
+	if result.Status == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid cache: missing status")
+	}
+
+	if expiresStr, ok := data[subFieldExpiresAt]; ok {
+		expiresAt, err := strconv.ParseInt(expiresStr, 10, 64)
+		if err == nil {
+			result.ExpiresAt = time.Unix(expiresAt, 0)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if dailyStr, ok := data[subFieldDailyUsage]; ok {
+		result.DailyUsage, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(dailyStr, 64)
+	}
+
+	if weeklyStr, ok := data[subFieldWeeklyUsage]; ok {
+		result.WeeklyUsage, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(weeklyStr, 64)
+	}
+
+	if monthlyStr, ok := data[subFieldMonthlyUsage]; ok {
+		result.MonthlyUsage, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(monthlyStr, 64)
+	}
+
+	if versionStr, ok := data[subFieldVersion]; ok {
+		result.Version, _ = strconv.ParseInt(versionStr, 10, 64)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) SetSubscriptionCache(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64, data *ports.SubscriptionCacheData) error {
+	if data == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%d", billingSubKeyPrefix, userID, groupID)
+
+	fields := map[string]any{
+		subFieldStatus:       data.Status,
+		subFieldExpiresAt:    data.ExpiresAt.Unix(),
+		subFieldDailyUsage:   data.DailyUsage,
+		subFieldWeeklyUsage:  data.WeeklyUsage,
+		subFieldMonthlyUsage: data.MonthlyUsage,
+		subFieldVersion:      data.Version,
+	}
+
+	pipe := c.rdb.Pipeline()
+	pipe.HSet(ctx, key, fields)
+	pipe.Expire(ctx, key, billingCacheTTL)
+	_, err := pipe.Exec(ctx)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) UpdateSubscriptionUsage(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64, cost float64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%d", billingSubKeyPrefix, userID, groupID)
+	_, err := updateSubUsageScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}, cost, int(billingCacheTTL.Seconds())).Result()
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
+		log.Printf("Warning: update subscription usage cache failed for user %d group %d: %v", userID, groupID, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *billingCache) InvalidateSubscriptionCache(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%d", billingSubKeyPrefix, userID, groupID)
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/claude_oauth_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/claude_oauth_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/oauth"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/imroc/req/v3"
+)
+
+type claudeOAuthService struct{}
+
+func NewClaudeOAuthClient() service.ClaudeOAuthClient {
+	return &claudeOAuthService{}
+}
+
+func (s *claudeOAuthService) GetOrganizationUUID(ctx context.Context, sessionKey, proxyURL string) (string, error) {
+	client := createReqClient(proxyURL)
+
+	var orgs []struct {
+		UUID string `json:"uuid"`
+	}
+
+	targetURL := "https://claude.ai/api/organizations"
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 1: Getting organization UUID from %s", targetURL)
+
+	resp, err := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetCookies(&http.Cookie{
+			Name:  "sessionKey",
+			Value: sessionKey,
+		}).
+		SetSuccessResult(&orgs).
+		Get(targetURL)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 1 FAILED - Request error: %v", err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 1 Response - Status: %d, Body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get organizations: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+	}
+
+	if len(orgs) == 0 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("no organizations found")
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 1 SUCCESS - Got org UUID: %s", orgs[0].UUID)
+	return orgs[0].UUID, nil
+}
+
+func (s *claudeOAuthService) GetAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, sessionKey, orgUUID, scope, codeChallenge, state, proxyURL string) (string, error) {
+	client := createReqClient(proxyURL)
+
+	authURL := fmt.Sprintf("https://claude.ai/v1/oauth/%s/authorize", orgUUID)
+
+	reqBody := map[string]any{
+		"response_type":         "code",
+		"client_id":             oauth.ClientID,
+		"organization_uuid":     orgUUID,
+		"redirect_uri":          oauth.RedirectURI,
+		"scope":                 scope,
+		"state":                 state,
+		"code_challenge":        codeChallenge,
+		"code_challenge_method": "S256",
+	}
+
+	reqBodyJSON, _ := json.Marshal(reqBody)
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2: Getting authorization code from %s", authURL)
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2 Request Body: %s", string(reqBodyJSON))
+
+	var result struct {
+		RedirectURI string `json:"redirect_uri"`
+	}
+
+	resp, err := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetCookies(&http.Cookie{
+			Name:  "sessionKey",
+			Value: sessionKey,
+		}).
+		SetHeader("Accept", "application/json").
+		SetHeader("Accept-Language", "en-US,en;q=0.9").
+		SetHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache").
+		SetHeader("Origin", "https://claude.ai").
+		SetHeader("Referer", "https://claude.ai/new").
+		SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json").
+		SetBody(reqBody).
+		SetSuccessResult(&result).
+		Post(authURL)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2 FAILED - Request error: %v", err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2 Response - Status: %d, Body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get authorization code: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+	}
+
+	if result.RedirectURI == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("no redirect_uri in response")
+	}
+
+	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(result.RedirectURI)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse redirect_uri: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	queryParams := parsedURL.Query()
+	authCode := queryParams.Get("code")
+	responseState := queryParams.Get("state")
+
+	if authCode == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("no authorization code in redirect_uri")
+	}
+
+	fullCode := authCode
+	if responseState != "" {
+		fullCode = authCode + "#" + responseState
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2 SUCCESS - Got authorization code: %s...", authCode[:20])
+	return fullCode, nil
+}
+
+func (s *claudeOAuthService) ExchangeCodeForToken(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerifier, state, proxyURL string) (*oauth.TokenResponse, error) {
+	client := createReqClient(proxyURL)
+
+	// Parse code which may contain state in format "authCode#state"
+	authCode := code
+	codeState := ""
+	if idx := strings.Index(code, "#"); idx != -1 {
+		authCode = code[:idx]
+		codeState = code[idx+1:]
+	}
+
+	reqBody := map[string]any{
+		"code":          authCode,
+		"grant_type":    "authorization_code",
+		"client_id":     oauth.ClientID,
+		"redirect_uri":  oauth.RedirectURI,
+		"code_verifier": codeVerifier,
+	}
+
+	if codeState != "" {
+		reqBody["state"] = codeState
+	}
+
+	reqBodyJSON, _ := json.Marshal(reqBody)
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3: Exchanging code for token at %s", oauth.TokenURL)
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3 Request Body: %s", string(reqBodyJSON))
+
+	var tokenResp oauth.TokenResponse
+
+	resp, err := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json").
+		SetBody(reqBody).
+		SetSuccessResult(&tokenResp).
+		Post(oauth.TokenURL)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3 FAILED - Request error: %v", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3 Response - Status: %d, Body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("token exchange failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3 SUCCESS - Got access token")
+	return &tokenResp, nil
+}
+
+func (s *claudeOAuthService) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, refreshToken, proxyURL string) (*oauth.TokenResponse, error) {
+	client := createReqClient(proxyURL)
+
+	formData := url.Values{}
+	formData.Set("grant_type", "refresh_token")
+	formData.Set("refresh_token", refreshToken)
+	formData.Set("client_id", oauth.ClientID)
+
+	var tokenResp oauth.TokenResponse
+
+	resp, err := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetFormDataFromValues(formData).
+		SetSuccessResult(&tokenResp).
+		Post(oauth.TokenURL)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("token refresh failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+	}
+
+	return &tokenResp, nil
+}
+
+func createReqClient(proxyURL string) *req.Client {
+	client := req.C().
+		ImpersonateChrome().
+		SetTimeout(60 * time.Second)
+
+	if proxyURL != "" {
+		client.SetProxyURL(proxyURL)
+	}
+
+	return client
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/claude_usage_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/claude_usage_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+type claudeUsageService struct{}
+
+func NewClaudeUsageFetcher() service.ClaudeUsageFetcher {
+	return &claudeUsageService{}
+}
+
+func (s *claudeUsageService) FetchUsage(ctx context.Context, accessToken, proxyURL string) (*service.ClaudeUsageResponse, error) {
+	transport, ok := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get default transport")
+	}
+	transport = transport.Clone()
+	if proxyURL != "" {
+		if parsedURL, err := url.Parse(proxyURL); err == nil {
+			transport.Proxy = http.ProxyURL(parsedURL)
+		}
+	}
+
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Transport: transport,
+		Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.anthropic.com/api/oauth/usage", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+	req.Header.Set("anthropic-beta", "oauth-2025-04-20")
+
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API returned status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
+	}
+
+	var usageResp service.ClaudeUsageResponse
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&usageResp); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode response failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &usageResp, nil
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/concurrency_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/concurrency_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	accountConcurrencyKeyPrefix = "concurrency:account:"
+	userConcurrencyKeyPrefix    = "concurrency:user:"
+	waitQueueKeyPrefix          = "concurrency:wait:"
+	concurrencyTTL              = 5 * time.Minute
+)
+
+var (
+	acquireScript = redis.NewScript(`
+		local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
+		if current == false then
+			current = 0
+		else
+			current = tonumber(current)
+		end
+		if current < tonumber(ARGV[1]) then
+			redis.call('INCR', KEYS[1])
+			redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
+			return 1
+		end
+		return 0
+	`)
+
+	releaseScript = redis.NewScript(`
+		local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
+		if current ~= false and tonumber(current) > 0 then
+			redis.call('DECR', KEYS[1])
+		end
+		return 1
+	`)
+
+	incrementWaitScript = redis.NewScript(`
+		local waitKey = KEYS[1]
+		local maxWait = tonumber(ARGV[1])
+		local ttl = tonumber(ARGV[2])
+		local current = redis.call('GET', waitKey)
+		if current == false then
+			current = 0
+		else
+			current = tonumber(current)
+		end
+		if current >= maxWait then
+			return 0
+		end
+		redis.call('INCR', waitKey)
+		redis.call('EXPIRE', waitKey, ttl)
+		return 1
+	`)
+
+	decrementWaitScript = redis.NewScript(`
+		local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
+		if current ~= false and tonumber(current) > 0 then
+			redis.call('DECR', KEYS[1])
+		end
+		return 1
+	`)
+)
+
+type concurrencyCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewConcurrencyCache(rdb *redis.Client) ports.ConcurrencyCache {
+	return &concurrencyCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *concurrencyCache) AcquireAccountSlot(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, maxConcurrency int) (bool, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", accountConcurrencyKeyPrefix, accountID)
+	result, err := acquireScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}, maxConcurrency, int(concurrencyTTL.Seconds())).Int()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return result == 1, nil
+}
+
+func (c *concurrencyCache) ReleaseAccountSlot(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", accountConcurrencyKeyPrefix, accountID)
+	_, err := releaseScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}).Result()
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *concurrencyCache) GetAccountConcurrency(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (int, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", accountConcurrencyKeyPrefix, accountID)
+	return c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Int()
+}
+
+func (c *concurrencyCache) AcquireUserSlot(ctx context.Context, userID int64, maxConcurrency int) (bool, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", userConcurrencyKeyPrefix, userID)
+	result, err := acquireScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}, maxConcurrency, int(concurrencyTTL.Seconds())).Int()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return result == 1, nil
+}
+
+func (c *concurrencyCache) ReleaseUserSlot(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", userConcurrencyKeyPrefix, userID)
+	_, err := releaseScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}).Result()
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *concurrencyCache) GetUserConcurrency(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", userConcurrencyKeyPrefix, userID)
+	return c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Int()
+}
+
+func (c *concurrencyCache) IncrementWaitCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64, maxWait int) (bool, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", waitQueueKeyPrefix, userID)
+	result, err := incrementWaitScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}, maxWait, int(concurrencyTTL.Seconds())).Int()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return result == 1, nil
+}
+
+func (c *concurrencyCache) DecrementWaitCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", waitQueueKeyPrefix, userID)
+	_, err := decrementWaitScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}).Result()
+	return err
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/email_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/email_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const verifyCodeKeyPrefix = "verify_code:"
+
+type emailCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewEmailCache(rdb *redis.Client) ports.EmailCache {
+	return &emailCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *emailCache) GetVerificationCode(ctx context.Context, email string) (*ports.VerificationCodeData, error) {
+	key := verifyCodeKeyPrefix + email
+	val, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var data ports.VerificationCodeData
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(val), &data); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &data, nil
+}
+
+func (c *emailCache) SetVerificationCode(ctx context.Context, email string, data *ports.VerificationCodeData, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	key := verifyCodeKeyPrefix + email
+	val, err := json.Marshal(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, key, val, ttl).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *emailCache) DeleteVerificationCode(ctx context.Context, email string) error {
+	key := verifyCodeKeyPrefix + email
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/gateway_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/gateway_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const stickySessionPrefix = "sticky_session:"
+
+type gatewayCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewGatewayCache(rdb *redis.Client) ports.GatewayCache {
+	return &gatewayCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *gatewayCache) GetSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, sessionHash string) (int64, error) {
+	key := stickySessionPrefix + sessionHash
+	return c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Int64()
+}
+
+func (c *gatewayCache) SetSessionAccountID(ctx context.Context, sessionHash string, accountID int64, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	key := stickySessionPrefix + sessionHash
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, key, accountID, ttl).Err()
+}
+
+func (c *gatewayCache) RefreshSessionTTL(ctx context.Context, sessionHash string, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	key := stickySessionPrefix + sessionHash
+	return c.rdb.Expire(ctx, key, ttl).Err()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/github_release_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/github_release_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+type githubReleaseClient struct {
+	httpClient *http.Client
+}
+
+func NewGitHubReleaseClient() service.GitHubReleaseClient {
+	return &githubReleaseClient{
+		httpClient: &http.Client{
+			Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *githubReleaseClient) FetchLatestRelease(ctx context.Context, repo string) (*service.GitHubRelease, error) {
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://api.github.com/repos/%s/releases/latest", repo)
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json")
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Sub2API-Updater")
+
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GitHub API returned %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	var release service.GitHubRelease
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&release); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &release, nil
+}
+
+func (c *githubReleaseClient) DownloadFile(ctx context.Context, url, dest string, maxSize int64) error {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: 10 * time.Minute}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return fmt.Errorf("download returned %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	// SECURITY: Check Content-Length if available
+	if resp.ContentLength > maxSize {
+		return fmt.Errorf("file too large: %d bytes (max %d)", resp.ContentLength, maxSize)
+	}
+
+	out, err := os.Create(dest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = out.Close() }()
+
+	// SECURITY: Use LimitReader to enforce max download size even if Content-Length is missing/wrong
+	limited := io.LimitReader(resp.Body, maxSize+1)
+	written, err := io.Copy(out, limited)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Check if we hit the limit (downloaded more than maxSize)
+	if written > maxSize {
+		_ = os.Remove(dest) // Clean up partial file (best-effort)
+		return fmt.Errorf("download exceeded maximum size of %d bytes", maxSize)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *githubReleaseClient) FetchChecksumFile(ctx context.Context, url string) ([]byte, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	return io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -36,12 +37,12 @@ func (r *GroupRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.Group{}, id).Error
 }

-func (r *GroupRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *GroupRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", nil)
 }

 // ListWithFilters lists groups with optional filtering by platform, status, and is_exclusive
-func (r *GroupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]model.Group, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *GroupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]model.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var groups []model.Group
 	var total int64

@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ func (r *GroupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Pagination
 		pages++
 	}

-	return groups, &PaginationResult{
+	return groups, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
--- a/backend/internal/repository/http_upstream.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/http_upstream.go
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+)
+
+// httpUpstreamService is a generic HTTP upstream service that can be used for
+// making requests to any HTTP API (Claude, OpenAI, etc.) with optional proxy support.
+type httpUpstreamService struct {
+	defaultClient *http.Client
+	cfg           *config.Config
+}
+
+// NewHTTPUpstream creates a new generic HTTP upstream service
+func NewHTTPUpstream(cfg *config.Config) ports.HTTPUpstream {
+	responseHeaderTimeout := time.Duration(cfg.Gateway.ResponseHeaderTimeout) * time.Second
+	if responseHeaderTimeout == 0 {
+		responseHeaderTimeout = 300 * time.Second
+	}
+
+	transport := &http.Transport{
+		MaxIdleConns:          100,
+		MaxIdleConnsPerHost:   10,
+		IdleConnTimeout:       90 * time.Second,
+		ResponseHeaderTimeout: responseHeaderTimeout,
+	}
+
+	return &httpUpstreamService{
+		defaultClient: &http.Client{Transport: transport},
+		cfg:           cfg,
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *httpUpstreamService) Do(req *http.Request, proxyURL string) (*http.Response, error) {
+	if proxyURL == "" {
+		return s.defaultClient.Do(req)
+	}
+	client := s.createProxyClient(proxyURL)
+	return client.Do(req)
+}
+
+func (s *httpUpstreamService) createProxyClient(proxyURL string) *http.Client {
+	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.defaultClient
+	}
+
+	responseHeaderTimeout := time.Duration(s.cfg.Gateway.ResponseHeaderTimeout) * time.Second
+	if responseHeaderTimeout == 0 {
+		responseHeaderTimeout = 300 * time.Second
+	}
+
+	transport := &http.Transport{
+		Proxy:                 http.ProxyURL(parsedURL),
+		MaxIdleConns:          100,
+		MaxIdleConnsPerHost:   10,
+		IdleConnTimeout:       90 * time.Second,
+		ResponseHeaderTimeout: responseHeaderTimeout,
+	}
+
+	return &http.Client{Transport: transport}
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/identity_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/identity_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	fingerprintKeyPrefix = "fingerprint:"
+	fingerprintTTL       = 24 * time.Hour
+)
+
+type identityCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewIdentityCache(rdb *redis.Client) ports.IdentityCache {
+	return &identityCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *identityCache) GetFingerprint(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*ports.Fingerprint, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", fingerprintKeyPrefix, accountID)
+	val, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var fp ports.Fingerprint
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(val), &fp); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &fp, nil
+}
+
+func (c *identityCache) SetFingerprint(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, fp *ports.Fingerprint) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", fingerprintKeyPrefix, accountID)
+	val, err := json.Marshal(fp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, key, val, fingerprintTTL).Err()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/openai_oauth_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/openai_oauth_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/imroc/req/v3"
+)
+
+type openaiOAuthService struct{}
+
+// NewOpenAIOAuthClient creates a new OpenAI OAuth client
+func NewOpenAIOAuthClient() ports.OpenAIOAuthClient {
+	return &openaiOAuthService{}
+}
+
+func (s *openaiOAuthService) ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerifier, redirectURI, proxyURL string) (*openai.TokenResponse, error) {
+	client := createOpenAIReqClient(proxyURL)
+
+	if redirectURI == "" {
+		redirectURI = openai.DefaultRedirectURI
+	}
+
+	formData := url.Values{}
+	formData.Set("grant_type", "authorization_code")
+	formData.Set("client_id", openai.ClientID)
+	formData.Set("code", code)
+	formData.Set("redirect_uri", redirectURI)
+	formData.Set("code_verifier", codeVerifier)
+
+	var tokenResp openai.TokenResponse
+
+	resp, err := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetFormDataFromValues(formData).
+		SetSuccessResult(&tokenResp).
+		Post(openai.TokenURL)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("token exchange failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+	}
+
+	return &tokenResp, nil
+}
+
+func (s *openaiOAuthService) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, refreshToken, proxyURL string) (*openai.TokenResponse, error) {
+	client := createOpenAIReqClient(proxyURL)
+
+	formData := url.Values{}
+	formData.Set("grant_type", "refresh_token")
+	formData.Set("refresh_token", refreshToken)
+	formData.Set("client_id", openai.ClientID)
+	formData.Set("scope", openai.RefreshScopes)
+
+	var tokenResp openai.TokenResponse
+
+	resp, err := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetFormDataFromValues(formData).
+		SetSuccessResult(&tokenResp).
+		Post(openai.TokenURL)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("token refresh failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+	}
+
+	return &tokenResp, nil
+}
+
+func createOpenAIReqClient(proxyURL string) *req.Client {
+	client := req.C().
+		SetTimeout(60 * time.Second)
+
+	if proxyURL != "" {
+		client.SetProxyURL(proxyURL)
+	}
+
+	return client
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/pricing_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/pricing_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+type pricingRemoteClient struct {
+	httpClient *http.Client
+}
+
+func NewPricingRemoteClient() service.PricingRemoteClient {
+	return &pricingRemoteClient{
+		httpClient: &http.Client{
+			Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *pricingRemoteClient) FetchPricingJSON(ctx context.Context, url string) ([]byte, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	return io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+}
+
+func (c *pricingRemoteClient) FetchHashText(ctx context.Context, url string) (string, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	// 哈希文件格式：hash  filename 或者纯 hash
+	hash := strings.TrimSpace(string(body))
+	parts := strings.Fields(hash)
+	if len(parts) > 0 {
+		return parts[0], nil
+	}
+	return hash, nil
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/proxy_probe_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/proxy_probe_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/proxy"
+)
+
+type proxyProbeService struct{}
+
+func NewProxyExitInfoProber() service.ProxyExitInfoProber {
+	return &proxyProbeService{}
+}
+
+func (s *proxyProbeService) ProbeProxy(ctx context.Context, proxyURL string) (*service.ProxyExitInfo, int64, error) {
+	transport, err := createProxyTransport(proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create proxy transport: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Transport: transport,
+		Timeout:   15 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://ipinfo.io/json", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("proxy connection failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	latencyMs := time.Since(startTime).Milliseconds()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return nil, latencyMs, fmt.Errorf("request failed with status: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	var ipInfo struct {
+		IP      string `json:"ip"`
+		City    string `json:"city"`
+		Region  string `json:"region"`
+		Country string `json:"country"`
+	}
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, latencyMs, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &ipInfo); err != nil {
+		return nil, latencyMs, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &service.ProxyExitInfo{
+		IP:      ipInfo.IP,
+		City:    ipInfo.City,
+		Region:  ipInfo.Region,
+		Country: ipInfo.Country,
+	}, latencyMs, nil
+}
+
+func createProxyTransport(proxyURL string) (*http.Transport, error) {
+	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid proxy URL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	transport := &http.Transport{
+		TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true},
+	}
+
+	switch parsedURL.Scheme {
+	case "http", "https":
+		transport.Proxy = http.ProxyURL(parsedURL)
+	case "socks5":
+		dialer, err := proxy.FromURL(parsedURL, proxy.Direct)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create socks5 dialer: %w", err)
+		}
+		transport.DialContext = func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return dialer.Dial(network, addr)
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported proxy protocol: %s", parsedURL.Scheme)
+	}
+
+	return transport, nil
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/proxy_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/proxy_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -36,12 +37,12 @@ func (r *ProxyRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.Proxy{}, id).Error
 }

-func (r *ProxyRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.Proxy, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *ProxyRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "")
 }

 // ListWithFilters lists proxies with optional filtering by protocol, status, and search query
-func (r *ProxyRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]model.Proxy, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *ProxyRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]model.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var proxies []model.Proxy
 	var total int64

@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ func (r *ProxyRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Pagination
 		pages++
 	}

-	return proxies, &PaginationResult{
+	return proxies, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
--- a/backend/internal/repository/redeem_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/redeem_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	redeemRateLimitKeyPrefix = "redeem:ratelimit:"
+	redeemLockKeyPrefix      = "redeem:lock:"
+	redeemRateLimitDuration  = 24 * time.Hour
+)
+
+type redeemCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewRedeemCache(rdb *redis.Client) ports.RedeemCache {
+	return &redeemCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *redeemCache) GetRedeemAttemptCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", redeemRateLimitKeyPrefix, userID)
+	return c.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Int()
+}
+
+func (c *redeemCache) IncrementRedeemAttemptCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", redeemRateLimitKeyPrefix, userID)
+	pipe := c.rdb.Pipeline()
+	pipe.Incr(ctx, key)
+	pipe.Expire(ctx, key, redeemRateLimitDuration)
+	_, err := pipe.Exec(ctx)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *redeemCache) AcquireRedeemLock(ctx context.Context, code string, ttl time.Duration) (bool, error) {
+	key := redeemLockKeyPrefix + code
+	return c.rdb.SetNX(ctx, key, 1, ttl).Result()
+}
+
+func (c *redeemCache) ReleaseRedeemLock(ctx context.Context, code string) error {
+	key := redeemLockKeyPrefix + code
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/redeem_code_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/redeem_code_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"time"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -46,12 +47,12 @@ func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.RedeemCode{}, id).Error
 }

-func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.RedeemCode, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "")
 }

 // ListWithFilters lists redeem codes with optional filtering by type, status, and search query
-func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, codeType, status, search string) ([]model.RedeemCode, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, codeType, status, search string) ([]model.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var codes []model.RedeemCode
 	var total int64

@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Pagin
 		pages++
 	}

-	return codes, &PaginationResult{
+	return codes, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) Use(ctx context.Context, id, userID int64) error
 	now := time.Now()
 	result := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.RedeemCode{}).
 		Where("id = ? AND status = ?", id, model.StatusUnused).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"status":  model.StatusUsed,
 			"used_by": userID,
 			"used_at": now,
--- a/backend/internal/repository/repository.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/repository.go
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 package repository

-import (
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-)
-
 // Repositories 所有仓库的集合
 type Repositories struct {
 	User             *UserRepository
@@ -16,59 +12,3 @@ type Repositories struct {
 	Setting          *SettingRepository
 	UserSubscription *UserSubscriptionRepository
 }
-
-// NewRepositories 创建所有仓库
-func NewRepositories(db *gorm.DB) *Repositories {
-	return &Repositories{
-		User:             NewUserRepository(db),
-		ApiKey:           NewApiKeyRepository(db),
-		Group:            NewGroupRepository(db),
-		Account:          NewAccountRepository(db),
-		Proxy:            NewProxyRepository(db),
-		RedeemCode:       NewRedeemCodeRepository(db),
-		UsageLog:         NewUsageLogRepository(db),
-		Setting:          NewSettingRepository(db),
-		UserSubscription: NewUserSubscriptionRepository(db),
-	}
-}
-
-// PaginationParams 分页参数
-type PaginationParams struct {
-	Page     int
-	PageSize int
-}
-
-// PaginationResult 分页结果
-type PaginationResult struct {
-	Total    int64
-	Page     int
-	PageSize int
-	Pages    int
-}
-
-// DefaultPagination 默认分页参数
-func DefaultPagination() PaginationParams {
-	return PaginationParams{
-		Page:     1,
-		PageSize: 20,
-	}
-}
-
-// Offset 计算偏移量
-func (p PaginationParams) Offset() int {
-	if p.Page < 1 {
-		p.Page = 1
-	}
-	return (p.Page - 1) * p.PageSize
-}
-
-// Limit 获取限制数
-func (p PaginationParams) Limit() int {
-	if p.PageSize < 1 {
-		return 20
-	}
-	if p.PageSize > 100 {
-		return 100
-	}
-	return p.PageSize
-}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/turnstile_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/turnstile_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+const turnstileVerifyURL = "https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify"
+
+type turnstileVerifier struct {
+	httpClient *http.Client
+}
+
+func NewTurnstileVerifier() service.TurnstileVerifier {
+	return &turnstileVerifier{
+		httpClient: &http.Client{
+			Timeout: 10 * time.Second,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (v *turnstileVerifier) VerifyToken(ctx context.Context, secretKey, token, remoteIP string) (*service.TurnstileVerifyResponse, error) {
+	formData := url.Values{}
+	formData.Set("secret", secretKey)
+	formData.Set("response", token)
+	if remoteIP != "" {
+		formData.Set("remoteip", remoteIP)
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, turnstileVerifyURL, strings.NewReader(formData.Encode()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+
+	resp, err := v.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("send request: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	var result service.TurnstileVerifyResponse
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&result); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &result, nil
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/update_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/update_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const updateCacheKey = "update:latest"
+
+type updateCache struct {
+	rdb *redis.Client
+}
+
+func NewUpdateCache(rdb *redis.Client) ports.UpdateCache {
+	return &updateCache{rdb: rdb}
+}
+
+func (c *updateCache) GetUpdateInfo(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	return c.rdb.Get(ctx, updateCacheKey).Result()
+}
+
+func (c *updateCache) SetUpdateInfo(ctx context.Context, data string, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	return c.rdb.Set(ctx, updateCacheKey, data, ttl).Err()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
 	"time"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Usag
 	return &log, nil
 }

-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	var total int64

@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, param
 		pages++
 	}

-	return logs, &PaginationResult{
+	return logs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, param
 	}, nil
 }

-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	var total int64

@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, p
 		pages++
 	}

-	return logs, &PaginationResult{
+	return logs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardS
 	return &stats, nil
 }

-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	var total int64

@@ -289,7 +291,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64,
 		pages++
 	}

-	return logs, &PaginationResult{
+	return logs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -297,7 +299,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64,
 	}, nil
 }

-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("user_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", userID, startTime, endTime).
@@ -306,7 +308,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, userID
 	return logs, nil, err
 }

-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("api_key_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", apiKeyID, startTime, endTime).
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, apiKe
 	return logs, nil, err
 }

-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccountAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccountAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("account_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", accountID, startTime, endTime).
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccountAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, acco
 	return logs, nil, err
 }

-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByModelAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, modelName string, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByModelAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, modelName string, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("model = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", modelName, startTime, endTime).
@@ -337,15 +339,8 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.UsageLog{}, id).Error
 }

-// AccountStats 账号使用统计
-type AccountStats struct {
-	Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
-	Tokens   int64   `json:"tokens"`
-	Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
-}
-
 // GetAccountTodayStats 获取账号今日统计
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*AccountStats, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*usagestats.AccountStats, error) {
 	today := timezone.Today()

 	var stats struct {
@@ -367,7 +362,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	return &AccountStats{
+	return &usagestats.AccountStats{
 		Requests: stats.Requests,
 		Tokens:   stats.Tokens,
 		Cost:     stats.Cost,
@@ -375,7 +370,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID
 }

 // GetAccountWindowStats 获取账号时间窗口内的统计
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountWindowStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime time.Time) (*AccountStats, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountWindowStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime time.Time) (*usagestats.AccountStats, error) {
 	var stats struct {
 		Requests int64   `gorm:"column:requests"`
 		Tokens   int64   `gorm:"column:tokens"`
@@ -395,7 +390,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountWindowStats(ctx context.Context, accountI
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	return &AccountStats{
+	return &usagestats.AccountStats{
 		Requests: stats.Requests,
 		Tokens:   stats.Tokens,
 		Cost:     stats.Cost,
@@ -436,75 +431,13 @@ type UserUsageTrendPoint struct {
 	ActualCost float64 `json:"actual_cost"` // 实际扣除
 }

-// GetUsageTrend returns usage trend data grouped by date
-// granularity: "day" or "hour"
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string) ([]TrendDataPoint, error) {
-	var results []TrendDataPoint
-
-	// Choose date format based on granularity
-	var dateFormat string
-	if granularity == "hour" {
-		dateFormat = "YYYY-MM-DD HH24:00"
-	} else {
-		dateFormat = "YYYY-MM-DD"
-	}
-
-	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UsageLog{}).
-		Select(`
-			TO_CHAR(created_at, ?) as date,
-			COUNT(*) as requests,
-			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as input_tokens,
-			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as output_tokens,
-			COALESCE(SUM(cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as cache_tokens,
-			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_tokens,
-			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as cost,
-			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as actual_cost
-		`, dateFormat).
-		Where("created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", startTime, endTime).
-		Group("date").
-		Order("date ASC").
-		Scan(&results).Error
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return results, nil
-}
-
-// GetModelStats returns usage statistics grouped by model
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetModelStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]ModelStat, error) {
-	var results []ModelStat
-
-	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UsageLog{}).
-		Select(`
-			model,
-			COUNT(*) as requests,
-			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as input_tokens,
-			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as output_tokens,
-			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_tokens,
-			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as cost,
-			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as actual_cost
-		`).
-		Where("created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", startTime, endTime).
-		Group("model").
-		Order("total_tokens DESC").
-		Scan(&results).Error
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return results, nil
-}
-
 // ApiKeyUsageTrendPoint represents API key usage trend data point
 type ApiKeyUsageTrendPoint struct {
-	Date      string `json:"date"`
-	ApiKeyID  int64  `json:"api_key_id"`
-	KeyName   string `json:"key_name"`
-	Requests  int64  `json:"requests"`
-	Tokens    int64  `json:"tokens"`
+	Date     string `json:"date"`
+	ApiKeyID int64  `json:"api_key_id"`
+	KeyName  string `json:"key_name"`
+	Requests int64  `json:"requests"`
+	Tokens   int64  `json:"tokens"`
 }

 // GetApiKeyUsageTrend returns usage trend data grouped by API key and date
@@ -780,7 +713,7 @@ type UsageLogFilters struct {
 }

 // ListWithFilters lists usage logs with optional filters (for admin)
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, filters UsageLogFilters) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, filters UsageLogFilters) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	var total int64

@@ -816,7 +749,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Paginat
 		pages++
 	}

-	return logs, &PaginationResult{
+	return logs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -838,7 +771,7 @@ type UsageStats struct {

 // BatchUserUsageStats represents usage stats for a single user
 type BatchUserUsageStats struct {
-	UserID         int64   `json:"user_id"`
+	UserID          int64   `json:"user_id"`
 	TodayActualCost float64 `json:"today_actual_cost"`
 	TotalActualCost float64 `json:"total_actual_cost"`
 }
@@ -964,6 +897,79 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetBatchApiKeyUsageStats(ctx context.Context, apiKe
 	return result, nil
 }

+// GetUsageTrendWithFilters returns usage trend data with optional user/api_key filters
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetUsageTrendWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, userID, apiKeyID int64) ([]TrendDataPoint, error) {
+	var results []TrendDataPoint
+
+	var dateFormat string
+	if granularity == "hour" {
+		dateFormat = "YYYY-MM-DD HH24:00"
+	} else {
+		dateFormat = "YYYY-MM-DD"
+	}
+
+	db := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UsageLog{}).
+		Select(`
+			TO_CHAR(created_at, ?) as date,
+			COUNT(*) as requests,
+			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as input_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as output_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as cache_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as actual_cost
+		`, dateFormat).
+		Where("created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", startTime, endTime)
+
+	if userID > 0 {
+		db = db.Where("user_id = ?", userID)
+	}
+	if apiKeyID > 0 {
+		db = db.Where("api_key_id = ?", apiKeyID)
+	}
+
+	err := db.Group("date").Order("date ASC").Scan(&results).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return results, nil
+}
+
+// GetModelStatsWithFilters returns model statistics with optional user/api_key filters
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID int64) ([]ModelStat, error) {
+	var results []ModelStat
+
+	db := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UsageLog{}).
+		Select(`
+			model,
+			COUNT(*) as requests,
+			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as input_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as output_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as actual_cost
+		`).
+		Where("created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", startTime, endTime)
+
+	if userID > 0 {
+		db = db.Where("user_id = ?", userID)
+	}
+	if apiKeyID > 0 {
+		db = db.Where("api_key_id = ?", apiKeyID)
+	}
+	if accountID > 0 {
+		db = db.Where("account_id = ?", accountID)
+	}
+
+	err := db.Group("model").Order("total_tokens DESC").Scan(&results).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return results, nil
+}
+
 // GetGlobalStats gets usage statistics for all users within a time range
 func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetGlobalStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*UsageStats, error) {
 	var stats struct {
@@ -1004,3 +1010,209 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetGlobalStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endT
 		AverageDurationMs: stats.AverageDurationMs,
 	}, nil
 }
+
+// AccountUsageHistory represents daily usage history for an account
+type AccountUsageHistory struct {
+	Date       string  `json:"date"`
+	Label      string  `json:"label"`
+	Requests   int64   `json:"requests"`
+	Tokens     int64   `json:"tokens"`
+	Cost       float64 `json:"cost"`
+	ActualCost float64 `json:"actual_cost"`
+}
+
+// AccountUsageSummary represents summary statistics for an account
+type AccountUsageSummary struct {
+	Days              int     `json:"days"`
+	ActualDaysUsed    int     `json:"actual_days_used"`
+	TotalCost         float64 `json:"total_cost"`
+	TotalStandardCost float64 `json:"total_standard_cost"`
+	TotalRequests     int64   `json:"total_requests"`
+	TotalTokens       int64   `json:"total_tokens"`
+	AvgDailyCost      float64 `json:"avg_daily_cost"`
+	AvgDailyRequests  float64 `json:"avg_daily_requests"`
+	AvgDailyTokens    float64 `json:"avg_daily_tokens"`
+	AvgDurationMs     float64 `json:"avg_duration_ms"`
+	Today             *struct {
+		Date     string  `json:"date"`
+		Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
+		Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
+		Tokens   int64   `json:"tokens"`
+	} `json:"today"`
+	HighestCostDay *struct {
+		Date     string  `json:"date"`
+		Label    string  `json:"label"`
+		Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
+		Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
+	} `json:"highest_cost_day"`
+	HighestRequestDay *struct {
+		Date     string  `json:"date"`
+		Label    string  `json:"label"`
+		Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
+		Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
+	} `json:"highest_request_day"`
+}
+
+// AccountUsageStatsResponse represents the full usage statistics response for an account
+type AccountUsageStatsResponse struct {
+	History []AccountUsageHistory `json:"history"`
+	Summary AccountUsageSummary   `json:"summary"`
+	Models  []ModelStat           `json:"models"`
+}
+
+// GetAccountUsageStats returns comprehensive usage statistics for an account over a time range
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountUsageStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*AccountUsageStatsResponse, error) {
+	daysCount := int(endTime.Sub(startTime).Hours()/24) + 1
+	if daysCount <= 0 {
+		daysCount = 30
+	}
+
+	// Get daily history
+	var historyResults []struct {
+		Date       string  `gorm:"column:date"`
+		Requests   int64   `gorm:"column:requests"`
+		Tokens     int64   `gorm:"column:tokens"`
+		Cost       float64 `gorm:"column:cost"`
+		ActualCost float64 `gorm:"column:actual_cost"`
+	}
+
+	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UsageLog{}).
+		Select(`
+			TO_CHAR(created_at, 'YYYY-MM-DD') as date,
+			COUNT(*) as requests,
+			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as actual_cost
+		`).
+		Where("account_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", accountID, startTime, endTime).
+		Group("date").
+		Order("date ASC").
+		Scan(&historyResults).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Build history with labels
+	history := make([]AccountUsageHistory, 0, len(historyResults))
+	for _, h := range historyResults {
+		// Parse date to get label (MM/DD)
+		t, _ := time.Parse("2006-01-02", h.Date)
+		label := t.Format("01/02")
+		history = append(history, AccountUsageHistory{
+			Date:       h.Date,
+			Label:      label,
+			Requests:   h.Requests,
+			Tokens:     h.Tokens,
+			Cost:       h.Cost,
+			ActualCost: h.ActualCost,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Calculate summary
+	var totalActualCost, totalStandardCost float64
+	var totalRequests, totalTokens int64
+	var highestCostDay, highestRequestDay *AccountUsageHistory
+
+	for i := range history {
+		h := &history[i]
+		totalActualCost += h.ActualCost
+		totalStandardCost += h.Cost
+		totalRequests += h.Requests
+		totalTokens += h.Tokens
+
+		if highestCostDay == nil || h.ActualCost > highestCostDay.ActualCost {
+			highestCostDay = h
+		}
+		if highestRequestDay == nil || h.Requests > highestRequestDay.Requests {
+			highestRequestDay = h
+		}
+	}
+
+	actualDaysUsed := len(history)
+	if actualDaysUsed == 0 {
+		actualDaysUsed = 1
+	}
+
+	// Get average duration
+	var avgDuration struct {
+		AvgDurationMs float64 `gorm:"column:avg_duration_ms"`
+	}
+	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UsageLog{}).
+		Select("COALESCE(AVG(duration_ms), 0) as avg_duration_ms").
+		Where("account_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", accountID, startTime, endTime).
+		Scan(&avgDuration)
+
+	summary := AccountUsageSummary{
+		Days:              daysCount,
+		ActualDaysUsed:    actualDaysUsed,
+		TotalCost:         totalActualCost,
+		TotalStandardCost: totalStandardCost,
+		TotalRequests:     totalRequests,
+		TotalTokens:       totalTokens,
+		AvgDailyCost:      totalActualCost / float64(actualDaysUsed),
+		AvgDailyRequests:  float64(totalRequests) / float64(actualDaysUsed),
+		AvgDailyTokens:    float64(totalTokens) / float64(actualDaysUsed),
+		AvgDurationMs:     avgDuration.AvgDurationMs,
+	}
+
+	// Set today's stats
+	todayStr := timezone.Now().Format("2006-01-02")
+	for i := range history {
+		if history[i].Date == todayStr {
+			summary.Today = &struct {
+				Date     string  `json:"date"`
+				Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
+				Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
+				Tokens   int64   `json:"tokens"`
+			}{
+				Date:     history[i].Date,
+				Cost:     history[i].ActualCost,
+				Requests: history[i].Requests,
+				Tokens:   history[i].Tokens,
+			}
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set highest cost day
+	if highestCostDay != nil {
+		summary.HighestCostDay = &struct {
+			Date     string  `json:"date"`
+			Label    string  `json:"label"`
+			Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
+			Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
+		}{
+			Date:     highestCostDay.Date,
+			Label:    highestCostDay.Label,
+			Cost:     highestCostDay.ActualCost,
+			Requests: highestCostDay.Requests,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set highest request day
+	if highestRequestDay != nil {
+		summary.HighestRequestDay = &struct {
+			Date     string  `json:"date"`
+			Label    string  `json:"label"`
+			Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
+			Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
+		}{
+			Date:     highestRequestDay.Date,
+			Label:    highestRequestDay.Label,
+			Requests: highestRequestDay.Requests,
+			Cost:     highestRequestDay.ActualCost,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Get model statistics using the unified method
+	models, err := r.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, 0, 0, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		models = []ModelStat{}
+	}
+
+	return &AccountUsageStatsResponse{
+		History: history,
+		Summary: summary,
+		Models:  models,
+	}, nil
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/user_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/user_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -45,12 +46,12 @@ func (r *UserRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.User{}, id).Error
 }

-func (r *UserRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.User, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UserRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "")
 }

 // ListWithFilters lists users with optional filtering by status, role, and search query
-func (r *UserRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, status, role, search string) ([]model.User, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UserRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, status, role, search string) ([]model.User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var users []model.User
 	var total int64

@@ -65,23 +66,53 @@ func (r *UserRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationP
 	}
 	if search != "" {
 		searchPattern := "%" + search + "%"
-		db = db.Where("email ILIKE ?", searchPattern)
+		db = db.Where(
+			"email ILIKE ? OR username ILIKE ? OR wechat ILIKE ?",
+			searchPattern, searchPattern, searchPattern,
+		)
 	}

 	if err := db.Count(&total).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

+	// Query users with pagination (reuse the same db with filters applied)
 	if err := db.Offset(params.Offset()).Limit(params.Limit()).Order("id DESC").Find(&users).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

+	// Batch load subscriptions for all users (avoid N+1)
+	if len(users) > 0 {
+		userIDs := make([]int64, len(users))
+		userMap := make(map[int64]*model.User, len(users))
+		for i := range users {
+			userIDs[i] = users[i].ID
+			userMap[users[i].ID] = &users[i]
+		}
+
+		// Query active subscriptions with groups in one query
+		var subscriptions []model.UserSubscription
+		if err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
+			Preload("Group").
+			Where("user_id IN ? AND status = ?", userIDs, model.SubscriptionStatusActive).
+			Find(&subscriptions).Error; err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+
+		// Associate subscriptions with users
+		for i := range subscriptions {
+			if user, ok := userMap[subscriptions[i].UserID]; ok {
+				user.Subscriptions = append(user.Subscriptions, subscriptions[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	pages := int(total) / params.Limit()
 	if int(total)%params.Limit() > 0 {
 		pages++
 	}

-	return users, &PaginationResult{
+	return users, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -128,3 +159,15 @@ func (r *UserRepository) RemoveGroupFromAllowedGroups(ctx context.Context, group
 	return result.RowsAffected, result.Error
 }

+// GetFirstAdmin 获取第一个管理员用户（用于 Admin API Key 认证）
+func (r *UserRepository) GetFirstAdmin(ctx context.Context) (*model.User, error) {
+	var user model.User
+	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("role = ? AND status = ?", model.RoleAdmin, model.StatusActive).
+		Order("id ASC").
+		First(&user).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &user, nil
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/user_subscription_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/user_subscription_repo.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListActiveByUserID(ctx context.Context, use
 }

 // ListByGroupID 获取分组的所有订阅（分页）
-func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.UserSubscription, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var subs []model.UserSubscription
 	var total int64

@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID
 		pages++
 	}

-	return subs, &PaginationResult{
+	return subs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID
 }

 // List 获取所有订阅（分页，支持筛选）
-func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]model.UserSubscription, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]model.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var subs []model.UserSubscription
 	var total int64

@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params Pagination
 		pages++
 	}

-	return subs, &PaginationResult{
+	return subs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params Pagination
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) IncrementUsage(ctx context.Context, id int64, costUSD float64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"daily_usage_usd":   gorm.Expr("daily_usage_usd + ?", costUSD),
 			"weekly_usage_usd":  gorm.Expr("weekly_usage_usd + ?", costUSD),
 			"monthly_usage_usd": gorm.Expr("monthly_usage_usd + ?", costUSD),
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) IncrementUsage(ctx context.Context, id int6
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ResetDailyUsage(ctx context.Context, id int64, newWindowStart time.Time) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"daily_usage_usd":    0,
 			"daily_window_start": newWindowStart,
 			"updated_at":         time.Now(),
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ResetDailyUsage(ctx context.Context, id int
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ResetWeeklyUsage(ctx context.Context, id int64, newWindowStart time.Time) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"weekly_usage_usd":    0,
 			"weekly_window_start": newWindowStart,
 			"updated_at":          time.Now(),
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ResetWeeklyUsage(ctx context.Context, id in
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ResetMonthlyUsage(ctx context.Context, id int64, newWindowStart time.Time) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"monthly_usage_usd":    0,
 			"monthly_window_start": newWindowStart,
 			"updated_at":           time.Now(),
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ResetMonthlyUsage(ctx context.Context, id i
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ActivateWindows(ctx context.Context, id int64, activateTime time.Time) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"daily_window_start":   activateTime,
 			"weekly_window_start":  activateTime,
 			"monthly_window_start": activateTime,
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ActivateWindows(ctx context.Context, id int
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) UpdateStatus(ctx context.Context, id int64, status string) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"status":     status,
 			"updated_at": time.Now(),
 		}).Error
@@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) UpdateStatus(ctx context.Context, id int64,
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ExtendExpiry(ctx context.Context, id int64, newExpiresAt time.Time) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"expires_at": newExpiresAt,
 			"updated_at": time.Now(),
 		}).Error
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ExtendExpiry(ctx context.Context, id int64,
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) UpdateNotes(ctx context.Context, id int64, notes string) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("id = ?", id).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"notes":      notes,
 			"updated_at": time.Now(),
 		}).Error
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListExpired(ctx context.Context) ([]model.U
 func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) BatchUpdateExpiredStatus(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
 	result := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.UserSubscription{}).
 		Where("status = ? AND expires_at <= ?", model.SubscriptionStatusActive, time.Now()).
-		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+		Updates(map[string]any{
 			"status":     model.SubscriptionStatusExpired,
 			"updated_at": time.Now(),
 		})
--- a/backend/internal/repository/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/wire.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/google/wire"
+)
+
+// ProviderSet is the Wire provider set for all repositories
+var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
+	NewUserRepository,
+	NewApiKeyRepository,
+	NewGroupRepository,
+	NewAccountRepository,
+	NewProxyRepository,
+	NewRedeemCodeRepository,
+	NewUsageLogRepository,
+	NewSettingRepository,
+	NewUserSubscriptionRepository,
+	wire.Struct(new(Repositories), "*"),
+
+	// Cache implementations
+	NewGatewayCache,
+	NewBillingCache,
+	NewApiKeyCache,
+	NewConcurrencyCache,
+	NewEmailCache,
+	NewIdentityCache,
+	NewRedeemCache,
+	NewUpdateCache,
+
+	// HTTP service ports (DI Strategy A: return interface directly)
+	NewTurnstileVerifier,
+	NewPricingRemoteClient,
+	NewGitHubReleaseClient,
+	NewProxyExitInfoProber,
+	NewClaudeUsageFetcher,
+	NewClaudeOAuthClient,
+	NewHTTPUpstream,
+	NewOpenAIOAuthClient,
+
+	// Bind concrete repositories to service port interfaces
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.UserRepository), new(*UserRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.ApiKeyRepository), new(*ApiKeyRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.GroupRepository), new(*GroupRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.AccountRepository), new(*AccountRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.ProxyRepository), new(*ProxyRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.RedeemCodeRepository), new(*RedeemCodeRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.UsageLogRepository), new(*UsageLogRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.SettingRepository), new(*SettingRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.UserSubscriptionRepository), new(*UserSubscriptionRepository)),
+)
--- a/backend/internal/server/http.go
+++ b/backend/internal/server/http.go
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+	"sub2api/internal/handler"
+	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/google/wire"
+)
+
+// ProviderSet 提供服务器层的依赖
+var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
+	ProvideRouter,
+	ProvideHTTPServer,
+)
+
+// ProvideRouter 提供路由器
+func ProvideRouter(cfg *config.Config, handlers *handler.Handlers, services *service.Services, repos *repository.Repositories) *gin.Engine {
+	if cfg.Server.Mode == "release" {
+		gin.SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode)
+	}
+
+	r := gin.New()
+	r.Use(gin.Recovery())
+
+	return SetupRouter(r, cfg, handlers, services, repos)
+}
+
+// ProvideHTTPServer 提供 HTTP 服务器
+func ProvideHTTPServer(cfg *config.Config, router *gin.Engine) *http.Server {
+	return &http.Server{
+		Addr:    cfg.Server.Address(),
+		Handler: router,
+		// ReadHeaderTimeout: 读取请求头的超时时间，防止慢速请求头攻击
+		ReadHeaderTimeout: time.Duration(cfg.Server.ReadHeaderTimeout) * time.Second,
+		// IdleTimeout: 空闲连接超时时间，释放不活跃的连接资源
+		IdleTimeout: time.Duration(cfg.Server.IdleTimeout) * time.Second,
+		// 注意：不设置 WriteTimeout，因为流式响应可能持续十几分钟
+		// 不设置 ReadTimeout，因为大请求体可能需要较长时间读取
+	}
+}
--- a/backend/internal/server/router.go
+++ b/backend/internal/server/router.go
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+	"sub2api/internal/handler"
+	"sub2api/internal/middleware"
+	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service"
+	"sub2api/internal/web"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// SetupRouter 配置路由器中间件和路由
+func SetupRouter(r *gin.Engine, cfg *config.Config, handlers *handler.Handlers, services *service.Services, repos *repository.Repositories) *gin.Engine {
+	// 应用中间件
+	r.Use(middleware.Logger())
+	r.Use(middleware.CORS())
+
+	// 注册路由
+	registerRoutes(r, handlers, services, repos)
+
+	// Serve embedded frontend if available
+	if web.HasEmbeddedFrontend() {
+		r.Use(web.ServeEmbeddedFrontend())
+	}
+
+	return r
+}
+
+// registerRoutes 注册所有 HTTP 路由
+func registerRoutes(r *gin.Engine, h *handler.Handlers, s *service.Services, repos *repository.Repositories) {
+	// 健康检查
+	r.GET("/health", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
+	})
+
+	// Claude Code 遥测日志（忽略，直接返回200）
+	r.POST("/api/event_logging/batch", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	// Setup status endpoint (always returns needs_setup: false in normal mode)
+	// This is used by the frontend to detect when the service has restarted after setup
+	r.GET("/setup/status", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+			"code": 0,
+			"data": gin.H{
+				"needs_setup": false,
+				"step":        "completed",
+			},
+		})
+	})
+
+	// API v1
+	v1 := r.Group("/api/v1")
+	{
+		// 公开接口
+		auth := v1.Group("/auth")
+		{
+			auth.POST("/register", h.Auth.Register)
+			auth.POST("/login", h.Auth.Login)
+			auth.POST("/send-verify-code", h.Auth.SendVerifyCode)
+		}
+
+		// 公开设置（无需认证）
+		settings := v1.Group("/settings")
+		{
+			settings.GET("/public", h.Setting.GetPublicSettings)
+		}
+
+		// 需要认证的接口
+		authenticated := v1.Group("")
+		authenticated.Use(middleware.JWTAuth(s.Auth, repos.User))
+		{
+			// 当前用户信息
+			authenticated.GET("/auth/me", h.Auth.GetCurrentUser)
+
+			// 用户接口
+			user := authenticated.Group("/user")
+			{
+				user.GET("/profile", h.User.GetProfile)
+				user.PUT("/password", h.User.ChangePassword)
+				user.PUT("", h.User.UpdateProfile)
+			}
+
+			// API Key管理
+			keys := authenticated.Group("/keys")
+			{
+				keys.GET("", h.APIKey.List)
+				keys.GET("/:id", h.APIKey.GetByID)
+				keys.POST("", h.APIKey.Create)
+				keys.PUT("/:id", h.APIKey.Update)
+				keys.DELETE("/:id", h.APIKey.Delete)
+			}
+
+			// 用户可用分组（非管理员接口）
+			groups := authenticated.Group("/groups")
+			{
+				groups.GET("/available", h.APIKey.GetAvailableGroups)
+			}
+
+			// 使用记录
+			usage := authenticated.Group("/usage")
+			{
+				usage.GET("", h.Usage.List)
+				usage.GET("/:id", h.Usage.GetByID)
+				usage.GET("/stats", h.Usage.Stats)
+				// User dashboard endpoints
+				usage.GET("/dashboard/stats", h.Usage.DashboardStats)
+				usage.GET("/dashboard/trend", h.Usage.DashboardTrend)
+				usage.GET("/dashboard/models", h.Usage.DashboardModels)
+				usage.POST("/dashboard/api-keys-usage", h.Usage.DashboardApiKeysUsage)
+			}
+
+			// 卡密兑换
+			redeem := authenticated.Group("/redeem")
+			{
+				redeem.POST("", h.Redeem.Redeem)
+				redeem.GET("/history", h.Redeem.GetHistory)
+			}
+
+			// 用户订阅
+			subscriptions := authenticated.Group("/subscriptions")
+			{
+				subscriptions.GET("", h.Subscription.List)
+				subscriptions.GET("/active", h.Subscription.GetActive)
+				subscriptions.GET("/progress", h.Subscription.GetProgress)
+				subscriptions.GET("/summary", h.Subscription.GetSummary)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 管理员接口
+		admin := v1.Group("/admin")
+		admin.Use(middleware.AdminAuth(s.Auth, repos.User, s.Setting))
+		{
+			// 仪表盘
+			dashboard := admin.Group("/dashboard")
+			{
+				dashboard.GET("/stats", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetStats)
+				dashboard.GET("/realtime", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetRealtimeMetrics)
+				dashboard.GET("/trend", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetUsageTrend)
+				dashboard.GET("/models", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetModelStats)
+				dashboard.GET("/api-keys-trend", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetApiKeyUsageTrend)
+				dashboard.GET("/users-trend", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetUserUsageTrend)
+				dashboard.POST("/users-usage", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetBatchUsersUsage)
+				dashboard.POST("/api-keys-usage", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetBatchApiKeysUsage)
+			}
+
+			// 用户管理
+			users := admin.Group("/users")
+			{
+				users.GET("", h.Admin.User.List)
+				users.GET("/:id", h.Admin.User.GetByID)
+				users.POST("", h.Admin.User.Create)
+				users.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.User.Update)
+				users.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.User.Delete)
+				users.POST("/:id/balance", h.Admin.User.UpdateBalance)
+				users.GET("/:id/api-keys", h.Admin.User.GetUserAPIKeys)
+				users.GET("/:id/usage", h.Admin.User.GetUserUsage)
+			}
+
+			// 分组管理
+			groups := admin.Group("/groups")
+			{
+				groups.GET("", h.Admin.Group.List)
+				groups.GET("/all", h.Admin.Group.GetAll)
+				groups.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Group.GetByID)
+				groups.POST("", h.Admin.Group.Create)
+				groups.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.Group.Update)
+				groups.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Group.Delete)
+				groups.GET("/:id/stats", h.Admin.Group.GetStats)
+				groups.GET("/:id/api-keys", h.Admin.Group.GetGroupAPIKeys)
+			}
+
+			// 账号管理
+			accounts := admin.Group("/accounts")
+			{
+				accounts.GET("", h.Admin.Account.List)
+				accounts.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Account.GetByID)
+				accounts.POST("", h.Admin.Account.Create)
+				accounts.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.Account.Update)
+				accounts.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Account.Delete)
+				accounts.POST("/:id/test", h.Admin.Account.Test)
+				accounts.POST("/:id/refresh", h.Admin.Account.Refresh)
+				accounts.GET("/:id/stats", h.Admin.Account.GetStats)
+				accounts.POST("/:id/clear-error", h.Admin.Account.ClearError)
+				accounts.GET("/:id/usage", h.Admin.Account.GetUsage)
+				accounts.GET("/:id/today-stats", h.Admin.Account.GetTodayStats)
+				accounts.POST("/:id/clear-rate-limit", h.Admin.Account.ClearRateLimit)
+				accounts.POST("/:id/schedulable", h.Admin.Account.SetSchedulable)
+				accounts.GET("/:id/models", h.Admin.Account.GetAvailableModels)
+				accounts.POST("/batch", h.Admin.Account.BatchCreate)
+
+				// Claude OAuth routes
+				accounts.POST("/generate-auth-url", h.Admin.OAuth.GenerateAuthURL)
+				accounts.POST("/generate-setup-token-url", h.Admin.OAuth.GenerateSetupTokenURL)
+				accounts.POST("/exchange-code", h.Admin.OAuth.ExchangeCode)
+				accounts.POST("/exchange-setup-token-code", h.Admin.OAuth.ExchangeSetupTokenCode)
+				accounts.POST("/cookie-auth", h.Admin.OAuth.CookieAuth)
+				accounts.POST("/setup-token-cookie-auth", h.Admin.OAuth.SetupTokenCookieAuth)
+			}
+
+			// OpenAI OAuth routes
+			openai := admin.Group("/openai")
+			{
+				openai.POST("/generate-auth-url", h.Admin.OpenAIOAuth.GenerateAuthURL)
+				openai.POST("/exchange-code", h.Admin.OpenAIOAuth.ExchangeCode)
+				openai.POST("/refresh-token", h.Admin.OpenAIOAuth.RefreshToken)
+				openai.POST("/accounts/:id/refresh", h.Admin.OpenAIOAuth.RefreshAccountToken)
+				openai.POST("/create-from-oauth", h.Admin.OpenAIOAuth.CreateAccountFromOAuth)
+			}
+
+			// 代理管理
+			proxies := admin.Group("/proxies")
+			{
+				proxies.GET("", h.Admin.Proxy.List)
+				proxies.GET("/all", h.Admin.Proxy.GetAll)
+				proxies.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Proxy.GetByID)
+				proxies.POST("", h.Admin.Proxy.Create)
+				proxies.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.Proxy.Update)
+				proxies.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Proxy.Delete)
+				proxies.POST("/:id/test", h.Admin.Proxy.Test)
+				proxies.GET("/:id/stats", h.Admin.Proxy.GetStats)
+				proxies.GET("/:id/accounts", h.Admin.Proxy.GetProxyAccounts)
+				proxies.POST("/batch", h.Admin.Proxy.BatchCreate)
+			}
+
+			// 卡密管理
+			codes := admin.Group("/redeem-codes")
+			{
+				codes.GET("", h.Admin.Redeem.List)
+				codes.GET("/stats", h.Admin.Redeem.GetStats)
+				codes.GET("/export", h.Admin.Redeem.Export)
+				codes.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Redeem.GetByID)
+				codes.POST("/generate", h.Admin.Redeem.Generate)
+				codes.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Redeem.Delete)
+				codes.POST("/batch-delete", h.Admin.Redeem.BatchDelete)
+				codes.POST("/:id/expire", h.Admin.Redeem.Expire)
+			}
+
+			// 系统设置
+			adminSettings := admin.Group("/settings")
+			{
+				adminSettings.GET("", h.Admin.Setting.GetSettings)
+				adminSettings.PUT("", h.Admin.Setting.UpdateSettings)
+				adminSettings.POST("/test-smtp", h.Admin.Setting.TestSmtpConnection)
+				adminSettings.POST("/send-test-email", h.Admin.Setting.SendTestEmail)
+				// Admin API Key 管理
+				adminSettings.GET("/admin-api-key", h.Admin.Setting.GetAdminApiKey)
+				adminSettings.POST("/admin-api-key/regenerate", h.Admin.Setting.RegenerateAdminApiKey)
+				adminSettings.DELETE("/admin-api-key", h.Admin.Setting.DeleteAdminApiKey)
+			}
+
+			// 系统管理
+			system := admin.Group("/system")
+			{
+				system.GET("/version", h.Admin.System.GetVersion)
+				system.GET("/check-updates", h.Admin.System.CheckUpdates)
+				system.POST("/update", h.Admin.System.PerformUpdate)
+				system.POST("/rollback", h.Admin.System.Rollback)
+				system.POST("/restart", h.Admin.System.RestartService)
+			}
+
+			// 订阅管理
+			subscriptions := admin.Group("/subscriptions")
+			{
+				subscriptions.GET("", h.Admin.Subscription.List)
+				subscriptions.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Subscription.GetByID)
+				subscriptions.GET("/:id/progress", h.Admin.Subscription.GetProgress)
+				subscriptions.POST("/assign", h.Admin.Subscription.Assign)
+				subscriptions.POST("/bulk-assign", h.Admin.Subscription.BulkAssign)
+				subscriptions.POST("/:id/extend", h.Admin.Subscription.Extend)
+				subscriptions.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.Subscription.Revoke)
+			}
+
+			// 分组下的订阅列表
+			admin.GET("/groups/:id/subscriptions", h.Admin.Subscription.ListByGroup)
+
+			// 用户下的订阅列表
+			admin.GET("/users/:id/subscriptions", h.Admin.Subscription.ListByUser)
+
+			// 使用记录管理
+			usage := admin.Group("/usage")
+			{
+				usage.GET("", h.Admin.Usage.List)
+				usage.GET("/stats", h.Admin.Usage.Stats)
+				usage.GET("/search-users", h.Admin.Usage.SearchUsers)
+				usage.GET("/search-api-keys", h.Admin.Usage.SearchApiKeys)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// API网关（Claude API兼容）
+	gateway := r.Group("/v1")
+	gateway.Use(middleware.ApiKeyAuthWithSubscription(s.ApiKey, s.Subscription))
+	{
+		gateway.POST("/messages", h.Gateway.Messages)
+		gateway.POST("/messages/count_tokens", h.Gateway.CountTokens)
+		gateway.GET("/models", h.Gateway.Models)
+		gateway.GET("/usage", h.Gateway.Usage)
+		// OpenAI Responses API
+		gateway.POST("/responses", h.OpenAIGateway.Responses)
+	}
+
+	// OpenAI Responses API（不带v1前缀的别名）
+	r.POST("/responses", middleware.ApiKeyAuthWithSubscription(s.ApiKey, s.Subscription), h.OpenAIGateway.Responses)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/account_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/account_service.go
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -16,37 +17,37 @@ var (

 // CreateAccountRequest 创建账号请求
 type CreateAccountRequest struct {
-	Name        string                 `json:"name"`
-	Platform    string                 `json:"platform"`
-	Type        string                 `json:"type"`
-	Credentials map[string]interface{} `json:"credentials"`
-	Extra       map[string]interface{} `json:"extra"`
-	ProxyID     *int64                 `json:"proxy_id"`
-	Concurrency int                    `json:"concurrency"`
-	Priority    int                    `json:"priority"`
-	GroupIDs    []int64                `json:"group_ids"`
+	Name        string         `json:"name"`
+	Platform    string         `json:"platform"`
+	Type        string         `json:"type"`
+	Credentials map[string]any `json:"credentials"`
+	Extra       map[string]any `json:"extra"`
+	ProxyID     *int64         `json:"proxy_id"`
+	Concurrency int            `json:"concurrency"`
+	Priority    int            `json:"priority"`
+	GroupIDs    []int64        `json:"group_ids"`
 }

 // UpdateAccountRequest 更新账号请求
 type UpdateAccountRequest struct {
-	Name        *string                 `json:"name"`
-	Credentials *map[string]interface{} `json:"credentials"`
-	Extra       *map[string]interface{} `json:"extra"`
-	ProxyID     *int64                  `json:"proxy_id"`
-	Concurrency *int                    `json:"concurrency"`
-	Priority    *int                    `json:"priority"`
-	Status      *string                 `json:"status"`
-	GroupIDs    *[]int64                `json:"group_ids"`
+	Name        *string         `json:"name"`
+	Credentials *map[string]any `json:"credentials"`
+	Extra       *map[string]any `json:"extra"`
+	ProxyID     *int64          `json:"proxy_id"`
+	Concurrency *int            `json:"concurrency"`
+	Priority    *int            `json:"priority"`
+	Status      *string         `json:"status"`
+	GroupIDs    *[]int64        `json:"group_ids"`
 }

 // AccountService 账号管理服务
 type AccountService struct {
-	accountRepo *repository.AccountRepository
-	groupRepo   *repository.GroupRepository
+	accountRepo ports.AccountRepository
+	groupRepo   ports.GroupRepository
 }

 // NewAccountService 创建账号服务实例
-func NewAccountService(accountRepo *repository.AccountRepository, groupRepo *repository.GroupRepository) *AccountService {
+func NewAccountService(accountRepo ports.AccountRepository, groupRepo ports.GroupRepository) *AccountService {
 	return &AccountService{
 		accountRepo: accountRepo,
 		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ func (s *AccountService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Account,
 }

 // List 获取账号列表
-func (s *AccountService) List(ctx context.Context, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *AccountService) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	accounts, pagination, err := s.accountRepo.List(ctx, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list accounts: %w", err)
--- a/backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go
@@ -10,20 +10,23 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )

 const (
-	testClaudeAPIURL = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages"
-	testModel        = "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929"
+	testClaudeAPIURL   = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages"
+	testOpenAIAPIURL   = "https://api.openai.com/v1/responses"
+	chatgptCodexAPIURL = "https://chatgpt.com/backend-api/codex/responses"
 )

 // TestEvent represents a SSE event for account testing
@@ -37,39 +40,46 @@ type TestEvent struct {

 // AccountTestService handles account testing operations
 type AccountTestService struct {
-	repos        *repository.Repositories
-	oauthService *OAuthService
-	httpClient   *http.Client
+	accountRepo        ports.AccountRepository
+	oauthService       *OAuthService
+	openaiOAuthService *OpenAIOAuthService
+	httpUpstream       ports.HTTPUpstream
 }

 // NewAccountTestService creates a new AccountTestService
-func NewAccountTestService(repos *repository.Repositories, oauthService *OAuthService) *AccountTestService {
+func NewAccountTestService(accountRepo ports.AccountRepository, oauthService *OAuthService, openaiOAuthService *OpenAIOAuthService, httpUpstream ports.HTTPUpstream) *AccountTestService {
 	return &AccountTestService{
-		repos:        repos,
-		oauthService: oauthService,
-		httpClient: &http.Client{
-			Timeout: 60 * time.Second,
-		},
+		accountRepo:        accountRepo,
+		oauthService:       oauthService,
+		openaiOAuthService: openaiOAuthService,
+		httpUpstream:       httpUpstream,
 	}
 }

 // generateSessionString generates a Claude Code style session string
-func generateSessionString() string {
+func generateSessionString() (string, error) {
 	bytes := make([]byte, 32)
-	rand.Read(bytes)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(bytes); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
 	hex64 := hex.EncodeToString(bytes)
 	sessionUUID := uuid.New().String()
-	return fmt.Sprintf("user_%s_account__session_%s", hex64, sessionUUID)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user_%s_account__session_%s", hex64, sessionUUID), nil
 }

-// createTestPayload creates a minimal test request payload for OAuth/Setup Token accounts
-func createTestPayload() map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
-		"model": testModel,
-		"messages": []map[string]interface{}{
+// createTestPayload creates a Claude Code style test request payload
+func createTestPayload(modelID string) (map[string]any, error) {
+	sessionID, err := generateSessionString()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return map[string]any{
+		"model": modelID,
+		"messages": []map[string]any{
 			{
 				"role": "user",
-				"content": []map[string]interface{}{
+				"content": []map[string]any{
 					{
 						"type": "text",
 						"text": "hi",
@@ -80,7 +90,7 @@ func createTestPayload() map[string]interface{} {
 				},
 			},
 		},
-		"system": []map[string]interface{}{
+		"system": []map[string]any{
 			{
 				"type": "text",
 				"text": "You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude.",
@@ -90,47 +100,62 @@ func createTestPayload() map[string]interface{} {
 			},
 		},
 		"metadata": map[string]string{
-			"user_id": generateSessionString(),
+			"user_id": sessionID,
 		},
-		"max_tokens": 1024,
+		"max_tokens":  1024,
 		"temperature": 1,
-		"stream":     true,
-	}
-}
-
-// createApiKeyTestPayload creates a simpler test request payload for API Key accounts
-func createApiKeyTestPayload(model string) map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
-		"model": model,
-		"messages": []map[string]interface{}{
-			{
-				"role":    "user",
-				"content": "hi",
-			},
-		},
-		"max_tokens": 1024,
-		"stream":     true,
-	}
+		"stream":      true,
+	}, nil
 }

 // TestAccountConnection tests an account's connection by sending a test request
-func (s *AccountTestService) TestAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, accountID int64) error {
+// All account types use full Claude Code client characteristics, only auth header differs
+// modelID is optional - if empty, defaults to claude.DefaultTestModel
+func (s *AccountTestService) TestAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, accountID int64, modelID string) error {
 	ctx := c.Request.Context()

 	// Get account
-	account, err := s.repos.Account.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+	account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "Account not found")
 	}

-	// Determine authentication method based on account type
+	// Route to platform-specific test method
+	if account.IsOpenAI() {
+		return s.testOpenAIAccountConnection(c, account, modelID)
+	}
+
+	return s.testClaudeAccountConnection(c, account, modelID)
+}
+
+// testClaudeAccountConnection tests an Anthropic Claude account's connection
+func (s *AccountTestService) testClaudeAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, modelID string) error {
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+
+	// Determine the model to use
+	testModelID := modelID
+	if testModelID == "" {
+		testModelID = claude.DefaultTestModel
+	}
+
+	// For API Key accounts with model mapping, map the model
+	if account.Type == "apikey" {
+		mapping := account.GetModelMapping()
+		if len(mapping) > 0 {
+			if mappedModel, exists := mapping[testModelID]; exists {
+				testModelID = mappedModel
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Determine authentication method and API URL
 	var authToken string
-	var authType string // "bearer" for OAuth, "apikey" for API Key
+	var useBearer bool
 	var apiURL string

 	if account.IsOAuth() {
-		// OAuth or Setup Token account
-		authType = "bearer"
+		// OAuth or Setup Token - use Bearer token
+		useBearer = true
 		apiURL = testClaudeAPIURL
 		authToken = account.GetCredential("access_token")
 		if authToken == "" {
@@ -141,7 +166,7 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) TestAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, accountID int
 		needRefresh := false
 		if expiresAtStr := account.GetCredential("expires_at"); expiresAtStr != "" {
 			expiresAt, err := strconv.ParseInt(expiresAtStr, 10, 64)
-			if err == nil && time.Now().Unix()+300 > expiresAt { // 5 minute buffer
+			if err == nil && time.Now().Unix()+300 > expiresAt {
 				needRefresh = true
 			}
 		}
@@ -154,19 +179,17 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) TestAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, accountID int
 			authToken = tokenInfo.AccessToken
 		}
 	} else if account.Type == "apikey" {
-		// API Key account
-		authType = "apikey"
+		// API Key - use x-api-key header
+		useBearer = false
 		authToken = account.GetCredential("api_key")
 		if authToken == "" {
 			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "No API key available")
 		}

-		// Get base URL (use default if not set)
 		apiURL = account.GetBaseURL()
 		if apiURL == "" {
 			apiURL = "https://api.anthropic.com"
 		}
-		// Append /v1/messages endpoint
 		apiURL = strings.TrimSuffix(apiURL, "/") + "/v1/messages"
 	} else {
 		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported account type: %s", account.Type))
@@ -179,61 +202,49 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) TestAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, accountID int
 	c.Writer.Header().Set("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
 	c.Writer.Flush()

-	// Create test request payload
-	var payload map[string]interface{}
-	var actualModel string
-	if authType == "apikey" {
-		// Use simpler payload for API Key (without Claude Code specific fields)
-		// Apply model mapping if configured
-		actualModel = account.GetMappedModel(testModel)
-		payload = createApiKeyTestPayload(actualModel)
-	} else {
-		actualModel = testModel
-		payload = createTestPayload()
+	// Create Claude Code style payload (same for all account types)
+	payload, err := createTestPayload(testModelID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "Failed to create test payload")
 	}
 	payloadBytes, _ := json.Marshal(payload)

-	// Send test_start event with model info
-	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_start", Model: actualModel})
+	// Send test_start event
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_start", Model: testModelID})

 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", apiURL, bytes.NewReader(payloadBytes))
 	if err != nil {
 		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "Failed to create request")
 	}

-	// Set headers based on auth type
+	// Set common headers
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	req.Header.Set("anthropic-version", "2023-06-01")
+	req.Header.Set("anthropic-beta", claude.DefaultBetaHeader)

-	if authType == "bearer" {
+	// Apply Claude Code client headers
+	for key, value := range claude.DefaultHeaders {
+		req.Header.Set(key, value)
+	}
+
+	// Set authentication header
+	if useBearer {
 		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+authToken)
-		req.Header.Set("anthropic-beta", "prompt-caching-2024-07-31,interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14,output-128k-2025-02-19")
 	} else {
-		// API Key uses x-api-key header
 		req.Header.Set("x-api-key", authToken)
 	}

-	// Configure proxy if account has one
-	transport := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport).Clone()
+	// Get proxy URL
+	proxyURL := ""
 	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
-		proxyURL := account.Proxy.URL()
-		if proxyURL != "" {
-			if parsedURL, err := url.Parse(proxyURL); err == nil {
-				transport.Proxy = http.ProxyURL(parsedURL)
-			}
-		}
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}

-	client := &http.Client{
-		Transport: transport,
-		Timeout:   60 * time.Second,
-	}
-
-	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Request failed: %s", err.Error()))
 	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()

 	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
 		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
@@ -241,18 +252,159 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) TestAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, accountID int
 	}

 	// Process SSE stream
-	return s.processStream(c, resp.Body)
+	return s.processClaudeStream(c, resp.Body)
 }

-// processStream processes the SSE stream from Claude API
-func (s *AccountTestService) processStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader) error {
+// testOpenAIAccountConnection tests an OpenAI account's connection
+func (s *AccountTestService) testOpenAIAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, modelID string) error {
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+
+	// Default to openai.DefaultTestModel for OpenAI testing
+	testModelID := modelID
+	if testModelID == "" {
+		testModelID = openai.DefaultTestModel
+	}
+
+	// For API Key accounts with model mapping, map the model
+	if account.Type == "apikey" {
+		mapping := account.GetModelMapping()
+		if len(mapping) > 0 {
+			if mappedModel, exists := mapping[testModelID]; exists {
+				testModelID = mappedModel
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Determine authentication method and API URL
+	var authToken string
+	var apiURL string
+	var isOAuth bool
+	var chatgptAccountID string
+
+	if account.IsOAuth() {
+		isOAuth = true
+		// OAuth - use Bearer token with ChatGPT internal API
+		authToken = account.GetOpenAIAccessToken()
+		if authToken == "" {
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "No access token available")
+		}
+
+		// Check if token is expired and refresh if needed
+		if account.IsOpenAITokenExpired() && s.openaiOAuthService != nil {
+			tokenInfo, err := s.openaiOAuthService.RefreshAccountToken(ctx, account)
+			if err != nil {
+				return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to refresh token: %s", err.Error()))
+			}
+			authToken = tokenInfo.AccessToken
+		}
+
+		// OAuth uses ChatGPT internal API
+		apiURL = chatgptCodexAPIURL
+		chatgptAccountID = account.GetChatGPTAccountID()
+	} else if account.Type == "apikey" {
+		// API Key - use Platform API
+		authToken = account.GetOpenAIApiKey()
+		if authToken == "" {
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "No API key available")
+		}
+
+		baseURL := account.GetOpenAIBaseURL()
+		if baseURL == "" {
+			baseURL = "https://api.openai.com"
+		}
+		apiURL = strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/v1/responses"
+	} else {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported account type: %s", account.Type))
+	}
+
+	// Set SSE headers
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+	c.Writer.Flush()
+
+	// Create OpenAI Responses API payload
+	payload := createOpenAITestPayload(testModelID, isOAuth)
+	payloadBytes, _ := json.Marshal(payload)
+
+	// Send test_start event
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_start", Model: testModelID})
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", apiURL, bytes.NewReader(payloadBytes))
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "Failed to create request")
+	}
+
+	// Set common headers
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+authToken)
+
+	// Set OAuth-specific headers for ChatGPT internal API
+	if isOAuth {
+		req.Host = "chatgpt.com"
+		req.Header.Set("accept", "text/event-stream")
+		if chatgptAccountID != "" {
+			req.Header.Set("chatgpt-account-id", chatgptAccountID)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Get proxy URL
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Request failed: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("API returned %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body)))
+	}
+
+	// Process SSE stream
+	return s.processOpenAIStream(c, resp.Body)
+}
+
+// createOpenAITestPayload creates a test payload for OpenAI Responses API
+func createOpenAITestPayload(modelID string, isOAuth bool) map[string]any {
+	payload := map[string]any{
+		"model": modelID,
+		"input": []map[string]any{
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": []map[string]any{
+					{
+						"type": "input_text",
+						"text": "hi",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		"stream": true,
+	}
+
+	// OAuth accounts using ChatGPT internal API require store: false and instructions
+	if isOAuth {
+		payload["store"] = false
+		payload["instructions"] = openai.DefaultInstructions
+	}
+
+	return payload
+}
+
+// processClaudeStream processes the SSE stream from Claude API
+func (s *AccountTestService) processClaudeStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader) error {
 	reader := bufio.NewReader(body)

 	for {
 		line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
 		if err != nil {
 			if err == io.EOF {
-				// Stream ended, send complete event
 				s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
 				return nil
 			}
@@ -270,7 +422,7 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) processStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader) error
 			return nil
 		}

-		var data map[string]interface{}
+		var data map[string]any
 		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(jsonStr), &data); err != nil {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -279,7 +431,7 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) processStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader) error

 		switch eventType {
 		case "content_block_delta":
-			if delta, ok := data["delta"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			if delta, ok := data["delta"].(map[string]any); ok {
 				if text, ok := delta["text"].(string); ok {
 					s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: text})
 				}
@@ -289,7 +441,60 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) processStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader) error
 			return nil
 		case "error":
 			errorMsg := "Unknown error"
-			if errData, ok := data["error"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			if errData, ok := data["error"].(map[string]any); ok {
+				if msg, ok := errData["message"].(string); ok {
+					errorMsg = msg
+				}
+			}
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, errorMsg)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// processOpenAIStream processes the SSE stream from OpenAI Responses API
+func (s *AccountTestService) processOpenAIStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader) error {
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(body)
+
+	for {
+		line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
+		if err != nil {
+			if err == io.EOF {
+				s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+				return nil
+			}
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Stream read error: %s", err.Error()))
+		}
+
+		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		if line == "" || !strings.HasPrefix(line, "data: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		jsonStr := strings.TrimPrefix(line, "data: ")
+		if jsonStr == "[DONE]" {
+			s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		var data map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(jsonStr), &data); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		eventType, _ := data["type"].(string)
+
+		switch eventType {
+		case "response.output_text.delta":
+			// OpenAI Responses API uses "delta" field for text content
+			if delta, ok := data["delta"].(string); ok && delta != "" {
+				s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: delta})
+			}
+		case "response.completed":
+			s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+			return nil
+		case "error":
+			errorMsg := "Unknown error"
+			if errData, ok := data["error"].(map[string]any); ok {
 				if msg, ok := errData["message"].(string); ok {
 					errorMsg = msg
 				}
@@ -302,7 +507,10 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) processStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader) error
 // sendEvent sends a SSE event to the client
 func (s *AccountTestService) sendEvent(c *gin.Context, event TestEvent) {
 	eventJSON, _ := json.Marshal(event)
-	fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "data: %s\n\n", eventJSON)
+	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "data: %s\n\n", eventJSON); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("failed to write SSE event: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
 	c.Writer.Flush()
 }

@@ -310,5 +518,5 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) sendEvent(c *gin.Context, event TestEvent) {
 func (s *AccountTestService) sendErrorAndEnd(c *gin.Context, errorMsg string) error {
 	log.Printf("Account test error: %s", errorMsg)
 	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "error", Error: errorMsg})
-	return fmt.Errorf(errorMsg)
+	return fmt.Errorf("%s", errorMsg)
 }
--- a/backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go
@@ -2,17 +2,13 @@ package service

 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
 	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 )

 // usageCache 用于缓存usage数据
@@ -35,10 +31,10 @@ type WindowStats struct {

 // UsageProgress 使用量进度
 type UsageProgress struct {
-	Utilization      float64      `json:"utilization"`                  // 使用率百分比 (0-100+，100表示100%)
-	ResetsAt         *time.Time   `json:"resets_at"`                    // 重置时间
-	RemainingSeconds int          `json:"remaining_seconds"`            // 距重置剩余秒数
-	WindowStats      *WindowStats `json:"window_stats,omitempty"`       // 窗口期统计（从窗口开始到当前的使用量）
+	Utilization      float64      `json:"utilization"`            // 使用率百分比 (0-100+，100表示100%)
+	ResetsAt         *time.Time   `json:"resets_at"`              // 重置时间
+	RemainingSeconds int          `json:"remaining_seconds"`      // 距重置剩余秒数
+	WindowStats      *WindowStats `json:"window_stats,omitempty"` // 窗口期统计（从窗口开始到当前的使用量）
 }

 // UsageInfo 账号使用量信息
@@ -65,21 +61,24 @@ type ClaudeUsageResponse struct {
 	} `json:"seven_day_sonnet"`
 }

+// ClaudeUsageFetcher fetches usage data from Anthropic OAuth API
+type ClaudeUsageFetcher interface {
+	FetchUsage(ctx context.Context, accessToken, proxyURL string) (*ClaudeUsageResponse, error)
+}
+
 // AccountUsageService 账号使用量查询服务
 type AccountUsageService struct {
-	repos        *repository.Repositories
-	oauthService *OAuthService
-	httpClient   *http.Client
+	accountRepo  ports.AccountRepository
+	usageLogRepo ports.UsageLogRepository
+	usageFetcher ClaudeUsageFetcher
 }

 // NewAccountUsageService 创建AccountUsageService实例
-func NewAccountUsageService(repos *repository.Repositories, oauthService *OAuthService) *AccountUsageService {
+func NewAccountUsageService(accountRepo ports.AccountRepository, usageLogRepo ports.UsageLogRepository, usageFetcher ClaudeUsageFetcher) *AccountUsageService {
 	return &AccountUsageService{
-		repos:        repos,
-		oauthService: oauthService,
-		httpClient: &http.Client{
-			Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
-		},
+		accountRepo:  accountRepo,
+		usageLogRepo: usageLogRepo,
+		usageFetcher: usageFetcher,
 	}
 }

@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ func NewAccountUsageService(repos *repository.Repositories, oauthService *OAuthS
 // Setup Token账号: 根据session_window推算5h窗口，7d数据不可用（没有profile scope）
 // API Key账号: 不支持usage查询
 func (s *AccountUsageService) GetUsage(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*UsageInfo, error) {
-	account, err := s.repos.Account.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+	account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get account failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -97,8 +96,10 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) GetUsage(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*U
 	if account.CanGetUsage() {
 		// 检查缓存
 		if cached, ok := usageCacheMap.Load(accountID); ok {
-			cache := cached.(*usageCache)
-			if time.Since(cache.timestamp) < cacheTTL {
+			cache, ok := cached.(*usageCache)
+			if !ok {
+				usageCacheMap.Delete(accountID)
+			} else if time.Since(cache.timestamp) < cacheTTL {
 				return cache.data, nil
 			}
 		}
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) addWindowStats(ctx context.Context, account *model
 		startTime = time.Now().Add(-5 * time.Hour)
 	}

-	stats, err := s.repos.UsageLog.GetAccountWindowStats(ctx, account.ID, startTime)
+	stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetAccountWindowStats(ctx, account.ID, startTime)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Failed to get window stats for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 		return
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) addWindowStats(ctx context.Context, account *model

 // GetTodayStats 获取账号今日统计
 func (s *AccountUsageService) GetTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*WindowStats, error) {
-	stats, err := s.repos.UsageLog.GetAccountTodayStats(ctx, accountID)
+	stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetAccountTodayStats(ctx, accountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get today stats failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -177,58 +178,23 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) GetTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64

 // fetchOAuthUsage 从Anthropic API获取OAuth账号的使用量
 func (s *AccountUsageService) fetchOAuthUsage(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) (*UsageInfo, error) {
-	// 获取access token（从credentials中获取）
 	accessToken := account.GetCredential("access_token")
 	if accessToken == "" {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no access token available")
 	}

-	// 获取代理配置
-	transport := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport).Clone()
+	var proxyURL string
 	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
-		proxyURL := account.Proxy.URL()
-		if proxyURL != "" {
-			if parsedURL, err := url.Parse(proxyURL); err == nil {
-				transport.Proxy = http.ProxyURL(parsedURL)
-			}
-		}
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}

-	client := &http.Client{
-		Transport: transport,
-		Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
-	}
-
-	// 构建请求
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.anthropic.com/api/oauth/usage", nil)
+	usageResp, err := s.usageFetcher.FetchUsage(ctx, accessToken, proxyURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create request failed: %w", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
-	req.Header.Set("anthropic-beta", "oauth-2025-04-20")
-
-	// 发送请求
-	resp, err := client.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API returned status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
-	}
-
-	// 解析响应
-	var usageResp ClaudeUsageResponse
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&usageResp); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode response failed: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// 转换为UsageInfo
 	now := time.Now()
-	return s.buildUsageInfo(&usageResp, &now), nil
+	return s.buildUsageInfo(usageResp, &now), nil
 }

 // parseTime 尝试多种格式解析时间
--- a/backend/internal/service/admin_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/admin_service.go
@@ -2,20 +2,15 @@ package service

 import (
 	"context"
-	"crypto/tls"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
+	"log"
 	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"

-	"golang.org/x/net/proxy"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )

@@ -27,9 +22,9 @@ type AdminService interface {
 	CreateUser(ctx context.Context, input *CreateUserInput) (*model.User, error)
 	UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *UpdateUserInput) (*model.User, error)
 	DeleteUser(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
-	UpdateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64, balance float64, operation string) (*model.User, error)
+	UpdateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64, balance float64, operation string, notes string) (*model.User, error)
 	GetUserAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, userID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]model.ApiKey, int64, error)
-	GetUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64, period string) (interface{}, error)
+	GetUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64, period string) (any, error)

 	// Group management
 	ListGroups(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]model.Group, int64, error)
@@ -76,6 +71,9 @@ type AdminService interface {
 type CreateUserInput struct {
 	Email         string
 	Password      string
+	Username      string
+	Wechat        string
+	Notes         string
 	Balance       float64
 	Concurrency   int
 	AllowedGroups []int64
@@ -84,6 +82,9 @@ type CreateUserInput struct {
 type UpdateUserInput struct {
 	Email         string
 	Password      string
+	Username      *string
+	Wechat        *string
+	Notes         *string
 	Balance       *float64 // 使用指针区分"未提供"和"设置为0"
 	Concurrency   *int     // 使用指针区分"未提供"和"设置为0"
 	Status        string
@@ -119,8 +120,8 @@ type CreateAccountInput struct {
 	Name        string
 	Platform    string
 	Type        string
-	Credentials map[string]interface{}
-	Extra       map[string]interface{}
+	Credentials map[string]any
+	Extra       map[string]any
 	ProxyID     *int64
 	Concurrency int
 	Priority    int
@@ -130,8 +131,8 @@ type CreateAccountInput struct {
 type UpdateAccountInput struct {
 	Name        string
 	Type        string // Account type: oauth, setup-token, apikey
-	Credentials map[string]interface{}
-	Extra       map[string]interface{}
+	Credentials map[string]any
+	Extra       map[string]any
 	ProxyID     *int64
 	Concurrency *int // 使用指针区分"未提供"和"设置为0"
 	Priority    *int // 使用指针区分"未提供"和"设置为0"
@@ -177,44 +178,57 @@ type ProxyTestResult struct {
 	Country   string `json:"country,omitempty"`
 }

+// ProxyExitInfo represents proxy exit information from ipinfo.io
+type ProxyExitInfo struct {
+	IP      string
+	City    string
+	Region  string
+	Country string
+}
+
+// ProxyExitInfoProber tests proxy connectivity and retrieves exit information
+type ProxyExitInfoProber interface {
+	ProbeProxy(ctx context.Context, proxyURL string) (*ProxyExitInfo, int64, error)
+}
+
 // adminServiceImpl implements AdminService
 type adminServiceImpl struct {
-	userRepo            *repository.UserRepository
-	groupRepo           *repository.GroupRepository
-	accountRepo         *repository.AccountRepository
-	proxyRepo           *repository.ProxyRepository
-	apiKeyRepo          *repository.ApiKeyRepository
-	redeemCodeRepo      *repository.RedeemCodeRepository
-	usageLogRepo        *repository.UsageLogRepository
-	userSubRepo         *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository
+	userRepo            ports.UserRepository
+	groupRepo           ports.GroupRepository
+	accountRepo         ports.AccountRepository
+	proxyRepo           ports.ProxyRepository
+	apiKeyRepo          ports.ApiKeyRepository
+	redeemCodeRepo      ports.RedeemCodeRepository
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
+	proxyProber         ProxyExitInfoProber
 }

 // NewAdminService creates a new AdminService
-func NewAdminService(repos *repository.Repositories) AdminService {
+func NewAdminService(
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
+	groupRepo ports.GroupRepository,
+	accountRepo ports.AccountRepository,
+	proxyRepo ports.ProxyRepository,
+	apiKeyRepo ports.ApiKeyRepository,
+	redeemCodeRepo ports.RedeemCodeRepository,
+	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
+	proxyProber ProxyExitInfoProber,
+) AdminService {
 	return &adminServiceImpl{
-		userRepo:       repos.User,
-		groupRepo:      repos.Group,
-		accountRepo:    repos.Account,
-		proxyRepo:      repos.Proxy,
-		apiKeyRepo:     repos.ApiKey,
-		redeemCodeRepo: repos.RedeemCode,
-		usageLogRepo:   repos.UsageLog,
-		userSubRepo:    repos.UserSubscription,
-	}
-}
-
-// SetBillingCacheService 设置计费缓存服务（用于缓存失效）
-// 注意：AdminService是接口，需要类型断言
-func SetAdminServiceBillingCache(adminService AdminService, billingCacheService *BillingCacheService) {
-	if impl, ok := adminService.(*adminServiceImpl); ok {
-		impl.billingCacheService = billingCacheService
+		userRepo:            userRepo,
+		groupRepo:           groupRepo,
+		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
+		proxyRepo:           proxyRepo,
+		apiKeyRepo:          apiKeyRepo,
+		redeemCodeRepo:      redeemCodeRepo,
+		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
+		proxyProber:         proxyProber,
 	}
 }

 // User management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, status, role, search string) ([]model.User, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	users, result, err := s.userRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, status, role, search)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -229,6 +243,9 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUser(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.User,
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) CreateUser(ctx context.Context, input *CreateUserInput) (*model.User, error) {
 	user := &model.User{
 		Email:       input.Email,
+		Username:    input.Username,
+		Wechat:      input.Wechat,
+		Notes:       input.Notes,
 		Role:        "user", // Always create as regular user, never admin
 		Balance:     input.Balance,
 		Concurrency: input.Concurrency,
@@ -254,8 +271,6 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *Upda
 		return nil, errors.New("cannot disable admin user")
 	}

-	// Track balance and concurrency changes for logging
-	oldBalance := user.Balance
 	oldConcurrency := user.Concurrency

 	if input.Email != "" {
@@ -266,22 +281,25 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *Upda
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-	// Role is not allowed to be changed via API to prevent privilege escalation
+
+	if input.Username != nil {
+		user.Username = *input.Username
+	}
+	if input.Wechat != nil {
+		user.Wechat = *input.Wechat
+	}
+	if input.Notes != nil {
+		user.Notes = *input.Notes
+	}
+
 	if input.Status != "" {
 		user.Status = input.Status
 	}

-	// 只在指针非 nil 时更新 Balance（支持设置为 0）
-	if input.Balance != nil {
-		user.Balance = *input.Balance
-	}
-
-	// 只在指针非 nil 时更新 Concurrency（支持设置为任意值）
 	if input.Concurrency != nil {
 		user.Concurrency = *input.Concurrency
 	}

-	// 只在指针非 nil 时更新 AllowedGroups
 	if input.AllowedGroups != nil {
 		user.AllowedGroups = *input.AllowedGroups
 	}
@@ -290,39 +308,15 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *Upda
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	// 余额变化时失效缓存
-	if input.Balance != nil && *input.Balance != oldBalance {
-		if s.billingCacheService != nil {
-			go func() {
-				cacheCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
-				defer cancel()
-				s.billingCacheService.InvalidateUserBalance(cacheCtx, id)
-			}()
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Create adjustment records for balance/concurrency changes
-	balanceDiff := user.Balance - oldBalance
-	if balanceDiff != 0 {
-		adjustmentRecord := &model.RedeemCode{
-			Code:   model.GenerateRedeemCode(),
-			Type:   model.AdjustmentTypeAdminBalance,
-			Value:  balanceDiff,
-			Status: model.StatusUsed,
-			UsedBy: &user.ID,
-		}
-		now := time.Now()
-		adjustmentRecord.UsedAt = &now
-		if err := s.redeemCodeRepo.Create(ctx, adjustmentRecord); err != nil {
-			// Log error but don't fail the update
-			// The user update has already succeeded
-		}
-	}
-
 	concurrencyDiff := user.Concurrency - oldConcurrency
 	if concurrencyDiff != 0 {
+		code, err := model.GenerateRedeemCode()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("failed to generate adjustment redeem code: %v", err)
+			return user, nil
+		}
 		adjustmentRecord := &model.RedeemCode{
-			Code:   model.GenerateRedeemCode(),
+			Code:   code,
 			Type:   model.AdjustmentTypeAdminConcurrency,
 			Value:  float64(concurrencyDiff),
 			Status: model.StatusUsed,
@@ -331,8 +325,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *Upda
 		now := time.Now()
 		adjustmentRecord.UsedAt = &now
 		if err := s.redeemCodeRepo.Create(ctx, adjustmentRecord); err != nil {
-			// Log error but don't fail the update
-			// The user update has already succeeded
+			log.Printf("failed to create concurrency adjustment redeem code: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -351,12 +344,14 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) DeleteUser(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return s.userRepo.Delete(ctx, id)
 }

-func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64, balance float64, operation string) (*model.User, error) {
+func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64, balance float64, operation string, notes string) (*model.User, error) {
 	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	oldBalance := user.Balance
+
 	switch operation {
 	case "set":
 		user.Balance = balance
@@ -366,24 +361,53 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64,
 		user.Balance -= balance
 	}

+	if user.Balance < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("balance cannot be negative, current balance: %.2f, requested operation would result in: %.2f", oldBalance, user.Balance)
+	}
+
 	if err := s.userRepo.Update(ctx, user); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	// 失效余额缓存
 	if s.billingCacheService != nil {
 		go func() {
 			cacheCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 			defer cancel()
-			s.billingCacheService.InvalidateUserBalance(cacheCtx, userID)
+			if err := s.billingCacheService.InvalidateUserBalance(cacheCtx, userID); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("invalidate user balance cache failed: user_id=%d err=%v", userID, err)
+			}
 		}()
 	}

+	balanceDiff := user.Balance - oldBalance
+	if balanceDiff != 0 {
+		code, err := model.GenerateRedeemCode()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("failed to generate adjustment redeem code: %v", err)
+			return user, nil
+		}
+
+		adjustmentRecord := &model.RedeemCode{
+			Code:   code,
+			Type:   model.AdjustmentTypeAdminBalance,
+			Value:  balanceDiff,
+			Status: model.StatusUsed,
+			UsedBy: &user.ID,
+			Notes:  notes,
+		}
+		now := time.Now()
+		adjustmentRecord.UsedAt = &now
+
+		if err := s.redeemCodeRepo.Create(ctx, adjustmentRecord); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("failed to create balance adjustment redeem code: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return user, nil
 }

 func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUserAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, userID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]model.ApiKey, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	keys, result, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListByUserID(ctx, userID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -391,9 +415,9 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUserAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, userID int64, pag
 	return keys, result.Total, nil
 }

-func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64, period string) (interface{}, error) {
+func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64, period string) (any, error) {
 	// Return mock data for now
-	return map[string]interface{}{
+	return map[string]any{
 		"period":          period,
 		"total_requests":  0,
 		"total_cost":      0.0,
@@ -404,7 +428,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64,

 // Group management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListGroups(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]model.Group, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	groups, result, err := s.groupRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, platform, status, isExclusive)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -566,7 +590,9 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) DeleteGroup(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 			cacheCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
 			defer cancel()
 			for _, userID := range affectedUserIDs {
-				s.billingCacheService.InvalidateSubscription(cacheCtx, userID, groupID)
+				if err := s.billingCacheService.InvalidateSubscription(cacheCtx, userID, groupID); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("invalidate subscription cache failed: user_id=%d group_id=%d err=%v", userID, groupID, err)
+				}
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@@ -575,7 +601,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) DeleteGroup(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 }

 func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetGroupAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]model.ApiKey, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	keys, result, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListByGroupID(ctx, groupID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -585,7 +611,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetGroupAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, p

 // Account management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListAccounts(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]model.Account, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	accounts, result, err := s.accountRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, platform, accountType, status, search)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -633,10 +659,10 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateAccount(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *U
 	if input.Type != "" {
 		account.Type = input.Type
 	}
-	if input.Credentials != nil && len(input.Credentials) > 0 {
+	if len(input.Credentials) > 0 {
 		account.Credentials = model.JSONB(input.Credentials)
 	}
-	if input.Extra != nil && len(input.Extra) > 0 {
+	if len(input.Extra) > 0 {
 		account.Extra = model.JSONB(input.Extra)
 	}
 	if input.ProxyID != nil {
@@ -703,7 +729,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) SetAccountSchedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64,

 // Proxy management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListProxies(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, protocol, status, search string) ([]model.Proxy, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	proxies, result, err := s.proxyRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, protocol, status, search)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -788,7 +814,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) CheckProxyExists(ctx context.Context, host string, po

 // Redeem code management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListRedeemCodes(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, codeType, status, search string) ([]model.RedeemCode, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	codes, result, err := s.redeemCodeRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, codeType, status, search)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -818,8 +844,12 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GenerateRedeemCodes(ctx context.Context, input *Gener

 	codes := make([]model.RedeemCode, 0, input.Count)
 	for i := 0; i < input.Count; i++ {
+		codeValue, err := model.GenerateRedeemCode()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 		code := model.RedeemCode{
-			Code:   model.GenerateRedeemCode(),
+			Code:   codeValue,
 			Type:   input.Type,
 			Value:  input.Value,
 			Status: model.StatusUnused,
@@ -872,79 +902,12 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) TestProxy(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*ProxyTestR
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	return testProxyConnection(ctx, proxy)
-}
-
-// testProxyConnection tests proxy connectivity by requesting ipinfo.io/json
-func testProxyConnection(ctx context.Context, proxy *model.Proxy) (*ProxyTestResult, error) {
 	proxyURL := proxy.URL()
-
-	// Create HTTP client with proxy
-	transport, err := createProxyTransport(proxyURL)
+	exitInfo, latencyMs, err := s.proxyProber.ProbeProxy(ctx, proxyURL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return &ProxyTestResult{
 			Success: false,
-			Message: fmt.Sprintf("Failed to create proxy transport: %v", err),
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	client := &http.Client{
-		Transport: transport,
-		Timeout:   15 * time.Second,
-	}
-
-	// Measure latency
-	startTime := time.Now()
-
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://ipinfo.io/json", nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return &ProxyTestResult{
-			Success: false,
-			Message: fmt.Sprintf("Failed to create request: %v", err),
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	resp, err := client.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return &ProxyTestResult{
-			Success: false,
-			Message: fmt.Sprintf("Proxy connection failed: %v", err),
-		}, nil
-	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-
-	latencyMs := time.Since(startTime).Milliseconds()
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return &ProxyTestResult{
-			Success:   false,
-			Message:   fmt.Sprintf("Request failed with status: %d", resp.StatusCode),
-			LatencyMs: latencyMs,
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	// Parse ipinfo.io response
-	var ipInfo struct {
-		IP      string `json:"ip"`
-		City    string `json:"city"`
-		Region  string `json:"region"`
-		Country string `json:"country"`
-	}
-
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	if err != nil {
-		return &ProxyTestResult{
-			Success:   true,
-			Message:   "Proxy is accessible but failed to read response",
-			LatencyMs: latencyMs,
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &ipInfo); err != nil {
-		return &ProxyTestResult{
-			Success:   true,
-			Message:   "Proxy is accessible but failed to parse response",
-			LatencyMs: latencyMs,
+			Message: err.Error(),
 		}, nil
 	}

@@ -952,38 +915,9 @@ func testProxyConnection(ctx context.Context, proxy *model.Proxy) (*ProxyTestRes
 		Success:   true,
 		Message:   "Proxy is accessible",
 		LatencyMs: latencyMs,
-		IPAddress: ipInfo.IP,
-		City:      ipInfo.City,
-		Region:    ipInfo.Region,
-		Country:   ipInfo.Country,
+		IPAddress: exitInfo.IP,
+		City:      exitInfo.City,
+		Region:    exitInfo.Region,
+		Country:   exitInfo.Country,
 	}, nil
 }
-
-// createProxyTransport creates an HTTP transport with the given proxy URL
-func createProxyTransport(proxyURL string) (*http.Transport, error) {
-	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(proxyURL)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid proxy URL: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	transport := &http.Transport{
-		TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true},
-	}
-
-	switch parsedURL.Scheme {
-	case "http", "https":
-		transport.Proxy = http.ProxyURL(parsedURL)
-	case "socks5":
-		dialer, err := proxy.FromURL(parsedURL, proxy.Direct)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create socks5 dialer: %w", err)
-		}
-		transport.DialContext = func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
-			return dialer.Dial(network, addr)
-		}
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported proxy protocol: %s", parsedURL.Scheme)
-	}
-
-	return transport, nil
-}
--- a/backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
@@ -17,18 +18,16 @@ import (
 )

 var (
-	ErrApiKeyNotFound      = errors.New("api key not found")
-	ErrGroupNotAllowed     = errors.New("user is not allowed to bind this group")
-	ErrApiKeyExists        = errors.New("api key already exists")
-	ErrApiKeyTooShort      = errors.New("api key must be at least 16 characters")
-	ErrApiKeyInvalidChars  = errors.New("api key can only contain letters, numbers, underscores, and hyphens")
-	ErrApiKeyRateLimited   = errors.New("too many failed attempts, please try again later")
+	ErrApiKeyNotFound     = errors.New("api key not found")
+	ErrGroupNotAllowed    = errors.New("user is not allowed to bind this group")
+	ErrApiKeyExists       = errors.New("api key already exists")
+	ErrApiKeyTooShort     = errors.New("api key must be at least 16 characters")
+	ErrApiKeyInvalidChars = errors.New("api key can only contain letters, numbers, underscores, and hyphens")
+	ErrApiKeyRateLimited  = errors.New("too many failed attempts, please try again later")
 )

 const (
-	apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix = "apikey:create_rate_limit:"
-	apiKeyMaxErrorsPerHour   = 20
-	apiKeyRateLimitDuration  = time.Hour
+	apiKeyMaxErrorsPerHour = 20
 )

 // CreateApiKeyRequest 创建API Key请求
@@ -47,21 +46,21 @@ type UpdateApiKeyRequest struct {

 // ApiKeyService API Key服务
 type ApiKeyService struct {
-	apiKeyRepo  *repository.ApiKeyRepository
-	userRepo    *repository.UserRepository
-	groupRepo   *repository.GroupRepository
-	userSubRepo *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository
-	rdb         *redis.Client
+	apiKeyRepo  ports.ApiKeyRepository
+	userRepo    ports.UserRepository
+	groupRepo   ports.GroupRepository
+	userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
+	cache       ports.ApiKeyCache
 	cfg         *config.Config
 }

 // NewApiKeyService 创建API Key服务实例
 func NewApiKeyService(
-	apiKeyRepo *repository.ApiKeyRepository,
-	userRepo *repository.UserRepository,
-	groupRepo *repository.GroupRepository,
-	userSubRepo *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository,
-	rdb *redis.Client,
+	apiKeyRepo ports.ApiKeyRepository,
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
+	groupRepo ports.GroupRepository,
+	userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository,
+	cache ports.ApiKeyCache,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *ApiKeyService {
 	return &ApiKeyService{
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ func NewApiKeyService(
 		userRepo:    userRepo,
 		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
 		userSubRepo: userSubRepo,
-		rdb:         rdb,
+		cache:       cache,
 		cfg:         cfg,
 	}
 }
@@ -101,10 +100,13 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) ValidateCustomKey(key string) error {

 	// 检查字符：只允许字母、数字、下划线、连字符
 	for _, c := range key {
-		if !((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ||
-			(c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '_' || c == '-') {
-			return ErrApiKeyInvalidChars
+		if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ||
+			(c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ||
+			(c >= '0' && c <= '9') ||
+			c == '_' || c == '-' {
+			continue
 		}
+		return ErrApiKeyInvalidChars
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -112,13 +114,11 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) ValidateCustomKey(key string) error {

 // checkApiKeyRateLimit 检查用户创建自定义Key的错误次数是否超限
 func (s *ApiKeyService) checkApiKeyRateLimit(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return nil
 	}

-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix, userID)
-
-	count, err := s.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Int()
+	count, err := s.cache.GetCreateAttemptCount(ctx, userID)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
 		// Redis 出错时不阻止用户操作
 		return nil
@@ -133,16 +133,11 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) checkApiKeyRateLimit(ctx context.Context, userID int64)

 // incrementApiKeyErrorCount 增加用户创建自定义Key的错误计数
 func (s *ApiKeyService) incrementApiKeyErrorCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return
 	}

-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", apiKeyRateLimitKeyPrefix, userID)
-
-	pipe := s.rdb.Pipeline()
-	pipe.Incr(ctx, key)
-	pipe.Expire(ctx, key, apiKeyRateLimitDuration)
-	_, _ = pipe.Exec(ctx)
+	_ = s.cache.IncrementCreateAttemptCount(ctx, userID)
 }

 // canUserBindGroup 检查用户是否可以绑定指定分组
@@ -237,7 +232,7 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) Create(ctx context.Context, userID int64, req CreateApiK
 }

 // List 获取用户的API Key列表
-func (s *ApiKeyService) List(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *ApiKeyService) List(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	keys, pagination, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListByUserID(ctx, userID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list api keys: %w", err)
@@ -272,7 +267,7 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*model.ApiKey
 	}

 	// 缓存到Redis（可选，TTL设置为5分钟）
-	if s.rdb != nil {
+	if s.cache != nil {
 		// 这里可以序列化并缓存API Key
 		_ = cacheKey // 使用变量避免未使用错误
 	}
@@ -325,9 +320,8 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) Update(ctx context.Context, id int64, userID int64, req
 	if req.Status != nil {
 		apiKey.Status = *req.Status
 		// 如果状态改变，清除Redis缓存
-		if s.rdb != nil {
-			cacheKey := fmt.Sprintf("apikey:%s", apiKey.Key)
-			_ = s.rdb.Del(ctx, cacheKey)
+		if s.cache != nil {
+			_ = s.cache.DeleteCreateAttemptCount(ctx, apiKey.UserID)
 		}
 	}

@@ -354,9 +348,8 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64, userID int64) erro
 	}

 	// 清除Redis缓存
-	if s.rdb != nil {
-		cacheKey := fmt.Sprintf("apikey:%s", apiKey.Key)
-		_ = s.rdb.Del(ctx, cacheKey)
+	if s.cache != nil {
+		_ = s.cache.DeleteCreateAttemptCount(ctx, apiKey.UserID)
 	}

 	if err := s.apiKeyRepo.Delete(ctx, id); err != nil {
@@ -399,13 +392,13 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) ValidateKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*model.Api
 // IncrementUsage 增加API Key使用次数（可选：用于统计）
 func (s *ApiKeyService) IncrementUsage(ctx context.Context, keyID int64) error {
 	// 使用Redis计数器
-	if s.rdb != nil {
+	if s.cache != nil {
 		cacheKey := fmt.Sprintf("apikey:usage:%d:%s", keyID, timezone.Now().Format("2006-01-02"))
-		if err := s.rdb.Incr(ctx, cacheKey).Err(); err != nil {
+		if err := s.cache.IncrementDailyUsage(ctx, cacheKey); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("increment usage: %w", err)
 		}
 		// 设置24小时过期
-		_ = s.rdb.Expire(ctx, cacheKey, 24*time.Hour)
+		_ = s.cache.SetDailyUsageExpiry(ctx, cacheKey, 24*time.Hour)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
--- a/backend/internal/service/auth_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/auth_service.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@ import (
 )

 var (
-	ErrInvalidCredentials   = errors.New("invalid email or password")
-	ErrUserNotActive        = errors.New("user is not active")
-	ErrEmailExists          = errors.New("email already exists")
-	ErrInvalidToken         = errors.New("invalid token")
-	ErrTokenExpired         = errors.New("token has expired")
-	ErrEmailVerifyRequired  = errors.New("email verification is required")
-	ErrRegDisabled          = errors.New("registration is currently disabled")
+	ErrInvalidCredentials  = errors.New("invalid email or password")
+	ErrUserNotActive       = errors.New("user is not active")
+	ErrEmailExists         = errors.New("email already exists")
+	ErrInvalidToken        = errors.New("invalid token")
+	ErrTokenExpired        = errors.New("token has expired")
+	ErrEmailVerifyRequired = errors.New("email verification is required")
+	ErrRegDisabled         = errors.New("registration is currently disabled")
+	ErrServiceUnavailable  = errors.New("service temporarily unavailable")
 )

 // JWTClaims JWT载荷数据
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ type JWTClaims struct {

 // AuthService 认证服务
 type AuthService struct {
-	userRepo          *repository.UserRepository
+	userRepo          ports.UserRepository
 	cfg               *config.Config
 	settingService    *SettingService
 	emailService      *EmailService
@@ -44,33 +45,24 @@ type AuthService struct {
 }

 // NewAuthService 创建认证服务实例
-func NewAuthService(userRepo *repository.UserRepository, cfg *config.Config) *AuthService {
+func NewAuthService(
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
+	cfg *config.Config,
+	settingService *SettingService,
+	emailService *EmailService,
+	turnstileService *TurnstileService,
+	emailQueueService *EmailQueueService,
+) *AuthService {
 	return &AuthService{
-		userRepo: userRepo,
-		cfg:      cfg,
+		userRepo:          userRepo,
+		cfg:               cfg,
+		settingService:    settingService,
+		emailService:      emailService,
+		turnstileService:  turnstileService,
+		emailQueueService: emailQueueService,
 	}
 }

-// SetSettingService 设置系统设置服务（用于检查注册开关和邮件验证）
-func (s *AuthService) SetSettingService(settingService *SettingService) {
-	s.settingService = settingService
-}
-
-// SetEmailService 设置邮件服务（用于邮件验证）
-func (s *AuthService) SetEmailService(emailService *EmailService) {
-	s.emailService = emailService
-}
-
-// SetTurnstileService 设置Turnstile服务（用于验证码校验）
-func (s *AuthService) SetTurnstileService(turnstileService *TurnstileService) {
-	s.turnstileService = turnstileService
-}
-
-// SetEmailQueueService 设置邮件队列服务（用于异步发送邮件）
-func (s *AuthService) SetEmailQueueService(emailQueueService *EmailQueueService) {
-	s.emailQueueService = emailQueueService
-}
-
 // Register 用户注册，返回token和用户
 func (s *AuthService) Register(ctx context.Context, email, password string) (string, *model.User, error) {
 	return s.RegisterWithVerification(ctx, email, password, "")
@@ -99,7 +91,8 @@ func (s *AuthService) RegisterWithVerification(ctx context.Context, email, passw
 	// 检查邮箱是否已存在
 	existsEmail, err := s.userRepo.ExistsByEmail(ctx, email)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("check email exists: %w", err)
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error checking email exists: %v", err)
+		return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}
 	if existsEmail {
 		return "", nil, ErrEmailExists
@@ -130,7 +123,8 @@ func (s *AuthService) RegisterWithVerification(ctx context.Context, email, passw
 	}

 	if err := s.userRepo.Create(ctx, user); err != nil {
-		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("create user: %w", err)
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error creating user: %v", err)
+		return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}

 	// 生成token
@@ -157,7 +151,8 @@ func (s *AuthService) SendVerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email string) error {
 	// 检查邮箱是否已存在
 	existsEmail, err := s.userRepo.ExistsByEmail(ctx, email)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("check email exists: %w", err)
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error checking email exists: %v", err)
+		return ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}
 	if existsEmail {
 		return ErrEmailExists
@@ -190,8 +185,8 @@ func (s *AuthService) SendVerifyCodeAsync(ctx context.Context, email string) (*S
 	// 检查邮箱是否已存在
 	existsEmail, err := s.userRepo.ExistsByEmail(ctx, email)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("[Auth] Error checking email exists: %v", err)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("check email exists: %w", err)
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error checking email exists: %v", err)
+		return nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}
 	if existsEmail {
 		log.Printf("[Auth] Email already exists: %s", email)
@@ -263,7 +258,9 @@ func (s *AuthService) Login(ctx context.Context, email, password string) (string
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			return "", nil, ErrInvalidCredentials
 		}
-		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("get user by email: %w", err)
+		// 记录数据库错误但不暴露给用户
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error during login: %v", err)
+		return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}

 	// 验证密码
@@ -287,7 +284,7 @@ func (s *AuthService) Login(ctx context.Context, email, password string) (string

 // ValidateToken 验证JWT token并返回用户声明
 func (s *AuthService) ValidateToken(tokenString string) (*JWTClaims, error) {
-	token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(tokenString, &JWTClaims{}, func(token *jwt.Token) (interface{}, error) {
+	token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(tokenString, &JWTClaims{}, func(token *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
 		// 验证签名方法
 		if _, ok := token.Method.(*jwt.SigningMethodHMAC); !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected signing method: %v", token.Header["alg"])
@@ -363,7 +360,8 @@ func (s *AuthService) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, oldTokenString string) (
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			return "", ErrInvalidToken
 		}
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("get user: %w", err)
+		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error refreshing token: %v", err)
+		return "", ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}

 	// 检查用户状态
--- a/backend/internal/service/billing_cache_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/billing_cache_service.go
@@ -5,30 +5,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
-	"strconv"
 	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
-
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
-)
-
-// 缓存Key前缀和TTL
-const (
-	billingBalanceKeyPrefix = "billing:balance:"
-	billingSubKeyPrefix     = "billing:sub:"
-	billingCacheTTL         = 5 * time.Minute
-)
-
-// 订阅缓存Hash字段
-const (
-	subFieldStatus       = "status"
-	subFieldExpiresAt    = "expires_at"
-	subFieldDailyUsage   = "daily_usage"
-	subFieldWeeklyUsage  = "weekly_usage"
-	subFieldMonthlyUsage = "monthly_usage"
-	subFieldVersion      = "version"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 )

 // 错误定义
@@ -38,35 +18,6 @@ var (
 	ErrSubscriptionInvalid = errors.New("subscription is invalid or expired")
 )

-// 预编译的Lua脚本
-var (
-	// deductBalanceScript: 扣减余额缓存，key不存在则忽略
-	deductBalanceScript = redis.NewScript(`
-		local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
-		if current == false then
-			return 0
-		end
-		local newVal = tonumber(current) - tonumber(ARGV[1])
-		redis.call('SET', KEYS[1], newVal)
-		redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
-		return 1
-	`)
-
-	// updateSubUsageScript: 更新订阅用量缓存，key不存在则忽略
-	updateSubUsageScript = redis.NewScript(`
-		local exists = redis.call('EXISTS', KEYS[1])
-		if exists == 0 then
-			return 0
-		end
-		local cost = tonumber(ARGV[1])
-		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'daily_usage', cost)
-		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'weekly_usage', cost)
-		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'monthly_usage', cost)
-		redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
-		return 1
-	`)
-)
-
 // subscriptionCacheData 订阅缓存数据结构（内部使用）
 type subscriptionCacheData struct {
 	Status       string
@@ -80,15 +31,15 @@ type subscriptionCacheData struct {
 // BillingCacheService 计费缓存服务
 // 负责余额和订阅数据的缓存管理，提供高性能的计费资格检查
 type BillingCacheService struct {
-	rdb      *redis.Client
-	userRepo *repository.UserRepository
-	subRepo  *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository
+	cache    ports.BillingCache
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository
+	subRepo  ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
 }

 // NewBillingCacheService 创建计费缓存服务
-func NewBillingCacheService(rdb *redis.Client, userRepo *repository.UserRepository, subRepo *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository) *BillingCacheService {
+func NewBillingCacheService(cache ports.BillingCache, userRepo ports.UserRepository, subRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository) *BillingCacheService {
 	return &BillingCacheService{
-		rdb:      rdb,
+		cache:    cache,
 		userRepo: userRepo,
 		subRepo:  subRepo,
 	}
@@ -100,24 +51,19 @@ func NewBillingCacheService(rdb *redis.Client, userRepo *repository.UserReposito

 // GetUserBalance 获取用户余额（优先从缓存读取）
 func (s *BillingCacheService) GetUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (float64, error) {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		// Redis不可用，直接查询数据库
 		return s.getUserBalanceFromDB(ctx, userID)
 	}

-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", billingBalanceKeyPrefix, userID)
-
 	// 尝试从缓存读取
-	val, err := s.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Result()
+	balance, err := s.cache.GetUserBalance(ctx, userID)
 	if err == nil {
-		balance, parseErr := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
-		if parseErr == nil {
-			return balance, nil
-		}
+		return balance, nil
 	}

-	// 缓存未命中或解析错误，从数据库读取
-	balance, err := s.getUserBalanceFromDB(ctx, userID)
+	// 缓存未命中，从数据库读取
+	balance, err = s.getUserBalanceFromDB(ctx, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
@@ -143,39 +89,28 @@ func (s *BillingCacheService) getUserBalanceFromDB(ctx context.Context, userID i

 // setBalanceCache 设置余额缓存
 func (s *BillingCacheService) setBalanceCache(ctx context.Context, userID int64, balance float64) {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", billingBalanceKeyPrefix, userID)
-	if err := s.rdb.Set(ctx, key, balance, billingCacheTTL).Err(); err != nil {
+	if err := s.cache.SetUserBalance(ctx, userID, balance); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Warning: set balance cache failed for user %d: %v", userID, err)
 	}
 }

 // DeductBalanceCache 扣减余额缓存（异步调用，用于扣费后更新缓存）
 func (s *BillingCacheService) DeductBalanceCache(ctx context.Context, userID int64, amount float64) error {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", billingBalanceKeyPrefix, userID)
-
-	// 使用预编译的Lua脚本原子性扣减，如果key不存在则忽略
-	_, err := deductBalanceScript.Run(ctx, s.rdb, []string{key}, amount, int(billingCacheTTL.Seconds())).Result()
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
-		log.Printf("Warning: deduct balance cache failed for user %d: %v", userID, err)
-	}
-	return nil
+	return s.cache.DeductUserBalance(ctx, userID, amount)
 }

 // InvalidateUserBalance 失效用户余额缓存
 func (s *BillingCacheService) InvalidateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", billingBalanceKeyPrefix, userID)
-	if err := s.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err(); err != nil {
+	if err := s.cache.InvalidateUserBalance(ctx, userID); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Warning: invalidate balance cache failed for user %d: %v", userID, err)
 		return err
 	}
@@ -188,19 +123,14 @@ func (s *BillingCacheService) InvalidateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID

 // GetSubscriptionStatus 获取订阅状态（优先从缓存读取）
 func (s *BillingCacheService) GetSubscriptionStatus(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*subscriptionCacheData, error) {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return s.getSubscriptionFromDB(ctx, userID, groupID)
 	}

-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%d", billingSubKeyPrefix, userID, groupID)
-
 	// 尝试从缓存读取
-	result, err := s.rdb.HGetAll(ctx, key).Result()
-	if err == nil && len(result) > 0 {
-		data, parseErr := s.parseSubscriptionCache(result)
-		if parseErr == nil {
-			return data, nil
-		}
+	cacheData, err := s.cache.GetSubscriptionCache(ctx, userID, groupID)
+	if err == nil && cacheData != nil {
+		return s.convertFromPortsData(cacheData), nil
 	}

 	// 缓存未命中，从数据库读取
@@ -219,6 +149,28 @@ func (s *BillingCacheService) GetSubscriptionStatus(ctx context.Context, userID,
 	return data, nil
 }

+func (s *BillingCacheService) convertFromPortsData(data *ports.SubscriptionCacheData) *subscriptionCacheData {
+	return &subscriptionCacheData{
+		Status:       data.Status,
+		ExpiresAt:    data.ExpiresAt,
+		DailyUsage:   data.DailyUsage,
+		WeeklyUsage:  data.WeeklyUsage,
+		MonthlyUsage: data.MonthlyUsage,
+		Version:      data.Version,
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *BillingCacheService) convertToPortsData(data *subscriptionCacheData) *ports.SubscriptionCacheData {
+	return &ports.SubscriptionCacheData{
+		Status:       data.Status,
+		ExpiresAt:    data.ExpiresAt,
+		DailyUsage:   data.DailyUsage,
+		WeeklyUsage:  data.WeeklyUsage,
+		MonthlyUsage: data.MonthlyUsage,
+		Version:      data.Version,
+	}
+}
+
 // getSubscriptionFromDB 从数据库获取订阅数据
 func (s *BillingCacheService) getSubscriptionFromDB(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*subscriptionCacheData, error) {
 	sub, err := s.subRepo.GetActiveByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx, userID, groupID)
@@ -236,90 +188,30 @@ func (s *BillingCacheService) getSubscriptionFromDB(ctx context.Context, userID,
 	}, nil
 }

-// parseSubscriptionCache 解析订阅缓存数据
-func (s *BillingCacheService) parseSubscriptionCache(data map[string]string) (*subscriptionCacheData, error) {
-	result := &subscriptionCacheData{}
-
-	result.Status = data[subFieldStatus]
-	if result.Status == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("invalid cache: missing status")
-	}
-
-	if expiresStr, ok := data[subFieldExpiresAt]; ok {
-		expiresAt, err := strconv.ParseInt(expiresStr, 10, 64)
-		if err == nil {
-			result.ExpiresAt = time.Unix(expiresAt, 0)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if dailyStr, ok := data[subFieldDailyUsage]; ok {
-		result.DailyUsage, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(dailyStr, 64)
-	}
-
-	if weeklyStr, ok := data[subFieldWeeklyUsage]; ok {
-		result.WeeklyUsage, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(weeklyStr, 64)
-	}
-
-	if monthlyStr, ok := data[subFieldMonthlyUsage]; ok {
-		result.MonthlyUsage, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(monthlyStr, 64)
-	}
-
-	if versionStr, ok := data[subFieldVersion]; ok {
-		result.Version, _ = strconv.ParseInt(versionStr, 10, 64)
-	}
-
-	return result, nil
-}
-
 // setSubscriptionCache 设置订阅缓存
 func (s *BillingCacheService) setSubscriptionCache(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64, data *subscriptionCacheData) {
-	if s.rdb == nil || data == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil || data == nil {
 		return
 	}
-
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%d", billingSubKeyPrefix, userID, groupID)
-
-	fields := map[string]interface{}{
-		subFieldStatus:       data.Status,
-		subFieldExpiresAt:    data.ExpiresAt.Unix(),
-		subFieldDailyUsage:   data.DailyUsage,
-		subFieldWeeklyUsage:  data.WeeklyUsage,
-		subFieldMonthlyUsage: data.MonthlyUsage,
-		subFieldVersion:      data.Version,
-	}
-
-	pipe := s.rdb.Pipeline()
-	pipe.HSet(ctx, key, fields)
-	pipe.Expire(ctx, key, billingCacheTTL)
-	if _, err := pipe.Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := s.cache.SetSubscriptionCache(ctx, userID, groupID, s.convertToPortsData(data)); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Warning: set subscription cache failed for user %d group %d: %v", userID, groupID, err)
 	}
 }

 // UpdateSubscriptionUsage 更新订阅用量缓存（异步调用，用于扣费后更新缓存）
 func (s *BillingCacheService) UpdateSubscriptionUsage(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64, costUSD float64) error {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%d", billingSubKeyPrefix, userID, groupID)
-
-	// 使用预编译的Lua脚本原子性增加用量，如果key不存在则忽略
-	_, err := updateSubUsageScript.Run(ctx, s.rdb, []string{key}, costUSD, int(billingCacheTTL.Seconds())).Result()
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
-		log.Printf("Warning: update subscription usage cache failed for user %d group %d: %v", userID, groupID, err)
-	}
-	return nil
+	return s.cache.UpdateSubscriptionUsage(ctx, userID, groupID, costUSD)
 }

 // InvalidateSubscription 失效指定订阅缓存
 func (s *BillingCacheService) InvalidateSubscription(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) error {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d:%d", billingSubKeyPrefix, userID, groupID)
-	if err := s.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Err(); err != nil {
+	if err := s.cache.InvalidateSubscriptionCache(ctx, userID, groupID); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Warning: invalidate subscription cache failed for user %d group %d: %v", userID, groupID, err)
 		return err
 	}
--- a/backend/internal/service/billing_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/billing_service.go
@@ -259,11 +259,11 @@ func (s *BillingService) GetEstimatedCost(model string, estimatedInputTokens, es
 }

 // GetPricingServiceStatus 获取价格服务状态
-func (s *BillingService) GetPricingServiceStatus() map[string]interface{} {
+func (s *BillingService) GetPricingServiceStatus() map[string]any {
 	if s.pricingService != nil {
 		return s.pricingService.GetStatus()
 	}
-	return map[string]interface{}{
+	return map[string]any{
 		"model_count":  len(s.fallbackPrices),
 		"last_updated": "using fallback",
 		"local_hash":   "N/A",
--- a/backend/internal/service/concurrency_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/concurrency_service.go
@@ -2,101 +2,30 @@ package service

 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 )

 const (
-	// Redis key prefixes
-	accountConcurrencyKey = "concurrency:account:"
-	userConcurrencyKey    = "concurrency:user:"
-	userWaitCountKey      = "concurrency:wait:"
-
-	// TTL for concurrency keys (auto-release safety net)
-	concurrencyKeyTTL = 10 * time.Minute
-
-	// Wait polling interval
-	waitPollInterval = 100 * time.Millisecond
-
-	// Default max wait time
-	defaultMaxWait = 60 * time.Second
-
 	// Default extra wait slots beyond concurrency limit
 	defaultExtraWaitSlots = 20
 )

-// Pre-compiled Lua scripts for better performance
-var (
-	// acquireScript: increment counter if below max, return 1 if successful
-	acquireScript = redis.NewScript(`
-		local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
-		if current == false then
-			current = 0
-		else
-			current = tonumber(current)
-		end
-		if current < tonumber(ARGV[1]) then
-			redis.call('INCR', KEYS[1])
-			redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
-			return 1
-		end
-		return 0
-	`)
-
-	// releaseScript: decrement counter, but don't go below 0
-	releaseScript = redis.NewScript(`
-		local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
-		if current ~= false and tonumber(current) > 0 then
-			redis.call('DECR', KEYS[1])
-		end
-		return 1
-	`)
-
-	// incrementWaitScript: increment wait counter if below max, return 1 if successful
-	incrementWaitScript = redis.NewScript(`
-		local waitKey = KEYS[1]
-		local maxWait = tonumber(ARGV[1])
-		local ttl = tonumber(ARGV[2])
-		local current = redis.call('GET', waitKey)
-		if current == false then
-			current = 0
-		else
-			current = tonumber(current)
-		end
-		if current >= maxWait then
-			return 0
-		end
-		redis.call('INCR', waitKey)
-		redis.call('EXPIRE', waitKey, ttl)
-		return 1
-	`)
-
-	// decrementWaitScript: decrement wait counter, but don't go below 0
-	decrementWaitScript = redis.NewScript(`
-		local current = redis.call('GET', KEYS[1])
-		if current ~= false and tonumber(current) > 0 then
-			redis.call('DECR', KEYS[1])
-		end
-		return 1
-	`)
-)
-
 // ConcurrencyService manages concurrent request limiting for accounts and users
 type ConcurrencyService struct {
-	rdb *redis.Client
+	cache ports.ConcurrencyCache
 }

 // NewConcurrencyService creates a new ConcurrencyService
-func NewConcurrencyService(rdb *redis.Client) *ConcurrencyService {
-	return &ConcurrencyService{rdb: rdb}
+func NewConcurrencyService(cache ports.ConcurrencyCache) *ConcurrencyService {
+	return &ConcurrencyService{cache: cache}
 }

 // AcquireResult represents the result of acquiring a concurrency slot
 type AcquireResult struct {
-	Acquired   bool
+	Acquired    bool
 	ReleaseFunc func() // Must be called when done (typically via defer)
 }

@@ -104,20 +33,6 @@ type AcquireResult struct {
 // If the account is at max concurrency, it waits until a slot is available or timeout.
 // Returns a release function that MUST be called when the request completes.
 func (s *ConcurrencyService) AcquireAccountSlot(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, maxConcurrency int) (*AcquireResult, error) {
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", accountConcurrencyKey, accountID)
-	return s.acquireSlot(ctx, key, maxConcurrency)
-}
-
-// AcquireUserSlot attempts to acquire a concurrency slot for a user.
-// If the user is at max concurrency, it waits until a slot is available or timeout.
-// Returns a release function that MUST be called when the request completes.
-func (s *ConcurrencyService) AcquireUserSlot(ctx context.Context, userID int64, maxConcurrency int) (*AcquireResult, error) {
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", userConcurrencyKey, userID)
-	return s.acquireSlot(ctx, key, maxConcurrency)
-}
-
-// acquireSlot is the core implementation for acquiring a concurrency slot
-func (s *ConcurrencyService) acquireSlot(ctx context.Context, key string, maxConcurrency int) (*AcquireResult, error) {
 	// If maxConcurrency is 0 or negative, no limit
 	if maxConcurrency <= 0 {
 		return &AcquireResult{
@@ -126,73 +41,64 @@ func (s *ConcurrencyService) acquireSlot(ctx context.Context, key string, maxCon
 		}, nil
 	}

-	// Try to acquire immediately
-	acquired, err := s.tryAcquire(ctx, key, maxConcurrency)
+	acquired, err := s.cache.AcquireAccountSlot(ctx, accountID, maxConcurrency)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	if acquired {
 		return &AcquireResult{
-			Acquired:    true,
-			ReleaseFunc: s.makeReleaseFunc(key),
+			Acquired: true,
+			ReleaseFunc: func() {
+				bgCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+				defer cancel()
+				if err := s.cache.ReleaseAccountSlot(bgCtx, accountID); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("Warning: failed to release account slot for %d: %v", accountID, err)
+				}
+			},
 		}, nil
 	}

-	// Not acquired, return with Acquired=false
-	// The caller (gateway handler) will handle waiting with ping support
 	return &AcquireResult{
 		Acquired:    false,
 		ReleaseFunc: nil,
 	}, nil
 }

-// tryAcquire attempts to increment the counter if below max
-// Uses pre-compiled Lua script for atomicity and performance
-func (s *ConcurrencyService) tryAcquire(ctx context.Context, key string, maxConcurrency int) (bool, error) {
-	result, err := acquireScript.Run(ctx, s.rdb, []string{key}, maxConcurrency, int(concurrencyKeyTTL.Seconds())).Int()
+// AcquireUserSlot attempts to acquire a concurrency slot for a user.
+// If the user is at max concurrency, it waits until a slot is available or timeout.
+// Returns a release function that MUST be called when the request completes.
+func (s *ConcurrencyService) AcquireUserSlot(ctx context.Context, userID int64, maxConcurrency int) (*AcquireResult, error) {
+	// If maxConcurrency is 0 or negative, no limit
+	if maxConcurrency <= 0 {
+		return &AcquireResult{
+			Acquired:    true,
+			ReleaseFunc: func() {}, // no-op
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	acquired, err := s.cache.AcquireUserSlot(ctx, userID, maxConcurrency)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("acquire slot failed: %w", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	return result == 1, nil
-}

-// makeReleaseFunc creates a function to release a concurrency slot
-func (s *ConcurrencyService) makeReleaseFunc(key string) func() {
-	return func() {
-		// Use background context to ensure release even if original context is cancelled
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
-		defer cancel()
-
-		if err := releaseScript.Run(ctx, s.rdb, []string{key}).Err(); err != nil {
-			// Log error but don't panic - TTL will eventually clean up
-			log.Printf("Warning: failed to release concurrency slot for %s: %v", key, err)
-		}
+	if acquired {
+		return &AcquireResult{
+			Acquired: true,
+			ReleaseFunc: func() {
+				bgCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+				defer cancel()
+				if err := s.cache.ReleaseUserSlot(bgCtx, userID); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("Warning: failed to release user slot for %d: %v", userID, err)
+				}
+			},
+		}, nil
 	}
-}

-// GetCurrentCount returns the current concurrency count for debugging/monitoring
-func (s *ConcurrencyService) GetCurrentCount(ctx context.Context, key string) (int, error) {
-	val, err := s.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Int()
-	if err == redis.Nil {
-		return 0, nil
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	return val, nil
-}
-
-// GetAccountCurrentCount returns current concurrency count for an account
-func (s *ConcurrencyService) GetAccountCurrentCount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (int, error) {
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", accountConcurrencyKey, accountID)
-	return s.GetCurrentCount(ctx, key)
-}
-
-// GetUserCurrentCount returns current concurrency count for a user
-func (s *ConcurrencyService) GetUserCurrentCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int, error) {
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", userConcurrencyKey, userID)
-	return s.GetCurrentCount(ctx, key)
+	return &AcquireResult{
+		Acquired:    false,
+		ReleaseFunc: nil,
+	}, nil
 }

 // ============================================
@@ -203,44 +109,36 @@ func (s *ConcurrencyService) GetUserCurrentCount(ctx context.Context, userID int
 // Returns true if successful, false if the wait queue is full.
 // maxWait should be user.Concurrency + defaultExtraWaitSlots
 func (s *ConcurrencyService) IncrementWaitCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64, maxWait int) (bool, error) {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		// Redis not available, allow request
 		return true, nil
 	}

-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", userWaitCountKey, userID)
-	result, err := incrementWaitScript.Run(ctx, s.rdb, []string{key}, maxWait, int(concurrencyKeyTTL.Seconds())).Int()
+	result, err := s.cache.IncrementWaitCount(ctx, userID, maxWait)
 	if err != nil {
 		// On error, allow the request to proceed (fail open)
 		log.Printf("Warning: increment wait count failed for user %d: %v", userID, err)
 		return true, nil
 	}
-	return result == 1, nil
+	return result, nil
 }

 // DecrementWaitCount decrements the wait queue counter for a user.
 // Should be called when a request completes or exits the wait queue.
 func (s *ConcurrencyService) DecrementWaitCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) {
-	if s.rdb == nil {
+	if s.cache == nil {
 		return
 	}

-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", userWaitCountKey, userID)
 	// Use background context to ensure decrement even if original context is cancelled
 	bgCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()

-	if err := decrementWaitScript.Run(bgCtx, s.rdb, []string{key}).Err(); err != nil {
+	if err := s.cache.DecrementWaitCount(bgCtx, userID); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Warning: decrement wait count failed for user %d: %v", userID, err)
 	}
 }

-// GetUserWaitCount returns current wait queue count for a user
-func (s *ConcurrencyService) GetUserWaitCount(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int, error) {
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", userWaitCountKey, userID)
-	return s.GetCurrentCount(ctx, key)
-}
-
 // CalculateMaxWait calculates the maximum wait queue size for a user
 // maxWait = userConcurrency + defaultExtraWaitSlots
 func CalculateMaxWait(userConcurrency int) int {
--- a/backend/internal/service/email_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/email_service.go
@@ -4,17 +4,14 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/tls"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 	"net/smtp"
 	"strconv"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"
-
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )

 var (
@@ -25,19 +22,11 @@ var (
 )

 const (
-	verifyCodeKeyPrefix  = "email_verify:"
-	verifyCodeTTL        = 15 * time.Minute
-	verifyCodeCooldown   = 1 * time.Minute
+	verifyCodeTTL         = 15 * time.Minute
+	verifyCodeCooldown    = 1 * time.Minute
 	maxVerifyCodeAttempts = 5
 )

-// verifyCodeData Redis 中存储的验证码数据
-type verifyCodeData struct {
-	Code      string    `json:"code"`
-	Attempts  int       `json:"attempts"`
-	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
-}
-
 // SmtpConfig SMTP配置
 type SmtpConfig struct {
 	Host     string
@@ -51,15 +40,15 @@ type SmtpConfig struct {

 // EmailService 邮件服务
 type EmailService struct {
-	settingRepo *repository.SettingRepository
-	rdb         *redis.Client
+	settingRepo ports.SettingRepository
+	cache       ports.EmailCache
 }

 // NewEmailService 创建邮件服务实例
-func NewEmailService(settingRepo *repository.SettingRepository, rdb *redis.Client) *EmailService {
+func NewEmailService(settingRepo ports.SettingRepository, cache ports.EmailCache) *EmailService {
 	return &EmailService{
 		settingRepo: settingRepo,
-		rdb:         rdb,
+		cache:       cache,
 	}
 }

@@ -144,13 +133,13 @@ func (s *EmailService) sendMailTLS(addr string, auth smtp.Auth, from, to string,
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("tls dial: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer conn.Close()
+	defer func() { _ = conn.Close() }()

 	client, err := smtp.NewClient(conn, host)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("new smtp client: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer client.Close()
+	defer func() { _ = client.Close() }()

 	if err = client.Auth(auth); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("smtp auth: %w", err)
@@ -201,10 +190,8 @@ func (s *EmailService) GenerateVerifyCode() (string, error) {

 // SendVerifyCode 发送验证码邮件
 func (s *EmailService) SendVerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, siteName string) error {
-	key := verifyCodeKeyPrefix + email
-
 	// 检查是否在冷却期内
-	existing, err := s.getVerifyCodeData(ctx, key)
+	existing, err := s.cache.GetVerificationCode(ctx, email)
 	if err == nil && existing != nil {
 		if time.Since(existing.CreatedAt) < verifyCodeCooldown {
 			return ErrVerifyCodeTooFrequent
@@ -218,12 +205,12 @@ func (s *EmailService) SendVerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, siteName strin
 	}

 	// 保存验证码到 Redis
-	data := &verifyCodeData{
+	data := &ports.VerificationCodeData{
 		Code:      code,
 		Attempts:  0,
 		CreatedAt: time.Now(),
 	}
-	if err := s.setVerifyCodeData(ctx, key, data); err != nil {
+	if err := s.cache.SetVerificationCode(ctx, email, data, verifyCodeTTL); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("save verify code: %w", err)
 	}

@@ -241,9 +228,7 @@ func (s *EmailService) SendVerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, siteName strin

 // VerifyCode 验证验证码
 func (s *EmailService) VerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, code string) error {
-	key := verifyCodeKeyPrefix + email
-
-	data, err := s.getVerifyCodeData(ctx, key)
+	data, err := s.cache.GetVerificationCode(ctx, email)
 	if err != nil || data == nil {
 		return ErrInvalidVerifyCode
 	}
@@ -256,7 +241,7 @@ func (s *EmailService) VerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, code string) error
 	// 验证码不匹配
 	if data.Code != code {
 		data.Attempts++
-		_ = s.setVerifyCodeData(ctx, key, data)
+		_ = s.cache.SetVerificationCode(ctx, email, data, verifyCodeTTL)
 		if data.Attempts >= maxVerifyCodeAttempts {
 			return ErrVerifyCodeMaxAttempts
 		}
@@ -264,32 +249,10 @@ func (s *EmailService) VerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, code string) error
 	}

 	// 验证成功，删除验证码
-	s.rdb.Del(ctx, key)
+	_ = s.cache.DeleteVerificationCode(ctx, email)
 	return nil
 }

-// getVerifyCodeData 从 Redis 获取验证码数据
-func (s *EmailService) getVerifyCodeData(ctx context.Context, key string) (*verifyCodeData, error) {
-	val, err := s.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Result()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	var data verifyCodeData
-	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(val), &data); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return &data, nil
-}
-
-// setVerifyCodeData 保存验证码数据到 Redis
-func (s *EmailService) setVerifyCodeData(ctx context.Context, key string, data *verifyCodeData) error {
-	val, err := json.Marshal(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return s.rdb.Set(ctx, key, val, verifyCodeTTL).Err()
-}
-
 // buildVerifyCodeEmailBody 构建验证码邮件HTML内容
 func (s *EmailService) buildVerifyCodeEmailBody(code, siteName string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf(`
@@ -340,13 +303,13 @@ func (s *EmailService) TestSmtpConnectionWithConfig(config *SmtpConfig) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("tls connection failed: %w", err)
 		}
-		defer conn.Close()
+		defer func() { _ = conn.Close() }()

 		client, err := smtp.NewClient(conn, config.Host)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("smtp client creation failed: %w", err)
 		}
-		defer client.Close()
+		defer func() { _ = client.Close() }()

 		auth := smtp.PlainAuth("", config.Username, config.Password, config.Host)
 		if err = client.Auth(auth); err != nil {
@@ -361,7 +324,7 @@ func (s *EmailService) TestSmtpConnectionWithConfig(config *SmtpConfig) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("smtp connection failed: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer client.Close()
+	defer func() { _ = client.Close() }()

 	auth := smtp.PlainAuth("", config.Username, config.Password, config.Host)
 	if err = client.Auth(auth); err != nil {
--- a/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
@@ -12,48 +12,44 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
 	"regexp"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )

 const (
-	claudeAPIURL        = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages?beta=true"
-	stickySessionPrefix = "sticky_session:"
-	stickySessionTTL    = time.Hour // 粘性会话TTL
-	tokenRefreshBuffer  = 5 * 60    // 提前5分钟刷新token
+	claudeAPIURL            = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages?beta=true"
+	claudeAPICountTokensURL = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages/count_tokens?beta=true"
+	stickySessionTTL        = time.Hour // 粘性会话TTL
 )

 // allowedHeaders 白名单headers（参考CRS项目）
 var allowedHeaders = map[string]bool{
-	"accept":                                  true,
-	"x-stainless-retry-count":                 true,
-	"x-stainless-timeout":                     true,
-	"x-stainless-lang":                        true,
-	"x-stainless-package-version":             true,
-	"x-stainless-os":                          true,
-	"x-stainless-arch":                        true,
-	"x-stainless-runtime":                     true,
-	"x-stainless-runtime-version":             true,
-	"x-stainless-helper-method":               true,
+	"accept":                                    true,
+	"x-stainless-retry-count":                   true,
+	"x-stainless-timeout":                       true,
+	"x-stainless-lang":                          true,
+	"x-stainless-package-version":               true,
+	"x-stainless-os":                            true,
+	"x-stainless-arch":                          true,
+	"x-stainless-runtime":                       true,
+	"x-stainless-runtime-version":               true,
+	"x-stainless-helper-method":                 true,
 	"anthropic-dangerous-direct-browser-access": true,
-	"anthropic-version":                       true,
-	"x-app":                                   true,
-	"anthropic-beta":                          true,
-	"accept-language":                         true,
-	"sec-fetch-mode":                          true,
-	"accept-encoding":                         true,
-	"user-agent":                              true,
-	"content-type":                            true,
+	"anthropic-version":                         true,
+	"x-app":                                     true,
+	"anthropic-beta":                            true,
+	"accept-language":                           true,
+	"sec-fetch-mode":                            true,
+	"user-agent":                                true,
+	"content-type":                              true,
 }

 // ClaudeUsage 表示Claude API返回的usage信息
@@ -76,58 +72,57 @@ type ForwardResult struct {

 // GatewayService handles API gateway operations
 type GatewayService struct {
-	repos               *repository.Repositories
-	rdb                 *redis.Client
+	accountRepo         ports.AccountRepository
+	usageLogRepo        ports.UsageLogRepository
+	userRepo            ports.UserRepository
+	userSubRepo         ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
+	cache               ports.GatewayCache
 	cfg                 *config.Config
-	oauthService        *OAuthService
 	billingService      *BillingService
 	rateLimitService    *RateLimitService
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
 	identityService     *IdentityService
-	httpClient          *http.Client
+	httpUpstream        ports.HTTPUpstream
 }

 // NewGatewayService creates a new GatewayService
-func NewGatewayService(repos *repository.Repositories, rdb *redis.Client, cfg *config.Config, oauthService *OAuthService, billingService *BillingService, rateLimitService *RateLimitService, billingCacheService *BillingCacheService, identityService *IdentityService) *GatewayService {
-	// 计算响应头超时时间
-	responseHeaderTimeout := time.Duration(cfg.Gateway.ResponseHeaderTimeout) * time.Second
-	if responseHeaderTimeout == 0 {
-		responseHeaderTimeout = 300 * time.Second // 默认5分钟，LLM高负载时可能排队较久
-	}
-
-	transport := &http.Transport{
-		MaxIdleConns:          100,
-		MaxIdleConnsPerHost:   10,
-		IdleConnTimeout:       90 * time.Second,
-		ResponseHeaderTimeout: responseHeaderTimeout, // 等待上游响应头的超时
-		// 注意：不设置整体 Timeout，让流式响应可以无限时间传输
-	}
+func NewGatewayService(
+	accountRepo ports.AccountRepository,
+	usageLogRepo ports.UsageLogRepository,
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
+	userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository,
+	cache ports.GatewayCache,
+	cfg *config.Config,
+	billingService *BillingService,
+	rateLimitService *RateLimitService,
+	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
+	identityService *IdentityService,
+	httpUpstream ports.HTTPUpstream,
+) *GatewayService {
 	return &GatewayService{
-		repos:               repos,
-		rdb:                 rdb,
+		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
+		usageLogRepo:        usageLogRepo,
+		userRepo:            userRepo,
+		userSubRepo:         userSubRepo,
+		cache:               cache,
 		cfg:                 cfg,
-		oauthService:        oauthService,
 		billingService:      billingService,
 		rateLimitService:    rateLimitService,
 		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
 		identityService:     identityService,
-		httpClient: &http.Client{
-			Transport: transport,
-			// 不设置 Timeout：流式请求可能持续十几分钟
-			// 超时控制由 Transport.ResponseHeaderTimeout 负责（只控制等待响应头）
-		},
+		httpUpstream:        httpUpstream,
 	}
 }

 // GenerateSessionHash 从请求体计算粘性会话hash
 func (s *GatewayService) GenerateSessionHash(body []byte) string {
-	var req map[string]interface{}
+	var req map[string]any
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &req); err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}

 	// 1. 最高优先级：从metadata.user_id提取session_xxx
-	if metadata, ok := req["metadata"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+	if metadata, ok := req["metadata"].(map[string]any); ok {
 		if userID, ok := metadata["user_id"].(string); ok {
 			re := regexp.MustCompile(`session_([a-f0-9-]{36})`)
 			if match := re.FindStringSubmatch(userID); len(match) > 1 {
@@ -151,8 +146,8 @@ func (s *GatewayService) GenerateSessionHash(body []byte) string {
 	}

 	// 4. 最后fallback: 使用第一条消息
-	if messages, ok := req["messages"].([]interface{}); ok && len(messages) > 0 {
-		if firstMsg, ok := messages[0].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+	if messages, ok := req["messages"].([]any); ok && len(messages) > 0 {
+		if firstMsg, ok := messages[0].(map[string]any); ok {
 			msgText := s.extractTextFromContent(firstMsg["content"])
 			if msgText != "" {
 				return s.hashContent(msgText)
@@ -163,14 +158,14 @@ func (s *GatewayService) GenerateSessionHash(body []byte) string {
 	return ""
 }

-func (s *GatewayService) extractCacheableContent(req map[string]interface{}) string {
+func (s *GatewayService) extractCacheableContent(req map[string]any) string {
 	var content string

 	// 检查system中的cacheable内容
-	if system, ok := req["system"].([]interface{}); ok {
+	if system, ok := req["system"].([]any); ok {
 		for _, part := range system {
-			if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
-				if cc, ok := partMap["cache_control"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]any); ok {
+				if cc, ok := partMap["cache_control"].(map[string]any); ok {
 					if cc["type"] == "ephemeral" {
 						if text, ok := partMap["text"].(string); ok {
 							content += text
@@ -182,13 +177,13 @@ func (s *GatewayService) extractCacheableContent(req map[string]interface{}) str
 	}

 	// 检查messages中的cacheable内容
-	if messages, ok := req["messages"].([]interface{}); ok {
+	if messages, ok := req["messages"].([]any); ok {
 		for _, msg := range messages {
-			if msgMap, ok := msg.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
-				if msgContent, ok := msgMap["content"].([]interface{}); ok {
+			if msgMap, ok := msg.(map[string]any); ok {
+				if msgContent, ok := msgMap["content"].([]any); ok {
 					for _, part := range msgContent {
-						if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
-							if cc, ok := partMap["cache_control"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+						if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]any); ok {
+							if cc, ok := partMap["cache_control"].(map[string]any); ok {
 								if cc["type"] == "ephemeral" {
 									// 找到cacheable内容，提取第一条消息的文本
 									return s.extractTextFromContent(msgMap["content"])
@@ -204,14 +199,14 @@ func (s *GatewayService) extractCacheableContent(req map[string]interface{}) str
 	return content
 }

-func (s *GatewayService) extractTextFromSystem(system interface{}) string {
+func (s *GatewayService) extractTextFromSystem(system any) string {
 	switch v := system.(type) {
 	case string:
 		return v
-	case []interface{}:
+	case []any:
 		var texts []string
 		for _, part := range v {
-			if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]any); ok {
 				if text, ok := partMap["text"].(string); ok {
 					texts = append(texts, text)
 				}
@@ -222,14 +217,14 @@ func (s *GatewayService) extractTextFromSystem(system interface{}) string {
 	return ""
 }

-func (s *GatewayService) extractTextFromContent(content interface{}) string {
+func (s *GatewayService) extractTextFromContent(content any) string {
 	switch v := content.(type) {
 	case string:
 		return v
-	case []interface{}:
+	case []any:
 		var texts []string
 		for _, part := range v {
-			if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]any); ok {
 				if partMap["type"] == "text" {
 					if text, ok := partMap["text"].(string); ok {
 						texts = append(texts, text)
@@ -249,7 +244,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) hashContent(content string) string {

 // replaceModelInBody 替换请求体中的model字段
 func (s *GatewayService) replaceModelInBody(body []byte, newModel string) []byte {
-	var req map[string]interface{}
+	var req map[string]any
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &req); err != nil {
 		return body
 	}
@@ -270,26 +265,28 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccount(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sess
 func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountForModel(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, requestedModel string) (*model.Account, error) {
 	// 1. 查询粘性会话
 	if sessionHash != "" {
-		accountID, err := s.rdb.Get(ctx, stickySessionPrefix+sessionHash).Int64()
+		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, sessionHash)
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
-			account, err := s.repos.Account.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+			account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
 			// 使用IsSchedulable代替IsActive，确保限流/过载账号不会被选中
 			// 同时检查模型支持
 			if err == nil && account.IsSchedulable() && (requestedModel == "" || account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)) {
 				// 续期粘性会话
-				s.rdb.Expire(ctx, stickySessionPrefix+sessionHash, stickySessionTTL)
+				if err := s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, sessionHash, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("refresh session ttl failed: session=%s err=%v", sessionHash, err)
+				}
 				return account, nil
 			}
 		}
 	}

-	// 2. 获取可调度账号列表（排除限流和过载的账号）
+	// 2. 获取可调度账号列表（排除限流和过载的账号，仅限 Anthropic 平台）
 	var accounts []model.Account
 	var err error
 	if groupID != nil {
-		accounts, err = s.repos.Account.ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx, *groupID)
+		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx, *groupID, model.PlatformAnthropic)
 	} else {
-		accounts, err = s.repos.Account.ListSchedulable(ctx)
+		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, model.PlatformAnthropic)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
@@ -327,7 +324,9 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountForModel(ctx context.Context, groupID *int

 	// 4. 建立粘性绑定
 	if sessionHash != "" {
-		s.rdb.Set(ctx, stickySessionPrefix+sessionHash, selected.ID, stickySessionTTL)
+		if err := s.cache.SetSessionAccountID(ctx, sessionHash, selected.ID, stickySessionTTL); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("set session account failed: session=%s account_id=%d err=%v", sessionHash, selected.ID, err)
+		}
 	}

 	return selected, nil
@@ -352,37 +351,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) GetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.Acco

 func (s *GatewayService) getOAuthToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) (string, string, error) {
 	accessToken := account.GetCredential("access_token")
-	expiresAtStr := account.GetCredential("expires_at")
-
-	// 检查是否需要刷新
-	needRefresh := false
-	if expiresAtStr != "" {
-		expiresAt, err := strconv.ParseInt(expiresAtStr, 10, 64)
-		if err == nil && time.Now().Unix()+tokenRefreshBuffer > expiresAt {
-			needRefresh = true
-		}
+	if accessToken == "" {
+		return "", "", errors.New("access_token not found in credentials")
 	}
-
-	if needRefresh || accessToken == "" {
-		tokenInfo, err := s.oauthService.RefreshAccountToken(ctx, account)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("refresh token failed: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		// 更新账号凭证
-		account.Credentials["access_token"] = tokenInfo.AccessToken
-		account.Credentials["expires_at"] = strconv.FormatInt(tokenInfo.ExpiresAt, 10)
-		if tokenInfo.RefreshToken != "" {
-			account.Credentials["refresh_token"] = tokenInfo.RefreshToken
-		}
-
-		if err := s.repos.Account.Update(ctx, account); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("Failed to update account credentials: %v", err)
-		}
-
-		return tokenInfo.AccessToken, "oauth", nil
-	}
-
+	// Token刷新由后台 TokenRefreshService 处理，此处只返回当前token
 	return accessToken, "oauth", nil
 }

@@ -423,32 +395,20 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *m
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	// 获取代理URL
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
 	// 发送请求
-	resp, err := s.httpClient.Do(upstreamReq)
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()

-	// 处理401错误：刷新token重试
-	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized && tokenType == "oauth" {
-		resp.Body.Close()
-		token, tokenType, err = s.forceRefreshToken(ctx, account)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("token refresh failed: %w", err)
-		}
-		upstreamReq, err = s.buildUpstreamRequest(ctx, c, account, body, token, tokenType)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		resp, err = s.httpClient.Do(upstreamReq)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("retry request failed: %w", err)
-		}
-		defer resp.Body.Close()
-	}
-
-	// 处理错误响应
+	// 处理错误响应（包括401，由后台TokenRefreshService维护token有效性）
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
 		return s.handleErrorResponse(ctx, resp, c, account)
 	}
@@ -489,7 +449,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 	}

 	// OAuth账号：应用统一指纹
-	var fingerprint *Fingerprint
+	var fingerprint *ports.Fingerprint
 	if account.IsOAuth() && s.identityService != nil {
 		// 1. 获取或创建指纹（包含随机生成的ClientID）
 		fp, err := s.identityService.GetOrCreateFingerprint(ctx, account.ID, c.Request.Header)
@@ -516,7 +476,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex

 	// 设置认证头
 	if tokenType == "oauth" {
-		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+		req.Header.Set("authorization", "Bearer "+token)
 	} else {
 		req.Header.Set("x-api-key", token)
 	}
@@ -537,8 +497,8 @@ func (s *GatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 	}

 	// 确保必要的headers存在
-	if req.Header.Get("Content-Type") == "" {
-		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	if req.Header.Get("content-type") == "" {
+		req.Header.Set("content-type", "application/json")
 	}
 	if req.Header.Get("anthropic-version") == "" {
 		req.Header.Set("anthropic-version", "2023-06-01")
@@ -549,41 +509,16 @@ func (s *GatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 		req.Header.Set("anthropic-beta", s.getBetaHeader(body, c.GetHeader("anthropic-beta")))
 	}

-	// 配置代理
-	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
-		proxyURL := account.Proxy.URL()
-		if proxyURL != "" {
-			if parsedURL, err := url.Parse(proxyURL); err == nil {
-				// 计算响应头超时时间（与默认 Transport 保持一致）
-				responseHeaderTimeout := time.Duration(s.cfg.Gateway.ResponseHeaderTimeout) * time.Second
-				if responseHeaderTimeout == 0 {
-					responseHeaderTimeout = 300 * time.Second
-				}
-				transport := &http.Transport{
-					Proxy:                 http.ProxyURL(parsedURL),
-					MaxIdleConns:          100,
-					MaxIdleConnsPerHost:   10,
-					IdleConnTimeout:       90 * time.Second,
-					ResponseHeaderTimeout: responseHeaderTimeout,
-				}
-				s.httpClient.Transport = transport
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	return req, nil
 }

 // getBetaHeader 处理anthropic-beta header
 // 对于OAuth账号，需要确保包含oauth-2025-04-20
 func (s *GatewayService) getBetaHeader(body []byte, clientBetaHeader string) string {
-	const oauthBeta = "oauth-2025-04-20"
-	const claudeCodeBeta = "claude-code-20250219"
-
 	// 如果客户端传了anthropic-beta
 	if clientBetaHeader != "" {
 		// 已包含oauth beta则直接返回
-		if strings.Contains(clientBetaHeader, oauthBeta) {
+		if strings.Contains(clientBetaHeader, claude.BetaOAuth) {
 			return clientBetaHeader
 		}

@@ -596,7 +531,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) getBetaHeader(body []byte, clientBetaHeader string) str
 		// 在claude-code-20250219后面插入oauth beta
 		claudeCodeIdx := -1
 		for i, p := range parts {
-			if p == claudeCodeBeta {
+			if p == claude.BetaClaudeCode {
 				claudeCodeIdx = i
 				break
 			}
@@ -606,18 +541,18 @@ func (s *GatewayService) getBetaHeader(body []byte, clientBetaHeader string) str
 			// 在claude-code后面插入
 			newParts := make([]string, 0, len(parts)+1)
 			newParts = append(newParts, parts[:claudeCodeIdx+1]...)
-			newParts = append(newParts, oauthBeta)
+			newParts = append(newParts, claude.BetaOAuth)
 			newParts = append(newParts, parts[claudeCodeIdx+1:]...)
 			return strings.Join(newParts, ",")
 		}

 		// 没有claude-code，放在第一位
-		return oauthBeta + "," + clientBetaHeader
+		return claude.BetaOAuth + "," + clientBetaHeader
 	}

 	// 客户端没传，根据模型生成
 	var modelID string
-	var reqMap map[string]interface{}
+	var reqMap map[string]any
 	if json.Unmarshal(body, &reqMap) == nil {
 		if m, ok := reqMap["model"].(string); ok {
 			modelID = m
@@ -626,29 +561,10 @@ func (s *GatewayService) getBetaHeader(body []byte, clientBetaHeader string) str

 	// haiku模型不需要claude-code beta
 	if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(modelID), "haiku") {
-		return "oauth-2025-04-20,interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14"
+		return claude.HaikuBetaHeader
 	}

-	return "claude-code-20250219,oauth-2025-04-20,interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14,fine-grained-tool-streaming-2025-05-14"
-}
-
-func (s *GatewayService) forceRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) (string, string, error) {
-	tokenInfo, err := s.oauthService.RefreshAccountToken(ctx, account)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", err
-	}
-
-	account.Credentials["access_token"] = tokenInfo.AccessToken
-	account.Credentials["expires_at"] = strconv.FormatInt(tokenInfo.ExpiresAt, 10)
-	if tokenInfo.RefreshToken != "" {
-		account.Credentials["refresh_token"] = tokenInfo.RefreshToken
-	}
-
-	if err := s.repos.Account.Update(ctx, account); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Failed to update account credentials: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	return tokenInfo.AccessToken, "oauth", nil
+	return claude.DefaultBetaHeader
 }

 func (s *GatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, account *model.Account) (*ForwardResult, error) {
@@ -757,7 +673,9 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http
 		}

 		// 转发行
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", line)
+		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", line); err != nil {
+			return &streamingResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, err
+		}
 		flusher.Flush()

 		// 解析usage数据
@@ -786,7 +704,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) replaceModelInSSELine(line, fromModel, toModel string)
 		return line
 	}

-	var event map[string]interface{}
+	var event map[string]any
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &event); err != nil {
 		return line
 	}
@@ -796,7 +714,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) replaceModelInSSELine(line, fromModel, toModel string)
 		return line
 	}

-	msg, ok := event["message"].(map[string]interface{})
+	msg, ok := event["message"].(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return line
 	}
@@ -816,7 +734,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) replaceModelInSSELine(line, fromModel, toModel string)
 }

 func (s *GatewayService) parseSSEUsage(data string, usage *ClaudeUsage) {
-	// 解析message_start获取input tokens
+	// 解析message_start获取input tokens（标准Claude API格式）
 	var msgStart struct {
 		Type    string `json:"type"`
 		Message struct {
@@ -829,15 +747,30 @@ func (s *GatewayService) parseSSEUsage(data string, usage *ClaudeUsage) {
 		usage.CacheReadInputTokens = msgStart.Message.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
 	}

-	// 解析message_delta获取output tokens
+	// 解析message_delta获取tokens（兼容GLM等把所有usage放在delta中的API）
 	var msgDelta struct {
 		Type  string `json:"type"`
 		Usage struct {
-			OutputTokens int `json:"output_tokens"`
+			InputTokens              int `json:"input_tokens"`
+			OutputTokens             int `json:"output_tokens"`
+			CacheCreationInputTokens int `json:"cache_creation_input_tokens"`
+			CacheReadInputTokens     int `json:"cache_read_input_tokens"`
 		} `json:"usage"`
 	}
 	if json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &msgDelta) == nil && msgDelta.Type == "message_delta" {
+		// output_tokens 总是从 message_delta 获取
 		usage.OutputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.OutputTokens
+
+		// 如果 message_start 中没有值，则从 message_delta 获取（兼容GLM等API）
+		if usage.InputTokens == 0 {
+			usage.InputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.InputTokens
+		}
+		if usage.CacheCreationInputTokens == 0 {
+			usage.CacheCreationInputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens
+		}
+		if usage.CacheReadInputTokens == 0 {
+			usage.CacheReadInputTokens = msgDelta.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
+		}
 	}
 }

@@ -878,7 +811,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleNonStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *h

 // replaceModelInResponseBody 替换响应体中的model字段
 func (s *GatewayService) replaceModelInResponseBody(body []byte, fromModel, toModel string) []byte {
-	var resp map[string]interface{}
+	var resp map[string]any
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &resp); err != nil {
 		return body
 	}
@@ -976,7 +909,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 		usageLog.SubscriptionID = &subscription.ID
 	}

-	if err := s.repos.UsageLog.Create(ctx, usageLog); err != nil {
+	if err := s.usageLogRepo.Create(ctx, usageLog); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Create usage log failed: %v", err)
 	}

@@ -984,7 +917,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 	if isSubscriptionBilling {
 		// 订阅模式：更新订阅用量（使用 TotalCost 原始费用，不考虑倍率）
 		if cost.TotalCost > 0 {
-			if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.IncrementUsage(ctx, subscription.ID, cost.TotalCost); err != nil {
+			if err := s.userSubRepo.IncrementUsage(ctx, subscription.ID, cost.TotalCost); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Increment subscription usage failed: %v", err)
 			}
 			// 异步更新订阅缓存
@@ -999,7 +932,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 	} else {
 		// 余额模式：扣除用户余额（使用 ActualCost 考虑倍率后的费用）
 		if cost.ActualCost > 0 {
-			if err := s.repos.User.DeductBalance(ctx, user.ID, cost.ActualCost); err != nil {
+			if err := s.userRepo.DeductBalance(ctx, user.ID, cost.ActualCost); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Deduct balance failed: %v", err)
 			}
 			// 异步更新余额缓存
@@ -1014,9 +947,164 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 	}

 	// 更新账号最后使用时间
-	if err := s.repos.Account.UpdateLastUsed(ctx, account.ID); err != nil {
+	if err := s.accountRepo.UpdateLastUsed(ctx, account.ID); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Update last used failed: %v", err)
 	}

 	return nil
 }
+
+// ForwardCountTokens 转发 count_tokens 请求到上游 API
+// 特点：不记录使用量、仅支持非流式响应
+func (s *GatewayService) ForwardCountTokens(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, body []byte) error {
+	// 应用模型映射（仅对 apikey 类型账号）
+	if account.Type == model.AccountTypeApiKey {
+		var req struct {
+			Model string `json:"model"`
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &req); err == nil && req.Model != "" {
+			mappedModel := account.GetMappedModel(req.Model)
+			if mappedModel != req.Model {
+				body = s.replaceModelInBody(body, mappedModel)
+				log.Printf("CountTokens model mapping applied: %s -> %s (account: %s)", req.Model, mappedModel, account.Name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 获取凭证
+	token, tokenType, err := s.GetAccessToken(ctx, account)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.countTokensError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Failed to get access token")
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// 构建上游请求
+	upstreamReq, err := s.buildCountTokensRequest(ctx, c, account, body, token, tokenType)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.countTokensError(c, http.StatusInternalServerError, "api_error", "Failed to build request")
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// 获取代理URL
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
+	// 发送请求
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.countTokensError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Request failed")
+		return fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+	}()
+
+	// 读取响应体
+	respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.countTokensError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Failed to read response")
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// 处理错误响应
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		// 标记账号状态（429/529等）
+		s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
+
+		// 返回简化的错误响应
+		errMsg := "Upstream request failed"
+		switch resp.StatusCode {
+		case 429:
+			errMsg = "Rate limit exceeded"
+		case 529:
+			errMsg = "Service overloaded"
+		}
+		s.countTokensError(c, resp.StatusCode, "upstream_error", errMsg)
+		return fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	// 透传成功响应
+	c.Data(resp.StatusCode, "application/json", respBody)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// buildCountTokensRequest 构建 count_tokens 上游请求
+func (s *GatewayService) buildCountTokensRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, body []byte, token, tokenType string) (*http.Request, error) {
+	// 确定目标 URL
+	targetURL := claudeAPICountTokensURL
+	if account.Type == model.AccountTypeApiKey {
+		baseURL := account.GetBaseURL()
+		targetURL = baseURL + "/v1/messages/count_tokens"
+	}
+
+	// OAuth 账号：应用统一指纹和重写 userID
+	if account.IsOAuth() && s.identityService != nil {
+		fp, err := s.identityService.GetOrCreateFingerprint(ctx, account.ID, c.Request.Header)
+		if err == nil {
+			accountUUID := account.GetExtraString("account_uuid")
+			if accountUUID != "" && fp.ClientID != "" {
+				if newBody, err := s.identityService.RewriteUserID(body, account.ID, accountUUID, fp.ClientID); err == nil && len(newBody) > 0 {
+					body = newBody
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", targetURL, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// 设置认证头
+	if tokenType == "oauth" {
+		req.Header.Set("authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+	} else {
+		req.Header.Set("x-api-key", token)
+	}
+
+	// 白名单透传 headers
+	for key, values := range c.Request.Header {
+		lowerKey := strings.ToLower(key)
+		if allowedHeaders[lowerKey] {
+			for _, v := range values {
+				req.Header.Add(key, v)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// OAuth 账号：应用指纹到请求头
+	if account.IsOAuth() && s.identityService != nil {
+		fp, _ := s.identityService.GetOrCreateFingerprint(ctx, account.ID, c.Request.Header)
+		if fp != nil {
+			s.identityService.ApplyFingerprint(req, fp)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 确保必要的 headers 存在
+	if req.Header.Get("content-type") == "" {
+		req.Header.Set("content-type", "application/json")
+	}
+	if req.Header.Get("anthropic-version") == "" {
+		req.Header.Set("anthropic-version", "2023-06-01")
+	}
+
+	// OAuth 账号：处理 anthropic-beta header
+	if tokenType == "oauth" {
+		req.Header.Set("anthropic-beta", s.getBetaHeader(body, c.GetHeader("anthropic-beta")))
+	}
+
+	return req, nil
+}
+
+// countTokensError 返回 count_tokens 错误响应
+func (s *GatewayService) countTokensError(c *gin.Context, status int, errType, message string) {
+	c.JSON(status, gin.H{
+		"type": "error",
+		"error": gin.H{
+			"type":    errType,
+			"message": message,
+		},
+	})
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/group_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/group_service.go
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"

 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -34,11 +35,11 @@ type UpdateGroupRequest struct {

 // GroupService 分组管理服务
 type GroupService struct {
-	groupRepo *repository.GroupRepository
+	groupRepo ports.GroupRepository
 }

 // NewGroupService 创建分组服务实例
-func NewGroupService(groupRepo *repository.GroupRepository) *GroupService {
+func NewGroupService(groupRepo ports.GroupRepository) *GroupService {
 	return &GroupService{
 		groupRepo: groupRepo,
 	}
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ func (s *GroupService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Group, err
 }

 // List 获取分组列表
-func (s *GroupService) List(ctx context.Context, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *GroupService) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	groups, pagination, err := s.groupRepo.List(ctx, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list groups: %w", err)
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ func (s *GroupService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 }

 // GetStats 获取分组统计信息
-func (s *GroupService) GetStats(ctx context.Context, id int64) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+func (s *GroupService) GetStats(ctx context.Context, id int64) (map[string]any, error) {
 	group, err := s.groupRepo.GetByID(ctx, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ func (s *GroupService) GetStats(ctx context.Context, id int64) (map[string]inter
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get account count: %w", err)
 	}

-	stats := map[string]interface{}{
+	stats := map[string]any{
 		"id":              group.ID,
 		"name":            group.Name,
 		"rate_multiplier": group.RateMultiplier,
--- a/backend/internal/service/identity_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/identity_service.go
@@ -11,14 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"
-
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
-)
-
-const (
-	// Redis key prefix
-	identityFingerprintKey = "identity:fingerprint:"
 )

 // 预编译正则表达式（避免每次调用重新编译）
@@ -29,20 +23,8 @@ var (
 	userAgentVersionRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`/(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)`)
 )

-// Fingerprint 存储的指纹数据结构
-type Fingerprint struct {
-	ClientID                string `json:"client_id"`                    // 64位hex客户端ID（首次随机生成）
-	UserAgent               string `json:"user_agent"`                   // User-Agent
-	StainlessLang           string `json:"x_stainless_lang"`             // x-stainless-lang
-	StainlessPackageVersion string `json:"x_stainless_package_version"`  // x-stainless-package-version
-	StainlessOS             string `json:"x_stainless_os"`               // x-stainless-os
-	StainlessArch           string `json:"x_stainless_arch"`             // x-stainless-arch
-	StainlessRuntime        string `json:"x_stainless_runtime"`          // x-stainless-runtime
-	StainlessRuntimeVersion string `json:"x_stainless_runtime_version"`  // x-stainless-runtime-version
-}
-
 // 默认指纹值（当客户端未提供时使用）
-var defaultFingerprint = Fingerprint{
+var defaultFingerprint = ports.Fingerprint{
 	UserAgent:               "claude-cli/2.0.62 (external, cli)",
 	StainlessLang:           "js",
 	StainlessPackageVersion: "0.52.0",
@@ -54,39 +36,31 @@ var defaultFingerprint = Fingerprint{

 // IdentityService 管理OAuth账号的请求身份指纹
 type IdentityService struct {
-	rdb *redis.Client
+	cache ports.IdentityCache
 }

 // NewIdentityService 创建新的IdentityService
-func NewIdentityService(rdb *redis.Client) *IdentityService {
-	return &IdentityService{rdb: rdb}
+func NewIdentityService(cache ports.IdentityCache) *IdentityService {
+	return &IdentityService{cache: cache}
 }

 // GetOrCreateFingerprint 获取或创建账号的指纹
 // 如果缓存存在，检测user-agent版本，新版本则更新
 // 如果缓存不存在，生成随机ClientID并从请求头创建指纹，然后缓存
-func (s *IdentityService) GetOrCreateFingerprint(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, headers http.Header) (*Fingerprint, error) {
-	key := identityFingerprintKey + strconv.FormatInt(accountID, 10)
-
-	// 尝试从Redis获取缓存的指纹
-	data, err := s.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Bytes()
-	if err == nil && len(data) > 0 {
-		// 缓存存在，解析指纹
-		var cached Fingerprint
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &cached); err == nil {
-			// 检查客户端的user-agent是否是更新版本
-			clientUA := headers.Get("User-Agent")
-			if clientUA != "" && isNewerVersion(clientUA, cached.UserAgent) {
-				// 更新user-agent
-				cached.UserAgent = clientUA
-				// 保存更新后的指纹
-				if newData, err := json.Marshal(cached); err == nil {
-					s.rdb.Set(ctx, key, newData, 0) // 永不过期
-				}
-				log.Printf("Updated fingerprint user-agent for account %d: %s", accountID, clientUA)
-			}
-			return &cached, nil
+func (s *IdentityService) GetOrCreateFingerprint(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, headers http.Header) (*ports.Fingerprint, error) {
+	// 尝试从缓存获取指纹
+	cached, err := s.cache.GetFingerprint(ctx, accountID)
+	if err == nil && cached != nil {
+		// 检查客户端的user-agent是否是更新版本
+		clientUA := headers.Get("User-Agent")
+		if clientUA != "" && isNewerVersion(clientUA, cached.UserAgent) {
+			// 更新user-agent
+			cached.UserAgent = clientUA
+			// 保存更新后的指纹
+			_ = s.cache.SetFingerprint(ctx, accountID, cached)
+			log.Printf("Updated fingerprint user-agent for account %d: %s", accountID, clientUA)
 		}
+		return cached, nil
 	}

 	// 缓存不存在或解析失败，创建新指纹
@@ -95,11 +69,9 @@ func (s *IdentityService) GetOrCreateFingerprint(ctx context.Context, accountID
 	// 生成随机ClientID
 	fp.ClientID = generateClientID()

-	// 保存到Redis（永不过期）
-	if data, err := json.Marshal(fp); err == nil {
-		if err := s.rdb.Set(ctx, key, data, 0).Err(); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("Warning: failed to cache fingerprint for account %d: %v", accountID, err)
-		}
+	// 保存到缓存（永不过期）
+	if err := s.cache.SetFingerprint(ctx, accountID, fp); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Warning: failed to cache fingerprint for account %d: %v", accountID, err)
 	}

 	log.Printf("Created new fingerprint for account %d with client_id: %s", accountID, fp.ClientID)
@@ -107,8 +79,8 @@ func (s *IdentityService) GetOrCreateFingerprint(ctx context.Context, accountID
 }

 // createFingerprintFromHeaders 从请求头创建指纹
-func (s *IdentityService) createFingerprintFromHeaders(headers http.Header) *Fingerprint {
-	fp := &Fingerprint{}
+func (s *IdentityService) createFingerprintFromHeaders(headers http.Header) *ports.Fingerprint {
+	fp := &ports.Fingerprint{}

 	// 获取User-Agent
 	if ua := headers.Get("User-Agent"); ua != "" {
@@ -137,17 +109,17 @@ func getHeaderOrDefault(headers http.Header, key, defaultValue string) string {
 }

 // ApplyFingerprint 将指纹应用到请求头（覆盖原有的x-stainless-*头）
-func (s *IdentityService) ApplyFingerprint(req *http.Request, fp *Fingerprint) {
+func (s *IdentityService) ApplyFingerprint(req *http.Request, fp *ports.Fingerprint) {
 	if fp == nil {
 		return
 	}

-	// 设置User-Agent
+	// 设置user-agent
 	if fp.UserAgent != "" {
-		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", fp.UserAgent)
+		req.Header.Set("user-agent", fp.UserAgent)
 	}

-	// 设置x-stainless-*头（使用正确的大小写）
+	// 设置x-stainless-*头
 	if fp.StainlessLang != "" {
 		req.Header.Set("X-Stainless-Lang", fp.StainlessLang)
 	}
@@ -177,12 +149,12 @@ func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserID(body []byte, accountID int64, accountUUI
 	}

 	// 解析JSON
-	var reqMap map[string]interface{}
+	var reqMap map[string]any
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &reqMap); err != nil {
 		return body, nil
 	}

-	metadata, ok := reqMap["metadata"].(map[string]interface{})
+	metadata, ok := reqMap["metadata"].(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return body, nil
 	}
--- a/backend/internal/service/oauth_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/oauth_service.go
@@ -2,32 +2,36 @@ package service

 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
-	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"sub2api/internal/model"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/oauth"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
-
-	"github.com/imroc/req/v3"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 )

+// ClaudeOAuthClient handles HTTP requests for Claude OAuth flows
+type ClaudeOAuthClient interface {
+	GetOrganizationUUID(ctx context.Context, sessionKey, proxyURL string) (string, error)
+	GetAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, sessionKey, orgUUID, scope, codeChallenge, state, proxyURL string) (string, error)
+	ExchangeCodeForToken(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerifier, state, proxyURL string) (*oauth.TokenResponse, error)
+	RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, refreshToken, proxyURL string) (*oauth.TokenResponse, error)
+}
+
 // OAuthService handles OAuth authentication flows
 type OAuthService struct {
 	sessionStore *oauth.SessionStore
-	proxyRepo    *repository.ProxyRepository
+	proxyRepo    ports.ProxyRepository
+	oauthClient  ClaudeOAuthClient
 }

 // NewOAuthService creates a new OAuth service
-func NewOAuthService(proxyRepo *repository.ProxyRepository) *OAuthService {
+func NewOAuthService(proxyRepo ports.ProxyRepository, oauthClient ClaudeOAuthClient) *OAuthService {
 	return &OAuthService{
 		sessionStore: oauth.NewSessionStore(),
 		proxyRepo:    proxyRepo,
+		oauthClient:  oauthClient,
 	}
 }

@@ -210,177 +214,21 @@ func (s *OAuthService) CookieAuth(ctx context.Context, input *CookieAuthInput) (

 // getOrganizationUUID gets the organization UUID from claude.ai using sessionKey
 func (s *OAuthService) getOrganizationUUID(ctx context.Context, sessionKey, proxyURL string) (string, error) {
-	client := s.createReqClient(proxyURL)
-
-	var orgs []struct {
-		UUID string `json:"uuid"`
-	}
-
-	targetURL := "https://claude.ai/api/organizations"
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 1: Getting organization UUID from %s", targetURL)
-
-	resp, err := client.R().
-		SetContext(ctx).
-		SetCookies(&http.Cookie{
-			Name:  "sessionKey",
-			Value: sessionKey,
-		}).
-		SetSuccessResult(&orgs).
-		Get(targetURL)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 1 FAILED - Request error: %v", err)
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 1 Response - Status: %d, Body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
-
-	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get organizations: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
-	}
-
-	if len(orgs) == 0 {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("no organizations found")
-	}
-
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 1 SUCCESS - Got org UUID: %s", orgs[0].UUID)
-	return orgs[0].UUID, nil
+	return s.oauthClient.GetOrganizationUUID(ctx, sessionKey, proxyURL)
 }

 // getAuthorizationCode gets the authorization code using sessionKey
 func (s *OAuthService) getAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, sessionKey, orgUUID, scope, codeChallenge, state, proxyURL string) (string, error) {
-	client := s.createReqClient(proxyURL)
-
-	authURL := fmt.Sprintf("https://claude.ai/v1/oauth/%s/authorize", orgUUID)
-
-	// Build request body - must include organization_uuid as per CRS
-	reqBody := map[string]interface{}{
-		"response_type":         "code",
-		"client_id":             oauth.ClientID,
-		"organization_uuid":     orgUUID, // Required field!
-		"redirect_uri":          oauth.RedirectURI,
-		"scope":                 scope,
-		"state":                 state,
-		"code_challenge":        codeChallenge,
-		"code_challenge_method": "S256",
-	}
-
-	reqBodyJSON, _ := json.Marshal(reqBody)
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2: Getting authorization code from %s", authURL)
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2 Request Body: %s", string(reqBodyJSON))
-
-	// Response contains redirect_uri with code, not direct code field
-	var result struct {
-		RedirectURI string `json:"redirect_uri"`
-	}
-
-	resp, err := client.R().
-		SetContext(ctx).
-		SetCookies(&http.Cookie{
-			Name:  "sessionKey",
-			Value: sessionKey,
-		}).
-		SetHeader("Accept", "application/json").
-		SetHeader("Accept-Language", "en-US,en;q=0.9").
-		SetHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache").
-		SetHeader("Origin", "https://claude.ai").
-		SetHeader("Referer", "https://claude.ai/new").
-		SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json").
-		SetBody(reqBody).
-		SetSuccessResult(&result).
-		Post(authURL)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2 FAILED - Request error: %v", err)
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2 Response - Status: %d, Body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
-
-	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get authorization code: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
-	}
-
-	if result.RedirectURI == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("no redirect_uri in response")
-	}
-
-	// Parse redirect_uri to extract code and state
-	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(result.RedirectURI)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse redirect_uri: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	queryParams := parsedURL.Query()
-	authCode := queryParams.Get("code")
-	responseState := queryParams.Get("state")
-
-	if authCode == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("no authorization code in redirect_uri")
-	}
-
-	// Combine code with state if present (as CRS does)
-	fullCode := authCode
-	if responseState != "" {
-		fullCode = authCode + "#" + responseState
-	}
-
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 2 SUCCESS - Got authorization code: %s...", authCode[:20])
-	return fullCode, nil
+	return s.oauthClient.GetAuthorizationCode(ctx, sessionKey, orgUUID, scope, codeChallenge, state, proxyURL)
 }

 // exchangeCodeForToken exchanges authorization code for tokens
 func (s *OAuthService) exchangeCodeForToken(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerifier, state, proxyURL string) (*TokenInfo, error) {
-	client := s.createReqClient(proxyURL)
-
-	// Parse code#state format if present
-	authCode := code
-	codeState := ""
-	if parts := strings.Split(code, "#"); len(parts) > 1 {
-		authCode = parts[0]
-		codeState = parts[1]
-	}
-
-	// Build JSON body as CRS does (not form data!)
-	reqBody := map[string]interface{}{
-		"code":          authCode,
-		"grant_type":    "authorization_code",
-		"client_id":     oauth.ClientID,
-		"redirect_uri":  oauth.RedirectURI,
-		"code_verifier": codeVerifier,
-	}
-
-	// Add state if present
-	if codeState != "" {
-		reqBody["state"] = codeState
-	}
-
-	reqBodyJSON, _ := json.Marshal(reqBody)
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3: Exchanging code for token at %s", oauth.TokenURL)
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3 Request Body: %s", string(reqBodyJSON))
-
-	var tokenResp oauth.TokenResponse
-
-	resp, err := client.R().
-		SetContext(ctx).
-		SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json").
-		SetBody(reqBody).
-		SetSuccessResult(&tokenResp).
-		Post(oauth.TokenURL)
-
+	tokenResp, err := s.oauthClient.ExchangeCodeForToken(ctx, code, codeVerifier, state, proxyURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3 FAILED - Request error: %v", err)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3 Response - Status: %d, Body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
-
-	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("token exchange failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
-	}
-
-	log.Printf("[OAuth] Step 3 SUCCESS - Got access token")
-
 	tokenInfo := &TokenInfo{
 		AccessToken:  tokenResp.AccessToken,
 		TokenType:    tokenResp.TokenType,
@@ -390,7 +238,6 @@ func (s *OAuthService) exchangeCodeForToken(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerif
 		Scope:        tokenResp.Scope,
 	}

-	// Extract org_uuid and account_uuid from response
 	if tokenResp.Organization != nil && tokenResp.Organization.UUID != "" {
 		tokenInfo.OrgUUID = tokenResp.Organization.UUID
 		log.Printf("[OAuth] Got org_uuid: %s", tokenInfo.OrgUUID)
@@ -405,27 +252,9 @@ func (s *OAuthService) exchangeCodeForToken(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerif

 // RefreshToken refreshes an OAuth token
 func (s *OAuthService) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, refreshToken string, proxyURL string) (*TokenInfo, error) {
-	client := s.createReqClient(proxyURL)
-
-	formData := url.Values{}
-	formData.Set("grant_type", "refresh_token")
-	formData.Set("refresh_token", refreshToken)
-	formData.Set("client_id", oauth.ClientID)
-
-	var tokenResp oauth.TokenResponse
-
-	resp, err := client.R().
-		SetContext(ctx).
-		SetFormDataFromValues(formData).
-		SetSuccessResult(&tokenResp).
-		Post(oauth.TokenURL)
-
+	tokenResp, err := s.oauthClient.RefreshToken(ctx, refreshToken, proxyURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("token refresh failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.String())
+		return nil, err
 	}

 	return &TokenInfo{
@@ -456,16 +285,7 @@ func (s *OAuthService) RefreshAccountToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.A
 	return s.RefreshToken(ctx, refreshToken, proxyURL)
 }

-// createReqClient creates a req client with Chrome impersonation and optional proxy
-func (s *OAuthService) createReqClient(proxyURL string) *req.Client {
-	client := req.C().
-		ImpersonateChrome().  // Impersonate Chrome browser to bypass Cloudflare
-		SetTimeout(60 * time.Second)
-
-	// Set proxy if specified
-	if proxyURL != "" {
-		client.SetProxyURL(proxyURL)
-	}
-
-	return client
+// Stop stops the session store cleanup goroutine
+func (s *OAuthService) Stop() {
+	s.sessionStore.Stop()
 }
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,836 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/config"
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+const (
+	// ChatGPT internal API for OAuth accounts
+	chatgptCodexURL = "https://chatgpt.com/backend-api/codex/responses"
+	// OpenAI Platform API for API Key accounts (fallback)
+	openaiPlatformAPIURL   = "https://api.openai.com/v1/responses"
+	openaiStickySessionTTL = time.Hour // 粘性会话TTL
+)
+
+// OpenAI allowed headers whitelist (for non-OAuth accounts)
+var openaiAllowedHeaders = map[string]bool{
+	"accept-language": true,
+	"content-type":    true,
+	"user-agent":      true,
+	"originator":      true,
+	"session_id":      true,
+}
+
+// OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot represents Codex API usage limits from response headers
+type OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot struct {
+	PrimaryUsedPercent          *float64 `json:"primary_used_percent,omitempty"`
+	PrimaryResetAfterSeconds    *int     `json:"primary_reset_after_seconds,omitempty"`
+	PrimaryWindowMinutes        *int     `json:"primary_window_minutes,omitempty"`
+	SecondaryUsedPercent        *float64 `json:"secondary_used_percent,omitempty"`
+	SecondaryResetAfterSeconds  *int     `json:"secondary_reset_after_seconds,omitempty"`
+	SecondaryWindowMinutes      *int     `json:"secondary_window_minutes,omitempty"`
+	PrimaryOverSecondaryPercent *float64 `json:"primary_over_secondary_percent,omitempty"`
+	UpdatedAt                   string   `json:"updated_at,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// OpenAIUsage represents OpenAI API response usage
+type OpenAIUsage struct {
+	InputTokens              int `json:"input_tokens"`
+	OutputTokens             int `json:"output_tokens"`
+	CacheCreationInputTokens int `json:"cache_creation_input_tokens,omitempty"`
+	CacheReadInputTokens     int `json:"cache_read_input_tokens,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// OpenAIForwardResult represents the result of forwarding
+type OpenAIForwardResult struct {
+	RequestID    string
+	Usage        OpenAIUsage
+	Model        string
+	Stream       bool
+	Duration     time.Duration
+	FirstTokenMs *int
+}
+
+// OpenAIGatewayService handles OpenAI API gateway operations
+type OpenAIGatewayService struct {
+	accountRepo         ports.AccountRepository
+	usageLogRepo        ports.UsageLogRepository
+	userRepo            ports.UserRepository
+	userSubRepo         ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
+	cache               ports.GatewayCache
+	cfg                 *config.Config
+	billingService      *BillingService
+	rateLimitService    *RateLimitService
+	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
+	httpUpstream        ports.HTTPUpstream
+}
+
+// NewOpenAIGatewayService creates a new OpenAIGatewayService
+func NewOpenAIGatewayService(
+	accountRepo ports.AccountRepository,
+	usageLogRepo ports.UsageLogRepository,
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
+	userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository,
+	cache ports.GatewayCache,
+	cfg *config.Config,
+	billingService *BillingService,
+	rateLimitService *RateLimitService,
+	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
+	httpUpstream ports.HTTPUpstream,
+) *OpenAIGatewayService {
+	return &OpenAIGatewayService{
+		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
+		usageLogRepo:        usageLogRepo,
+		userRepo:            userRepo,
+		userSubRepo:         userSubRepo,
+		cache:               cache,
+		cfg:                 cfg,
+		billingService:      billingService,
+		rateLimitService:    rateLimitService,
+		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
+		httpUpstream:        httpUpstream,
+	}
+}
+
+// GenerateSessionHash generates session hash from header (OpenAI uses session_id header)
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) GenerateSessionHash(c *gin.Context) string {
+	sessionID := c.GetHeader("session_id")
+	if sessionID == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(sessionID))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])
+}
+
+// SelectAccount selects an OpenAI account with sticky session support
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccount(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string) (*model.Account, error) {
+	return s.SelectAccountForModel(ctx, groupID, sessionHash, "")
+}
+
+// SelectAccountForModel selects an account supporting the requested model
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountForModel(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64, sessionHash string, requestedModel string) (*model.Account, error) {
+	// 1. Check sticky session
+	if sessionHash != "" {
+		accountID, err := s.cache.GetSessionAccountID(ctx, "openai:"+sessionHash)
+		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
+			account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+			if err == nil && account.IsSchedulable() && account.IsOpenAI() && (requestedModel == "" || account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)) {
+				// Refresh sticky session TTL
+				_ = s.cache.RefreshSessionTTL(ctx, "openai:"+sessionHash, openaiStickySessionTTL)
+				return account, nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 2. Get schedulable OpenAI accounts
+	var accounts []model.Account
+	var err error
+	if groupID != nil {
+		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx, *groupID, model.PlatformOpenAI)
+	} else {
+		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx, model.PlatformOpenAI)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 3. Select by priority + LRU
+	var selected *model.Account
+	for i := range accounts {
+		acc := &accounts[i]
+		// Check model support
+		if requestedModel != "" && !acc.IsModelSupported(requestedModel) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if selected == nil {
+			selected = acc
+			continue
+		}
+		// Lower priority value means higher priority
+		if acc.Priority < selected.Priority {
+			selected = acc
+		} else if acc.Priority == selected.Priority {
+			// Same priority, select least recently used
+			if acc.LastUsedAt == nil || (selected.LastUsedAt != nil && acc.LastUsedAt.Before(*selected.LastUsedAt)) {
+				selected = acc
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if selected == nil {
+		if requestedModel != "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("no available OpenAI accounts supporting model: %s", requestedModel)
+		}
+		return nil, errors.New("no available OpenAI accounts")
+	}
+
+	// 4. Set sticky session
+	if sessionHash != "" {
+		_ = s.cache.SetSessionAccountID(ctx, "openai:"+sessionHash, selected.ID, openaiStickySessionTTL)
+	}
+
+	return selected, nil
+}
+
+// GetAccessToken gets the access token for an OpenAI account
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) GetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) (string, string, error) {
+	switch account.Type {
+	case model.AccountTypeOAuth:
+		accessToken := account.GetOpenAIAccessToken()
+		if accessToken == "" {
+			return "", "", errors.New("access_token not found in credentials")
+		}
+		return accessToken, "oauth", nil
+	case model.AccountTypeApiKey:
+		apiKey := account.GetOpenAIApiKey()
+		if apiKey == "" {
+			return "", "", errors.New("api_key not found in credentials")
+		}
+		return apiKey, "apikey", nil
+	default:
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported account type: %s", account.Type)
+	}
+}
+
+// Forward forwards request to OpenAI API
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, body []byte) (*OpenAIForwardResult, error) {
+	startTime := time.Now()
+
+	// Parse request body once (avoid multiple parse/serialize cycles)
+	var reqBody map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &reqBody); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Extract model and stream from parsed body
+	reqModel, _ := reqBody["model"].(string)
+	reqStream, _ := reqBody["stream"].(bool)
+
+	// Track if body needs re-serialization
+	bodyModified := false
+	originalModel := reqModel
+
+	// Apply model mapping
+	mappedModel := account.GetMappedModel(reqModel)
+	if mappedModel != reqModel {
+		reqBody["model"] = mappedModel
+		bodyModified = true
+	}
+
+	// For OAuth accounts using ChatGPT internal API, add store: false
+	if account.Type == model.AccountTypeOAuth {
+		reqBody["store"] = false
+		bodyModified = true
+	}
+
+	// Re-serialize body only if modified
+	if bodyModified {
+		var err error
+		body, err = json.Marshal(reqBody)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("serialize request body: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Get access token
+	token, _, err := s.GetAccessToken(ctx, account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Build upstream request
+	upstreamReq, err := s.buildUpstreamRequest(ctx, c, account, body, token, reqStream)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Get proxy URL
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
+	// Send request
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	// Handle error response
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return s.handleErrorResponse(ctx, resp, c, account)
+	}
+
+	// Handle normal response
+	var usage *OpenAIUsage
+	var firstTokenMs *int
+	if reqStream {
+		streamResult, err := s.handleStreamingResponse(ctx, resp, c, account, startTime, originalModel, mappedModel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		usage = streamResult.usage
+		firstTokenMs = streamResult.firstTokenMs
+	} else {
+		usage, err = s.handleNonStreamingResponse(ctx, resp, c, account, originalModel, mappedModel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Extract and save Codex usage snapshot from response headers (for OAuth accounts)
+	if account.Type == model.AccountTypeOAuth {
+		if snapshot := extractCodexUsageHeaders(resp.Header); snapshot != nil {
+			s.updateCodexUsageSnapshot(ctx, account.ID, snapshot)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &OpenAIForwardResult{
+		RequestID:    resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+		Usage:        *usage,
+		Model:        originalModel,
+		Stream:       reqStream,
+		Duration:     time.Since(startTime),
+		FirstTokenMs: firstTokenMs,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) buildUpstreamRequest(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, body []byte, token string, isStream bool) (*http.Request, error) {
+	// Determine target URL based on account type
+	var targetURL string
+	switch account.Type {
+	case model.AccountTypeOAuth:
+		// OAuth accounts use ChatGPT internal API
+		targetURL = chatgptCodexURL
+	case model.AccountTypeApiKey:
+		// API Key accounts use Platform API or custom base URL
+		baseURL := account.GetOpenAIBaseURL()
+		if baseURL != "" {
+			targetURL = baseURL + "/v1/responses"
+		} else {
+			targetURL = openaiPlatformAPIURL
+		}
+	default:
+		targetURL = openaiPlatformAPIURL
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", targetURL, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Set authentication header
+	req.Header.Set("authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+
+	// Set headers specific to OAuth accounts (ChatGPT internal API)
+	if account.Type == model.AccountTypeOAuth {
+		// Required: set Host for ChatGPT API (must use req.Host, not Header.Set)
+		req.Host = "chatgpt.com"
+		// Required: set chatgpt-account-id header
+		chatgptAccountID := account.GetChatGPTAccountID()
+		if chatgptAccountID != "" {
+			req.Header.Set("chatgpt-account-id", chatgptAccountID)
+		}
+		// Set accept header based on stream mode
+		if isStream {
+			req.Header.Set("accept", "text/event-stream")
+		} else {
+			req.Header.Set("accept", "application/json")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Whitelist passthrough headers
+	for key, values := range c.Request.Header {
+		lowerKey := strings.ToLower(key)
+		if openaiAllowedHeaders[lowerKey] {
+			for _, v := range values {
+				req.Header.Add(key, v)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Apply custom User-Agent if configured
+	customUA := account.GetOpenAIUserAgent()
+	if customUA != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("user-agent", customUA)
+	}
+
+	// Ensure required headers exist
+	if req.Header.Get("content-type") == "" {
+		req.Header.Set("content-type", "application/json")
+	}
+
+	return req, nil
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, account *model.Account) (*OpenAIForwardResult, error) {
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+
+	// Check custom error codes
+	if !account.ShouldHandleErrorCode(resp.StatusCode) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{
+			"error": gin.H{
+				"type":    "upstream_error",
+				"message": "Upstream gateway error",
+			},
+		})
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d (not in custom error codes)", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	// Handle upstream error (mark account status)
+	s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, body)
+
+	// Return appropriate error response
+	var errType, errMsg string
+	var statusCode int
+
+	switch resp.StatusCode {
+	case 401:
+		statusCode = http.StatusBadGateway
+		errType = "upstream_error"
+		errMsg = "Upstream authentication failed, please contact administrator"
+	case 403:
+		statusCode = http.StatusBadGateway
+		errType = "upstream_error"
+		errMsg = "Upstream access forbidden, please contact administrator"
+	case 429:
+		statusCode = http.StatusTooManyRequests
+		errType = "rate_limit_error"
+		errMsg = "Upstream rate limit exceeded, please retry later"
+	default:
+		statusCode = http.StatusBadGateway
+		errType = "upstream_error"
+		errMsg = "Upstream request failed"
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(statusCode, gin.H{
+		"error": gin.H{
+			"type":    errType,
+			"message": errMsg,
+		},
+	})
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+}
+
+// openaiStreamingResult streaming response result
+type openaiStreamingResult struct {
+	usage        *OpenAIUsage
+	firstTokenMs *int
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, startTime time.Time, originalModel, mappedModel string) (*openaiStreamingResult, error) {
+	// Set SSE response headers
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Header("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+
+	// Pass through other headers
+	if v := resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"); v != "" {
+		c.Header("x-request-id", v)
+	}
+
+	w := c.Writer
+	flusher, ok := w.(http.Flusher)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("streaming not supported")
+	}
+
+	usage := &OpenAIUsage{}
+	var firstTokenMs *int
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(resp.Body)
+	scanner.Buffer(make([]byte, 64*1024), 1024*1024)
+
+	needModelReplace := originalModel != mappedModel
+
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+
+		// Replace model in response if needed
+		if needModelReplace && strings.HasPrefix(line, "data: ") {
+			line = s.replaceModelInSSELine(line, mappedModel, originalModel)
+		}
+
+		// Forward line
+		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", line); err != nil {
+			return &openaiStreamingResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, err
+		}
+		flusher.Flush()
+
+		// Parse usage data
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "data: ") {
+			data := line[6:]
+			// Record first token time
+			if firstTokenMs == nil && data != "" && data != "[DONE]" {
+				ms := int(time.Since(startTime).Milliseconds())
+				firstTokenMs = &ms
+			}
+			s.parseSSEUsage(data, usage)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		return &openaiStreamingResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, fmt.Errorf("stream read error: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &openaiStreamingResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) replaceModelInSSELine(line, fromModel, toModel string) string {
+	data := line[6:]
+	if data == "" || data == "[DONE]" {
+		return line
+	}
+
+	var event map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &event); err != nil {
+		return line
+	}
+
+	// Replace model in response
+	if m, ok := event["model"].(string); ok && m == fromModel {
+		event["model"] = toModel
+		newData, err := json.Marshal(event)
+		if err != nil {
+			return line
+		}
+		return "data: " + string(newData)
+	}
+
+	// Check nested response
+	if response, ok := event["response"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		if m, ok := response["model"].(string); ok && m == fromModel {
+			response["model"] = toModel
+			newData, err := json.Marshal(event)
+			if err != nil {
+				return line
+			}
+			return "data: " + string(newData)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return line
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) parseSSEUsage(data string, usage *OpenAIUsage) {
+	// Parse response.completed event for usage (OpenAI Responses format)
+	var event struct {
+		Type     string `json:"type"`
+		Response struct {
+			Usage struct {
+				InputTokens       int `json:"input_tokens"`
+				OutputTokens      int `json:"output_tokens"`
+				InputTokenDetails struct {
+					CachedTokens int `json:"cached_tokens"`
+				} `json:"input_tokens_details"`
+			} `json:"usage"`
+		} `json:"response"`
+	}
+
+	if json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &event) == nil && event.Type == "response.completed" {
+		usage.InputTokens = event.Response.Usage.InputTokens
+		usage.OutputTokens = event.Response.Usage.OutputTokens
+		usage.CacheReadInputTokens = event.Response.Usage.InputTokenDetails.CachedTokens
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleNonStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Response, c *gin.Context, account *model.Account, originalModel, mappedModel string) (*OpenAIUsage, error) {
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Parse usage
+	var response struct {
+		Usage struct {
+			InputTokens       int `json:"input_tokens"`
+			OutputTokens      int `json:"output_tokens"`
+			InputTokenDetails struct {
+				CachedTokens int `json:"cached_tokens"`
+			} `json:"input_tokens_details"`
+		} `json:"usage"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	usage := &OpenAIUsage{
+		InputTokens:          response.Usage.InputTokens,
+		OutputTokens:         response.Usage.OutputTokens,
+		CacheReadInputTokens: response.Usage.InputTokenDetails.CachedTokens,
+	}
+
+	// Replace model in response if needed
+	if originalModel != mappedModel {
+		body = s.replaceModelInResponseBody(body, mappedModel, originalModel)
+	}
+
+	// Pass through headers
+	for key, values := range resp.Header {
+		for _, value := range values {
+			c.Header(key, value)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Data(resp.StatusCode, "application/json", body)
+
+	return usage, nil
+}
+
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) replaceModelInResponseBody(body []byte, fromModel, toModel string) []byte {
+	var resp map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &resp); err != nil {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	model, ok := resp["model"].(string)
+	if !ok || model != fromModel {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	resp["model"] = toModel
+	newBody, err := json.Marshal(resp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	return newBody
+}
+
+// OpenAIRecordUsageInput input for recording usage
+type OpenAIRecordUsageInput struct {
+	Result       *OpenAIForwardResult
+	ApiKey       *model.ApiKey
+	User         *model.User
+	Account      *model.Account
+	Subscription *model.UserSubscription
+}
+
+// RecordUsage records usage and deducts balance
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *OpenAIRecordUsageInput) error {
+	result := input.Result
+	apiKey := input.ApiKey
+	user := input.User
+	account := input.Account
+	subscription := input.Subscription
+
+	// 计算实际的新输入token（减去缓存读取的token）
+	// 因为 input_tokens 包含了 cache_read_tokens，而缓存读取的token不应按输入价格计费
+	actualInputTokens := result.Usage.InputTokens - result.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
+	if actualInputTokens < 0 {
+		actualInputTokens = 0
+	}
+
+	// Calculate cost
+	tokens := UsageTokens{
+		InputTokens:         actualInputTokens,
+		OutputTokens:        result.Usage.OutputTokens,
+		CacheCreationTokens: result.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens,
+		CacheReadTokens:     result.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens,
+	}
+
+	// Get rate multiplier
+	multiplier := s.cfg.Default.RateMultiplier
+	if apiKey.GroupID != nil && apiKey.Group != nil {
+		multiplier = apiKey.Group.RateMultiplier
+	}
+
+	cost, err := s.billingService.CalculateCost(result.Model, tokens, multiplier)
+	if err != nil {
+		cost = &CostBreakdown{ActualCost: 0}
+	}
+
+	// Determine billing type
+	isSubscriptionBilling := subscription != nil && apiKey.Group != nil && apiKey.Group.IsSubscriptionType()
+	billingType := model.BillingTypeBalance
+	if isSubscriptionBilling {
+		billingType = model.BillingTypeSubscription
+	}
+
+	// Create usage log
+	durationMs := int(result.Duration.Milliseconds())
+	usageLog := &model.UsageLog{
+		UserID:              user.ID,
+		ApiKeyID:            apiKey.ID,
+		AccountID:           account.ID,
+		RequestID:           result.RequestID,
+		Model:               result.Model,
+		InputTokens:         actualInputTokens,
+		OutputTokens:        result.Usage.OutputTokens,
+		CacheCreationTokens: result.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens,
+		CacheReadTokens:     result.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens,
+		InputCost:           cost.InputCost,
+		OutputCost:          cost.OutputCost,
+		CacheCreationCost:   cost.CacheCreationCost,
+		CacheReadCost:       cost.CacheReadCost,
+		TotalCost:           cost.TotalCost,
+		ActualCost:          cost.ActualCost,
+		RateMultiplier:      multiplier,
+		BillingType:         billingType,
+		Stream:              result.Stream,
+		DurationMs:          &durationMs,
+		FirstTokenMs:        result.FirstTokenMs,
+		CreatedAt:           time.Now(),
+	}
+
+	if apiKey.GroupID != nil {
+		usageLog.GroupID = apiKey.GroupID
+	}
+	if subscription != nil {
+		usageLog.SubscriptionID = &subscription.ID
+	}
+
+	_ = s.usageLogRepo.Create(ctx, usageLog)
+
+	// Deduct based on billing type
+	if isSubscriptionBilling {
+		if cost.TotalCost > 0 {
+			_ = s.userSubRepo.IncrementUsage(ctx, subscription.ID, cost.TotalCost)
+			go func() {
+				cacheCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+				defer cancel()
+				_ = s.billingCacheService.UpdateSubscriptionUsage(cacheCtx, user.ID, *apiKey.GroupID, cost.TotalCost)
+			}()
+		}
+	} else {
+		if cost.ActualCost > 0 {
+			_ = s.userRepo.DeductBalance(ctx, user.ID, cost.ActualCost)
+			go func() {
+				cacheCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+				defer cancel()
+				_ = s.billingCacheService.DeductBalanceCache(cacheCtx, user.ID, cost.ActualCost)
+			}()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Update account last used
+	_ = s.accountRepo.UpdateLastUsed(ctx, account.ID)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// extractCodexUsageHeaders extracts Codex usage limits from response headers
+func extractCodexUsageHeaders(headers http.Header) *OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot {
+	snapshot := &OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot{}
+	hasData := false
+
+	// Helper to parse float64 from header
+	parseFloat := func(key string) *float64 {
+		if v := headers.Get(key); v != "" {
+			if f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(v, 64); err == nil {
+				return &f
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Helper to parse int from header
+	parseInt := func(key string) *int {
+		if v := headers.Get(key); v != "" {
+			if i, err := strconv.Atoi(v); err == nil {
+				return &i
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Primary (weekly) limits
+	if v := parseFloat("x-codex-primary-used-percent"); v != nil {
+		snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent = v
+		hasData = true
+	}
+	if v := parseInt("x-codex-primary-reset-after-seconds"); v != nil {
+		snapshot.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds = v
+		hasData = true
+	}
+	if v := parseInt("x-codex-primary-window-minutes"); v != nil {
+		snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes = v
+		hasData = true
+	}
+
+	// Secondary (5h) limits
+	if v := parseFloat("x-codex-secondary-used-percent"); v != nil {
+		snapshot.SecondaryUsedPercent = v
+		hasData = true
+	}
+	if v := parseInt("x-codex-secondary-reset-after-seconds"); v != nil {
+		snapshot.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds = v
+		hasData = true
+	}
+	if v := parseInt("x-codex-secondary-window-minutes"); v != nil {
+		snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes = v
+		hasData = true
+	}
+
+	// Overflow ratio
+	if v := parseFloat("x-codex-primary-over-secondary-limit-percent"); v != nil {
+		snapshot.PrimaryOverSecondaryPercent = v
+		hasData = true
+	}
+
+	if !hasData {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	snapshot.UpdatedAt = time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	return snapshot
+}
+
+// updateCodexUsageSnapshot saves the Codex usage snapshot to account's Extra field
+func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) updateCodexUsageSnapshot(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, snapshot *OpenAICodexUsageSnapshot) {
+	if snapshot == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Convert snapshot to map for merging into Extra
+	updates := make(map[string]any)
+	if snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent != nil {
+		updates["codex_primary_used_percent"] = *snapshot.PrimaryUsedPercent
+	}
+	if snapshot.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds != nil {
+		updates["codex_primary_reset_after_seconds"] = *snapshot.PrimaryResetAfterSeconds
+	}
+	if snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes != nil {
+		updates["codex_primary_window_minutes"] = *snapshot.PrimaryWindowMinutes
+	}
+	if snapshot.SecondaryUsedPercent != nil {
+		updates["codex_secondary_used_percent"] = *snapshot.SecondaryUsedPercent
+	}
+	if snapshot.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds != nil {
+		updates["codex_secondary_reset_after_seconds"] = *snapshot.SecondaryResetAfterSeconds
+	}
+	if snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes != nil {
+		updates["codex_secondary_window_minutes"] = *snapshot.SecondaryWindowMinutes
+	}
+	if snapshot.PrimaryOverSecondaryPercent != nil {
+		updates["codex_primary_over_secondary_percent"] = *snapshot.PrimaryOverSecondaryPercent
+	}
+	updates["codex_usage_updated_at"] = snapshot.UpdatedAt
+
+	// Update account's Extra field asynchronously
+	go func() {
+		updateCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		_ = s.accountRepo.UpdateExtra(updateCtx, accountID, updates)
+	}()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_oauth_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_oauth_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+)
+
+// OpenAIOAuthService handles OpenAI OAuth authentication flows
+type OpenAIOAuthService struct {
+	sessionStore *openai.SessionStore
+	proxyRepo    ports.ProxyRepository
+	oauthClient  ports.OpenAIOAuthClient
+}
+
+// NewOpenAIOAuthService creates a new OpenAI OAuth service
+func NewOpenAIOAuthService(proxyRepo ports.ProxyRepository, oauthClient ports.OpenAIOAuthClient) *OpenAIOAuthService {
+	return &OpenAIOAuthService{
+		sessionStore: openai.NewSessionStore(),
+		proxyRepo:    proxyRepo,
+		oauthClient:  oauthClient,
+	}
+}
+
+// OpenAIAuthURLResult contains the authorization URL and session info
+type OpenAIAuthURLResult struct {
+	AuthURL   string `json:"auth_url"`
+	SessionID string `json:"session_id"`
+}
+
+// GenerateAuthURL generates an OpenAI OAuth authorization URL
+func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) GenerateAuthURL(ctx context.Context, proxyID *int64, redirectURI string) (*OpenAIAuthURLResult, error) {
+	// Generate PKCE values
+	state, err := openai.GenerateState()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate state: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	codeVerifier, err := openai.GenerateCodeVerifier()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate code verifier: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	codeChallenge := openai.GenerateCodeChallenge(codeVerifier)
+
+	// Generate session ID
+	sessionID, err := openai.GenerateSessionID()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate session ID: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get proxy URL if specified
+	var proxyURL string
+	if proxyID != nil {
+		proxy, err := s.proxyRepo.GetByID(ctx, *proxyID)
+		if err == nil && proxy != nil {
+			proxyURL = proxy.URL()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Use default redirect URI if not specified
+	if redirectURI == "" {
+		redirectURI = openai.DefaultRedirectURI
+	}
+
+	// Store session
+	session := &openai.OAuthSession{
+		State:        state,
+		CodeVerifier: codeVerifier,
+		RedirectURI:  redirectURI,
+		ProxyURL:     proxyURL,
+		CreatedAt:    time.Now(),
+	}
+	s.sessionStore.Set(sessionID, session)
+
+	// Build authorization URL
+	authURL := openai.BuildAuthorizationURL(state, codeChallenge, redirectURI)
+
+	return &OpenAIAuthURLResult{
+		AuthURL:   authURL,
+		SessionID: sessionID,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// OpenAIExchangeCodeInput represents the input for code exchange
+type OpenAIExchangeCodeInput struct {
+	SessionID   string
+	Code        string
+	RedirectURI string
+	ProxyID     *int64
+}
+
+// OpenAITokenInfo represents the token information for OpenAI
+type OpenAITokenInfo struct {
+	AccessToken      string `json:"access_token"`
+	RefreshToken     string `json:"refresh_token"`
+	IDToken          string `json:"id_token,omitempty"`
+	ExpiresIn        int64  `json:"expires_in"`
+	ExpiresAt        int64  `json:"expires_at"`
+	Email            string `json:"email,omitempty"`
+	ChatGPTAccountID string `json:"chatgpt_account_id,omitempty"`
+	ChatGPTUserID    string `json:"chatgpt_user_id,omitempty"`
+	OrganizationID   string `json:"organization_id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// ExchangeCode exchanges authorization code for tokens
+func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, input *OpenAIExchangeCodeInput) (*OpenAITokenInfo, error) {
+	// Get session
+	session, ok := s.sessionStore.Get(input.SessionID)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("session not found or expired")
+	}
+
+	// Get proxy URL
+	proxyURL := session.ProxyURL
+	if input.ProxyID != nil {
+		proxy, err := s.proxyRepo.GetByID(ctx, *input.ProxyID)
+		if err == nil && proxy != nil {
+			proxyURL = proxy.URL()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Use redirect URI from session or input
+	redirectURI := session.RedirectURI
+	if input.RedirectURI != "" {
+		redirectURI = input.RedirectURI
+	}
+
+	// Exchange code for token
+	tokenResp, err := s.oauthClient.ExchangeCode(ctx, input.Code, session.CodeVerifier, redirectURI, proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to exchange code: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Parse ID token to get user info
+	var userInfo *openai.UserInfo
+	if tokenResp.IDToken != "" {
+		claims, err := openai.ParseIDToken(tokenResp.IDToken)
+		if err == nil {
+			userInfo = claims.GetUserInfo()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Delete session after successful exchange
+	s.sessionStore.Delete(input.SessionID)
+
+	tokenInfo := &OpenAITokenInfo{
+		AccessToken:  tokenResp.AccessToken,
+		RefreshToken: tokenResp.RefreshToken,
+		IDToken:      tokenResp.IDToken,
+		ExpiresIn:    int64(tokenResp.ExpiresIn),
+		ExpiresAt:    time.Now().Unix() + int64(tokenResp.ExpiresIn),
+	}
+
+	if userInfo != nil {
+		tokenInfo.Email = userInfo.Email
+		tokenInfo.ChatGPTAccountID = userInfo.ChatGPTAccountID
+		tokenInfo.ChatGPTUserID = userInfo.ChatGPTUserID
+		tokenInfo.OrganizationID = userInfo.OrganizationID
+	}
+
+	return tokenInfo, nil
+}
+
+// RefreshToken refreshes an OpenAI OAuth token
+func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, refreshToken string, proxyURL string) (*OpenAITokenInfo, error) {
+	tokenResp, err := s.oauthClient.RefreshToken(ctx, refreshToken, proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Parse ID token to get user info
+	var userInfo *openai.UserInfo
+	if tokenResp.IDToken != "" {
+		claims, err := openai.ParseIDToken(tokenResp.IDToken)
+		if err == nil {
+			userInfo = claims.GetUserInfo()
+		}
+	}
+
+	tokenInfo := &OpenAITokenInfo{
+		AccessToken:  tokenResp.AccessToken,
+		RefreshToken: tokenResp.RefreshToken,
+		IDToken:      tokenResp.IDToken,
+		ExpiresIn:    int64(tokenResp.ExpiresIn),
+		ExpiresAt:    time.Now().Unix() + int64(tokenResp.ExpiresIn),
+	}
+
+	if userInfo != nil {
+		tokenInfo.Email = userInfo.Email
+		tokenInfo.ChatGPTAccountID = userInfo.ChatGPTAccountID
+		tokenInfo.ChatGPTUserID = userInfo.ChatGPTUserID
+		tokenInfo.OrganizationID = userInfo.OrganizationID
+	}
+
+	return tokenInfo, nil
+}
+
+// RefreshAccountToken refreshes token for an OpenAI account
+func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) RefreshAccountToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) (*OpenAITokenInfo, error) {
+	if !account.IsOpenAI() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("account is not an OpenAI account")
+	}
+
+	refreshToken := account.GetOpenAIRefreshToken()
+	if refreshToken == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no refresh token available")
+	}
+
+	var proxyURL string
+	if account.ProxyID != nil {
+		proxy, err := s.proxyRepo.GetByID(ctx, *account.ProxyID)
+		if err == nil && proxy != nil {
+			proxyURL = proxy.URL()
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s.RefreshToken(ctx, refreshToken, proxyURL)
+}
+
+// BuildAccountCredentials builds credentials map from token info
+func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo *OpenAITokenInfo) map[string]any {
+	expiresAt := time.Unix(tokenInfo.ExpiresAt, 0).Format(time.RFC3339)
+
+	creds := map[string]any{
+		"access_token":  tokenInfo.AccessToken,
+		"refresh_token": tokenInfo.RefreshToken,
+		"expires_at":    expiresAt,
+	}
+
+	if tokenInfo.IDToken != "" {
+		creds["id_token"] = tokenInfo.IDToken
+	}
+	if tokenInfo.Email != "" {
+		creds["email"] = tokenInfo.Email
+	}
+	if tokenInfo.ChatGPTAccountID != "" {
+		creds["chatgpt_account_id"] = tokenInfo.ChatGPTAccountID
+	}
+	if tokenInfo.ChatGPTUserID != "" {
+		creds["chatgpt_user_id"] = tokenInfo.ChatGPTUserID
+	}
+	if tokenInfo.OrganizationID != "" {
+		creds["organization_id"] = tokenInfo.OrganizationID
+	}
+
+	return creds
+}
+
+// Stop stops the session store cleanup goroutine
+func (s *OpenAIOAuthService) Stop() {
+	s.sessionStore.Stop()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/ports/account.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/account.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+type AccountRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Account, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListByGroup(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]model.Account, error)
+	ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]model.Account, error)
+	ListByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]model.Account, error)
+
+	UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+	SetError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg string) error
+	SetSchedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64, schedulable bool) error
+	BindGroups(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, groupIDs []int64) error
+
+	ListSchedulable(ctx context.Context) ([]model.Account, error)
+	ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]model.Account, error)
+	ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]model.Account, error)
+	ListSchedulableByGroupIDAndPlatform(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, platform string) ([]model.Account, error)
+
+	SetRateLimited(ctx context.Context, id int64, resetAt time.Time) error
+	SetOverloaded(ctx context.Context, id int64, until time.Time) error
+	ClearRateLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+	UpdateSessionWindow(ctx context.Context, id int64, start, end *time.Time, status string) error
+	UpdateExtra(ctx context.Context, id int64, updates map[string]any) error
+}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More