Merge pull request #1134 from yasu-dev221/fix/openai-compat-prompt-cache-key

fix(openai): add fallback prompt_cache_key for compat codex OAuth requests

.gitattributes

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@ backend/migrations/*.sql text eol=lf
 # Go 源代码文件
 *.go text eol=lf
 
+# 前端 源代码文件
+*.ts text eol=lf
+*.tsx text eol=lf
+*.js text eol=lf
+*.jsx text eol=lf
+*.vue text eol=lf
+
 # Shell 脚本
 *.sh text eol=lf
 

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -271,3 +271,36 @@ jobs:
                 parse_mode: "Markdown",
                 disable_web_page_preview: true
               }')"
+
+  sync-version-file:
+    needs: [release]
+    if: ${{ needs.release.result == 'success' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout default branch
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }}
+
+      - name: Sync VERSION file to released tag
+        run: |
+          if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
+            VERSION=${{ github.event.inputs.tag }}
+            VERSION=${VERSION#v}
+          else
+            VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/v}
+          fi
+
+          CURRENT_VERSION=$(tr -d '\r\n' < backend/cmd/server/VERSION || true)
+          if [ "$CURRENT_VERSION" = "$VERSION" ]; then
+            echo "VERSION file already matches $VERSION"
+            exit 0
+          fi
+
+          echo "$VERSION" > backend/cmd/server/VERSION
+
+          git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
+          git config user.email "41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+          git add backend/cmd/server/VERSION
+          git commit -m "chore: sync VERSION to ${VERSION} [skip ci]"
+          git push origin HEAD:${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }}

.goreleaser.simple.yaml

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ dockers:
       - "ghcr.io/{{ .Env.GITHUB_REPO_OWNER_LOWER }}/sub2api:latest"
     dockerfile: Dockerfile.goreleaser
     use: buildx
+    extra_files:
+      - deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh
     build_flag_templates:
       - "--platform=linux/amd64"
       - "--label=org.opencontainers.image.version={{ .Version }}"

.goreleaser.yaml

@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ dockers:
       - "{{ .Env.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}/sub2api:{{ .Version }}-amd64"
     dockerfile: Dockerfile.goreleaser
     use: buildx
+    extra_files:
+      - deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh
     build_flag_templates:
       - "--platform=linux/amd64"
       - "--label=org.opencontainers.image.version={{ .Version }}"
@@ -76,6 +78,8 @@ dockers:
       - "{{ .Env.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}/sub2api:{{ .Version }}-arm64"
     dockerfile: Dockerfile.goreleaser
     use: buildx
+    extra_files:
+      - deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh
     build_flag_templates:
       - "--platform=linux/arm64"
       - "--label=org.opencontainers.image.version={{ .Version }}"
@@ -89,6 +93,8 @@ dockers:
       - "ghcr.io/{{ .Env.GITHUB_REPO_OWNER_LOWER }}/sub2api:{{ .Version }}-amd64"
     dockerfile: Dockerfile.goreleaser
     use: buildx
+    extra_files:
+      - deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh
     build_flag_templates:
       - "--platform=linux/amd64"
       - "--label=org.opencontainers.image.version={{ .Version }}"
@@ -102,6 +108,8 @@ dockers:
       - "ghcr.io/{{ .Env.GITHUB_REPO_OWNER_LOWER }}/sub2api:{{ .Version }}-arm64"
     dockerfile: Dockerfile.goreleaser
     use: buildx
+    extra_files:
+      - deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh
     build_flag_templates:
       - "--platform=linux/arm64"
       - "--label=org.opencontainers.image.version={{ .Version }}"

Dockerfile

@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ LABEL org.opencontainers.image.source="https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api"
 RUN apk add --no-cache \
     ca-certificates \
     tzdata \
+    su-exec \
     libpq \
     zstd-libs \
     lz4-libs \
@@ -120,8 +121,9 @@ COPY --from=backend-builder --chown=sub2api:sub2api /app/backend/resources /app/
 # Create data directory
 RUN mkdir -p /app/data && chown sub2api:sub2api /app/data
 
-# Switch to non-root user
-USER sub2api
+# Copy entrypoint script (fixes volume permissions then drops to sub2api)
+COPY deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh /app/docker-entrypoint.sh
+RUN chmod +x /app/docker-entrypoint.sh
 
 # Expose port (can be overridden by SERVER_PORT env var)
 EXPOSE 8080
@@ -130,5 +132,6 @@ EXPOSE 8080
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=10s --start-period=10s --retries=3 \
     CMD wget -q -T 5 -O /dev/null http://localhost:${SERVER_PORT:-8080}/health || exit 1
 
-# Run the application
-ENTRYPOINT ["/app/sub2api"]
+# Run the application (entrypoint fixes /app/data ownership then execs as sub2api)
+ENTRYPOINT ["/app/docker-entrypoint.sh"]
+CMD ["/app/sub2api"]

Dockerfile.goreleaser

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ RUN apk add --no-cache \
     ca-certificates \
     tzdata \
     curl \
+    su-exec \
     libpq \
     zstd-libs \
     lz4-libs \
@@ -47,11 +48,15 @@ COPY sub2api /app/sub2api
 # Create data directory
 RUN mkdir -p /app/data && chown -R sub2api:sub2api /app
 
-USER sub2api
+# Copy entrypoint script (fixes volume permissions then drops to sub2api)
+COPY deploy/docker-entrypoint.sh /app/docker-entrypoint.sh
+RUN chmod +x /app/docker-entrypoint.sh
 
 EXPOSE 8080
 
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=10s --start-period=10s --retries=3 \
     CMD curl -f http://localhost:${SERVER_PORT:-8080}/health || exit 1
 
-ENTRYPOINT ["/app/sub2api"]
+# Run the application (entrypoint fixes /app/data ownership then execs as sub2api)
+ENTRYPOINT ["/app/docker-entrypoint.sh"]
+CMD ["/app/sub2api"]

README.md

@@ -8,27 +8,31 @@
 [![Redis](https://img.shields.io/badge/Redis-7+-DC382D.svg)](https://redis.io/)
 [![Docker](https://img.shields.io/badge/Docker-Ready-2496ED.svg)](https://www.docker.com/)
 
+<a href="https://trendshift.io/repositories/21823" target="_blank"><img src="https://trendshift.io/api/badge/repositories/21823" alt="Wei-Shaw%2Fsub2api | Trendshift" width="250" height="55"/></a>
+
 **AI API Gateway Platform for Subscription Quota Distribution**
 
 English | [中文](README_CN.md)
 
 </div>
 
+> **Sub2API officially uses only the domains `sub2api.org` and `pincc.ai`. Other websites using the Sub2API name may be third-party deployments or services and are not affiliated with this project. Please verify and exercise your own judgment.**
+
 ---
 
 ## Demo
 
-Try Sub2API online: **https://demo.sub2api.org/**
+Try Sub2API online: **[https://demo.sub2api.org/](https://demo.sub2api.org/)**
 
 Demo credentials (shared demo environment; **not** created automatically for self-hosted installs):
 
 | Email | Password |
 |-------|----------|
-| admin@sub2api.com | admin123 |
+| admin@sub2api.org | admin123 |
 
 ## Overview
 
-Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quotas from AI product subscriptions (like Claude Code $200/month). Users can access upstream AI services through platform-generated API Keys, while the platform handles authentication, billing, load balancing, and request forwarding.
+Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quotas from AI product subscriptions. Users can access upstream AI services through platform-generated API Keys, while the platform handles authentication, billing, load balancing, and request forwarding.
 
 ## Features
 
@@ -41,6 +45,15 @@ Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quot
 - **Admin Dashboard** - Web interface for monitoring and management
 - **External System Integration** - Embed external systems (e.g. payment, ticketing) via iframe to extend the admin dashboard
 
+## Don't Want to Self-Host?
+
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td width="180" align="center" valign="middle"><a href="https://shop.pincc.ai/"><img src="assets/partners/logos/pincc-logo.png" alt="pincc" width="120"></a></td>
+<td valign="middle"><b><a href="https://shop.pincc.ai/">PinCC</a></b> is the official relay service built on Sub2API, offering stable access to Claude Code, Codex, Gemini and other popular models — ready to use, no deployment or maintenance required.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
 ## Ecosystem
 
 Community projects that extend or integrate with Sub2API:
@@ -61,10 +74,15 @@ Community projects that extend or integrate with Sub2API:
 
 ---
 
-## Documentation
+## Nginx Reverse Proxy Note
 
-- Dependency Security: `docs/dependency-security.md`
-- Admin Payment Integration API: `docs/ADMIN_PAYMENT_INTEGRATION_API.md`
+When using Nginx as a reverse proxy for Sub2API (or CRS) with Codex CLI, add the following to the `http` block in your Nginx configuration:
+
+```nginx
+underscores_in_headers on;
+```
+
+Nginx drops headers containing underscores by default (e.g. `session_id`), which breaks sticky session routing in multi-account setups.
 
 ---
 

README_CN.md

@@ -8,27 +8,30 @@
 [![Redis](https://img.shields.io/badge/Redis-7+-DC382D.svg)](https://redis.io/)
 [![Docker](https://img.shields.io/badge/Docker-Ready-2496ED.svg)](https://www.docker.com/)
 
+<a href="https://trendshift.io/repositories/21823" target="_blank"><img src="https://trendshift.io/api/badge/repositories/21823" alt="Wei-Shaw%2Fsub2api | Trendshift" width="250" height="55"/></a>
+
 **AI API 网关平台 - 订阅配额分发管理**
 
 [English](README.md) | 中文
 
 </div>
 
+> **Sub2API 官方仅使用  `sub2api.org` 与 `pincc.ai` 两个域名。其他使用 Sub2API 名义的网站可能为第三方部署或服务，与本项目无关，请自行甄别。**
 ---
 
 ## 在线体验
 
-体验地址：**https://v2.pincc.ai/**
+体验地址：**[https://demo.sub2api.org/](https://demo.sub2api.org/)**
 
 演示账号（共享演示环境；自建部署不会自动创建该账号）：
 
 | 邮箱 | 密码 |
 |------|------|
-| admin@sub2api.com | admin123 |
+| admin@sub2api.org | admin123 |
 
 ## 项目概述
 
-Sub2API 是一个 AI API 网关平台，用于分发和管理 AI 产品订阅（如 Claude Code $200/月）的 API 配额。用户通过平台生成的 API Key 调用上游 AI 服务，平台负责鉴权、计费、负载均衡和请求转发。
+Sub2API 是一个 AI API 网关平台，用于分发和管理 AI 产品订阅的 API 配额。用户通过平台生成的 API Key 调用上游 AI 服务，平台负责鉴权、计费、负载均衡和请求转发。
 
 ## 核心功能
 
@@ -41,6 +44,15 @@ Sub2API 是一个 AI API 网关平台，用于分发和管理 AI 产品订阅（
 - **管理后台** - Web 界面进行监控和管理
 - **外部系统集成** - 支持通过 iframe 嵌入外部系统（如支付、工单等），扩展管理后台功能
 
+## 不想自建？试试官方中转
+
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td width="180" align="center" valign="middle"><a href="https://shop.pincc.ai/"><img src="assets/partners/logos/pincc-logo.png" alt="pincc" width="120"></a></td>
+<td valign="middle"><b><a href="https://shop.pincc.ai/">PinCC</a></b> 是基于 Sub2API 搭建的官方中转服务，提供 Claude Code、Codex、Gemini 等主流模型的稳定中转，开箱即用，免去自建部署与运维烦恼。</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
 ## 生态项目
 
 围绕 Sub2API 的社区扩展与集成项目：
@@ -61,17 +73,18 @@ Sub2API 是一个 AI API 网关平台，用于分发和管理 AI 产品订阅（
 
 ---
 
-## 文档
+## Nginx 反向代理注意事项
 
-- 依赖安全：`docs/dependency-security.md`
+通过 Nginx 反向代理 Sub2API（或 CRS 服务）并搭配 Codex CLI 使用时，需要在 Nginx 配置的 `http` 块中添加：
+
+```nginx
+underscores_in_headers on;
+```
+
+Nginx 默认会丢弃名称中含下划线的请求头（如 `session_id`），这会导致多账号环境下的粘性会话功能失效。
 
 ---
 
-## OpenAI Responses 兼容注意事项
-
-- 当请求包含 `function_call_output` 时，需要携带 `previous_response_id`，或在 `input` 中包含带 `call_id` 的 `tool_call`/`function_call`，或带非空 `id` 且与 `function_call_output.call_id` 匹配的 `item_reference`。
-- 若依赖上游历史记录，网关会强制 `store=true` 并需要复用 `previous_response_id`，以避免出现 “No tool call found for function call output” 错误。
-
 ## 部署方式
 
 ### 方式一：脚本安装（推荐）

backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go

@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	concurrencyCache := repository.ProvideConcurrencyCache(redisClient, configConfig)
 	concurrencyService := service.ProvideConcurrencyService(concurrencyCache, accountRepository, configConfig)
 	adminUserHandler := admin.NewUserHandler(adminService, concurrencyService)
-	groupHandler := admin.NewGroupHandler(adminService)
 	claudeOAuthClient := repository.NewClaudeOAuthClient()
 	oAuthService := service.NewOAuthService(proxyRepository, claudeOAuthClient)
 	openAIOAuthClient := repository.NewOpenAIOAuthClient()
@@ -143,6 +142,8 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	crsSyncService := service.NewCRSSyncService(accountRepository, proxyRepository, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, configConfig)
 	sessionLimitCache := repository.ProvideSessionLimitCache(redisClient, configConfig)
 	rpmCache := repository.NewRPMCache(redisClient)
+	groupCapacityService := service.NewGroupCapacityService(accountRepository, groupRepository, concurrencyService, sessionLimitCache, rpmCache)
+	groupHandler := admin.NewGroupHandler(adminService, dashboardService, groupCapacityService)
 	accountHandler := admin.NewAccountHandler(adminService, oAuthService, openAIOAuthService, geminiOAuthService, antigravityOAuthService, rateLimitService, accountUsageService, accountTestService, concurrencyService, crsSyncService, sessionLimitCache, rpmCache, compositeTokenCacheInvalidator)
 	adminAnnouncementHandler := admin.NewAnnouncementHandler(announcementService)
 	dataManagementService := service.NewDataManagementService()

backend/ent/migrate/schema.go

@@ -716,6 +716,7 @@ var (
 		{Name: "id", Type: field.TypeInt64, Increment: true},
 		{Name: "request_id", Type: field.TypeString, Size: 64},
 		{Name: "model", Type: field.TypeString, Size: 100},
+		{Name: "upstream_model", Type: field.TypeString, Nullable: true, Size: 100},
 		{Name: "input_tokens", Type: field.TypeInt, Default: 0},
 		{Name: "output_tokens", Type: field.TypeInt, Default: 0},
 		{Name: "cache_creation_tokens", Type: field.TypeInt, Default: 0},
@@ -755,31 +756,31 @@ var (
 		ForeignKeys: []*schema.ForeignKey{
 			{
 				Symbol:     "usage_logs_api_keys_usage_logs",
-				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[28]},
+				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[29]},
 				RefColumns: []*schema.Column{APIKeysColumns[0]},
 				OnDelete:   schema.NoAction,
 			},
 			{
 				Symbol:     "usage_logs_accounts_usage_logs",
-				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[29]},
+				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[30]},
 				RefColumns: []*schema.Column{AccountsColumns[0]},
 				OnDelete:   schema.NoAction,
 			},
 			{
 				Symbol:     "usage_logs_groups_usage_logs",
-				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[30]},
+				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[31]},
 				RefColumns: []*schema.Column{GroupsColumns[0]},
 				OnDelete:   schema.SetNull,
 			},
 			{
 				Symbol:     "usage_logs_users_usage_logs",
-				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[31]},
+				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[32]},
 				RefColumns: []*schema.Column{UsersColumns[0]},
 				OnDelete:   schema.NoAction,
 			},
 			{
 				Symbol:     "usage_logs_user_subscriptions_usage_logs",
-				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[32]},
+				Columns:    []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[33]},
 				RefColumns: []*schema.Column{UserSubscriptionsColumns[0]},
 				OnDelete:   schema.SetNull,
 			},
@@ -788,32 +789,32 @@ var (
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_user_id",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[31]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[32]},
 			},
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_api_key_id",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[28]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[29]},
 			},
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_account_id",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[29]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[30]},
 			},
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_group_id",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[30]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[31]},
 			},
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_subscription_id",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[32]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[33]},
 			},
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_created_at",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[27]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[28]},
 			},
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_model",
@@ -828,17 +829,17 @@ var (
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_user_id_created_at",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[31], UsageLogsColumns[27]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[32], UsageLogsColumns[28]},
 			},
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_api_key_id_created_at",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[28], UsageLogsColumns[27]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[29], UsageLogsColumns[28]},
 			},
 			{
 				Name:    "usagelog_group_id_created_at",
 				Unique:  false,
-				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[30], UsageLogsColumns[27]},
+				Columns: []*schema.Column{UsageLogsColumns[31], UsageLogsColumns[28]},
 			},
 		},
 	}

backend/ent/mutation.go

@@ -18239,6 +18239,7 @@ type UsageLogMutation struct {
 	id                          *int64
 	request_id                  *string
 	model                       *string
+	upstream_model              *string
 	input_tokens                *int
 	addinput_tokens             *int
 	output_tokens               *int
@@ -18576,6 +18577,55 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) ResetModel() {
 	m.model = nil
 }
 
+// SetUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field.
+func (m *UsageLogMutation) SetUpstreamModel(s string) {
+	m.upstream_model = &s
+}
+
+// UpstreamModel returns the value of the "upstream_model" field in the mutation.
+func (m *UsageLogMutation) UpstreamModel() (r string, exists bool) {
+	v := m.upstream_model
+	if v == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	return *v, true
+}
+
+// OldUpstreamModel returns the old "upstream_model" field's value of the UsageLog entity.
+// If the UsageLog object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched from the database.
+// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or the database query fails.
+func (m *UsageLogMutation) OldUpstreamModel(ctx context.Context) (v *string, err error) {
+	if !m.op.Is(OpUpdateOne) {
+		return v, errors.New("OldUpstreamModel is only allowed on UpdateOne operations")
+	}
+	if m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {
+		return v, errors.New("OldUpstreamModel requires an ID field in the mutation")
+	}
+	oldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return v, fmt.Errorf("querying old value for OldUpstreamModel: %w", err)
+	}
+	return oldValue.UpstreamModel, nil
+}
+
+// ClearUpstreamModel clears the value of the "upstream_model" field.
+func (m *UsageLogMutation) ClearUpstreamModel() {
+	m.upstream_model = nil
+	m.clearedFields[usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel] = struct{}{}
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelCleared returns if the "upstream_model" field was cleared in this mutation.
+func (m *UsageLogMutation) UpstreamModelCleared() bool {
+	_, ok := m.clearedFields[usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// ResetUpstreamModel resets all changes to the "upstream_model" field.
+func (m *UsageLogMutation) ResetUpstreamModel() {
+	m.upstream_model = nil
+	delete(m.clearedFields, usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel)
+}
+
 // SetGroupID sets the "group_id" field.
 func (m *UsageLogMutation) SetGroupID(i int64) {
 	m.group = &i
@@ -20197,7 +20247,7 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) Type() string {
 // order to get all numeric fields that were incremented/decremented, call
 // AddedFields().
 func (m *UsageLogMutation) Fields() []string {
-	fields := make([]string, 0, 32)
+	fields := make([]string, 0, 33)
 	if m.user != nil {
 		fields = append(fields, usagelog.FieldUserID)
 	}
@@ -20213,6 +20263,9 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) Fields() []string {
 	if m.model != nil {
 		fields = append(fields, usagelog.FieldModel)
 	}
+	if m.upstream_model != nil {
+		fields = append(fields, usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel)
+	}
 	if m.group != nil {
 		fields = append(fields, usagelog.FieldGroupID)
 	}
@@ -20312,6 +20365,8 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) Field(name string) (ent.Value, bool) {
 		return m.RequestID()
 	case usagelog.FieldModel:
 		return m.Model()
+	case usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel:
+		return m.UpstreamModel()
 	case usagelog.FieldGroupID:
 		return m.GroupID()
 	case usagelog.FieldSubscriptionID:
@@ -20385,6 +20440,8 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) OldField(ctx context.Context, name string) (ent.Value
 		return m.OldRequestID(ctx)
 	case usagelog.FieldModel:
 		return m.OldModel(ctx)
+	case usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel:
+		return m.OldUpstreamModel(ctx)
 	case usagelog.FieldGroupID:
 		return m.OldGroupID(ctx)
 	case usagelog.FieldSubscriptionID:
@@ -20483,6 +20540,13 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) SetField(name string, value ent.Value) error {
 		}
 		m.SetModel(v)
 		return nil
+	case usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel:
+		v, ok := value.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unexpected type %T for field %s", value, name)
+		}
+		m.SetUpstreamModel(v)
+		return nil
 	case usagelog.FieldGroupID:
 		v, ok := value.(int64)
 		if !ok {
@@ -20921,6 +20985,9 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) AddField(name string, value ent.Value) error {
 // mutation.
 func (m *UsageLogMutation) ClearedFields() []string {
 	var fields []string
+	if m.FieldCleared(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel) {
+		fields = append(fields, usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel)
+	}
 	if m.FieldCleared(usagelog.FieldGroupID) {
 		fields = append(fields, usagelog.FieldGroupID)
 	}
@@ -20962,6 +21029,9 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) FieldCleared(name string) bool {
 // error if the field is not defined in the schema.
 func (m *UsageLogMutation) ClearField(name string) error {
 	switch name {
+	case usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel:
+		m.ClearUpstreamModel()
+		return nil
 	case usagelog.FieldGroupID:
 		m.ClearGroupID()
 		return nil
@@ -21012,6 +21082,9 @@ func (m *UsageLogMutation) ResetField(name string) error {
 	case usagelog.FieldModel:
 		m.ResetModel()
 		return nil
+	case usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel:
+		m.ResetUpstreamModel()
+		return nil
 	case usagelog.FieldGroupID:
 		m.ResetGroupID()
 		return nil

backend/ent/runtime/runtime.go

@@ -821,92 +821,96 @@ func init() {
 			return nil
 		}
 	}()
+	// usagelogDescUpstreamModel is the schema descriptor for upstream_model field.
+	usagelogDescUpstreamModel := usagelogFields[5].Descriptor()
+	// usagelog.UpstreamModelValidator is a validator for the "upstream_model" field. It is called by the builders before save.
+	usagelog.UpstreamModelValidator = usagelogDescUpstreamModel.Validators[0].(func(string) error)
 	// usagelogDescInputTokens is the schema descriptor for input_tokens field.
-	usagelogDescInputTokens := usagelogFields[7].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescInputTokens := usagelogFields[8].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultInputTokens holds the default value on creation for the input_tokens field.
 	usagelog.DefaultInputTokens = usagelogDescInputTokens.Default.(int)
 	// usagelogDescOutputTokens is the schema descriptor for output_tokens field.
-	usagelogDescOutputTokens := usagelogFields[8].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescOutputTokens := usagelogFields[9].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultOutputTokens holds the default value on creation for the output_tokens field.
 	usagelog.DefaultOutputTokens = usagelogDescOutputTokens.Default.(int)
 	// usagelogDescCacheCreationTokens is the schema descriptor for cache_creation_tokens field.
-	usagelogDescCacheCreationTokens := usagelogFields[9].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescCacheCreationTokens := usagelogFields[10].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultCacheCreationTokens holds the default value on creation for the cache_creation_tokens field.
 	usagelog.DefaultCacheCreationTokens = usagelogDescCacheCreationTokens.Default.(int)
 	// usagelogDescCacheReadTokens is the schema descriptor for cache_read_tokens field.
-	usagelogDescCacheReadTokens := usagelogFields[10].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescCacheReadTokens := usagelogFields[11].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultCacheReadTokens holds the default value on creation for the cache_read_tokens field.
 	usagelog.DefaultCacheReadTokens = usagelogDescCacheReadTokens.Default.(int)
 	// usagelogDescCacheCreation5mTokens is the schema descriptor for cache_creation_5m_tokens field.
-	usagelogDescCacheCreation5mTokens := usagelogFields[11].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescCacheCreation5mTokens := usagelogFields[12].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultCacheCreation5mTokens holds the default value on creation for the cache_creation_5m_tokens field.
 	usagelog.DefaultCacheCreation5mTokens = usagelogDescCacheCreation5mTokens.Default.(int)
 	// usagelogDescCacheCreation1hTokens is the schema descriptor for cache_creation_1h_tokens field.
-	usagelogDescCacheCreation1hTokens := usagelogFields[12].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescCacheCreation1hTokens := usagelogFields[13].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultCacheCreation1hTokens holds the default value on creation for the cache_creation_1h_tokens field.
 	usagelog.DefaultCacheCreation1hTokens = usagelogDescCacheCreation1hTokens.Default.(int)
 	// usagelogDescInputCost is the schema descriptor for input_cost field.
-	usagelogDescInputCost := usagelogFields[13].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescInputCost := usagelogFields[14].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultInputCost holds the default value on creation for the input_cost field.
 	usagelog.DefaultInputCost = usagelogDescInputCost.Default.(float64)
 	// usagelogDescOutputCost is the schema descriptor for output_cost field.
-	usagelogDescOutputCost := usagelogFields[14].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescOutputCost := usagelogFields[15].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultOutputCost holds the default value on creation for the output_cost field.
 	usagelog.DefaultOutputCost = usagelogDescOutputCost.Default.(float64)
 	// usagelogDescCacheCreationCost is the schema descriptor for cache_creation_cost field.
-	usagelogDescCacheCreationCost := usagelogFields[15].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescCacheCreationCost := usagelogFields[16].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultCacheCreationCost holds the default value on creation for the cache_creation_cost field.
 	usagelog.DefaultCacheCreationCost = usagelogDescCacheCreationCost.Default.(float64)
 	// usagelogDescCacheReadCost is the schema descriptor for cache_read_cost field.
-	usagelogDescCacheReadCost := usagelogFields[16].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescCacheReadCost := usagelogFields[17].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultCacheReadCost holds the default value on creation for the cache_read_cost field.
 	usagelog.DefaultCacheReadCost = usagelogDescCacheReadCost.Default.(float64)
 	// usagelogDescTotalCost is the schema descriptor for total_cost field.
-	usagelogDescTotalCost := usagelogFields[17].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescTotalCost := usagelogFields[18].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultTotalCost holds the default value on creation for the total_cost field.
 	usagelog.DefaultTotalCost = usagelogDescTotalCost.Default.(float64)
 	// usagelogDescActualCost is the schema descriptor for actual_cost field.
-	usagelogDescActualCost := usagelogFields[18].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescActualCost := usagelogFields[19].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultActualCost holds the default value on creation for the actual_cost field.
 	usagelog.DefaultActualCost = usagelogDescActualCost.Default.(float64)
 	// usagelogDescRateMultiplier is the schema descriptor for rate_multiplier field.
-	usagelogDescRateMultiplier := usagelogFields[19].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescRateMultiplier := usagelogFields[20].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultRateMultiplier holds the default value on creation for the rate_multiplier field.
 	usagelog.DefaultRateMultiplier = usagelogDescRateMultiplier.Default.(float64)
 	// usagelogDescBillingType is the schema descriptor for billing_type field.
-	usagelogDescBillingType := usagelogFields[21].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescBillingType := usagelogFields[22].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultBillingType holds the default value on creation for the billing_type field.
 	usagelog.DefaultBillingType = usagelogDescBillingType.Default.(int8)
 	// usagelogDescStream is the schema descriptor for stream field.
-	usagelogDescStream := usagelogFields[22].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescStream := usagelogFields[23].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultStream holds the default value on creation for the stream field.
 	usagelog.DefaultStream = usagelogDescStream.Default.(bool)
 	// usagelogDescUserAgent is the schema descriptor for user_agent field.
-	usagelogDescUserAgent := usagelogFields[25].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescUserAgent := usagelogFields[26].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.UserAgentValidator is a validator for the "user_agent" field. It is called by the builders before save.
 	usagelog.UserAgentValidator = usagelogDescUserAgent.Validators[0].(func(string) error)
 	// usagelogDescIPAddress is the schema descriptor for ip_address field.
-	usagelogDescIPAddress := usagelogFields[26].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescIPAddress := usagelogFields[27].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.IPAddressValidator is a validator for the "ip_address" field. It is called by the builders before save.
 	usagelog.IPAddressValidator = usagelogDescIPAddress.Validators[0].(func(string) error)
 	// usagelogDescImageCount is the schema descriptor for image_count field.
-	usagelogDescImageCount := usagelogFields[27].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescImageCount := usagelogFields[28].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultImageCount holds the default value on creation for the image_count field.
 	usagelog.DefaultImageCount = usagelogDescImageCount.Default.(int)
 	// usagelogDescImageSize is the schema descriptor for image_size field.
-	usagelogDescImageSize := usagelogFields[28].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescImageSize := usagelogFields[29].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.ImageSizeValidator is a validator for the "image_size" field. It is called by the builders before save.
 	usagelog.ImageSizeValidator = usagelogDescImageSize.Validators[0].(func(string) error)
 	// usagelogDescMediaType is the schema descriptor for media_type field.
-	usagelogDescMediaType := usagelogFields[29].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescMediaType := usagelogFields[30].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.MediaTypeValidator is a validator for the "media_type" field. It is called by the builders before save.
 	usagelog.MediaTypeValidator = usagelogDescMediaType.Validators[0].(func(string) error)
 	// usagelogDescCacheTTLOverridden is the schema descriptor for cache_ttl_overridden field.
-	usagelogDescCacheTTLOverridden := usagelogFields[30].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescCacheTTLOverridden := usagelogFields[31].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultCacheTTLOverridden holds the default value on creation for the cache_ttl_overridden field.
 	usagelog.DefaultCacheTTLOverridden = usagelogDescCacheTTLOverridden.Default.(bool)
 	// usagelogDescCreatedAt is the schema descriptor for created_at field.
-	usagelogDescCreatedAt := usagelogFields[31].Descriptor()
+	usagelogDescCreatedAt := usagelogFields[32].Descriptor()
 	// usagelog.DefaultCreatedAt holds the default value on creation for the created_at field.
 	usagelog.DefaultCreatedAt = usagelogDescCreatedAt.Default.(func() time.Time)
 	userMixin := schema.User{}.Mixin()

backend/ent/schema/usage_log.go

@@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ func (UsageLog) Fields() []ent.Field {
 		field.String("model").
 			MaxLen(100).
 			NotEmpty(),
+		// UpstreamModel stores the actual upstream model name when model mapping
+		// is applied. NULL means no mapping — the requested model was used as-is.
+		field.String("upstream_model").
+			MaxLen(100).
+			Optional().
+			Nillable(),
 		field.Int64("group_id").
 			Optional().
 			Nillable(),

backend/ent/usagelog.go

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ type UsageLog struct {
 	RequestID string `json:"request_id,omitempty"`
 	// Model holds the value of the "model" field.
 	Model string `json:"model,omitempty"`
+	// UpstreamModel holds the value of the "upstream_model" field.
+	UpstreamModel *string `json:"upstream_model,omitempty"`
 	// GroupID holds the value of the "group_id" field.
 	GroupID *int64 `json:"group_id,omitempty"`
 	// SubscriptionID holds the value of the "subscription_id" field.
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ func (*UsageLog) scanValues(columns []string) ([]any, error) {
 			values[i] = new(sql.NullFloat64)
 		case usagelog.FieldID, usagelog.FieldUserID, usagelog.FieldAPIKeyID, usagelog.FieldAccountID, usagelog.FieldGroupID, usagelog.FieldSubscriptionID, usagelog.FieldInputTokens, usagelog.FieldOutputTokens, usagelog.FieldCacheCreationTokens, usagelog.FieldCacheReadTokens, usagelog.FieldCacheCreation5mTokens, usagelog.FieldCacheCreation1hTokens, usagelog.FieldBillingType, usagelog.FieldDurationMs, usagelog.FieldFirstTokenMs, usagelog.FieldImageCount:
 			values[i] = new(sql.NullInt64)
-		case usagelog.FieldRequestID, usagelog.FieldModel, usagelog.FieldUserAgent, usagelog.FieldIPAddress, usagelog.FieldImageSize, usagelog.FieldMediaType:
+		case usagelog.FieldRequestID, usagelog.FieldModel, usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel, usagelog.FieldUserAgent, usagelog.FieldIPAddress, usagelog.FieldImageSize, usagelog.FieldMediaType:
 			values[i] = new(sql.NullString)
 		case usagelog.FieldCreatedAt:
 			values[i] = new(sql.NullTime)
@@ -230,6 +232,13 @@ func (_m *UsageLog) assignValues(columns []string, values []any) error {
 			} else if value.Valid {
 				_m.Model = value.String
 			}
+		case usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel:
+			if value, ok := values[i].(*sql.NullString); !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected type %T for field upstream_model", values[i])
+			} else if value.Valid {
+				_m.UpstreamModel = new(string)
+				*_m.UpstreamModel = value.String
+			}
 		case usagelog.FieldGroupID:
 			if value, ok := values[i].(*sql.NullInt64); !ok {
 				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected type %T for field group_id", values[i])
@@ -477,6 +486,11 @@ func (_m *UsageLog) String() string {
 	builder.WriteString("model=")
 	builder.WriteString(_m.Model)
 	builder.WriteString(", ")
+	if v := _m.UpstreamModel; v != nil {
+		builder.WriteString("upstream_model=")
+		builder.WriteString(*v)
+	}
+	builder.WriteString(", ")
 	if v := _m.GroupID; v != nil {
 		builder.WriteString("group_id=")
 		builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%v", *v))

backend/ent/usagelog/usagelog.go

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ const (
 	FieldRequestID = "request_id"
 	// FieldModel holds the string denoting the model field in the database.
 	FieldModel = "model"
+	// FieldUpstreamModel holds the string denoting the upstream_model field in the database.
+	FieldUpstreamModel = "upstream_model"
 	// FieldGroupID holds the string denoting the group_id field in the database.
 	FieldGroupID = "group_id"
 	// FieldSubscriptionID holds the string denoting the subscription_id field in the database.
@@ -135,6 +137,7 @@ var Columns = []string{
 	FieldAccountID,
 	FieldRequestID,
 	FieldModel,
+	FieldUpstreamModel,
 	FieldGroupID,
 	FieldSubscriptionID,
 	FieldInputTokens,
@@ -179,6 +182,8 @@ var (
 	RequestIDValidator func(string) error
 	// ModelValidator is a validator for the "model" field. It is called by the builders before save.
 	ModelValidator func(string) error
+	// UpstreamModelValidator is a validator for the "upstream_model" field. It is called by the builders before save.
+	UpstreamModelValidator func(string) error
 	// DefaultInputTokens holds the default value on creation for the "input_tokens" field.
 	DefaultInputTokens int
 	// DefaultOutputTokens holds the default value on creation for the "output_tokens" field.
@@ -258,6 +263,11 @@ func ByModel(opts ...sql.OrderTermOption) OrderOption {
 	return sql.OrderByField(FieldModel, opts...).ToFunc()
 }
 
+// ByUpstreamModel orders the results by the upstream_model field.
+func ByUpstreamModel(opts ...sql.OrderTermOption) OrderOption {
+	return sql.OrderByField(FieldUpstreamModel, opts...).ToFunc()
+}
+
 // ByGroupID orders the results by the group_id field.
 func ByGroupID(opts ...sql.OrderTermOption) OrderOption {
 	return sql.OrderByField(FieldGroupID, opts...).ToFunc()

backend/ent/usagelog/where.go

@@ -80,6 +80,11 @@ func Model(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
 	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldEQ(FieldModel, v))
 }
 
+// UpstreamModel applies equality check predicate on the "upstream_model" field. It's identical to UpstreamModelEQ.
+func UpstreamModel(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldEQ(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
 // GroupID applies equality check predicate on the "group_id" field. It's identical to GroupIDEQ.
 func GroupID(v int64) predicate.UsageLog {
 	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldEQ(FieldGroupID, v))
@@ -405,6 +410,81 @@ func ModelContainsFold(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
 	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldContainsFold(FieldModel, v))
 }
 
+// UpstreamModelEQ applies the EQ predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelEQ(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldEQ(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelNEQ applies the NEQ predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelNEQ(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldNEQ(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelIn applies the In predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelIn(vs ...string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldIn(FieldUpstreamModel, vs...))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelNotIn applies the NotIn predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelNotIn(vs ...string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldNotIn(FieldUpstreamModel, vs...))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelGT applies the GT predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelGT(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldGT(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelGTE applies the GTE predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelGTE(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldGTE(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelLT applies the LT predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelLT(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldLT(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelLTE applies the LTE predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelLTE(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldLTE(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelContains applies the Contains predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelContains(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldContains(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelHasPrefix applies the HasPrefix predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelHasPrefix(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldHasPrefix(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelHasSuffix applies the HasSuffix predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelHasSuffix(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldHasSuffix(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelIsNil applies the IsNil predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelIsNil() predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldIsNull(FieldUpstreamModel))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelNotNil applies the NotNil predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelNotNil() predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldNotNull(FieldUpstreamModel))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelEqualFold applies the EqualFold predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelEqualFold(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldEqualFold(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
+// UpstreamModelContainsFold applies the ContainsFold predicate on the "upstream_model" field.
+func UpstreamModelContainsFold(v string) predicate.UsageLog {
+	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldContainsFold(FieldUpstreamModel, v))
+}
+
 // GroupIDEQ applies the EQ predicate on the "group_id" field.
 func GroupIDEQ(v int64) predicate.UsageLog {
 	return predicate.UsageLog(sql.FieldEQ(FieldGroupID, v))

backend/ent/usagelog_create.go

@@ -57,6 +57,20 @@ func (_c *UsageLogCreate) SetModel(v string) *UsageLogCreate {
 	return _c
 }
 
+// SetUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field.
+func (_c *UsageLogCreate) SetUpstreamModel(v string) *UsageLogCreate {
+	_c.mutation.SetUpstreamModel(v)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// SetNillableUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field if the given value is not nil.
+func (_c *UsageLogCreate) SetNillableUpstreamModel(v *string) *UsageLogCreate {
+	if v != nil {
+		_c.SetUpstreamModel(*v)
+	}
+	return _c
+}
+
 // SetGroupID sets the "group_id" field.
 func (_c *UsageLogCreate) SetGroupID(v int64) *UsageLogCreate {
 	_c.mutation.SetGroupID(v)
@@ -596,6 +610,11 @@ func (_c *UsageLogCreate) check() error {
 			return &ValidationError{Name: "model", err: fmt.Errorf(`ent: validator failed for field "UsageLog.model": %w`, err)}
 		}
 	}
+	if v, ok := _c.mutation.UpstreamModel(); ok {
+		if err := usagelog.UpstreamModelValidator(v); err != nil {
+			return &ValidationError{Name: "upstream_model", err: fmt.Errorf(`ent: validator failed for field "UsageLog.upstream_model": %w`, err)}
+		}
+	}
 	if _, ok := _c.mutation.InputTokens(); !ok {
 		return &ValidationError{Name: "input_tokens", err: errors.New(`ent: missing required field "UsageLog.input_tokens"`)}
 	}
@@ -714,6 +733,10 @@ func (_c *UsageLogCreate) createSpec() (*UsageLog, *sqlgraph.CreateSpec) {
 		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldModel, field.TypeString, value)
 		_node.Model = value
 	}
+	if value, ok := _c.mutation.UpstreamModel(); ok {
+		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel, field.TypeString, value)
+		_node.UpstreamModel = &value
+	}
 	if value, ok := _c.mutation.InputTokens(); ok {
 		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldInputTokens, field.TypeInt, value)
 		_node.InputTokens = value
@@ -1011,6 +1034,24 @@ func (u *UsageLogUpsert) UpdateModel() *UsageLogUpsert {
 	return u
 }
 
+// SetUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsert) SetUpstreamModel(v string) *UsageLogUpsert {
+	u.Set(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel, v)
+	return u
+}
+
+// UpdateUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field to the value that was provided on create.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsert) UpdateUpstreamModel() *UsageLogUpsert {
+	u.SetExcluded(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel)
+	return u
+}
+
+// ClearUpstreamModel clears the value of the "upstream_model" field.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsert) ClearUpstreamModel() *UsageLogUpsert {
+	u.SetNull(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel)
+	return u
+}
+
 // SetGroupID sets the "group_id" field.
 func (u *UsageLogUpsert) SetGroupID(v int64) *UsageLogUpsert {
 	u.Set(usagelog.FieldGroupID, v)
@@ -1600,6 +1641,27 @@ func (u *UsageLogUpsertOne) UpdateModel() *UsageLogUpsertOne {
 	})
 }
 
+// SetUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsertOne) SetUpstreamModel(v string) *UsageLogUpsertOne {
+	return u.Update(func(s *UsageLogUpsert) {
+		s.SetUpstreamModel(v)
+	})
+}
+
+// UpdateUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field to the value that was provided on create.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsertOne) UpdateUpstreamModel() *UsageLogUpsertOne {
+	return u.Update(func(s *UsageLogUpsert) {
+		s.UpdateUpstreamModel()
+	})
+}
+
+// ClearUpstreamModel clears the value of the "upstream_model" field.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsertOne) ClearUpstreamModel() *UsageLogUpsertOne {
+	return u.Update(func(s *UsageLogUpsert) {
+		s.ClearUpstreamModel()
+	})
+}
+
 // SetGroupID sets the "group_id" field.
 func (u *UsageLogUpsertOne) SetGroupID(v int64) *UsageLogUpsertOne {
 	return u.Update(func(s *UsageLogUpsert) {
@@ -2434,6 +2496,27 @@ func (u *UsageLogUpsertBulk) UpdateModel() *UsageLogUpsertBulk {
 	})
 }
 
+// SetUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsertBulk) SetUpstreamModel(v string) *UsageLogUpsertBulk {
+	return u.Update(func(s *UsageLogUpsert) {
+		s.SetUpstreamModel(v)
+	})
+}
+
+// UpdateUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field to the value that was provided on create.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsertBulk) UpdateUpstreamModel() *UsageLogUpsertBulk {
+	return u.Update(func(s *UsageLogUpsert) {
+		s.UpdateUpstreamModel()
+	})
+}
+
+// ClearUpstreamModel clears the value of the "upstream_model" field.
+func (u *UsageLogUpsertBulk) ClearUpstreamModel() *UsageLogUpsertBulk {
+	return u.Update(func(s *UsageLogUpsert) {
+		s.ClearUpstreamModel()
+	})
+}
+
 // SetGroupID sets the "group_id" field.
 func (u *UsageLogUpsertBulk) SetGroupID(v int64) *UsageLogUpsertBulk {
 	return u.Update(func(s *UsageLogUpsert) {

backend/ent/usagelog_update.go

@@ -102,6 +102,26 @@ func (_u *UsageLogUpdate) SetNillableModel(v *string) *UsageLogUpdate {
 	return _u
 }
 
+// SetUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field.
+func (_u *UsageLogUpdate) SetUpstreamModel(v string) *UsageLogUpdate {
+	_u.mutation.SetUpstreamModel(v)
+	return _u
+}
+
+// SetNillableUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field if the given value is not nil.
+func (_u *UsageLogUpdate) SetNillableUpstreamModel(v *string) *UsageLogUpdate {
+	if v != nil {
+		_u.SetUpstreamModel(*v)
+	}
+	return _u
+}
+
+// ClearUpstreamModel clears the value of the "upstream_model" field.
+func (_u *UsageLogUpdate) ClearUpstreamModel() *UsageLogUpdate {
+	_u.mutation.ClearUpstreamModel()
+	return _u
+}
+
 // SetGroupID sets the "group_id" field.
 func (_u *UsageLogUpdate) SetGroupID(v int64) *UsageLogUpdate {
 	_u.mutation.SetGroupID(v)
@@ -745,6 +765,11 @@ func (_u *UsageLogUpdate) check() error {
 			return &ValidationError{Name: "model", err: fmt.Errorf(`ent: validator failed for field "UsageLog.model": %w`, err)}
 		}
 	}
+	if v, ok := _u.mutation.UpstreamModel(); ok {
+		if err := usagelog.UpstreamModelValidator(v); err != nil {
+			return &ValidationError{Name: "upstream_model", err: fmt.Errorf(`ent: validator failed for field "UsageLog.upstream_model": %w`, err)}
+		}
+	}
 	if v, ok := _u.mutation.UserAgent(); ok {
 		if err := usagelog.UserAgentValidator(v); err != nil {
 			return &ValidationError{Name: "user_agent", err: fmt.Errorf(`ent: validator failed for field "UsageLog.user_agent": %w`, err)}
@@ -795,6 +820,12 @@ func (_u *UsageLogUpdate) sqlSave(ctx context.Context) (_node int, err error) {
 	if value, ok := _u.mutation.Model(); ok {
 		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldModel, field.TypeString, value)
 	}
+	if value, ok := _u.mutation.UpstreamModel(); ok {
+		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel, field.TypeString, value)
+	}
+	if _u.mutation.UpstreamModelCleared() {
+		_spec.ClearField(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel, field.TypeString)
+	}
 	if value, ok := _u.mutation.InputTokens(); ok {
 		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldInputTokens, field.TypeInt, value)
 	}
@@ -1177,6 +1208,26 @@ func (_u *UsageLogUpdateOne) SetNillableModel(v *string) *UsageLogUpdateOne {
 	return _u
 }
 
+// SetUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field.
+func (_u *UsageLogUpdateOne) SetUpstreamModel(v string) *UsageLogUpdateOne {
+	_u.mutation.SetUpstreamModel(v)
+	return _u
+}
+
+// SetNillableUpstreamModel sets the "upstream_model" field if the given value is not nil.
+func (_u *UsageLogUpdateOne) SetNillableUpstreamModel(v *string) *UsageLogUpdateOne {
+	if v != nil {
+		_u.SetUpstreamModel(*v)
+	}
+	return _u
+}
+
+// ClearUpstreamModel clears the value of the "upstream_model" field.
+func (_u *UsageLogUpdateOne) ClearUpstreamModel() *UsageLogUpdateOne {
+	_u.mutation.ClearUpstreamModel()
+	return _u
+}
+
 // SetGroupID sets the "group_id" field.
 func (_u *UsageLogUpdateOne) SetGroupID(v int64) *UsageLogUpdateOne {
 	_u.mutation.SetGroupID(v)
@@ -1833,6 +1884,11 @@ func (_u *UsageLogUpdateOne) check() error {
 			return &ValidationError{Name: "model", err: fmt.Errorf(`ent: validator failed for field "UsageLog.model": %w`, err)}
 		}
 	}
+	if v, ok := _u.mutation.UpstreamModel(); ok {
+		if err := usagelog.UpstreamModelValidator(v); err != nil {
+			return &ValidationError{Name: "upstream_model", err: fmt.Errorf(`ent: validator failed for field "UsageLog.upstream_model": %w`, err)}
+		}
+	}
 	if v, ok := _u.mutation.UserAgent(); ok {
 		if err := usagelog.UserAgentValidator(v); err != nil {
 			return &ValidationError{Name: "user_agent", err: fmt.Errorf(`ent: validator failed for field "UsageLog.user_agent": %w`, err)}
@@ -1900,6 +1956,12 @@ func (_u *UsageLogUpdateOne) sqlSave(ctx context.Context) (_node *UsageLog, err
 	if value, ok := _u.mutation.Model(); ok {
 		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldModel, field.TypeString, value)
 	}
+	if value, ok := _u.mutation.UpstreamModel(); ok {
+		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel, field.TypeString, value)
+	}
+	if _u.mutation.UpstreamModelCleared() {
+		_spec.ClearField(usagelog.FieldUpstreamModel, field.TypeString)
+	}
 	if value, ok := _u.mutation.InputTokens(); ok {
 		_spec.SetField(usagelog.FieldInputTokens, field.TypeInt, value)
 	}

backend/go.sum

@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ github.com/andybalholm/brotli v1.2.0 h1:ukwgCxwYrmACq68yiUqwIWnGY0cTPox/M94sVwTo
 github.com/andybalholm/brotli v1.2.0/go.mod h1:rzTDkvFWvIrjDXZHkuS16NPggd91W3kUSvPlQ1pLaKY=
 github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0 h1:uYvfpb3DyLSCGWnctWKGj857c6ew1u1fNQOlOtuGxQY=
 github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0/go.mod h1:K8XmNZdhEBkdlyDdvbmmsvpAG721bKi0joRfFdHIWJ4=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.2 h1:LuT2rzqNQsauaGkPK/7813XxcZ3o3yePY0Iy891T2ls=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.2/go.mod h1:IvvlAZQXvTXznUPfRVfryiG1fbzE2NGK6m9u39YQ+S4=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.3 h1:4kQ/fa22KjDt13QCy1+bYADvdgcxpfH18f0zP542kZA=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.3/go.mod h1:mwsPRE8ceUUpiTgF7QmQIJ7lgsKUPQOUl3o72QBrE1o=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.5 h1:zWFmPmgw4sveAYi1mRqG+E/g0461cJ5M4bJ8/nc6d3Q=
@@ -60,8 +58,6 @@ github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.15 h1:edCcNp9eGIUDUCrzoCu1jWA
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.15/go.mod h1:lyRQKED9xWfgkYC/wmmYfv7iVIM68Z5OQ88ZdcV1QbU=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.7 h1:NITQpgo9A5NrDZ57uOWj+abvXSb83BbyggcUBVksN7c=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.7/go.mod h1:sks5UWBhEuWYDPdwlnRFn1w7xWdH29Jcpe+/PJQefEs=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.1 h1:VbyeNfmYkWoxMVpGUAbQumkODcYmfMRfZ8yQiH30SK0=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.1/go.mod h1:LEj2LM3rBRQJxPZTB4KuzZkaZYnZPnvgIhb4pu07mx0=
 github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.2 h1:FzA3bu/nt/vDvmnkg+R8Xl46gmzEDam6mZ1hzmwXFng=
 github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.2/go.mod h1:YE2RhdIuDbA5E5bTdciG9KrW3+TiEONeUWCqxX9i1Fc=
 github.com/bdandy/go-errors v1.2.2 h1:WdFv/oukjTJCLa79UfkGmwX7ZxONAihKu4V0mLIs11Q=
@@ -98,10 +94,6 @@ github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XL
 github.com/chenzhuoyu/base64x v0.0.0-20211019084208-fb5309c8db06/go.mod h1:DH46F32mSOjUmXrMHnKwZdA8wcEefY7UVqBKYGjpdQY=
 github.com/chenzhuoyu/base64x v0.0.0-20221115062448-fe3a3abad311 h1:qSGYFH7+jGhDF8vLC+iwCD4WpbV1EBDSzWkJODFLams=
 github.com/chenzhuoyu/base64x v0.0.0-20221115062448-fe3a3abad311/go.mod h1:b583jCggY9gE99b6G5LEC39OIiVsWj+R97kbl5odCEk=
-github.com/clipperhouse/stringish v0.1.1 h1:+NSqMOr3GR6k1FdRhhnXrLfztGzuG+VuFDfatpWHKCs=
-github.com/clipperhouse/stringish v0.1.1/go.mod h1:v/WhFtE1q0ovMta2+m+UbpZ+2/HEXNWYXQgCt4hdOzA=
-github.com/clipperhouse/uax29/v2 v2.5.0 h1:x7T0T4eTHDONxFJsL94uKNKPHrclyFI0lm7+w94cO8U=
-github.com/clipperhouse/uax29/v2 v2.5.0/go.mod h1:Wn1g7MK6OoeDT0vL+Q0SQLDz/KpfsVRgg6W7ihQeh4g=
 github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.14 h1:9L0p0iKiNOibykf283eHkKUHHrpG7f65OE3BhhO7v9g=
 github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.14/go.mod h1:NX3SzP+inril6yawo5CQXx8+fk145lPDC6pumgx0mVg=
 github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0 h1:tg5yIfIlQIrxYtu9ajqY42W3lpS19XqdxRQeEwYG8PI=
@@ -238,8 +230,6 @@ github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13/go.mod h1:7S9/ev0klgBDR4GtXTXX8a3vIGJpMovk
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16/go.mod h1:kYGgaQfpe5nmfYZH+SKPsOc2e4SrIfOl2e/yFXSvRLM=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
-github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.19 h1:v++JhqYnZuu5jSKrk9RbgF5v4CGUjqRfBm05byFGLdw=
-github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.19/go.mod h1:XBkDxAl56ILZc9knddidhrOlY5R/pDhgLpndooCuJAs=
 github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.17 h1:mCRHCLDUBXgpKAqIKsaAaAsrAlbkeomtRFKXh2L6YIM=
 github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.17/go.mod h1:2eHXhiwb8IkHr+BDWZGa96P6+rkvnG63S2DGjv9HUNg=
 github.com/mdelapenya/tlscert v0.2.0 h1:7H81W6Z/4weDvZBNOfQte5GpIMo0lGYEeWbkGp5LJHI=
@@ -273,8 +263,6 @@ github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0 h1:nP9CBfwrvYnBRgY6qfDQkygYDmYwOilePFkwzv4dU8A=
 github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0/go.mod h1:BbKIizmSmc5MMPqRYbxO4ZU0S0+P200+tUnFx7PXmsc=
 github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v1.0.0 h1:HMFp8mLCTPp341M/ZnA4qaf7ZlsbTc+miZjCLOFAw7w=
 github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v1.0.0/go.mod h1:Fwc5htZGVVkseilnfgOVb9mKy6w1naJmn9CehxcKcls=
-github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 h1:P2Ga83D34wi1o9J6Wh1mRuqd4mF/x/lgBS7N7AbDhec=
-github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5/go.mod h1:hPp6KlRPjbx+hW8ykQs1w3UBbZlj6HuIJcUGPhkA7kY=
 github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0 h1:apOUWs51W5PlhuyGyz9FCeeBIOUDA/6nW8Oi/yOhh5U=
 github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0/go.mod h1:0JzlMkj0TRzQZfJkVvzbP0HBR3IKzErnv2BNG4W4MAM=
 github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1 h1:y0fUlFfIZhPF1W537XOLg0/fcx6zcHCJwooC2xJA040=
@@ -326,8 +314,6 @@ github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0 h1:WJQKhtpdm3v2IzqG8VMqrr6Rf3UYpEF239Jy9wNepM8=
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0/go.mod h1:GH9Y3pIexgf1MTIWtNGyogA5MwRIDXGUr+hbWNoBjkY=
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.6.0 h1:GEiTHELF+vaR5dhz3VqZfFSzZjYbgeKDpBxQVS4GYJ0=
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.6.0/go.mod h1:ancEpBxwJDODSW/UG4rDrAqiKolqNNh2DX3mk86cAdo=
-github.com/spf13/cobra v1.7.0 h1:hyqWnYt1ZQShIddO5kBpj3vu05/++x6tJ6dg8EC572I=
-github.com/spf13/cobra v1.7.0/go.mod h1:uLxZILRyS/50WlhOIKD7W6V5bgeIt+4sICxh6uRMrb0=
 github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 h1:iy+VFUOCP1a+8yFto/drg2CJ5u0yRoB7fZw3DKv/JXA=
 github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5/go.mod h1:McXfInJRrz4CZXVZOBLb0bTZqETkiAhM9Iw0y3An2Bg=
 github.com/spf13/viper v1.18.2 h1:LUXCnvUvSM6FXAsj6nnfc8Q2tp1dIgUfY9Kc8GsSOiQ=

backend/internal/domain/constants.go

@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ var DefaultAntigravityModelMapping = map[string]string{
 	"claude-opus-4-5-20251101":   "claude-opus-4-6-thinking", // 迁移旧模型
 	"claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929": "claude-sonnet-4-5",
 	// Claude Haiku → Sonnet（无 Haiku 支持）
-	"claude-haiku-4-5":          "claude-sonnet-4-5",
-	"claude-haiku-4-5-20251001": "claude-sonnet-4-5",
+	"claude-haiku-4-5":          "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+	"claude-haiku-4-5-20251001": "claude-sonnet-4-6",
 	// Gemini 2.5 白名单
 	"gemini-2.5-flash":               "gemini-2.5-flash",
 	"gemini-2.5-flash-image":         "gemini-2.5-flash-image",

backend/internal/handler/admin/account_handler.go

@@ -165,6 +165,8 @@ type AccountWithConcurrency struct {
 	CurrentRPM        *int     `json:"current_rpm,omitempty"`         // 当前分钟 RPM 计数
 }
 
+const accountListGroupUngroupedQueryValue = "ungrouped"
+
 func (h *AccountHandler) buildAccountResponseWithRuntime(ctx context.Context, account *service.Account) AccountWithConcurrency {
 	item := AccountWithConcurrency{
 		Account:            dto.AccountFromService(account),
@@ -226,7 +228,20 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	var groupID int64
 	if groupIDStr := c.Query("group"); groupIDStr != "" {
-		groupID, _ = strconv.ParseInt(groupIDStr, 10, 64)
+		if groupIDStr == accountListGroupUngroupedQueryValue {
+			groupID = service.AccountListGroupUngrouped
+		} else {
+			parsedGroupID, parseErr := strconv.ParseInt(groupIDStr, 10, 64)
+			if parseErr != nil {
+				response.ErrorFrom(c, infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_GROUP_FILTER", "invalid group filter"))
+				return
+			}
+			if parsedGroupID < 0 {
+				response.ErrorFrom(c, infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_GROUP_FILTER", "invalid group filter"))
+				return
+			}
+			groupID = parsedGroupID
+		}
 	}
 
 	accounts, total, err := h.adminService.ListAccounts(c.Request.Context(), page, pageSize, platform, accountType, status, search, groupID)
@@ -1496,7 +1511,7 @@ func (h *OAuthHandler) SetupTokenCookieAuth(c *gin.Context) {
 }
 
 // GetUsage handles getting account usage information
-// GET /api/v1/admin/accounts/:id/usage
+// GET /api/v1/admin/accounts/:id/usage?source=passive|active
 func (h *AccountHandler) GetUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 	accountID, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1504,7 +1519,14 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) GetUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	usage, err := h.accountUsageService.GetUsage(c.Request.Context(), accountID)
+	source := c.DefaultQuery("source", "active")
+
+	var usage *service.UsageInfo
+	if source == "passive" {
+		usage, err = h.accountUsageService.GetPassiveUsage(c.Request.Context(), accountID)
+	} else {
+		usage, err = h.accountUsageService.GetUsage(c.Request.Context(), accountID)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return

backend/internal/handler/admin/admin_basic_handlers_test.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func setupAdminRouter() (*gin.Engine, *stubAdminService) {
 	adminSvc := newStubAdminService()
 
 	userHandler := NewUserHandler(adminSvc, nil)
-	groupHandler := NewGroupHandler(adminSvc)
+	groupHandler := NewGroupHandler(adminSvc, nil, nil)
 	proxyHandler := NewProxyHandler(adminSvc)
 	redeemHandler := NewRedeemHandler(adminSvc, nil)
 

backend/internal/handler/admin/backup_handler.go

@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ func (h *BackupHandler) CreateBackup(c *gin.Context) {
 		expireDays = *req.ExpireDays
 	}
 
-	record, err := h.backupService.CreateBackup(c.Request.Context(), "manual", expireDays)
+	record, err := h.backupService.StartBackup(c.Request.Context(), "manual", expireDays)
 	if err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return
 	}
-	response.Success(c, record)
+	response.Accepted(c, record)
 }
 
 func (h *BackupHandler) ListBackups(c *gin.Context) {
@@ -196,9 +196,10 @@ func (h *BackupHandler) RestoreBackup(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := h.backupService.RestoreBackup(c.Request.Context(), backupID); err != nil {
+	record, err := h.backupService.StartRestore(c.Request.Context(), backupID)
+	if err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return
 	}
-	response.Success(c, gin.H{"restored": true})
+	response.Accepted(c, record)
 }

backend/internal/handler/admin/dashboard_handler.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -272,6 +273,7 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetModelStats(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	// Parse optional filter params
 	var userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64
+	modelSource := usagestats.ModelSourceRequested
 	var requestType *int16
 	var stream *bool
 	var billingType *int8
@@ -296,6 +298,13 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetModelStats(c *gin.Context) {
 			groupID = id
 		}
 	}
+	if rawModelSource := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("model_source")); rawModelSource != "" {
+		if !usagestats.IsValidModelSource(rawModelSource) {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid model_source, use requested/upstream/mapping")
+			return
+		}
+		modelSource = rawModelSource
+	}
 	if requestTypeStr := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("request_type")); requestTypeStr != "" {
 		parsed, err := service.ParseUsageRequestType(requestTypeStr)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -322,7 +331,7 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetModelStats(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	stats, hit, err := h.getModelStatsCached(c.Request.Context(), startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType)
+	stats, hit, err := h.getModelStatsCached(c.Request.Context(), startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, modelSource, requestType, stream, billingType)
 	if err != nil {
 		response.Error(c, 500, "Failed to get model statistics")
 		return
@@ -604,3 +613,47 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) GetBatchAPIKeysUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.Header("X-Snapshot-Cache", "miss")
 	response.Success(c, payload)
 }
+
+// GetUserBreakdown handles getting per-user usage breakdown within a dimension.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown
+// Query params: start_date, end_date, group_id, model, endpoint, endpoint_type, limit
+func (h *DashboardHandler) GetUserBreakdown(c *gin.Context) {
+	startTime, endTime := parseTimeRange(c)
+
+	dim := usagestats.UserBreakdownDimension{}
+	if v := c.Query("group_id"); v != "" {
+		if id, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			dim.GroupID = id
+		}
+	}
+	dim.Model = c.Query("model")
+	rawModelSource := strings.TrimSpace(c.DefaultQuery("model_source", usagestats.ModelSourceRequested))
+	if !usagestats.IsValidModelSource(rawModelSource) {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid model_source, use requested/upstream/mapping")
+		return
+	}
+	dim.ModelType = rawModelSource
+	dim.Endpoint = c.Query("endpoint")
+	dim.EndpointType = c.DefaultQuery("endpoint_type", "inbound")
+
+	limit := 50
+	if v := c.Query("limit"); v != "" {
+		if n, err := strconv.Atoi(v); err == nil && n > 0 && n <= 200 {
+			limit = n
+		}
+	}
+
+	stats, err := h.dashboardService.GetUserBreakdownStats(
+		c.Request.Context(), startTime, endTime, dim, limit,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, 500, "Failed to get user breakdown stats")
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, gin.H{
+		"users":      stats,
+		"start_date": startTime.Format("2006-01-02"),
+		"end_date":   endTime.Add(-24 * time.Hour).Format("2006-01-02"),
+	})
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/dashboard_handler_request_type_test.go

@@ -149,6 +149,28 @@ func TestDashboardModelStatsInvalidStream(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, rec.Code)
 }
 
+func TestDashboardModelStatsInvalidModelSource(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &dashboardUsageRepoCapture{}
+	router := newDashboardRequestTypeTestRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/admin/dashboard/models?model_source=invalid", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, rec.Code)
+}
+
+func TestDashboardModelStatsValidModelSource(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &dashboardUsageRepoCapture{}
+	router := newDashboardRequestTypeTestRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/admin/dashboard/models?model_source=upstream", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, rec.Code)
+}
+
 func TestDashboardUsersRankingLimitAndCache(t *testing.T) {
 	dashboardUsersRankingCache = newSnapshotCache(5 * time.Minute)
 	repo := &dashboardUsageRepoCapture{

backend/internal/handler/admin/dashboard_handler_user_breakdown_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// --- mock repo ---
+
+type userBreakdownRepoCapture struct {
+	service.UsageLogRepository
+	capturedDim   usagestats.UserBreakdownDimension
+	capturedLimit int
+	result        []usagestats.UserBreakdownItem
+}
+
+func (r *userBreakdownRepoCapture) GetUserBreakdownStats(
+	_ context.Context, _, _ time.Time,
+	dim usagestats.UserBreakdownDimension, limit int,
+) ([]usagestats.UserBreakdownItem, error) {
+	r.capturedDim = dim
+	r.capturedLimit = limit
+	if r.result != nil {
+		return r.result, nil
+	}
+	return []usagestats.UserBreakdownItem{}, nil
+}
+
+func newUserBreakdownRouter(repo *userBreakdownRepoCapture) *gin.Engine {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	svc := service.NewDashboardService(repo, nil, nil, nil)
+	h := NewDashboardHandler(svc, nil)
+	router := gin.New()
+	router.GET("/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown", h.GetUserBreakdown)
+	return router
+}
+
+// --- tests ---
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_GroupIDFilter(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&group_id=42", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(42), repo.capturedDim.GroupID)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.capturedDim.Model)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.capturedDim.Endpoint)
+	require.Equal(t, 50, repo.capturedLimit) // default limit
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_ModelFilter(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&model=claude-opus-4-6", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, "claude-opus-4-6", repo.capturedDim.Model)
+	require.Equal(t, usagestats.ModelSourceRequested, repo.capturedDim.ModelType)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(0), repo.capturedDim.GroupID)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_ModelSourceFilter(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&model=claude-opus-4-6&model_source=upstream", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, usagestats.ModelSourceUpstream, repo.capturedDim.ModelType)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_InvalidModelSource(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&model_source=foobar", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_EndpointFilter(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&endpoint=/v1/messages&endpoint_type=upstream", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, "/v1/messages", repo.capturedDim.Endpoint)
+	require.Equal(t, "upstream", repo.capturedDim.EndpointType)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_DefaultEndpointType(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&endpoint=/chat", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, "inbound", repo.capturedDim.EndpointType)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_CustomLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&model=test&limit=100", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, 100, repo.capturedLimit)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_LimitClamped(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	// limit > 200 should fall back to default 50
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&model=test&limit=999", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, 50, repo.capturedLimit)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_ResponseFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{
+		result: []usagestats.UserBreakdownItem{
+			{UserID: 1, Email: "alice@test.com", Requests: 100, TotalTokens: 50000, Cost: 1.5, ActualCost: 1.2},
+			{UserID: 2, Email: "bob@test.com", Requests: 50, TotalTokens: 25000, Cost: 0.8, ActualCost: 0.6},
+		},
+	}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&group_id=1", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+
+	var resp struct {
+		Code int `json:"code"`
+		Data struct {
+			Users     []usagestats.UserBreakdownItem `json:"users"`
+			StartDate string                         `json:"start_date"`
+			EndDate   string                         `json:"end_date"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &resp)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, resp.Code)
+	require.Len(t, resp.Data.Users, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), resp.Data.Users[0].UserID)
+	require.Equal(t, "alice@test.com", resp.Data.Users[0].Email)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(100), resp.Data.Users[0].Requests)
+	require.InDelta(t, 1.2, resp.Data.Users[0].ActualCost, 0.001)
+	require.Equal(t, "2026-03-01", resp.Data.StartDate)
+	require.Equal(t, "2026-03-16", resp.Data.EndDate)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_EmptyResult(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16&group_id=999", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+
+	var resp struct {
+		Data struct {
+			Users []usagestats.UserBreakdownItem `json:"users"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &resp)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, resp.Data.Users)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserBreakdown_NoFilters(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userBreakdownRepoCapture{}
+	router := newUserBreakdownRouter(repo)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
+		"/admin/dashboard/user-breakdown?start_date=2026-03-01&end_date=2026-03-16", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(0), repo.capturedDim.GroupID)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.capturedDim.Model)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.capturedDim.Endpoint)
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/dashboard_query_cache.go

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ type dashboardModelGroupCacheKey struct {
 	APIKeyID    int64  `json:"api_key_id"`
 	AccountID   int64  `json:"account_id"`
 	GroupID     int64  `json:"group_id"`
+	ModelSource string `json:"model_source,omitempty"`
 	RequestType *int16 `json:"request_type"`
 	Stream      *bool  `json:"stream"`
 	BillingType *int8  `json:"billing_type"`
@@ -111,6 +112,7 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) getModelStatsCached(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	startTime, endTime time.Time,
 	userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64,
+	modelSource string,
 	requestType *int16,
 	stream *bool,
 	billingType *int8,
@@ -122,12 +124,13 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) getModelStatsCached(
 		APIKeyID:    apiKeyID,
 		AccountID:   accountID,
 		GroupID:     groupID,
+		ModelSource: usagestats.NormalizeModelSource(modelSource),
 		RequestType: requestType,
 		Stream:      stream,
 		BillingType: billingType,
 	})
 	entry, hit, err := dashboardModelStatsCache.GetOrLoad(key, func() (any, error) {
-		return h.dashboardService.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType)
+		return h.dashboardService.GetModelStatsWithFiltersBySource(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType, modelSource)
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, hit, err

backend/internal/handler/admin/dashboard_snapshot_v2_handler.go

@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ func (h *DashboardHandler) buildSnapshotV2Response(
 			filters.APIKeyID,
 			filters.AccountID,
 			filters.GroupID,
+			usagestats.ModelSourceRequested,
 			filters.RequestType,
 			filters.Stream,
 			filters.BillingType,

backend/internal/handler/admin/group_handler.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler/dto"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -16,7 +17,9 @@ import (
 
 // GroupHandler handles admin group management
 type GroupHandler struct {
-	adminService service.AdminService
+	adminService         service.AdminService
+	dashboardService     *service.DashboardService
+	groupCapacityService *service.GroupCapacityService
 }
 
 type optionalLimitField struct {
@@ -69,9 +72,11 @@ func (f optionalLimitField) ToServiceInput() *float64 {
 }
 
 // NewGroupHandler creates a new admin group handler
-func NewGroupHandler(adminService service.AdminService) *GroupHandler {
+func NewGroupHandler(adminService service.AdminService, dashboardService *service.DashboardService, groupCapacityService *service.GroupCapacityService) *GroupHandler {
 	return &GroupHandler{
-		adminService: adminService,
+		adminService:         adminService,
+		dashboardService:     dashboardService,
+		groupCapacityService: groupCapacityService,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -363,6 +368,33 @@ func (h *GroupHandler) GetStats(c *gin.Context) {
 	_ = groupID // TODO: implement actual stats
 }
 
+// GetUsageSummary returns today's and cumulative cost for all groups.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/groups/usage-summary?timezone=Asia/Shanghai
+func (h *GroupHandler) GetUsageSummary(c *gin.Context) {
+	userTZ := c.Query("timezone")
+	now := timezone.NowInUserLocation(userTZ)
+	todayStart := timezone.StartOfDayInUserLocation(now, userTZ)
+
+	results, err := h.dashboardService.GetGroupUsageSummary(c.Request.Context(), todayStart)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, 500, "Failed to get group usage summary")
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, results)
+}
+
+// GetCapacitySummary returns aggregated capacity (concurrency/sessions/RPM) for all active groups.
+// GET /api/v1/admin/groups/capacity-summary
+func (h *GroupHandler) GetCapacitySummary(c *gin.Context) {
+	results, err := h.groupCapacityService.GetAllGroupCapacity(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.Error(c, 500, "Failed to get group capacity summary")
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, results)
+}
+
 // GetGroupAPIKeys handles getting API keys in a group
 // GET /api/v1/admin/groups/:id/api-keys
 func (h *GroupHandler) GetGroupAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {

backend/internal/handler/admin/setting_handler.go

@@ -977,6 +977,58 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) DeleteAdminAPIKey(c *gin.Context) {
 	response.Success(c, gin.H{"message": "Admin API key deleted"})
 }
 
+// GetOverloadCooldownSettings 获取529过载冷却配置
+// GET /api/v1/admin/settings/overload-cooldown
+func (h *SettingHandler) GetOverloadCooldownSettings(c *gin.Context) {
+	settings, err := h.settingService.GetOverloadCooldownSettings(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, dto.OverloadCooldownSettings{
+		Enabled:         settings.Enabled,
+		CooldownMinutes: settings.CooldownMinutes,
+	})
+}
+
+// UpdateOverloadCooldownSettingsRequest 更新529过载冷却配置请求
+type UpdateOverloadCooldownSettingsRequest struct {
+	Enabled         bool `json:"enabled"`
+	CooldownMinutes int  `json:"cooldown_minutes"`
+}
+
+// UpdateOverloadCooldownSettings 更新529过载冷却配置
+// PUT /api/v1/admin/settings/overload-cooldown
+func (h *SettingHandler) UpdateOverloadCooldownSettings(c *gin.Context) {
+	var req UpdateOverloadCooldownSettingsRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	settings := &service.OverloadCooldownSettings{
+		Enabled:         req.Enabled,
+		CooldownMinutes: req.CooldownMinutes,
+	}
+
+	if err := h.settingService.SetOverloadCooldownSettings(c.Request.Context(), settings); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	updatedSettings, err := h.settingService.GetOverloadCooldownSettings(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, dto.OverloadCooldownSettings{
+		Enabled:         updatedSettings.Enabled,
+		CooldownMinutes: updatedSettings.CooldownMinutes,
+	})
+}
+
 // GetStreamTimeoutSettings 获取流超时处理配置
 // GET /api/v1/admin/settings/stream-timeout
 func (h *SettingHandler) GetStreamTimeoutSettings(c *gin.Context) {

backend/internal/handler/admin/subscription_handler.go

@@ -77,12 +77,13 @@ func (h *SubscriptionHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 	}
 	status := c.Query("status")
+	platform := c.Query("platform")
 
 	// Parse sorting parameters
 	sortBy := c.DefaultQuery("sort_by", "created_at")
 	sortOrder := c.DefaultQuery("sort_order", "desc")
 
-	subscriptions, pagination, err := h.subscriptionService.List(c.Request.Context(), page, pageSize, userID, groupID, status, sortBy, sortOrder)
+	subscriptions, pagination, err := h.subscriptionService.List(c.Request.Context(), page, pageSize, userID, groupID, status, platform, sortBy, sortOrder)
 	if err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return

backend/internal/handler/dto/mappers.go

@@ -135,14 +135,16 @@ func GroupFromServiceAdmin(g *service.Group) *AdminGroup {
 		return nil
 	}
 	out := &AdminGroup{
-		Group:                groupFromServiceBase(g),
-		ModelRouting:         g.ModelRouting,
-		ModelRoutingEnabled:  g.ModelRoutingEnabled,
-		MCPXMLInject:         g.MCPXMLInject,
-		DefaultMappedModel:   g.DefaultMappedModel,
-		SupportedModelScopes: g.SupportedModelScopes,
-		AccountCount:         g.AccountCount,
-		SortOrder:            g.SortOrder,
+		Group:                   groupFromServiceBase(g),
+		ModelRouting:            g.ModelRouting,
+		ModelRoutingEnabled:     g.ModelRoutingEnabled,
+		MCPXMLInject:            g.MCPXMLInject,
+		DefaultMappedModel:      g.DefaultMappedModel,
+		SupportedModelScopes:    g.SupportedModelScopes,
+		AccountCount:            g.AccountCount,
+		ActiveAccountCount:      g.ActiveAccountCount,
+		RateLimitedAccountCount: g.RateLimitedAccountCount,
+		SortOrder:               g.SortOrder,
 	}
 	if len(g.AccountGroups) > 0 {
 		out.AccountGroups = make([]AccountGroup, 0, len(g.AccountGroups))
@@ -521,6 +523,7 @@ func usageLogFromServiceUser(l *service.UsageLog) UsageLog {
 		AccountID:             l.AccountID,
 		RequestID:             l.RequestID,
 		Model:                 l.Model,
+		UpstreamModel:         l.UpstreamModel,
 		ServiceTier:           l.ServiceTier,
 		ReasoningEffort:       l.ReasoningEffort,
 		InboundEndpoint:       l.InboundEndpoint,

backend/internal/handler/dto/settings.go

@@ -157,6 +157,12 @@ type ListSoraS3ProfilesResponse struct {
 	Items           []SoraS3Profile `json:"items"`
 }
 
+// OverloadCooldownSettings 529过载冷却配置 DTO
+type OverloadCooldownSettings struct {
+	Enabled         bool `json:"enabled"`
+	CooldownMinutes int  `json:"cooldown_minutes"`
+}
+
 // StreamTimeoutSettings 流超时处理配置 DTO
 type StreamTimeoutSettings struct {
 	Enabled                bool   `json:"enabled"`

backend/internal/handler/dto/types.go

@@ -122,9 +122,11 @@ type AdminGroup struct {
 	DefaultMappedModel string `json:"default_mapped_model"`
 
 	// 支持的模型系列（仅 antigravity 平台使用）
-	SupportedModelScopes []string       `json:"supported_model_scopes"`
-	AccountGroups        []AccountGroup `json:"account_groups,omitempty"`
-	AccountCount         int64          `json:"account_count,omitempty"`
+	SupportedModelScopes    []string       `json:"supported_model_scopes"`
+	AccountGroups           []AccountGroup `json:"account_groups,omitempty"`
+	AccountCount            int64          `json:"account_count,omitempty"`
+	ActiveAccountCount      int64          `json:"active_account_count,omitempty"`
+	RateLimitedAccountCount int64          `json:"rate_limited_account_count,omitempty"`
 
 	// 分组排序
 	SortOrder int `json:"sort_order"`
@@ -332,6 +334,9 @@ type UsageLog struct {
 	AccountID int64  `json:"account_id"`
 	RequestID string `json:"request_id"`
 	Model     string `json:"model"`
+	// UpstreamModel is the actual model sent to the upstream provider after mapping.
+	// Omitted when no mapping was applied (requested model was used as-is).
+	UpstreamModel *string `json:"upstream_model,omitempty"`
 	// ServiceTier records the OpenAI service tier used for billing, e.g. "priority" / "flex".
 	ServiceTier *string `json:"service_tier,omitempty"`
 	// ReasoningEffort is the request's reasoning effort level.

backend/internal/handler/gateway_handler.go

@@ -1219,6 +1219,10 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, failoverErr *se
 		}
 	}
 
+	// 记录原始上游状态码，以便 ops 错误日志捕获真实的上游错误
+	upstreamMsg := service.ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage(responseBody)
+	service.SetOpsUpstreamError(c, statusCode, upstreamMsg, "")
+
 	// 使用默认的错误映射
 	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode)
 	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
@@ -1227,6 +1231,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, failoverErr *se
 // handleFailoverExhaustedSimple 简化版本，用于没有响应体的情况
 func (h *GatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhaustedSimple(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, streamStarted bool) {
 	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode)
+	service.SetOpsUpstreamError(c, statusCode, errMsg, "")
 	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
 }
 

backend/internal/handler/gateway_handler_warmup_intercept_unit_test.go

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func (f *fakeGroupRepo) ListActiveByPlatform(context.Context, string) ([]service
 	return nil, nil
 }
 func (f *fakeGroupRepo) ExistsByName(context.Context, string) (bool, error)    { return false, nil }
-func (f *fakeGroupRepo) GetAccountCount(context.Context, int64) (int64, error) { return 0, nil }
+func (f *fakeGroupRepo) GetAccountCount(context.Context, int64) (int64, int64, error) { return 0, 0, nil }
 func (f *fakeGroupRepo) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(context.Context, int64) (int64, error) {
 	return 0, nil
 }

backend/internal/handler/gateway_helper_hotpath_test.go

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func validClaudeCodeBodyJSON() []byte {
 	return []byte(`{
 		"model":"claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
 		"system":[{"text":"You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude."}],
-		"metadata":{"user_id":"user_aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa_account__session_abc-123"}
+		"metadata":{"user_id":"user_aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa_account__session_aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa"}
 	}`)
 }
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func TestSetClaudeCodeClientContext_ReuseParsedRequestAndContextCache(t *testing
 			System: []any{
 				map[string]any{"text": "You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude."},
 			},
-			MetadataUserID: "user_aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa_account__session_abc-123",
+			MetadataUserID: "user_aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa_account__session_aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa",
 		}
 
 		// body 非法 JSON，如果函数复用 parsedReq 成功则仍应判定为 Claude Code。
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func TestSetClaudeCodeClientContext_ReuseParsedRequestAndContextCache(t *testing
 			"system": []any{
 				map[string]any{"text": "You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude."},
 			},
-			"metadata": map[string]any{"user_id": "user_aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa_account__session_abc-123"},
+			"metadata": map[string]any{"user_id": "user_aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa_account__session_aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa"},
 		})
 
 		SetClaudeCodeClientContext(c, []byte(`{invalid`), nil)

backend/internal/handler/gemini_v1beta_handler.go

@@ -593,6 +593,10 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) handleGeminiFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, failoverE
 		}
 	}
 
+	// 记录原始上游状态码，以便 ops 错误日志捕获真实的上游错误
+	upstreamMsg := service.ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage(responseBody)
+	service.SetOpsUpstreamError(c, statusCode, upstreamMsg, "")
+
 	// 使用默认的错误映射
 	status, message := mapGeminiUpstreamError(statusCode)
 	googleError(c, status, message)

backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go

@@ -1435,6 +1435,10 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, failoverE
 		}
 	}
 
+	// 记录原始上游状态码，以便 ops 错误日志捕获真实的上游错误
+	upstreamMsg := service.ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage(responseBody)
+	service.SetOpsUpstreamError(c, statusCode, upstreamMsg, "")
+
 	// 使用默认的错误映射
 	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode)
 	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
@@ -1443,6 +1447,7 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, failoverE
 // handleFailoverExhaustedSimple 简化版本，用于没有响应体的情况
 func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhaustedSimple(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, streamStarted bool) {
 	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode)
+	service.SetOpsUpstreamError(c, statusCode, errMsg, "")
 	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
 }
 

backend/internal/handler/sora_gateway_handler.go

@@ -484,6 +484,9 @@ func (h *SoraGatewayHandler) handleConcurrencyError(c *gin.Context, err error, s
 }
 
 func (h *SoraGatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, responseHeaders http.Header, responseBody []byte, streamStarted bool) {
+	upstreamMsg := service.ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage(responseBody)
+	service.SetOpsUpstreamError(c, statusCode, upstreamMsg, "")
+
 	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode, responseHeaders, responseBody)
 	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
 }

backend/internal/handler/sora_gateway_handler_test.go

@@ -273,8 +273,8 @@ func (r *stubGroupRepo) ListActiveByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform strin
 func (r *stubGroupRepo) ExistsByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (bool, error) {
 	return false, nil
 }
-func (r *stubGroupRepo) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
-	return 0, nil
+func (r *stubGroupRepo) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, int64, error) {
+	return 0, 0, nil
 }
 func (r *stubGroupRepo) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
 	return 0, nil
@@ -345,6 +345,12 @@ func (s *stubUsageLogRepo) GetUpstreamEndpointStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Conte
 func (s *stubUsageLogRepo) GetGroupStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.GroupStat, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
+func (s *stubUsageLogRepo) GetUserBreakdownStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, dim usagestats.UserBreakdownDimension, limit int) ([]usagestats.UserBreakdownItem, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+func (s *stubUsageLogRepo) GetAllGroupUsageSummary(ctx context.Context, todayStart time.Time) ([]usagestats.GroupUsageSummary, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
 func (s *stubUsageLogRepo) GetAPIKeyUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, limit int) ([]usagestats.APIKeyUsageTrendPoint, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/oauth.go

@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ const (
 	antigravityDailyBaseURL = "https://daily-cloudcode-pa.sandbox.googleapis.com"
 )
 
-// defaultUserAgentVersion 可通过环境变量 ANTIGRAVITY_USER_AGENT_VERSION 配置，默认 1.20.4
-var defaultUserAgentVersion = "1.20.4"
+// defaultUserAgentVersion 可通过环境变量 ANTIGRAVITY_USER_AGENT_VERSION 配置，默认 1.20.5
+var defaultUserAgentVersion = "1.20.5"
 
 // defaultClientSecret 可通过环境变量 ANTIGRAVITY_OAUTH_CLIENT_SECRET 配置
 var defaultClientSecret = "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"

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/oauth_test.go

@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ func TestConstants_值正确(t *testing.T) {
 	if RedirectURI != "http://localhost:8085/callback" {
 		t.Errorf("RedirectURI 不匹配: got %s", RedirectURI)
 	}
-	if GetUserAgent() != "antigravity/1.20.4 windows/amd64" {
+	if GetUserAgent() != "antigravity/1.20.5 windows/amd64" {
 		t.Errorf("UserAgent 不匹配: got %s", GetUserAgent())
 	}
 	if SessionTTL != 30*time.Minute {

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/request_transformer.go

@@ -275,21 +275,6 @@ func filterOpenCodePrompt(text string) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
-// systemBlockFilterPrefixes 需要从 system 中过滤的文本前缀列表
-var systemBlockFilterPrefixes = []string{
-	"x-anthropic-billing-header",
-}
-
-// filterSystemBlockByPrefix 如果文本匹配过滤前缀，返回空字符串
-func filterSystemBlockByPrefix(text string) string {
-	for _, prefix := range systemBlockFilterPrefixes {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(text, prefix) {
-			return ""
-		}
-	}
-	return text
-}
-
 // buildSystemInstruction 构建 systemInstruction（与 Antigravity-Manager 保持一致）
 func buildSystemInstruction(system json.RawMessage, modelName string, opts TransformOptions, tools []ClaudeTool) *GeminiContent {
 	var parts []GeminiPart
@@ -306,8 +291,8 @@ func buildSystemInstruction(system json.RawMessage, modelName string, opts Trans
 				if strings.Contains(sysStr, "You are Antigravity") {
 					userHasAntigravityIdentity = true
 				}
-				// 过滤 OpenCode 默认提示词和黑名单前缀
-				filtered := filterSystemBlockByPrefix(filterOpenCodePrompt(sysStr))
+				// 过滤 OpenCode 默认提示词
+				filtered := filterOpenCodePrompt(sysStr)
 				if filtered != "" {
 					userSystemParts = append(userSystemParts, GeminiPart{Text: filtered})
 				}
@@ -321,8 +306,8 @@ func buildSystemInstruction(system json.RawMessage, modelName string, opts Trans
 						if strings.Contains(block.Text, "You are Antigravity") {
 							userHasAntigravityIdentity = true
 						}
-						// 过滤 OpenCode 默认提示词和黑名单前缀
-						filtered := filterSystemBlockByPrefix(filterOpenCodePrompt(block.Text))
+						// 过滤 OpenCode 默认提示词
+						filtered := filterOpenCodePrompt(block.Text)
 						if filtered != "" {
 							userSystemParts = append(userSystemParts, GeminiPart{Text: filtered})
 						}

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/request_transformer_test.go

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ package antigravity
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 // TestBuildParts_ThinkingBlockWithoutSignature 测试thinking block无signature时的处理
@@ -349,3 +352,51 @@ func TestBuildGenerationConfig_ThinkingDynamicBudget(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestTransformClaudeToGeminiWithOptions_PreservesBillingHeaderSystemBlock(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		system json.RawMessage
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "system array",
+			system: json.RawMessage(`[{"type":"text","text":"x-anthropic-billing-header keep"}]`),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "system string",
+			system: json.RawMessage(`"x-anthropic-billing-header keep"`),
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			claudeReq := &ClaudeRequest{
+				Model:  "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest",
+				System: tt.system,
+				Messages: []ClaudeMessage{
+					{
+						Role:    "user",
+						Content: json.RawMessage(`[{"type":"text","text":"hello"}]`),
+					},
+				},
+			}
+
+			body, err := TransformClaudeToGeminiWithOptions(claudeReq, "project-1", "gemini-2.5-flash", DefaultTransformOptions())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			var req V1InternalRequest
+			require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(body, &req))
+			require.NotNil(t, req.Request.SystemInstruction)
+
+			found := false
+			for _, part := range req.Request.SystemInstruction.Parts {
+				if strings.Contains(part.Text, "x-anthropic-billing-header keep") {
+					found = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			require.True(t, found, "转换后的 systemInstruction 应保留 x-anthropic-billing-header 内容")
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/internal/pkg/apicompat/anthropic_responses_test.go

@@ -1008,3 +1008,114 @@ func TestAnthropicToResponses_ImageEmptyMediaType(t *testing.T) {
 	// Should default to image/png when media_type is empty.
 	assert.Equal(t, "data:image/png;base64,iVBOR", parts[0].ImageURL)
 }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// normalizeToolParameters tests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func TestNormalizeToolParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    json.RawMessage
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "nil input",
+			input:    nil,
+			expected: `{"type":"object","properties":{}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty input",
+			input:    json.RawMessage(``),
+			expected: `{"type":"object","properties":{}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "null input",
+			input:    json.RawMessage(`null`),
+			expected: `{"type":"object","properties":{}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "object without properties",
+			input:    json.RawMessage(`{"type":"object"}`),
+			expected: `{"type":"object","properties":{}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "object with properties",
+			input:    json.RawMessage(`{"type":"object","properties":{"city":{"type":"string"}}}`),
+			expected: `{"type":"object","properties":{"city":{"type":"string"}}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "non-object type",
+			input:    json.RawMessage(`{"type":"string"}`),
+			expected: `{"type":"string"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "object with additional fields preserved",
+			input:    json.RawMessage(`{"type":"object","required":["name"]}`),
+			expected: `{"type":"object","required":["name"],"properties":{}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "invalid JSON passthrough",
+			input:    json.RawMessage(`not json`),
+			expected: `not json`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := normalizeToolParameters(tt.input)
+			if tt.name == "invalid JSON passthrough" {
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, string(result))
+			} else {
+				assert.JSONEq(t, tt.expected, string(result))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAnthropicToResponses_ToolWithoutProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	req := &AnthropicRequest{
+		Model:     "gpt-5.2",
+		MaxTokens: 1024,
+		Messages: []AnthropicMessage{
+			{Role: "user", Content: json.RawMessage(`"Hello"`)},
+		},
+		Tools: []AnthropicTool{
+			{Name: "mcp__pencil__get_style_guide_tags", Description: "Get style tags", InputSchema: json.RawMessage(`{"type":"object"}`)},
+		},
+	}
+
+	resp, err := AnthropicToResponses(req)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Len(t, resp.Tools, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "function", resp.Tools[0].Type)
+	assert.Equal(t, "mcp__pencil__get_style_guide_tags", resp.Tools[0].Name)
+
+	// Parameters must have "properties" field after normalization.
+	var params map[string]json.RawMessage
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(resp.Tools[0].Parameters, &params))
+	assert.Contains(t, params, "properties")
+}
+
+func TestAnthropicToResponses_ToolWithNilSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	req := &AnthropicRequest{
+		Model:     "gpt-5.2",
+		MaxTokens: 1024,
+		Messages: []AnthropicMessage{
+			{Role: "user", Content: json.RawMessage(`"Hello"`)},
+		},
+		Tools: []AnthropicTool{
+			{Name: "simple_tool", Description: "A tool"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	resp, err := AnthropicToResponses(req)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Len(t, resp.Tools, 1)
+	var params map[string]json.RawMessage
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(resp.Tools[0].Parameters, &params))
+	assert.JSONEq(t, `"object"`, string(params["type"]))
+	assert.JSONEq(t, `{}`, string(params["properties"]))
+}

backend/internal/pkg/apicompat/anthropic_to_responses.go

@@ -409,8 +409,41 @@ func convertAnthropicToolsToResponses(tools []AnthropicTool) []ResponsesTool {
 			Type:        "function",
 			Name:        t.Name,
 			Description: t.Description,
-			Parameters:  t.InputSchema,
+			Parameters:  normalizeToolParameters(t.InputSchema),
 		})
 	}
 	return out
 }
+
+// normalizeToolParameters ensures the tool parameter schema is valid for
+// OpenAI's Responses API, which requires "properties" on object schemas.
+//
+//   - nil/empty → {"type":"object","properties":{}}
+//   - type=object without properties → adds "properties": {}
+//   - otherwise → returned unchanged
+func normalizeToolParameters(schema json.RawMessage) json.RawMessage {
+	if len(schema) == 0 || string(schema) == "null" {
+		return json.RawMessage(`{"type":"object","properties":{}}`)
+	}
+
+	var m map[string]json.RawMessage
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(schema, &m); err != nil {
+		return schema
+	}
+
+	typ := m["type"]
+	if string(typ) != `"object"` {
+		return schema
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := m["properties"]; ok {
+		return schema
+	}
+
+	m["properties"] = json.RawMessage(`{}`)
+	out, err := json.Marshal(m)
+	if err != nil {
+		return schema
+	}
+	return out
+}

backend/internal/pkg/response/response.go

@@ -47,6 +47,15 @@ func Created(c *gin.Context, data any) {
 	})
 }
 
+// Accepted 返回异步接受响应 (HTTP 202)
+func Accepted(c *gin.Context, data any) {
+	c.JSON(http.StatusAccepted, Response{
+		Code:    0,
+		Message: "accepted",
+		Data:    data,
+	})
+}
+
 // Error 返回错误响应
 func Error(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, message string) {
 	c.JSON(statusCode, Response{

backend/internal/pkg/usagestats/usage_log_types.go

@@ -3,6 +3,28 @@ package usagestats
 
 import "time"
 
+const (
+	ModelSourceRequested = "requested"
+	ModelSourceUpstream  = "upstream"
+	ModelSourceMapping   = "mapping"
+)
+
+func IsValidModelSource(source string) bool {
+	switch source {
+	case ModelSourceRequested, ModelSourceUpstream, ModelSourceMapping:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func NormalizeModelSource(source string) string {
+	if IsValidModelSource(source) {
+		return source
+	}
+	return ModelSourceRequested
+}
+
 // DashboardStats 仪表盘统计
 type DashboardStats struct {
 	// 用户统计
@@ -90,6 +112,13 @@ type EndpointStat struct {
 	ActualCost  float64 `json:"actual_cost"` // 实际扣除
 }
 
+// GroupUsageSummary represents today's and cumulative cost for a single group.
+type GroupUsageSummary struct {
+	GroupID   int64   `json:"group_id"`
+	TodayCost float64 `json:"today_cost"`
+	TotalCost float64 `json:"total_cost"`
+}
+
 // GroupStat represents usage statistics for a single group
 type GroupStat struct {
 	GroupID     int64   `json:"group_id"`
@@ -129,6 +158,25 @@ type UserSpendingRankingResponse struct {
 	TotalTokens     int64                     `json:"total_tokens"`
 }
 
+// UserBreakdownItem represents per-user usage breakdown within a dimension (group, model, endpoint).
+type UserBreakdownItem struct {
+	UserID      int64   `json:"user_id"`
+	Email       string  `json:"email"`
+	Requests    int64   `json:"requests"`
+	TotalTokens int64   `json:"total_tokens"`
+	Cost        float64 `json:"cost"`        // 标准计费
+	ActualCost  float64 `json:"actual_cost"` // 实际扣除
+}
+
+// UserBreakdownDimension specifies the dimension to filter for user breakdown.
+type UserBreakdownDimension struct {
+	GroupID      int64  // filter by group_id (>0 to enable)
+	Model        string // filter by model name (non-empty to enable)
+	ModelType    string // "requested", "upstream", or "mapping"
+	Endpoint     string // filter by endpoint value (non-empty to enable)
+	EndpointType string // "inbound", "upstream", or "path"
+}
+
 // APIKeyUsageTrendPoint represents API key usage trend data point
 type APIKeyUsageTrendPoint struct {
 	Date     string `json:"date"`

backend/internal/pkg/usagestats/usage_log_types_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package usagestats
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestIsValidModelSource(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		source string
+		want   bool
+	}{
+		{name: "requested", source: ModelSourceRequested, want: true},
+		{name: "upstream", source: ModelSourceUpstream, want: true},
+		{name: "mapping", source: ModelSourceMapping, want: true},
+		{name: "invalid", source: "foobar", want: false},
+		{name: "empty", source: "", want: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := IsValidModelSource(tc.source); got != tc.want {
+				t.Fatalf("IsValidModelSource(%q)=%v want %v", tc.source, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeModelSource(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		source string
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{name: "requested", source: ModelSourceRequested, want: ModelSourceRequested},
+		{name: "upstream", source: ModelSourceUpstream, want: ModelSourceUpstream},
+		{name: "mapping", source: ModelSourceMapping, want: ModelSourceMapping},
+		{name: "invalid falls back", source: "foobar", want: ModelSourceRequested},
+		{name: "empty falls back", source: "", want: ModelSourceRequested},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := NormalizeModelSource(tc.source); got != tc.want {
+				t.Fatalf("NormalizeModelSource(%q)=%q want %q", tc.source, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ var schedulerNeutralExtraKeyPrefixes = []string{
 	"codex_secondary_",
 	"codex_5h_",
 	"codex_7d_",
+	"passive_usage_",
 }
 
 var schedulerNeutralExtraKeys = map[string]struct{}{
@@ -473,7 +474,9 @@ func (r *accountRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params paginati
 	if search != "" {
 		q = q.Where(dbaccount.NameContainsFold(search))
 	}
-	if groupID > 0 {
+	if groupID == service.AccountListGroupUngrouped {
+		q = q.Where(dbaccount.Not(dbaccount.HasAccountGroups()))
+	} else if groupID > 0 {
 		q = q.Where(dbaccount.HasAccountGroupsWith(dbaccountgroup.GroupIDEQ(groupID)))
 	}
 

backend/internal/repository/account_repo_integration_test.go

@@ -214,6 +214,7 @@ func (s *AccountRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters() {
 		accType   string
 		status    string
 		search    string
+		groupID   int64
 		wantCount int
 		validate  func(accounts []service.Account)
 	}{
@@ -265,6 +266,21 @@ func (s *AccountRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters() {
 				s.Require().Contains(accounts[0].Name, "alpha")
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "filter_by_ungrouped",
+			setup: func(client *dbent.Client) {
+				group := mustCreateGroup(s.T(), client, &service.Group{Name: "g-ungrouped"})
+				grouped := mustCreateAccount(s.T(), client, &service.Account{Name: "grouped-account"})
+				mustCreateAccount(s.T(), client, &service.Account{Name: "ungrouped-account"})
+				mustBindAccountToGroup(s.T(), client, grouped.ID, group.ID, 1)
+			},
+			groupID:   service.AccountListGroupUngrouped,
+			wantCount: 1,
+			validate: func(accounts []service.Account) {
+				s.Require().Equal("ungrouped-account", accounts[0].Name)
+				s.Require().Empty(accounts[0].GroupIDs)
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
@@ -277,7 +293,7 @@ func (s *AccountRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters() {
 
 			tt.setup(client)
 
-			accounts, _, err := repo.ListWithFilters(ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, tt.platform, tt.accType, tt.status, tt.search, 0)
+			accounts, _, err := repo.ListWithFilters(ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, tt.platform, tt.accType, tt.status, tt.search, tt.groupID)
 			s.Require().NoError(err)
 			s.Require().Len(accounts, tt.wantCount)
 			if tt.validate != nil {

backend/internal/repository/backup_s3_store.go

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ func NewS3BackupStoreFactory() service.BackupObjectStoreFactory {
 
 func (s *S3BackupStore) Upload(ctx context.Context, key string, body io.Reader, contentType string) (int64, error) {
 	// 读取全部内容以获取大小（S3 PutObject 需要知道内容长度）
+	// 注意：阿里云 OSS 不兼容 s3manager 分片上传的签名方式，因此使用 PutObject
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("read body: %w", err)

backend/internal/repository/billing_cache.go

@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ const (
 	billingCacheTTL           = 5 * time.Minute
 	billingCacheJitter        = 30 * time.Second
 	rateLimitCacheTTL         = 7 * 24 * time.Hour // 7 days matches the longest window
+
+	// Rate limit window durations — must match service.RateLimitWindow* constants.
+	rateLimitWindow5h = 5 * time.Hour
+	rateLimitWindow1d = 24 * time.Hour
+	rateLimitWindow7d = 7 * 24 * time.Hour
 )
 
 // jitteredTTL 返回带随机抖动的 TTL，防止缓存雪崩
@@ -90,17 +95,40 @@ var (
 		return 1
 	`)
 
-	// updateRateLimitUsageScript atomically increments all three rate limit usage counters.
-	// Returns 0 if the key doesn't exist (cache miss), 1 on success.
+	// updateRateLimitUsageScript atomically increments all three rate limit usage counters
+	// with window expiration checking. If a window has expired, its usage is reset to cost
+	// (instead of accumulated) and the window timestamp is updated, matching the DB-side
+	// IncrementRateLimitUsage semantics.
+	//
+	// ARGV: [1]=cost, [2]=ttl_seconds, [3]=now_unix, [4]=window_5h_seconds, [5]=window_1d_seconds, [6]=window_7d_seconds
 	updateRateLimitUsageScript = redis.NewScript(`
 		local exists = redis.call('EXISTS', KEYS[1])
 		if exists == 0 then
 			return 0
 		end
 		local cost = tonumber(ARGV[1])
-		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'usage_5h', cost)
-		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'usage_1d', cost)
-		redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], 'usage_7d', cost)
+		local now = tonumber(ARGV[3])
+		local win5h = tonumber(ARGV[4])
+		local win1d = tonumber(ARGV[5])
+		local win7d = tonumber(ARGV[6])
+
+		-- Helper: check if window is expired and update usage + window accordingly
+		-- Returns nothing, modifies the hash in-place.
+		local function update_window(usage_field, window_field, window_duration)
+			local w = tonumber(redis.call('HGET', KEYS[1], window_field) or 0)
+			if w == 0 or (now - w) >= window_duration then
+				-- Window expired or never started: reset usage to cost, start new window
+				redis.call('HSET', KEYS[1], usage_field, tostring(cost))
+				redis.call('HSET', KEYS[1], window_field, tostring(now))
+			else
+				-- Window still valid: accumulate
+				redis.call('HINCRBYFLOAT', KEYS[1], usage_field, cost)
+			end
+		end
+
+		update_window('usage_5h', 'window_5h', win5h)
+		update_window('usage_1d', 'window_1d', win1d)
+		update_window('usage_7d', 'window_7d', win7d)
 		redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
 		return 1
 	`)
@@ -280,7 +308,15 @@ func (c *billingCache) SetAPIKeyRateLimit(ctx context.Context, keyID int64, data
 
 func (c *billingCache) UpdateAPIKeyRateLimitUsage(ctx context.Context, keyID int64, cost float64) error {
 	key := billingRateLimitKey(keyID)
-	_, err := updateRateLimitUsageScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key}, cost, int(rateLimitCacheTTL.Seconds())).Result()
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+	_, err := updateRateLimitUsageScript.Run(ctx, c.rdb, []string{key},
+		cost,
+		int(rateLimitCacheTTL.Seconds()),
+		now,
+		int(rateLimitWindow5h.Seconds()),
+		int(rateLimitWindow1d.Seconds()),
+		int(rateLimitWindow7d.Seconds()),
+	).Result()
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
 		log.Printf("Warning: update rate limit usage cache failed for api key %d: %v", keyID, err)
 		return err

backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go

@@ -88,8 +88,9 @@ func (r *groupRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.Group
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	count, _ := r.GetAccountCount(ctx, out.ID)
-	out.AccountCount = count
+	total, active, _ := r.GetAccountCount(ctx, out.ID)
+	out.AccountCount = total
+	out.ActiveAccountCount = active
 	return out, nil
 }
 
@@ -256,7 +257,10 @@ func (r *groupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination
 	counts, err := r.loadAccountCounts(ctx, groupIDs)
 	if err == nil {
 		for i := range outGroups {
-			outGroups[i].AccountCount = counts[outGroups[i].ID]
+			c := counts[outGroups[i].ID]
+			outGroups[i].AccountCount = c.Total
+			outGroups[i].ActiveAccountCount = c.Active
+			outGroups[i].RateLimitedAccountCount = c.RateLimited
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -283,7 +287,10 @@ func (r *groupRepository) ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]service.Group, erro
 	counts, err := r.loadAccountCounts(ctx, groupIDs)
 	if err == nil {
 		for i := range outGroups {
-			outGroups[i].AccountCount = counts[outGroups[i].ID]
+			c := counts[outGroups[i].ID]
+			outGroups[i].AccountCount = c.Total
+			outGroups[i].ActiveAccountCount = c.Active
+			outGroups[i].RateLimitedAccountCount = c.RateLimited
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -310,7 +317,10 @@ func (r *groupRepository) ListActiveByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform str
 	counts, err := r.loadAccountCounts(ctx, groupIDs)
 	if err == nil {
 		for i := range outGroups {
-			outGroups[i].AccountCount = counts[outGroups[i].ID]
+			c := counts[outGroups[i].ID]
+			outGroups[i].AccountCount = c.Total
+			outGroups[i].ActiveAccountCount = c.Active
+			outGroups[i].RateLimitedAccountCount = c.RateLimited
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -369,12 +379,20 @@ func (r *groupRepository) ExistsByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64) (map[int
 	return result, nil
 }
 
-func (r *groupRepository) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
-	var count int64
-	if err := scanSingleRow(ctx, r.sql, "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM account_groups WHERE group_id = $1", []any{groupID}, &count); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	return count, nil
+func (r *groupRepository) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (total int64, active int64, err error) {
+	var rateLimited int64
+	err = scanSingleRow(ctx, r.sql,
+		`SELECT COUNT(*),
+			COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE a.status = 'active' AND a.schedulable = true),
+			COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE a.status = 'active' AND (
+				a.rate_limit_reset_at > NOW() OR
+				a.overload_until > NOW() OR
+				a.temp_unschedulable_until > NOW()
+			))
+		FROM account_groups ag JOIN accounts a ON a.id = ag.account_id
+		WHERE ag.group_id = $1`,
+		[]any{groupID}, &total, &active, &rateLimited)
+	return
 }
 
 func (r *groupRepository) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
@@ -500,15 +518,32 @@ func (r *groupRepository) DeleteCascade(ctx context.Context, id int64) ([]int64,
 	return affectedUserIDs, nil
 }
 
-func (r *groupRepository) loadAccountCounts(ctx context.Context, groupIDs []int64) (counts map[int64]int64, err error) {
-	counts = make(map[int64]int64, len(groupIDs))
+type groupAccountCounts struct {
+	Total       int64
+	Active      int64
+	RateLimited int64
+}
+
+func (r *groupRepository) loadAccountCounts(ctx context.Context, groupIDs []int64) (counts map[int64]groupAccountCounts, err error) {
+	counts = make(map[int64]groupAccountCounts, len(groupIDs))
 	if len(groupIDs) == 0 {
 		return counts, nil
 	}
 
 	rows, err := r.sql.QueryContext(
 		ctx,
-		"SELECT group_id, COUNT(*) FROM account_groups WHERE group_id = ANY($1) GROUP BY group_id",
+		`SELECT ag.group_id,
+			COUNT(*) AS total,
+			COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE a.status = 'active' AND a.schedulable = true) AS active,
+			COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE a.status = 'active' AND (
+				a.rate_limit_reset_at > NOW() OR
+				a.overload_until > NOW() OR
+				a.temp_unschedulable_until > NOW()
+			)) AS rate_limited
+		FROM account_groups ag
+		JOIN accounts a ON a.id = ag.account_id
+		WHERE ag.group_id = ANY($1)
+		GROUP BY ag.group_id`,
 		pq.Array(groupIDs),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -523,11 +558,11 @@ func (r *groupRepository) loadAccountCounts(ctx context.Context, groupIDs []int6
 
 	for rows.Next() {
 		var groupID int64
-		var count int64
-		if err = rows.Scan(&groupID, &count); err != nil {
+		var c groupAccountCounts
+		if err = rows.Scan(&groupID, &c.Total, &c.Active, &c.RateLimited); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		counts[groupID] = count
+		counts[groupID] = c
 	}
 	if err = rows.Err(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err

backend/internal/repository/group_repo_integration_test.go

@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestGetAccountCount() {
 	_, err = s.tx.ExecContext(s.ctx, "INSERT INTO account_groups (account_id, group_id, priority, created_at) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, NOW())", a2, group.ID, 2)
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 
-	count, err := s.repo.GetAccountCount(s.ctx, group.ID)
+	count, _, err := s.repo.GetAccountCount(s.ctx, group.ID)
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "GetAccountCount")
 	s.Require().Equal(int64(2), count)
 }
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestGetAccountCount_Empty() {
 	}
 	s.Require().NoError(s.repo.Create(s.ctx, group))
 
-	count, err := s.repo.GetAccountCount(s.ctx, group.ID)
+	count, _, err := s.repo.GetAccountCount(s.ctx, group.ID)
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Zero(count)
 }
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestDeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID() {
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID")
 	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), affected, "expected 1 affected row")
 
-	count, err := s.repo.GetAccountCount(s.ctx, g.ID)
+	count, _, err := s.repo.GetAccountCount(s.ctx, g.ID)
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "GetAccountCount")
 	s.Require().Equal(int64(0), count, "expected 0 account groups")
 }
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestDeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID_MultipleAccounts() {
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Equal(int64(3), affected)
 
-	count, _ := s.repo.GetAccountCount(s.ctx, g.ID)
+	count, _, _ := s.repo.GetAccountCount(s.ctx, g.ID)
 	s.Require().Zero(count)
 }
 

backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 	gocache "github.com/patrickmn/go-cache"
 )
 
-const usageLogSelectColumns = "id, user_id, api_key_id, account_id, request_id, model, group_id, subscription_id, input_tokens, output_tokens, cache_creation_tokens, cache_read_tokens, cache_creation_5m_tokens, cache_creation_1h_tokens, input_cost, output_cost, cache_creation_cost, cache_read_cost, total_cost, actual_cost, rate_multiplier, account_rate_multiplier, billing_type, request_type, stream, openai_ws_mode, duration_ms, first_token_ms, user_agent, ip_address, image_count, image_size, media_type, service_tier, reasoning_effort, inbound_endpoint, upstream_endpoint, cache_ttl_overridden, created_at"
+const usageLogSelectColumns = "id, user_id, api_key_id, account_id, request_id, model, upstream_model, group_id, subscription_id, input_tokens, output_tokens, cache_creation_tokens, cache_read_tokens, cache_creation_5m_tokens, cache_creation_1h_tokens, input_cost, output_cost, cache_creation_cost, cache_read_cost, total_cost, actual_cost, rate_multiplier, account_rate_multiplier, billing_type, request_type, stream, openai_ws_mode, duration_ms, first_token_ms, user_agent, ip_address, image_count, image_size, media_type, service_tier, reasoning_effort, inbound_endpoint, upstream_endpoint, cache_ttl_overridden, created_at"
 
 var usageLogInsertArgTypes = [...]string{
 	"bigint",
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ var usageLogInsertArgTypes = [...]string{
 	"bigint",
 	"text",
 	"text",
+	"text",
 	"bigint",
 	"bigint",
 	"integer",
@@ -277,6 +278,7 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) createSingle(ctx context.Context, sqlq sqlExecutor,
 			account_id,
 			request_id,
 			model,
+			upstream_model,
 			group_id,
 			subscription_id,
 			input_tokens,
@@ -311,12 +313,12 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) createSingle(ctx context.Context, sqlq sqlExecutor,
 			cache_ttl_overridden,
 			created_at
 		) VALUES (
-			$1, $2, $3, $4, $5,
-			$6, $7,
-			$8, $9, $10, $11,
-			$12, $13,
-			$14, $15, $16, $17, $18, $19,
-			$20, $21, $22, $23, $24, $25, $26, $27, $28, $29, $30, $31, $32, $33, $34, $35, $36, $37, $38
+			$1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6,
+			$7, $8,
+			$9, $10, $11, $12,
+			$13, $14,
+			$15, $16, $17, $18, $19, $20,
+			$21, $22, $23, $24, $25, $26, $27, $28, $29, $30, $31, $32, $33, $34, $35, $36, $37, $38, $39
 		)
 		ON CONFLICT (request_id, api_key_id) DO NOTHING
 		RETURNING id, created_at
@@ -707,6 +709,7 @@ func buildUsageLogBatchInsertQuery(keys []string, preparedByKey map[string]usage
 			account_id,
 			request_id,
 			model,
+			upstream_model,
 			group_id,
 			subscription_id,
 			input_tokens,
@@ -742,7 +745,7 @@ func buildUsageLogBatchInsertQuery(keys []string, preparedByKey map[string]usage
 			created_at
 		) AS (VALUES `)
 
-	args := make([]any, 0, len(keys)*38)
+	args := make([]any, 0, len(keys)*39)
 	argPos := 1
 	for idx, key := range keys {
 		if idx > 0 {
@@ -776,6 +779,7 @@ func buildUsageLogBatchInsertQuery(keys []string, preparedByKey map[string]usage
 				account_id,
 				request_id,
 				model,
+				upstream_model,
 				group_id,
 				subscription_id,
 				input_tokens,
@@ -816,6 +820,7 @@ func buildUsageLogBatchInsertQuery(keys []string, preparedByKey map[string]usage
 				account_id,
 				request_id,
 				model,
+				upstream_model,
 				group_id,
 				subscription_id,
 				input_tokens,
@@ -896,6 +901,7 @@ func buildUsageLogBestEffortInsertQuery(preparedList []usageLogInsertPrepared) (
 			account_id,
 			request_id,
 			model,
+			upstream_model,
 			group_id,
 			subscription_id,
 			input_tokens,
@@ -931,7 +937,7 @@ func buildUsageLogBestEffortInsertQuery(preparedList []usageLogInsertPrepared) (
 			created_at
 		) AS (VALUES `)
 
-	args := make([]any, 0, len(preparedList)*38)
+	args := make([]any, 0, len(preparedList)*39)
 	argPos := 1
 	for idx, prepared := range preparedList {
 		if idx > 0 {
@@ -962,6 +968,7 @@ func buildUsageLogBestEffortInsertQuery(preparedList []usageLogInsertPrepared) (
 			account_id,
 			request_id,
 			model,
+			upstream_model,
 			group_id,
 			subscription_id,
 			input_tokens,
@@ -1002,6 +1009,7 @@ func buildUsageLogBestEffortInsertQuery(preparedList []usageLogInsertPrepared) (
 			account_id,
 			request_id,
 			model,
+			upstream_model,
 			group_id,
 			subscription_id,
 			input_tokens,
@@ -1050,6 +1058,7 @@ func execUsageLogInsertNoResult(ctx context.Context, sqlq sqlExecutor, prepared
 			account_id,
 			request_id,
 			model,
+			upstream_model,
 			group_id,
 			subscription_id,
 			input_tokens,
@@ -1084,12 +1093,12 @@ func execUsageLogInsertNoResult(ctx context.Context, sqlq sqlExecutor, prepared
 			cache_ttl_overridden,
 			created_at
 		) VALUES (
-			$1, $2, $3, $4, $5,
-			$6, $7,
-			$8, $9, $10, $11,
-			$12, $13,
-			$14, $15, $16, $17, $18, $19,
-			$20, $21, $22, $23, $24, $25, $26, $27, $28, $29, $30, $31, $32, $33, $34, $35, $36, $37, $38
+			$1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6,
+			$7, $8,
+			$9, $10, $11, $12,
+			$13, $14,
+			$15, $16, $17, $18, $19, $20,
+			$21, $22, $23, $24, $25, $26, $27, $28, $29, $30, $31, $32, $33, $34, $35, $36, $37, $38, $39
 		)
 		ON CONFLICT (request_id, api_key_id) DO NOTHING
 	`, prepared.args...)
@@ -1121,6 +1130,7 @@ func prepareUsageLogInsert(log *service.UsageLog) usageLogInsertPrepared {
 	reasoningEffort := nullString(log.ReasoningEffort)
 	inboundEndpoint := nullString(log.InboundEndpoint)
 	upstreamEndpoint := nullString(log.UpstreamEndpoint)
+	upstreamModel := nullString(log.UpstreamModel)
 
 	var requestIDArg any
 	if requestID != "" {
@@ -1138,6 +1148,7 @@ func prepareUsageLogInsert(log *service.UsageLog) usageLogInsertPrepared {
 			log.AccountID,
 			requestIDArg,
 			log.Model,
+			upstreamModel,
 			groupID,
 			subscriptionID,
 			log.InputTokens,
@@ -2864,15 +2875,26 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) getUsageTrendFromAggregates(ctx context.Context, st
 
 // GetModelStatsWithFilters returns model statistics with optional filters
 func (r *usageLogRepository) GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8) (results []ModelStat, err error) {
+	return r.getModelStatsWithFiltersBySource(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType, usagestats.ModelSourceRequested)
+}
+
+// GetModelStatsWithFiltersBySource returns model statistics with optional filters and model source dimension.
+// source: requested | upstream | mapping.
+func (r *usageLogRepository) GetModelStatsWithFiltersBySource(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8, source string) (results []ModelStat, err error) {
+	return r.getModelStatsWithFiltersBySource(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType, source)
+}
+
+func (r *usageLogRepository) getModelStatsWithFiltersBySource(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8, source string) (results []ModelStat, err error) {
 	actualCostExpr := "COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as actual_cost"
 	// 当仅按 account_id 聚合时，实际费用使用账号倍率（total_cost * account_rate_multiplier）。
 	if accountID > 0 && userID == 0 && apiKeyID == 0 {
 		actualCostExpr = "COALESCE(SUM(total_cost * COALESCE(account_rate_multiplier, 1)), 0) as actual_cost"
 	}
+	modelExpr := resolveModelDimensionExpression(source)
 
 	query := fmt.Sprintf(`
 		SELECT
-			model,
+			%s as model,
 			COUNT(*) as requests,
 			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as input_tokens,
 			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as output_tokens,
@@ -2883,7 +2905,7 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, start
 			%s
 		FROM usage_logs
 		WHERE created_at >= $1 AND created_at < $2
-	`, actualCostExpr)
+	`, modelExpr, actualCostExpr)
 
 	args := []any{startTime, endTime}
 	if userID > 0 {
@@ -2907,7 +2929,7 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, start
 		query += fmt.Sprintf(" AND billing_type = $%d", len(args)+1)
 		args = append(args, int16(*billingType))
 	}
-	query += " GROUP BY model ORDER BY total_tokens DESC"
+	query += fmt.Sprintf(" GROUP BY %s ORDER BY total_tokens DESC", modelExpr)
 
 	rows, err := r.sql.QueryContext(ctx, query, args...)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -3000,6 +3022,132 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) GetGroupStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, start
 	return results, nil
 }
 
+// GetUserBreakdownStats returns per-user usage breakdown within a specific dimension.
+func (r *usageLogRepository) GetUserBreakdownStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, dim usagestats.UserBreakdownDimension, limit int) (results []usagestats.UserBreakdownItem, err error) {
+	query := `
+		SELECT
+			COALESCE(ul.user_id, 0) as user_id,
+			COALESCE(u.email, '') as email,
+			COUNT(*) as requests,
+			COALESCE(SUM(ul.input_tokens + ul.output_tokens + ul.cache_creation_tokens + ul.cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(ul.total_cost), 0) as cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(ul.actual_cost), 0) as actual_cost
+		FROM usage_logs ul
+		LEFT JOIN users u ON u.id = ul.user_id
+		WHERE ul.created_at >= $1 AND ul.created_at < $2
+	`
+	args := []any{startTime, endTime}
+
+	if dim.GroupID > 0 {
+		query += fmt.Sprintf(" AND ul.group_id = $%d", len(args)+1)
+		args = append(args, dim.GroupID)
+	}
+	if dim.Model != "" {
+		query += fmt.Sprintf(" AND %s = $%d", resolveModelDimensionExpression(dim.ModelType), len(args)+1)
+		args = append(args, dim.Model)
+	}
+	if dim.Endpoint != "" {
+		col := resolveEndpointColumn(dim.EndpointType)
+		query += fmt.Sprintf(" AND %s = $%d", col, len(args)+1)
+		args = append(args, dim.Endpoint)
+	}
+
+	query += " GROUP BY ul.user_id, u.email ORDER BY actual_cost DESC"
+	if limit > 0 {
+		query += fmt.Sprintf(" LIMIT %d", limit)
+	}
+
+	rows, err := r.sql.QueryContext(ctx, query, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if closeErr := rows.Close(); closeErr != nil && err == nil {
+			err = closeErr
+			results = nil
+		}
+	}()
+
+	results = make([]usagestats.UserBreakdownItem, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var row usagestats.UserBreakdownItem
+		if err := rows.Scan(
+			&row.UserID,
+			&row.Email,
+			&row.Requests,
+			&row.TotalTokens,
+			&row.Cost,
+			&row.ActualCost,
+		); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		results = append(results, row)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return results, nil
+}
+
+// GetAllGroupUsageSummary returns today's and cumulative actual_cost for every group.
+// todayStart is the start-of-day in the caller's timezone (UTC-based).
+// TODO(perf): This query scans ALL usage_logs rows for total_cost aggregation.
+// When usage_logs exceeds ~1M rows, consider adding a short-lived cache (30s)
+// or a materialized view / pre-aggregation table for cumulative costs.
+func (r *usageLogRepository) GetAllGroupUsageSummary(ctx context.Context, todayStart time.Time) ([]usagestats.GroupUsageSummary, error) {
+	query := `
+		SELECT
+			g.id AS group_id,
+			COALESCE(SUM(ul.actual_cost), 0) AS total_cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN ul.created_at >= $1 THEN ul.actual_cost ELSE 0 END), 0) AS today_cost
+		FROM groups g
+		LEFT JOIN usage_logs ul ON ul.group_id = g.id
+		GROUP BY g.id
+	`
+
+	rows, err := r.sql.QueryContext(ctx, query, todayStart)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+	var results []usagestats.GroupUsageSummary
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var row usagestats.GroupUsageSummary
+		if err := rows.Scan(&row.GroupID, &row.TotalCost, &row.TodayCost); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		results = append(results, row)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return results, nil
+}
+
+// resolveModelDimensionExpression maps model source type to a safe SQL expression.
+func resolveModelDimensionExpression(modelType string) string {
+	switch usagestats.NormalizeModelSource(modelType) {
+	case usagestats.ModelSourceUpstream:
+		return "COALESCE(NULLIF(TRIM(upstream_model), ''), model)"
+	case usagestats.ModelSourceMapping:
+		return "(model || ' -> ' || COALESCE(NULLIF(TRIM(upstream_model), ''), model))"
+	default:
+		return "model"
+	}
+}
+
+// resolveEndpointColumn maps endpoint type to the corresponding DB column name.
+func resolveEndpointColumn(endpointType string) string {
+	switch endpointType {
+	case "upstream":
+		return "ul.upstream_endpoint"
+	case "path":
+		return "ul.inbound_endpoint || ' -> ' || ul.upstream_endpoint"
+	default:
+		return "ul.inbound_endpoint"
+	}
+}
+
 // GetGlobalStats gets usage statistics for all users within a time range
 func (r *usageLogRepository) GetGlobalStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*UsageStats, error) {
 	query := `
@@ -3740,6 +3888,7 @@ func scanUsageLog(scanner interface{ Scan(...any) error }) (*service.UsageLog, e
 		accountID             int64
 		requestID             sql.NullString
 		model                 string
+		upstreamModel         sql.NullString
 		groupID               sql.NullInt64
 		subscriptionID        sql.NullInt64
 		inputTokens           int
@@ -3782,6 +3931,7 @@ func scanUsageLog(scanner interface{ Scan(...any) error }) (*service.UsageLog, e
 		&accountID,
 		&requestID,
 		&model,
+		&upstreamModel,
 		&groupID,
 		&subscriptionID,
 		&inputTokens,
@@ -3894,6 +4044,9 @@ func scanUsageLog(scanner interface{ Scan(...any) error }) (*service.UsageLog, e
 	if upstreamEndpoint.Valid {
 		log.UpstreamEndpoint = &upstreamEndpoint.String
 	}
+	if upstreamModel.Valid {
+		log.UpstreamModel = &upstreamModel.String
+	}
 
 	return log, nil
 }

backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo_breakdown_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestResolveEndpointColumn(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		endpointType string
+		want         string
+	}{
+		{"inbound", "ul.inbound_endpoint"},
+		{"upstream", "ul.upstream_endpoint"},
+		{"path", "ul.inbound_endpoint || ' -> ' || ul.upstream_endpoint"},
+		{"", "ul.inbound_endpoint"},        // default
+		{"unknown", "ul.inbound_endpoint"}, // fallback
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.endpointType, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := resolveEndpointColumn(tc.endpointType)
+			require.Equal(t, tc.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveModelDimensionExpression(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		modelType string
+		want      string
+	}{
+		{usagestats.ModelSourceRequested, "model"},
+		{usagestats.ModelSourceUpstream, "COALESCE(NULLIF(TRIM(upstream_model), ''), model)"},
+		{usagestats.ModelSourceMapping, "(model || ' -> ' || COALESCE(NULLIF(TRIM(upstream_model), ''), model))"},
+		{"", "model"},
+		{"invalid", "model"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.modelType, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := resolveModelDimensionExpression(tc.modelType)
+			require.Equal(t, tc.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo_request_type_test.go

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ func TestUsageLogRepositoryCreateSyncRequestTypeAndLegacyFields(t *testing.T) {
 			log.AccountID,
 			log.RequestID,
 			log.Model,
+			sqlmock.AnyArg(), // upstream_model
 			sqlmock.AnyArg(), // group_id
 			sqlmock.AnyArg(), // subscription_id
 			log.InputTokens,
@@ -116,6 +117,7 @@ func TestUsageLogRepositoryCreate_PersistsServiceTier(t *testing.T) {
 			log.Model,
 			sqlmock.AnyArg(),
 			sqlmock.AnyArg(),
+			sqlmock.AnyArg(),
 			log.InputTokens,
 			log.OutputTokens,
 			log.CacheCreationTokens,
@@ -353,6 +355,7 @@ func TestScanUsageLogRequestTypeAndLegacyFallback(t *testing.T) {
 			int64(30), // account_id
 			sql.NullString{Valid: true, String: "req-1"},
 			"gpt-5",           // model
+			sql.NullString{},  // upstream_model
 			sql.NullInt64{},   // group_id
 			sql.NullInt64{},   // subscription_id
 			1,                 // input_tokens
@@ -404,6 +407,7 @@ func TestScanUsageLogRequestTypeAndLegacyFallback(t *testing.T) {
 			int64(31),
 			sql.NullString{Valid: true, String: "req-2"},
 			"gpt-5",
+			sql.NullString{},
 			sql.NullInt64{},
 			sql.NullInt64{},
 			1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
@@ -445,6 +449,7 @@ func TestScanUsageLogRequestTypeAndLegacyFallback(t *testing.T) {
 			int64(32),
 			sql.NullString{Valid: true, String: "req-3"},
 			"gpt-5.4",
+			sql.NullString{},
 			sql.NullInt64{},
 			sql.NullInt64{},
 			1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

backend/internal/repository/user_subscription_repo.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	dbent "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/group"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/usersubscription"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ func (r *userSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID
 	return userSubscriptionEntitiesToService(subs), paginationResultFromTotal(int64(total), params), nil
 }
 
-func (r *userSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *userSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, platform, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	client := clientFromContext(ctx, r.client)
 	q := client.UserSubscription.Query()
 	if userID != nil {
@@ -199,6 +200,9 @@ func (r *userSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination
 	if groupID != nil {
 		q = q.Where(usersubscription.GroupIDEQ(*groupID))
 	}
+	if platform != "" {
+		q = q.Where(usersubscription.HasGroupWith(group.PlatformEQ(platform)))
+	}
 
 	// Status filtering with real-time expiration check
 	now := time.Now()

backend/internal/repository/user_subscription_repo_integration_test.go

@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func (s *UserSubscriptionRepoSuite) TestList_NoFilters() {
 	group := s.mustCreateGroup("g-list")
 	s.mustCreateSubscription(user.ID, group.ID, nil)
 
-	subs, page, err := s.repo.List(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, nil, nil, "", "", "")
+	subs, page, err := s.repo.List(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, nil, nil, "", "", "", "")
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "List")
 	s.Require().Len(subs, 1)
 	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), page.Total)
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ func (s *UserSubscriptionRepoSuite) TestList_FilterByUserID() {
 	s.mustCreateSubscription(user1.ID, group.ID, nil)
 	s.mustCreateSubscription(user2.ID, group.ID, nil)
 
-	subs, _, err := s.repo.List(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, &user1.ID, nil, "", "", "")
+	subs, _, err := s.repo.List(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, &user1.ID, nil, "", "", "", "")
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Len(subs, 1)
 	s.Require().Equal(user1.ID, subs[0].UserID)
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ func (s *UserSubscriptionRepoSuite) TestList_FilterByGroupID() {
 	s.mustCreateSubscription(user.ID, g1.ID, nil)
 	s.mustCreateSubscription(user.ID, g2.ID, nil)
 
-	subs, _, err := s.repo.List(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, nil, &g1.ID, "", "", "")
+	subs, _, err := s.repo.List(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, nil, &g1.ID, "", "", "", "")
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Len(subs, 1)
 	s.Require().Equal(g1.ID, subs[0].GroupID)
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ func (s *UserSubscriptionRepoSuite) TestList_FilterByStatus() {
 		c.SetExpiresAt(time.Now().Add(-24 * time.Hour))
 	})
 
-	subs, _, err := s.repo.List(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, nil, nil, service.SubscriptionStatusExpired, "", "")
+	subs, _, err := s.repo.List(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, nil, nil, service.SubscriptionStatusExpired, "", "", "")
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Len(subs, 1)
 	s.Require().Equal(service.SubscriptionStatusExpired, subs[0].Status)

backend/internal/server/api_contract_test.go

@@ -924,8 +924,8 @@ func (stubGroupRepo) ExistsByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (bool, error
 	return false, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (stubGroupRepo) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
-	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
+func (stubGroupRepo) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, int64, error) {
+	return 0, 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
 func (stubGroupRepo) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
@@ -1289,7 +1289,7 @@ func (r *stubUserSubscriptionRepo) ListActiveByUserID(ctx context.Context, userI
 func (stubUserSubscriptionRepo) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
-func (stubUserSubscriptionRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (stubUserSubscriptionRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, platform, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 func (stubUserSubscriptionRepo) ExistsByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (bool, error) {
@@ -1637,6 +1637,10 @@ func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetGroupStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTi
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
+func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetUserBreakdownStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, dim usagestats.UserBreakdownDimension, limit int) ([]usagestats.UserBreakdownItem, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
 func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetAPIKeyUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, limit int) ([]usagestats.APIKeyUsageTrendPoint, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
@@ -1782,6 +1786,9 @@ func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetAccountUsageStats(ctx context.Context, accountID i
 func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, filters usagestats.UsageLogFilters) (*usagestats.UsageStats, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
+func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetAllGroupUsageSummary(ctx context.Context, todayStart time.Time) ([]usagestats.GroupUsageSummary, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
 
 type stubSettingRepo struct {
 	all map[string]string

backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_google_test.go

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func (f fakeGoogleSubscriptionRepo) ListActiveByUserID(ctx context.Context, user
 func (f fakeGoogleSubscriptionRepo) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
-func (f fakeGoogleSubscriptionRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (f fakeGoogleSubscriptionRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, platform, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 func (f fakeGoogleSubscriptionRepo) ExistsByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (bool, error) {

backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_test.go

@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ func (r *stubUserSubscriptionRepo) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID in
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (r *stubUserSubscriptionRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *stubUserSubscriptionRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status, platform, sortBy, sortOrder string) ([]service.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 

backend/internal/server/routes/admin.go

@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ func registerDashboardRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 		dashboard.GET("/users-ranking", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetUserSpendingRanking)
 		dashboard.POST("/users-usage", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetBatchUsersUsage)
 		dashboard.POST("/api-keys-usage", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetBatchAPIKeysUsage)
+		dashboard.GET("/user-breakdown", h.Admin.Dashboard.GetUserBreakdown)
 		dashboard.POST("/aggregation/backfill", h.Admin.Dashboard.BackfillAggregation)
 	}
 }
@@ -226,6 +227,8 @@ func registerGroupRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 	{
 		groups.GET("", h.Admin.Group.List)
 		groups.GET("/all", h.Admin.Group.GetAll)
+		groups.GET("/usage-summary", h.Admin.Group.GetUsageSummary)
+		groups.GET("/capacity-summary", h.Admin.Group.GetCapacitySummary)
 		groups.PUT("/sort-order", h.Admin.Group.UpdateSortOrder)
 		groups.GET("/:id", h.Admin.Group.GetByID)
 		groups.POST("", h.Admin.Group.Create)
@@ -399,6 +402,9 @@ func registerSettingsRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 		adminSettings.GET("/admin-api-key", h.Admin.Setting.GetAdminAPIKey)
 		adminSettings.POST("/admin-api-key/regenerate", h.Admin.Setting.RegenerateAdminAPIKey)
 		adminSettings.DELETE("/admin-api-key", h.Admin.Setting.DeleteAdminAPIKey)
+		// 529过载冷却配置
+		adminSettings.GET("/overload-cooldown", h.Admin.Setting.GetOverloadCooldownSettings)
+		adminSettings.PUT("/overload-cooldown", h.Admin.Setting.UpdateOverloadCooldownSettings)
 		// 流超时处理配置
 		adminSettings.GET("/stream-timeout", h.Admin.Setting.GetStreamTimeoutSettings)
 		adminSettings.PUT("/stream-timeout", h.Admin.Setting.UpdateStreamTimeoutSettings)

backend/internal/service/account_service.go

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ var (
 	ErrAccountNilInput = infraerrors.BadRequest("ACCOUNT_NIL_INPUT", "account input cannot be nil")
 )
 
+const AccountListGroupUngrouped int64 = -1
+
 type AccountRepository interface {
 	Create(ctx context.Context, account *Account) error
 	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Account, error)

backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go

@@ -113,15 +113,18 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) validateUpstreamBaseURL(raw string) (string, error)
 	return normalized, nil
 }
 
-// generateSessionString generates a Claude Code style session string
+// generateSessionString generates a Claude Code style session string.
+// The output format is determined by the UA version in claude.DefaultHeaders,
+// ensuring consistency between the user_id format and the UA sent to upstream.
 func generateSessionString() (string, error) {
-	bytes := make([]byte, 32)
-	if _, err := rand.Read(bytes); err != nil {
+	b := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	hex64 := hex.EncodeToString(bytes)
+	hex64 := hex.EncodeToString(b)
 	sessionUUID := uuid.New().String()
-	return fmt.Sprintf("user_%s_account__session_%s", hex64, sessionUUID), nil
+	uaVersion := ExtractCLIVersion(claude.DefaultHeaders["User-Agent"])
+	return FormatMetadataUserID(hex64, "", sessionUUID, uaVersion), nil
 }
 
 // createTestPayload creates a Claude Code style test request payload
@@ -305,7 +308,14 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) testClaudeAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account
 
 	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
 		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("API returned %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body)))
+		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("API returned %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
+
+		// 403 表示账号被上游封禁，标记为 error 状态
+		if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusForbidden {
+			_ = s.accountRepo.SetError(ctx, account.ID, errMsg)
+		}
+
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, errMsg)
 	}
 
 	// Process SSE stream

backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ type UsageLogRepository interface {
 	GetEndpointStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, model string, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.EndpointStat, error)
 	GetUpstreamEndpointStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, model string, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.EndpointStat, error)
 	GetGroupStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.GroupStat, error)
+	GetUserBreakdownStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, dim usagestats.UserBreakdownDimension, limit int) ([]usagestats.UserBreakdownItem, error)
+	GetAllGroupUsageSummary(ctx context.Context, todayStart time.Time) ([]usagestats.GroupUsageSummary, error)
 	GetAPIKeyUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, limit int) ([]usagestats.APIKeyUsageTrendPoint, error)
 	GetUserUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, granularity string, limit int) ([]usagestats.UserUsageTrendPoint, error)
 	GetUserSpendingRanking(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, limit int) (*usagestats.UserSpendingRankingResponse, error)
@@ -175,6 +177,7 @@ type AICredit struct {
 
 // UsageInfo 账号使用量信息
 type UsageInfo struct {
+	Source             string         `json:"source,omitempty"`               // "passive" or "active"
 	UpdatedAt          *time.Time     `json:"updated_at,omitempty"`           // 更新时间
 	FiveHour           *UsageProgress `json:"five_hour"`                      // 5小时窗口
 	SevenDay           *UsageProgress `json:"seven_day,omitempty"`            // 7天窗口
@@ -391,6 +394,9 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) GetUsage(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*U
 		// 4. 添加窗口统计（有独立缓存，1 分钟）
 		s.addWindowStats(ctx, account, usage)
 
+		// 5. 将主动查询结果同步到被动缓存，下次 passive 加载即为最新值
+		s.syncActiveToPassive(ctx, account.ID, usage)
+
 		s.tryClearRecoverableAccountError(ctx, account)
 		return usage, nil
 	}
@@ -407,6 +413,81 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) GetUsage(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*U
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("account type %s does not support usage query", account.Type)
 }
 
+// GetPassiveUsage 从 Account.Extra 中的被动采样数据构建 UsageInfo，不调用外部 API。
+// 仅适用于 Anthropic OAuth / SetupToken 账号。
+func (s *AccountUsageService) GetPassiveUsage(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*UsageInfo, error) {
+	account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get account failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !account.IsAnthropicOAuthOrSetupToken() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("passive usage only supported for Anthropic OAuth/SetupToken accounts")
+	}
+
+	// 复用 estimateSetupTokenUsage 构建 5h 窗口（OAuth 和 SetupToken 逻辑一致）
+	info := s.estimateSetupTokenUsage(account)
+	info.Source = "passive"
+
+	// 设置采样时间
+	if raw, ok := account.Extra["passive_usage_sampled_at"]; ok {
+		if str, ok := raw.(string); ok {
+			if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, str); err == nil {
+				info.UpdatedAt = &t
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 构建 7d 窗口（从被动采样数据）
+	util7d := parseExtraFloat64(account.Extra["passive_usage_7d_utilization"])
+	reset7dRaw := parseExtraFloat64(account.Extra["passive_usage_7d_reset"])
+	if util7d > 0 || reset7dRaw > 0 {
+		var resetAt *time.Time
+		var remaining int
+		if reset7dRaw > 0 {
+			t := time.Unix(int64(reset7dRaw), 0)
+			resetAt = &t
+			remaining = int(time.Until(t).Seconds())
+			if remaining < 0 {
+				remaining = 0
+			}
+		}
+		info.SevenDay = &UsageProgress{
+			Utilization:      util7d * 100,
+			ResetsAt:         resetAt,
+			RemainingSeconds: remaining,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 添加窗口统计
+	s.addWindowStats(ctx, account, info)
+
+	return info, nil
+}
+
+// syncActiveToPassive 将主动查询的最新数据回写到 Extra 被动缓存，
+// 这样下次被动加载时能看到最新值。
+func (s *AccountUsageService) syncActiveToPassive(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, usage *UsageInfo) {
+	extraUpdates := make(map[string]any, 4)
+
+	if usage.FiveHour != nil {
+		extraUpdates["session_window_utilization"] = usage.FiveHour.Utilization / 100
+	}
+	if usage.SevenDay != nil {
+		extraUpdates["passive_usage_7d_utilization"] = usage.SevenDay.Utilization / 100
+		if usage.SevenDay.ResetsAt != nil {
+			extraUpdates["passive_usage_7d_reset"] = usage.SevenDay.ResetsAt.Unix()
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(extraUpdates) > 0 {
+		extraUpdates["passive_usage_sampled_at"] = time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
+		if err := s.accountRepo.UpdateExtra(ctx, accountID, extraUpdates); err != nil {
+			slog.Warn("sync_active_to_passive_failed", "account_id", accountID, "error", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (s *AccountUsageService) getOpenAIUsage(ctx context.Context, account *Account) (*UsageInfo, error) {
 	now := time.Now()
 	usage := &UsageInfo{UpdatedAt: &now}
@@ -446,23 +527,17 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) getOpenAIUsage(ctx context.Context, account *Accou
 	}
 
 	if stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetAccountWindowStats(ctx, account.ID, now.Add(-5*time.Hour)); err == nil {
-		windowStats := windowStatsFromAccountStats(stats)
-		if hasMeaningfulWindowStats(windowStats) {
-			if usage.FiveHour == nil {
-				usage.FiveHour = &UsageProgress{Utilization: 0}
-			}
-			usage.FiveHour.WindowStats = windowStats
+		if usage.FiveHour == nil {
+			usage.FiveHour = &UsageProgress{Utilization: 0}
 		}
+		usage.FiveHour.WindowStats = windowStatsFromAccountStats(stats)
 	}
 
 	if stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetAccountWindowStats(ctx, account.ID, now.Add(-7*24*time.Hour)); err == nil {
-		windowStats := windowStatsFromAccountStats(stats)
-		if hasMeaningfulWindowStats(windowStats) {
-			if usage.SevenDay == nil {
-				usage.SevenDay = &UsageProgress{Utilization: 0}
-			}
-			usage.SevenDay.WindowStats = windowStats
+		if usage.SevenDay == nil {
+			usage.SevenDay = &UsageProgress{Utilization: 0}
 		}
+		usage.SevenDay.WindowStats = windowStatsFromAccountStats(stats)
 	}
 
 	return usage, nil
@@ -992,13 +1067,6 @@ func windowStatsFromAccountStats(stats *usagestats.AccountStats) *WindowStats {
 	}
 }
 
-func hasMeaningfulWindowStats(stats *WindowStats) bool {
-	if stats == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	return stats.Requests > 0 || stats.Tokens > 0 || stats.Cost > 0 || stats.StandardCost > 0 || stats.UserCost > 0
-}
-
 func buildCodexUsageProgressFromExtra(extra map[string]any, window string, now time.Time) *UsageProgress {
 	if len(extra) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -1055,6 +1123,11 @@ func buildCodexUsageProgressFromExtra(extra map[string]any, window string, now t
 		}
 	}
 
+	// 窗口已过期（resetAt 在 now 之前）→ 额度已重置，归零
+	if progress.ResetsAt != nil && !now.Before(*progress.ResetsAt) {
+		progress.Utilization = 0
+	}
+
 	return progress
 }
 

backend/internal/service/account_usage_service_test.go

@@ -148,3 +148,54 @@ func TestAccountUsageService_PersistOpenAICodexProbeSnapshotSetsRateLimit(t *tes
 		t.Fatal("waiting for codex probe rate limit persistence timed out")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestBuildCodexUsageProgressFromExtra_ZerosExpiredWindow(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	now := time.Date(2026, 3, 16, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	t.Run("expired 5h window zeroes utilization", func(t *testing.T) {
+		extra := map[string]any{
+			"codex_5h_used_percent": 42.0,
+			"codex_5h_reset_at":     "2026-03-16T10:00:00Z", // 2h ago
+		}
+		progress := buildCodexUsageProgressFromExtra(extra, "5h", now)
+		if progress == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected non-nil progress")
+		}
+		if progress.Utilization != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected Utilization=0 for expired window, got %v", progress.Utilization)
+		}
+		if progress.RemainingSeconds != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected RemainingSeconds=0, got %v", progress.RemainingSeconds)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("active 5h window keeps utilization", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resetAt := now.Add(2 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339)
+		extra := map[string]any{
+			"codex_5h_used_percent": 42.0,
+			"codex_5h_reset_at":     resetAt,
+		}
+		progress := buildCodexUsageProgressFromExtra(extra, "5h", now)
+		if progress == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected non-nil progress")
+		}
+		if progress.Utilization != 42.0 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected Utilization=42, got %v", progress.Utilization)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("expired 7d window zeroes utilization", func(t *testing.T) {
+		extra := map[string]any{
+			"codex_7d_used_percent": 88.0,
+			"codex_7d_reset_at":     "2026-03-15T00:00:00Z", // yesterday
+		}
+		progress := buildCodexUsageProgressFromExtra(extra, "7d", now)
+		if progress == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected non-nil progress")
+		}
+		if progress.Utilization != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected Utilization=0 for expired 7d window, got %v", progress.Utilization)
+		}
+	})
+}

backend/internal/service/admin_service.go

@@ -1530,7 +1530,9 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateAccount(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *U
 	if len(input.Credentials) > 0 {
 		account.Credentials = input.Credentials
 	}
-	if len(input.Extra) > 0 {
+	// Extra 使用 map：需要区分“未提供(nil)”与“显式清空({})”。
+	// 关闭配额限制时前端会删除 quota_* 键并提交 extra:{}，此时也必须落库。
+	if input.Extra != nil {
 		// 保留配额用量字段，防止编辑账号时意外重置
 		for _, key := range []string{"quota_used", "quota_daily_used", "quota_daily_start", "quota_weekly_used", "quota_weekly_start"} {
 			if v, ok := account.Extra[key]; ok {

backend/internal/service/admin_service_apikey_test.go

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ func (s *groupRepoStubForGroupUpdate) ListActiveByPlatform(context.Context, stri
 func (s *groupRepoStubForGroupUpdate) ExistsByName(context.Context, string) (bool, error) {
 	panic("unexpected")
 }
-func (s *groupRepoStubForGroupUpdate) GetAccountCount(context.Context, int64) (int64, error) {
+func (s *groupRepoStubForGroupUpdate) GetAccountCount(context.Context, int64) (int64, int64, error) {
 	panic("unexpected")
 }
 func (s *groupRepoStubForGroupUpdate) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(context.Context, int64) (int64, error) {

backend/internal/service/admin_service_delete_test.go

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func (s *groupRepoStub) ExistsByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (bool, er
 	panic("unexpected ExistsByName call")
 }
 
-func (s *groupRepoStub) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
+func (s *groupRepoStub) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, int64, error) {
 	panic("unexpected GetAccountCount call")
 }
 

backend/internal/service/admin_service_group_test.go

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func (s *groupRepoStubForAdmin) ExistsByName(_ context.Context, _ string) (bool,
 	panic("unexpected ExistsByName call")
 }
 
-func (s *groupRepoStubForAdmin) GetAccountCount(_ context.Context, _ int64) (int64, error) {
+func (s *groupRepoStubForAdmin) GetAccountCount(_ context.Context, _ int64) (int64, int64, error) {
 	panic("unexpected GetAccountCount call")
 }
 
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ func (s *groupRepoStubForFallbackCycle) ExistsByName(_ context.Context, _ string
 	panic("unexpected ExistsByName call")
 }
 
-func (s *groupRepoStubForFallbackCycle) GetAccountCount(_ context.Context, _ int64) (int64, error) {
+func (s *groupRepoStubForFallbackCycle) GetAccountCount(_ context.Context, _ int64) (int64, int64, error) {
 	panic("unexpected GetAccountCount call")
 }
 
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ func (s *groupRepoStubForInvalidRequestFallback) ExistsByName(_ context.Context,
 	panic("unexpected ExistsByName call")
 }
 
-func (s *groupRepoStubForInvalidRequestFallback) GetAccountCount(_ context.Context, _ int64) (int64, error) {
+func (s *groupRepoStubForInvalidRequestFallback) GetAccountCount(_ context.Context, _ int64) (int64, int64, error) {
 	panic("unexpected GetAccountCount call")
 }
 

backend/internal/service/admin_service_overages_test.go

@@ -121,3 +121,35 @@ func TestUpdateAccount_EnableOveragesClearsModelRateLimitsBeforePersist(t *testi
 	_, exists := repo.account.Extra[modelRateLimitsKey]
 	require.False(t, exists, "开启 overages 时应在持久化前清掉旧模型限流")
 }
+
+func TestUpdateAccount_EmptyExtraPayloadCanClearQuotaLimits(t *testing.T) {
+	accountID := int64(103)
+	repo := &updateAccountOveragesRepoStub{
+		account: &Account{
+			ID:       accountID,
+			Platform: PlatformAnthropic,
+			Type:     AccountTypeAPIKey,
+			Status:   StatusActive,
+			Extra: map[string]any{
+				"quota_limit":        100.0,
+				"quota_daily_limit":  10.0,
+				"quota_weekly_limit": 40.0,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := &adminServiceImpl{accountRepo: repo}
+	updated, err := svc.UpdateAccount(context.Background(), accountID, &UpdateAccountInput{
+		// 显式空对象：语义是“清空 extra 中的可配置键”（例如关闭配额限制）
+		Extra: map[string]any{},
+	})
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, updated)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, repo.updateCalls)
+	require.NotNil(t, repo.account.Extra)
+	require.NotContains(t, repo.account.Extra, "quota_limit")
+	require.NotContains(t, repo.account.Extra, "quota_daily_limit")
+	require.NotContains(t, repo.account.Extra, "quota_weekly_limit")
+	require.Len(t, repo.account.Extra, 0)
+}

backend/internal/service/antigravity_gateway_service.go

@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) applyErrorPolicy(p antigravityRetryLoopParam
 	case ErrorPolicyTempUnscheduled:
 		slog.Info("temp_unschedulable_matched",
 			"prefix", p.prefix, "status_code", statusCode, "account_id", p.account.ID)
-		return true, statusCode, &AntigravityAccountSwitchError{OriginalAccountID: p.account.ID, IsStickySession: p.isStickySession}
+		return true, statusCode, &AntigravityAccountSwitchError{OriginalAccountID: p.account.ID, RateLimitedModel: p.requestedModel, IsStickySession: p.isStickySession}
 	}
 	return false, statusCode, nil
 }
@@ -1001,8 +1001,9 @@ type TestConnectionResult struct {
 	MappedModel string // 实际使用的模型
 }
 
-// TestConnection 测试 Antigravity 账号连接（非流式，无重试、无计费）
-// 支持 Claude 和 Gemini 两种协议，根据 modelID 前缀自动选择
+// TestConnection 测试 Antigravity 账号连接。
+// 复用 antigravityRetryLoop 的完整重试 / credits overages / 智能重试逻辑，
+// 与真实调度行为一致。差异：不做账号切换（测试指定账号）、不记录 ops 错误。
 func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) TestConnection(ctx context.Context, account *Account, modelID string) (*TestConnectionResult, error) {
 
 	// 获取 token
@@ -1026,10 +1027,8 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) TestConnection(ctx context.Context, account
 	// 构建请求体
 	var requestBody []byte
 	if strings.HasPrefix(modelID, "gemini-") {
-		// Gemini 模型：直接使用 Gemini 格式
 		requestBody, err = s.buildGeminiTestRequest(projectID, mappedModel)
 	} else {
-		// Claude 模型：使用协议转换
 		requestBody, err = s.buildClaudeTestRequest(projectID, mappedModel)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1042,64 +1041,63 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) TestConnection(ctx context.Context, account
 		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}
 
-	baseURL := resolveAntigravityForwardBaseURL()
-	if baseURL == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("no antigravity forward base url configured")
-	}
-	availableURLs := []string{baseURL}
-
-	var lastErr error
-	for urlIdx, baseURL := range availableURLs {
-		// 构建 HTTP 请求（总是使用流式 endpoint，与官方客户端一致）
-		req, err := antigravity.NewAPIRequestWithURL(ctx, baseURL, "streamGenerateContent", accessToken, requestBody)
-		if err != nil {
-			lastErr = err
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// 调试日志：Test 请求信息
-		logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "[antigravity-Test] account=%s request_size=%d url=%s", account.Name, len(requestBody), req.URL.String())
-
-		// 发送请求
-		resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
-		if err != nil {
-			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("请求失败: %w", err)
-			if shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
-				logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "[antigravity-Test] URL fallback: %s -> %s", baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
-				continue
-			}
-			return nil, lastErr
-		}
-
-		// 读取响应
-		respBody, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
-		_ = resp.Body.Close() // 立即关闭，避免循环内 defer 导致的资源泄漏
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("读取响应失败: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		// 检查是否需要 URL 降级
-		if shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(nil, resp.StatusCode) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
-			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "[antigravity-Test] URL fallback (HTTP %d): %s -> %s", resp.StatusCode, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("API 返回 %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
-		}
-
-		// 解析流式响应，提取文本
-		text := extractTextFromSSEResponse(respBody)
-
-		// 标记成功的 URL，下次优先使用
-		antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkSuccess(baseURL)
-		return &TestConnectionResult{
-			Text:        text,
-			MappedModel: mappedModel,
-		}, nil
+	// 复用 antigravityRetryLoop：完整的重试 / credits overages / 智能重试
+	prefix := fmt.Sprintf("[antigravity-Test] account=%d(%s)", account.ID, account.Name)
+	p := antigravityRetryLoopParams{
+		ctx:            ctx,
+		prefix:         prefix,
+		account:        account,
+		proxyURL:       proxyURL,
+		accessToken:    accessToken,
+		action:         "streamGenerateContent",
+		body:           requestBody,
+		c:              nil, // 无 gin.Context → 跳过 ops 追踪
+		httpUpstream:   s.httpUpstream,
+		settingService: s.settingService,
+		accountRepo:    s.accountRepo,
+		requestedModel: modelID,
+		handleError:    testConnectionHandleError,
 	}
 
-	return nil, lastErr
+	result, err := s.antigravityRetryLoop(p)
+	if err != nil {
+		// AccountSwitchError → 测试时不切换账号，返回友好提示
+		var switchErr *AntigravityAccountSwitchError
+		if errors.As(err, &switchErr) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("该账号模型 %s 当前限流中，请稍后重试", switchErr.RateLimitedModel)
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if result == nil || result.resp == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("upstream returned empty response")
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = result.resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	respBody, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(result.resp.Body, 2<<20))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("读取响应失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if result.resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API 返回 %d: %s", result.resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+	}
+
+	text := extractTextFromSSEResponse(respBody)
+	return &TestConnectionResult{Text: text, MappedModel: mappedModel}, nil
+}
+
+// testConnectionHandleError 是 TestConnection 使用的轻量 handleError 回调。
+// 仅记录日志，不做 ops 错误追踪或粘性会话清除。
+func testConnectionHandleError(
+	_ context.Context, prefix string, account *Account,
+	statusCode int, _ http.Header, body []byte,
+	requestedModel string, _ int64, _ string, _ bool,
+) *handleModelRateLimitResult {
+	logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway",
+		"%s test_handle_error status=%d model=%s account=%d body=%s",
+		prefix, statusCode, requestedModel, account.ID, truncateForLog(body, 200))
+	return nil
 }
 
 // buildGeminiTestRequest 构建 Gemini 格式测试请求
@@ -3079,6 +3077,22 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleGeminiStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context
 		intervalCh = intervalTicker.C
 	}
 
+	// 下游 keepalive：防止代理/Cloudflare Tunnel 因连接空闲而断开
+	keepaliveInterval := time.Duration(0)
+	if s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.StreamKeepaliveInterval > 0 {
+		keepaliveInterval = time.Duration(s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.StreamKeepaliveInterval) * time.Second
+	}
+	var keepaliveTicker *time.Ticker
+	if keepaliveInterval > 0 {
+		keepaliveTicker = time.NewTicker(keepaliveInterval)
+		defer keepaliveTicker.Stop()
+	}
+	var keepaliveCh <-chan time.Time
+	if keepaliveTicker != nil {
+		keepaliveCh = keepaliveTicker.C
+	}
+	lastDataAt := time.Now()
+
 	cw := newAntigravityClientWriter(c.Writer, flusher, "antigravity gemini")
 
 	// 仅发送一次错误事件，避免多次写入导致协议混乱
@@ -3111,6 +3125,8 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleGeminiStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context
 				return nil, ev.err
 			}
 
+			lastDataAt = time.Now()
+
 			line := ev.line
 			trimmed := strings.TrimRight(line, "\r\n")
 			if strings.HasPrefix(trimmed, "data:") {
@@ -3170,6 +3186,19 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleGeminiStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context
 			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "Stream data interval timeout (antigravity)")
 			sendErrorEvent("stream_timeout")
 			return &antigravityStreamResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, fmt.Errorf("stream data interval timeout")
+
+		case <-keepaliveCh:
+			if cw.Disconnected() {
+				continue
+			}
+			if time.Since(lastDataAt) < keepaliveInterval {
+				continue
+			}
+			// SSE ping/keepalive：保持连接活跃防止 Cloudflare Tunnel 等代理断开
+			if !cw.Fprintf(":\n\n") {
+				logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "Client disconnected during keepalive ping (antigravity gemini), continuing to drain upstream for billing")
+				continue
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -3895,6 +3924,22 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleClaudeStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context
 		intervalCh = intervalTicker.C
 	}
 
+	// 下游 keepalive：防止代理/Cloudflare Tunnel 因连接空闲而断开
+	keepaliveInterval := time.Duration(0)
+	if s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.StreamKeepaliveInterval > 0 {
+		keepaliveInterval = time.Duration(s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.StreamKeepaliveInterval) * time.Second
+	}
+	var keepaliveTicker *time.Ticker
+	if keepaliveInterval > 0 {
+		keepaliveTicker = time.NewTicker(keepaliveInterval)
+		defer keepaliveTicker.Stop()
+	}
+	var keepaliveCh <-chan time.Time
+	if keepaliveTicker != nil {
+		keepaliveCh = keepaliveTicker.C
+	}
+	lastDataAt := time.Now()
+
 	cw := newAntigravityClientWriter(c.Writer, flusher, "antigravity claude")
 
 	// 仅发送一次错误事件，避免多次写入导致协议混乱
@@ -3947,6 +3992,8 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleClaudeStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("stream read error: %w", ev.err)
 			}
 
+			lastDataAt = time.Now()
+
 			// 处理 SSE 行，转换为 Claude 格式
 			claudeEvents := processor.ProcessLine(strings.TrimRight(ev.line, "\r\n"))
 			if len(claudeEvents) > 0 {
@@ -3969,6 +4016,20 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) handleClaudeStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context
 			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "Stream data interval timeout (antigravity)")
 			sendErrorEvent("stream_timeout")
 			return &antigravityStreamResult{usage: convertUsage(nil), firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, fmt.Errorf("stream data interval timeout")
+
+		case <-keepaliveCh:
+			if cw.Disconnected() {
+				continue
+			}
+			if time.Since(lastDataAt) < keepaliveInterval {
+				continue
+			}
+			// SSE ping 事件：Anthropic 原生格式，客户端会正确处理，
+			// 同时保持连接活跃防止 Cloudflare Tunnel 等代理断开
+			if !cw.Fprintf("event: ping\ndata: {\"type\": \"ping\"}\n\n") {
+				logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "Client disconnected during keepalive ping (antigravity claude), continuing to drain upstream for billing")
+				continue
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -4299,6 +4360,22 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) streamUpstreamResponse(c *gin.Context, resp
 		intervalCh = intervalTicker.C
 	}
 
+	// 下游 keepalive：防止代理/Cloudflare Tunnel 因连接空闲而断开
+	keepaliveInterval := time.Duration(0)
+	if s.settingService.cfg != nil && s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.StreamKeepaliveInterval > 0 {
+		keepaliveInterval = time.Duration(s.settingService.cfg.Gateway.StreamKeepaliveInterval) * time.Second
+	}
+	var keepaliveTicker *time.Ticker
+	if keepaliveInterval > 0 {
+		keepaliveTicker = time.NewTicker(keepaliveInterval)
+		defer keepaliveTicker.Stop()
+	}
+	var keepaliveCh <-chan time.Time
+	if keepaliveTicker != nil {
+		keepaliveCh = keepaliveTicker.C
+	}
+	lastDataAt := time.Now()
+
 	flusher, _ := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
 	cw := newAntigravityClientWriter(c.Writer, flusher, "antigravity upstream")
 
@@ -4316,6 +4393,8 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) streamUpstreamResponse(c *gin.Context, resp
 				return &antigravityStreamResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}
 			}
 
+			lastDataAt = time.Now()
+
 			line := ev.line
 
 			// 记录首 token 时间
@@ -4341,6 +4420,20 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) streamUpstreamResponse(c *gin.Context, resp
 			}
 			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "Stream data interval timeout (antigravity upstream)")
 			return &antigravityStreamResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}
+
+		case <-keepaliveCh:
+			if cw.Disconnected() {
+				continue
+			}
+			if time.Since(lastDataAt) < keepaliveInterval {
+				continue
+			}
+			// SSE ping 事件：Anthropic 原生格式，客户端会正确处理，
+			// 同时保持连接活跃防止 Cloudflare Tunnel 等代理断开
+			if !cw.Fprintf("event: ping\ndata: {\"type\": \"ping\"}\n\n") {
+				logger.LegacyPrintf("service.antigravity_gateway", "Client disconnected during keepalive ping (antigravity upstream), continuing to drain upstream for billing")
+				continue
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }

backend/internal/service/antigravity_model_mapping_test.go

@@ -57,16 +57,16 @@ func TestAntigravityGatewayService_GetMappedModel(t *testing.T) {
 			expected:       "claude-opus-4-6-thinking",
 		},
 		{
-			name:           "默认映射 - claude-haiku-4-5 → claude-sonnet-4-5",
+			name:           "默认映射 - claude-haiku-4-5 → claude-sonnet-4-6",
 			requestedModel: "claude-haiku-4-5",
 			accountMapping: nil,
-			expected:       "claude-sonnet-4-5",
+			expected:       "claude-sonnet-4-6",
 		},
 		{
-			name:           "默认映射 - claude-haiku-4-5-20251001 → claude-sonnet-4-5",
+			name:           "默认映射 - claude-haiku-4-5-20251001 → claude-sonnet-4-6",
 			requestedModel: "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001",
 			accountMapping: nil,
-			expected:       "claude-sonnet-4-5",
+			expected:       "claude-sonnet-4-6",
 		},
 		{
 			name:           "默认映射 - claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929 → claude-sonnet-4-5",

backend/internal/service/antigravity_single_account_retry_test.go

@@ -260,14 +260,15 @@ func TestHandleSmartRetry_429_LongDelay_SingleAccountRetry_StillSwitches(t *test
 
 // TestHandleSmartRetry_503_ShortDelay_SingleAccountRetry_NoRateLimit
 // 503 + retryDelay < 7s + SingleAccountRetry → 智能重试耗尽后直接返回 503，不设限流
+// 使用 RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED（走 1 次智能重试），避免 MODEL_CAPACITY_EXHAUSTED 的 60 次重试导致测试超时
 func TestHandleSmartRetry_503_ShortDelay_SingleAccountRetry_NoRateLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	// 智能重试也返回 503
 	failRespBody := `{
 		"error": {
 			"code": 503,
-			"status": "UNAVAILABLE",
+			"status": "RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED",
 			"details": [
-				{"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.ErrorInfo", "metadata": {"model": "gemini-3-flash"}, "reason": "MODEL_CAPACITY_EXHAUSTED"},
+				{"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.ErrorInfo", "metadata": {"model": "gemini-3-flash"}, "reason": "RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED"},
 				{"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.RetryInfo", "retryDelay": "0.1s"}
 			]
 		}
@@ -278,8 +279,9 @@ func TestHandleSmartRetry_503_ShortDelay_SingleAccountRetry_NoRateLimit(t *testi
 		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(failRespBody)),
 	}
 	upstream := &mockSmartRetryUpstream{
-		responses: []*http.Response{failResp},
-		errors:    []error{nil},
+		responses:  []*http.Response{failResp},
+		errors:     []error{nil},
+		repeatLast: true,
 	}
 
 	repo := &stubAntigravityAccountRepo{}
@@ -294,9 +296,9 @@ func TestHandleSmartRetry_503_ShortDelay_SingleAccountRetry_NoRateLimit(t *testi
 	respBody := []byte(`{
 		"error": {
 			"code": 503,
-			"status": "UNAVAILABLE",
+			"status": "RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED",
 			"details": [
-				{"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.ErrorInfo", "metadata": {"model": "gemini-3-flash"}, "reason": "MODEL_CAPACITY_EXHAUSTED"},
+				{"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.ErrorInfo", "metadata": {"model": "gemini-3-flash"}, "reason": "RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED"},
 				{"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.RetryInfo", "retryDelay": "0.1s"}
 			]
 		}
@@ -569,8 +571,9 @@ func TestHandleSingleAccountRetryInPlace_WaitDurationClamped(t *testing.T) {
 
 	svc := &AntigravityGatewayService{}
 
-	// 等待时间过大应被 clamp 到 antigravitySingleAccountSmartRetryMaxWait
-	result := svc.handleSingleAccountRetryInPlace(params, resp, nil, "https://ag-1.test", 999*time.Second, "gemini-3-pro")
+	// waitDuration=0 会被 clamp 到 antigravitySmartRetryMinWait=1s。
+	// 首次重试即成功（200），总耗时 ~1s。
+	result := svc.handleSingleAccountRetryInPlace(params, resp, nil, "https://ag-1.test", 0, "gemini-3-pro")
 	require.NotNil(t, result)
 	require.Equal(t, smartRetryActionBreakWithResp, result.action)
 	require.NotNil(t, result.resp)

backend/internal/service/antigravity_smart_retry_test.go

@@ -32,11 +32,13 @@ func (c *stubSmartRetryCache) DeleteSessionAccountID(_ context.Context, groupID
 
 // mockSmartRetryUpstream 用于 handleSmartRetry 测试的 mock upstream
 type mockSmartRetryUpstream struct {
-	responses     []*http.Response
-	errors        []error
-	callIdx       int
-	calls         []string
-	requestBodies [][]byte
+	responses      []*http.Response
+	responseBodies [][]byte // 缓存的 response body 字节（用于 repeatLast 重建）
+	errors         []error
+	callIdx        int
+	calls          []string
+	requestBodies  [][]byte
+	repeatLast     bool // 超出范围时重复最后一个响应
 }
 
 func (m *mockSmartRetryUpstream) Do(req *http.Request, proxyURL string, accountID int64, accountConcurrency int) (*http.Response, error) {
@@ -50,10 +52,45 @@ func (m *mockSmartRetryUpstream) Do(req *http.Request, proxyURL string, accountI
 		m.requestBodies = append(m.requestBodies, nil)
 	}
 	m.callIdx++
-	if idx < len(m.responses) {
-		return m.responses[idx], m.errors[idx]
+
+	// 确定使用哪个索引
+	respIdx := idx
+	if respIdx >= len(m.responses) {
+		if !m.repeatLast || len(m.responses) == 0 {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		respIdx = len(m.responses) - 1
 	}
-	return nil, nil
+
+	resp := m.responses[respIdx]
+	respErr := m.errors[respIdx]
+	if resp == nil {
+		return nil, respErr
+	}
+
+	// 首次调用时缓存 body 字节
+	if respIdx >= len(m.responseBodies) {
+		for len(m.responseBodies) <= respIdx {
+			m.responseBodies = append(m.responseBodies, nil)
+		}
+	}
+	if m.responseBodies[respIdx] == nil && resp.Body != nil {
+		bodyBytes, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		m.responseBodies[respIdx] = bodyBytes
+	}
+
+	// 用缓存的 body 字节重建新的 reader
+	var body io.ReadCloser
+	if m.responseBodies[respIdx] != nil {
+		body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(m.responseBodies[respIdx]))
+	}
+
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+		Header:     resp.Header.Clone(),
+		Body:       body,
+	}, respErr
 }
 
 func (m *mockSmartRetryUpstream) DoWithTLS(req *http.Request, proxyURL string, accountID int64, accountConcurrency int, enableTLSFingerprint bool) (*http.Response, error) {

backend/internal/service/backup_service.go

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"compress/gzip"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
@@ -84,17 +86,21 @@ type BackupScheduleConfig struct {
 
 // BackupRecord 备份记录
 type BackupRecord struct {
-	ID          string `json:"id"`
-	Status      string `json:"status"`      // pending, running, completed, failed
-	BackupType  string `json:"backup_type"` // postgres
-	FileName    string `json:"file_name"`
-	S3Key       string `json:"s3_key"`
-	SizeBytes   int64  `json:"size_bytes"`
-	TriggeredBy string `json:"triggered_by"` // manual, scheduled
-	ErrorMsg    string `json:"error_message,omitempty"`
-	StartedAt   string `json:"started_at"`
-	FinishedAt  string `json:"finished_at,omitempty"`
-	ExpiresAt   string `json:"expires_at,omitempty"` // 过期时间
+	ID            string `json:"id"`
+	Status        string `json:"status"`      // pending, running, completed, failed
+	BackupType    string `json:"backup_type"` // postgres
+	FileName      string `json:"file_name"`
+	S3Key         string `json:"s3_key"`
+	SizeBytes     int64  `json:"size_bytes"`
+	TriggeredBy   string `json:"triggered_by"` // manual, scheduled
+	ErrorMsg      string `json:"error_message,omitempty"`
+	StartedAt     string `json:"started_at"`
+	FinishedAt    string `json:"finished_at,omitempty"`
+	ExpiresAt     string `json:"expires_at,omitempty"`     // 过期时间
+	Progress      string `json:"progress,omitempty"`       // "dumping", "uploading", ""
+	RestoreStatus string `json:"restore_status,omitempty"` // "", "running", "completed", "failed"
+	RestoreError  string `json:"restore_error,omitempty"`
+	RestoredAt    string `json:"restored_at,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // BackupService 数据库备份恢复服务
@@ -105,17 +111,24 @@ type BackupService struct {
 	storeFactory BackupObjectStoreFactory
 	dumper       DBDumper
 
-	mu        sync.Mutex
-	store     BackupObjectStore
-	s3Cfg     *BackupS3Config
+	opMu      sync.Mutex // 保护 backingUp/restoring 标志
 	backingUp bool
 	restoring bool
 
+	storeMu sync.Mutex // 保护 store/s3Cfg 缓存
+	store   BackupObjectStore
+	s3Cfg   *BackupS3Config
+
 	recordsMu sync.Mutex // 保护 records 的 load/save 操作
 
 	cronMu      sync.Mutex
 	cronSched   *cron.Cron
 	cronEntryID cron.EntryID
+
+	wg           sync.WaitGroup     // 追踪活跃的备份/恢复 goroutine
+	shuttingDown atomic.Bool        // 阻止新备份启动
+	bgCtx        context.Context    // 所有后台操作的 parent context
+	bgCancel     context.CancelFunc // 取消所有活跃后台操作
 }
 
 func NewBackupService(
@@ -125,20 +138,26 @@ func NewBackupService(
 	storeFactory BackupObjectStoreFactory,
 	dumper DBDumper,
 ) *BackupService {
+	bgCtx, bgCancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	return &BackupService{
 		settingRepo:  settingRepo,
 		dbCfg:        &cfg.Database,
 		encryptor:    encryptor,
 		storeFactory: storeFactory,
 		dumper:       dumper,
+		bgCtx:        bgCtx,
+		bgCancel:     bgCancel,
 	}
 }
 
-// Start 启动定时备份调度器
+// Start 启动定时备份调度器并清理孤立记录
 func (s *BackupService) Start() {
 	s.cronSched = cron.New()
 	s.cronSched.Start()
 
+	// 清理重启后孤立的 running 记录
+	s.recoverStaleRecords()
+
 	// 加载已有的定时配置
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
@@ -154,13 +173,65 @@ func (s *BackupService) Start() {
 	}
 }
 
-// Stop 停止定时备份
+// recoverStaleRecords 启动时将孤立的 running 记录标记为 failed
+func (s *BackupService) recoverStaleRecords() {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	records, err := s.loadRecords(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for i := range records {
+		if records[i].Status == "running" {
+			records[i].Status = "failed"
+			records[i].ErrorMsg = "interrupted by server restart"
+			records[i].Progress = ""
+			records[i].FinishedAt = time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
+			_ = s.saveRecord(ctx, &records[i])
+			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] recovered stale running record: %s", records[i].ID)
+		}
+		if records[i].RestoreStatus == "running" {
+			records[i].RestoreStatus = "failed"
+			records[i].RestoreError = "interrupted by server restart"
+			_ = s.saveRecord(ctx, &records[i])
+			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] recovered stale restoring record: %s", records[i].ID)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Stop 停止定时备份并等待活跃操作完成
 func (s *BackupService) Stop() {
+	s.shuttingDown.Store(true)
+
 	s.cronMu.Lock()
-	defer s.cronMu.Unlock()
 	if s.cronSched != nil {
 		s.cronSched.Stop()
 	}
+	s.cronMu.Unlock()
+
+	// 等待活跃备份/恢复完成（最多 5 分钟）
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		s.wg.Wait()
+		close(done)
+	}()
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] all active operations finished")
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Minute):
+		logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] shutdown timeout after 5min, cancelling active operations")
+		if s.bgCancel != nil {
+			s.bgCancel() // 取消所有后台操作
+		}
+		// 给 goroutine 时间响应取消并完成清理
+		select {
+		case <-done:
+			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] active operations cancelled and cleaned up")
+		case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] goroutine cleanup timed out")
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 // ─── S3 配置管理 ───
@@ -203,10 +274,10 @@ func (s *BackupService) UpdateS3Config(ctx context.Context, cfg BackupS3Config)
 	}
 
 	// 清除缓存的 S3 客户端
-	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.storeMu.Lock()
 	s.store = nil
 	s.s3Cfg = nil
-	s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.storeMu.Unlock()
 
 	cfg.SecretAccessKey = ""
 	return &cfg, nil
@@ -314,7 +385,10 @@ func (s *BackupService) removeCronSchedule() {
 }
 
 func (s *BackupService) runScheduledBackup() {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Minute)
+	s.wg.Add(1)
+	defer s.wg.Done()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(s.bgCtx, 30*time.Minute)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	// 读取定时备份配置中的过期天数
@@ -327,7 +401,11 @@ func (s *BackupService) runScheduledBackup() {
 	logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] 开始执行定时备份, 过期天数: %d", expireDays)
 	record, err := s.CreateBackup(ctx, "scheduled", expireDays)
 	if err != nil {
-		logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] 定时备份失败: %v", err)
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrBackupInProgress) {
+			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] 定时备份跳过: 已有备份正在进行中")
+		} else {
+			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] 定时备份失败: %v", err)
+		}
 		return
 	}
 	logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] 定时备份完成: id=%s size=%d", record.ID, record.SizeBytes)
@@ -346,17 +424,21 @@ func (s *BackupService) runScheduledBackup() {
 // CreateBackup 创建全量数据库备份并上传到 S3（流式处理）
 // expireDays: 备份过期天数，0=永不过期，默认14天
 func (s *BackupService) CreateBackup(ctx context.Context, triggeredBy string, expireDays int) (*BackupRecord, error) {
-	s.mu.Lock()
+	if s.shuttingDown.Load() {
+		return nil, infraerrors.ServiceUnavailable("SERVER_SHUTTING_DOWN", "server is shutting down")
+	}
+
+	s.opMu.Lock()
 	if s.backingUp {
-		s.mu.Unlock()
+		s.opMu.Unlock()
 		return nil, ErrBackupInProgress
 	}
 	s.backingUp = true
-	s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.opMu.Unlock()
 	defer func() {
-		s.mu.Lock()
+		s.opMu.Lock()
 		s.backingUp = false
-		s.mu.Unlock()
+		s.opMu.Unlock()
 	}()
 
 	s3Cfg, err := s.loadS3Config(ctx)
@@ -405,36 +487,47 @@ func (s *BackupService) CreateBackup(ctx context.Context, triggeredBy string, ex
 
 	// 使用 io.Pipe 将 gzip 压缩数据流式传递给 S3 上传
 	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
-	var gzipErr error
+	gzipDone := make(chan error, 1)
 	go func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("gzip goroutine panic: %v", r)) //nolint:errcheck
+				gzipDone <- fmt.Errorf("gzip goroutine panic: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
 		gzWriter := gzip.NewWriter(pw)
-		_, gzipErr = io.Copy(gzWriter, dumpReader)
-		if closeErr := gzWriter.Close(); closeErr != nil && gzipErr == nil {
-			gzipErr = closeErr
+		var gzErr error
+		_, gzErr = io.Copy(gzWriter, dumpReader)
+		if closeErr := gzWriter.Close(); closeErr != nil && gzErr == nil {
+			gzErr = closeErr
 		}
-		if closeErr := dumpReader.Close(); closeErr != nil && gzipErr == nil {
-			gzipErr = closeErr
+		if closeErr := dumpReader.Close(); closeErr != nil && gzErr == nil {
+			gzErr = closeErr
 		}
-		if gzipErr != nil {
-			_ = pw.CloseWithError(gzipErr)
+		if gzErr != nil {
+			_ = pw.CloseWithError(gzErr)
 		} else {
 			_ = pw.Close()
 		}
+		gzipDone <- gzErr
 	}()
 
 	contentType := "application/gzip"
 	sizeBytes, err := objectStore.Upload(ctx, s3Key, pr, contentType)
 	if err != nil {
+		_ = pr.CloseWithError(err) // 确保 gzip goroutine 不会悬挂
+		gzErr := <-gzipDone        // 安全等待 gzip goroutine 完成
 		record.Status = "failed"
 		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("S3 upload failed: %v", err)
-		if gzipErr != nil {
-			errMsg = fmt.Sprintf("gzip/dump failed: %v", gzipErr)
+		if gzErr != nil {
+			errMsg = fmt.Sprintf("gzip/dump failed: %v", gzErr)
 		}
 		record.ErrorMsg = errMsg
 		record.FinishedAt = time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
 		_ = s.saveRecord(ctx, record)
 		return record, fmt.Errorf("backup upload: %w", err)
 	}
+	<-gzipDone // 确保 gzip goroutine 已退出
 
 	record.SizeBytes = sizeBytes
 	record.Status = "completed"
@@ -446,19 +539,187 @@ func (s *BackupService) CreateBackup(ctx context.Context, triggeredBy string, ex
 	return record, nil
 }
 
+// StartBackup 异步创建备份，立即返回 running 状态的记录
+func (s *BackupService) StartBackup(ctx context.Context, triggeredBy string, expireDays int) (*BackupRecord, error) {
+	if s.shuttingDown.Load() {
+		return nil, infraerrors.ServiceUnavailable("SERVER_SHUTTING_DOWN", "server is shutting down")
+	}
+
+	s.opMu.Lock()
+	if s.backingUp {
+		s.opMu.Unlock()
+		return nil, ErrBackupInProgress
+	}
+	s.backingUp = true
+	s.opMu.Unlock()
+
+	// 初始化阶段出错时自动重置标志
+	launched := false
+	defer func() {
+		if !launched {
+			s.opMu.Lock()
+			s.backingUp = false
+			s.opMu.Unlock()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// 在返回前加载 S3 配置和创建 store，避免 goroutine 中配置被修改
+	s3Cfg, err := s.loadS3Config(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if s3Cfg == nil || !s3Cfg.IsConfigured() {
+		return nil, ErrBackupS3NotConfigured
+	}
+
+	objectStore, err := s.getOrCreateStore(ctx, s3Cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("init object store: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	backupID := uuid.New().String()[:8]
+	fileName := fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s.sql.gz", s.dbCfg.DBName, now.Format("20060102_150405"))
+	s3Key := s.buildS3Key(s3Cfg, fileName)
+
+	var expiresAt string
+	if expireDays > 0 {
+		expiresAt = now.AddDate(0, 0, expireDays).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	}
+
+	record := &BackupRecord{
+		ID:          backupID,
+		Status:      "running",
+		BackupType:  "postgres",
+		FileName:    fileName,
+		S3Key:       s3Key,
+		TriggeredBy: triggeredBy,
+		StartedAt:   now.Format(time.RFC3339),
+		ExpiresAt:   expiresAt,
+		Progress:    "pending",
+	}
+
+	if err := s.saveRecord(ctx, record); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("save initial record: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	launched = true
+	// 在启动 goroutine 前完成拷贝，避免数据竞争
+	result := *record
+
+	s.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer s.wg.Done()
+		defer func() {
+			s.opMu.Lock()
+			s.backingUp = false
+			s.opMu.Unlock()
+		}()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] panic recovered: %v", r)
+				record.Status = "failed"
+				record.ErrorMsg = fmt.Sprintf("internal panic: %v", r)
+				record.Progress = ""
+				record.FinishedAt = time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
+				_ = s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record)
+			}
+		}()
+		s.executeBackup(record, objectStore)
+	}()
+
+	return &result, nil
+}
+
+// executeBackup 后台执行备份（独立于 HTTP context）
+func (s *BackupService) executeBackup(record *BackupRecord, objectStore BackupObjectStore) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(s.bgCtx, 30*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// 阶段1: pg_dump
+	record.Progress = "dumping"
+	_ = s.saveRecord(ctx, record)
+
+	dumpReader, err := s.dumper.Dump(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		record.Status = "failed"
+		record.ErrorMsg = fmt.Sprintf("pg_dump failed: %v", err)
+		record.Progress = ""
+		record.FinishedAt = time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
+		_ = s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 阶段2: gzip + upload
+	record.Progress = "uploading"
+	_ = s.saveRecord(ctx, record)
+
+	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
+	gzipDone := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("gzip goroutine panic: %v", r)) //nolint:errcheck
+				gzipDone <- fmt.Errorf("gzip goroutine panic: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		gzWriter := gzip.NewWriter(pw)
+		var gzErr error
+		_, gzErr = io.Copy(gzWriter, dumpReader)
+		if closeErr := gzWriter.Close(); closeErr != nil && gzErr == nil {
+			gzErr = closeErr
+		}
+		if closeErr := dumpReader.Close(); closeErr != nil && gzErr == nil {
+			gzErr = closeErr
+		}
+		if gzErr != nil {
+			_ = pw.CloseWithError(gzErr)
+		} else {
+			_ = pw.Close()
+		}
+		gzipDone <- gzErr
+	}()
+
+	contentType := "application/gzip"
+	sizeBytes, err := objectStore.Upload(ctx, record.S3Key, pr, contentType)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = pr.CloseWithError(err) // 确保 gzip goroutine 不会悬挂
+		gzErr := <-gzipDone        // 安全等待 gzip goroutine 完成
+		record.Status = "failed"
+		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("S3 upload failed: %v", err)
+		if gzErr != nil {
+			errMsg = fmt.Sprintf("gzip/dump failed: %v", gzErr)
+		}
+		record.ErrorMsg = errMsg
+		record.Progress = ""
+		record.FinishedAt = time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
+		_ = s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record)
+		return
+	}
+	<-gzipDone // 确保 gzip goroutine 已退出
+
+	record.SizeBytes = sizeBytes
+	record.Status = "completed"
+	record.Progress = ""
+	record.FinishedAt = time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	if err := s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record); err != nil {
+		logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] 保存备份记录失败: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // RestoreBackup 从 S3 下载备份并流式恢复到数据库
 func (s *BackupService) RestoreBackup(ctx context.Context, backupID string) error {
-	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.opMu.Lock()
 	if s.restoring {
-		s.mu.Unlock()
+		s.opMu.Unlock()
 		return ErrRestoreInProgress
 	}
 	s.restoring = true
-	s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.opMu.Unlock()
 	defer func() {
-		s.mu.Lock()
+		s.opMu.Lock()
 		s.restoring = false
-		s.mu.Unlock()
+		s.opMu.Unlock()
 	}()
 
 	record, err := s.GetBackupRecord(ctx, backupID)
@@ -500,6 +761,112 @@ func (s *BackupService) RestoreBackup(ctx context.Context, backupID string) erro
 	return nil
 }
 
+// StartRestore 异步恢复备份，立即返回
+func (s *BackupService) StartRestore(ctx context.Context, backupID string) (*BackupRecord, error) {
+	if s.shuttingDown.Load() {
+		return nil, infraerrors.ServiceUnavailable("SERVER_SHUTTING_DOWN", "server is shutting down")
+	}
+
+	s.opMu.Lock()
+	if s.restoring {
+		s.opMu.Unlock()
+		return nil, ErrRestoreInProgress
+	}
+	s.restoring = true
+	s.opMu.Unlock()
+
+	// 初始化阶段出错时自动重置标志
+	launched := false
+	defer func() {
+		if !launched {
+			s.opMu.Lock()
+			s.restoring = false
+			s.opMu.Unlock()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	record, err := s.GetBackupRecord(ctx, backupID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if record.Status != "completed" {
+		return nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("BACKUP_NOT_COMPLETED", "can only restore from a completed backup")
+	}
+
+	s3Cfg, err := s.loadS3Config(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	objectStore, err := s.getOrCreateStore(ctx, s3Cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("init object store: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	record.RestoreStatus = "running"
+	_ = s.saveRecord(ctx, record)
+
+	launched = true
+	result := *record
+
+	s.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer s.wg.Done()
+		defer func() {
+			s.opMu.Lock()
+			s.restoring = false
+			s.opMu.Unlock()
+		}()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] restore panic recovered: %v", r)
+				record.RestoreStatus = "failed"
+				record.RestoreError = fmt.Sprintf("internal panic: %v", r)
+				_ = s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record)
+			}
+		}()
+		s.executeRestore(record, objectStore)
+	}()
+
+	return &result, nil
+}
+
+// executeRestore 后台执行恢复
+func (s *BackupService) executeRestore(record *BackupRecord, objectStore BackupObjectStore) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(s.bgCtx, 30*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	body, err := objectStore.Download(ctx, record.S3Key)
+	if err != nil {
+		record.RestoreStatus = "failed"
+		record.RestoreError = fmt.Sprintf("S3 download failed: %v", err)
+		_ = s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record)
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = body.Close() }()
+
+	gzReader, err := gzip.NewReader(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		record.RestoreStatus = "failed"
+		record.RestoreError = fmt.Sprintf("gzip reader: %v", err)
+		_ = s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record)
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = gzReader.Close() }()
+
+	if err := s.dumper.Restore(ctx, gzReader); err != nil {
+		record.RestoreStatus = "failed"
+		record.RestoreError = fmt.Sprintf("pg restore: %v", err)
+		_ = s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record)
+		return
+	}
+
+	record.RestoreStatus = "completed"
+	record.RestoredAt = time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	if err := s.saveRecord(context.Background(), record); err != nil {
+		logger.LegacyPrintf("service.backup", "[Backup] 保存恢复记录失败: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // ─── 备份记录管理 ───
 
 func (s *BackupService) ListBackups(ctx context.Context) ([]BackupRecord, error) {
@@ -614,8 +981,8 @@ func (s *BackupService) loadS3Config(ctx context.Context) (*BackupS3Config, erro
 }
 
 func (s *BackupService) getOrCreateStore(ctx context.Context, cfg *BackupS3Config) (BackupObjectStore, error) {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.storeMu.Lock()
+	defer s.storeMu.Unlock()
 
 	if s.store != nil && s.s3Cfg != nil {
 		return s.store, nil

backend/internal/service/backup_service_test.go

@@ -134,6 +134,30 @@ func (m *mockDumper) Restore(_ context.Context, data io.Reader) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// blockingDumper 可控延迟的 dumper，用于测试异步行为
+type blockingDumper struct {
+	blockCh chan struct{}
+	data    []byte
+	restErr error
+}
+
+func (d *blockingDumper) Dump(ctx context.Context) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	select {
+	case <-d.blockCh:
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return nil, ctx.Err()
+	}
+	return io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(d.data)), nil
+}
+
+func (d *blockingDumper) Restore(_ context.Context, data io.Reader) error {
+	if d.restErr != nil {
+		return d.restErr
+	}
+	_, _ = io.ReadAll(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
 type mockObjectStore struct {
 	objects map[string][]byte
 	mu      sync.Mutex
@@ -179,7 +203,7 @@ func (m *mockObjectStore) HeadBucket(_ context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func newTestBackupService(repo *mockSettingRepo, dumper *mockDumper, store *mockObjectStore) *BackupService {
+func newTestBackupService(repo *mockSettingRepo, dumper DBDumper, store *mockObjectStore) *BackupService {
 	cfg := &config.Config{
 		Database: config.DatabaseConfig{
 			Host:   "localhost",
@@ -361,9 +385,9 @@ func TestBackupService_CreateBackup_ConcurrentBlocked(t *testing.T) {
 	svc := newTestBackupService(repo, dumper, store)
 
 	// 手动设置 backingUp 标志
-	svc.mu.Lock()
+	svc.opMu.Lock()
 	svc.backingUp = true
-	svc.mu.Unlock()
+	svc.opMu.Unlock()
 
 	_, err := svc.CreateBackup(context.Background(), "manual", 14)
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrBackupInProgress)
@@ -526,3 +550,154 @@ func TestBackupService_LoadS3Config_Corrupted(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Nil(t, cfg)
 }
+
+// ─── Async Backup Tests ───
+
+func TestStartBackup_ReturnsImmediately(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newMockSettingRepo()
+	seedS3Config(t, repo)
+
+	dumper := &blockingDumper{blockCh: make(chan struct{}), data: []byte("data")}
+	store := newMockObjectStore()
+	svc := newTestBackupService(repo, dumper, store)
+
+	record, err := svc.StartBackup(context.Background(), "manual", 14)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "running", record.Status)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, record.ID)
+
+	// 释放 dumper 让后台完成
+	close(dumper.blockCh)
+	svc.wg.Wait()
+
+	// 验证最终状态
+	final, err := svc.GetBackupRecord(context.Background(), record.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "completed", final.Status)
+	require.Greater(t, final.SizeBytes, int64(0))
+}
+
+func TestStartBackup_ConcurrentBlocked(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newMockSettingRepo()
+	seedS3Config(t, repo)
+
+	dumper := &blockingDumper{blockCh: make(chan struct{}), data: []byte("data")}
+	store := newMockObjectStore()
+	svc := newTestBackupService(repo, dumper, store)
+
+	// 第一次启动
+	_, err := svc.StartBackup(context.Background(), "manual", 14)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// 第二次应被阻塞
+	_, err = svc.StartBackup(context.Background(), "manual", 14)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrBackupInProgress)
+
+	close(dumper.blockCh)
+	svc.wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestStartBackup_ShuttingDown(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newMockSettingRepo()
+	seedS3Config(t, repo)
+	svc := newTestBackupService(repo, &mockDumper{dumpData: []byte("data")}, newMockObjectStore())
+
+	svc.shuttingDown.Store(true)
+
+	_, err := svc.StartBackup(context.Background(), "manual", 14)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "shutting down")
+}
+
+func TestRecoverStaleRecords(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newMockSettingRepo()
+	svc := newTestBackupService(repo, &mockDumper{}, newMockObjectStore())
+
+	// 模拟一条孤立的 running 记录
+	_ = svc.saveRecord(context.Background(), &BackupRecord{
+		ID:        "stale-1",
+		Status:    "running",
+		StartedAt: time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
+	})
+	// 模拟一条孤立的恢复中记录
+	_ = svc.saveRecord(context.Background(), &BackupRecord{
+		ID:            "stale-2",
+		Status:        "completed",
+		RestoreStatus: "running",
+		StartedAt:     time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
+	})
+
+	svc.recoverStaleRecords()
+
+	r1, _ := svc.GetBackupRecord(context.Background(), "stale-1")
+	require.Equal(t, "failed", r1.Status)
+	require.Contains(t, r1.ErrorMsg, "server restart")
+
+	r2, _ := svc.GetBackupRecord(context.Background(), "stale-2")
+	require.Equal(t, "failed", r2.RestoreStatus)
+	require.Contains(t, r2.RestoreError, "server restart")
+}
+
+func TestGracefulShutdown(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newMockSettingRepo()
+	seedS3Config(t, repo)
+
+	dumper := &blockingDumper{blockCh: make(chan struct{}), data: []byte("data")}
+	store := newMockObjectStore()
+	svc := newTestBackupService(repo, dumper, store)
+
+	_, err := svc.StartBackup(context.Background(), "manual", 14)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Stop 应该等待备份完成
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		svc.Stop()
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	// 短暂等待确认 Stop 还在等待
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		t.Fatal("Stop returned before backup finished")
+	case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
+		// 预期：Stop 还在等待
+	}
+
+	// 释放备份
+	close(dumper.blockCh)
+
+	// 现在 Stop 应该完成
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		// 预期
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Stop did not return after backup finished")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStartRestore_Async(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newMockSettingRepo()
+	seedS3Config(t, repo)
+
+	dumpContent := "-- PostgreSQL dump\nCREATE TABLE test (id int);\n"
+	dumper := &mockDumper{dumpData: []byte(dumpContent)}
+	store := newMockObjectStore()
+	svc := newTestBackupService(repo, dumper, store)
+
+	// 先创建一个备份（同步方式）
+	record, err := svc.CreateBackup(context.Background(), "manual", 14)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// 异步恢复
+	restored, err := svc.StartRestore(context.Background(), record.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "running", restored.RestoreStatus)
+
+	svc.wg.Wait()
+
+	// 验证最终状态
+	final, err := svc.GetBackupRecord(context.Background(), record.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "completed", final.RestoreStatus)
+}

backend/internal/service/claude_code_validator.go

@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@ var (
 	// 带捕获组的版本提取正则
 	claudeCodeUAVersionPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^claude-cli/(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)`)
 
-	// metadata.user_id 格式: user_{64位hex}_account__session_{uuid}
-	userIDPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^user_[a-fA-F0-9]{64}_account__session_[\w-]+$`)
-
 	// System prompt 相似度阈值（默认 0.5，和 claude-relay-service 一致）
 	systemPromptThreshold = 0.5
 )
@@ -124,7 +121,7 @@ func (v *ClaudeCodeValidator) Validate(r *http.Request, body map[string]any) boo
 		return false
 	}
 
-	if !userIDPattern.MatchString(userID) {
+	if ParseMetadataUserID(userID) == nil {
 		return false
 	}
 
@@ -278,11 +275,7 @@ func SetClaudeCodeClient(ctx context.Context, isClaudeCode bool) context.Context
 // ExtractVersion 从 User-Agent 中提取 Claude Code 版本号
 // 返回 "2.1.22" 形式的版本号，如果不匹配返回空字符串
 func (v *ClaudeCodeValidator) ExtractVersion(ua string) string {
-	matches := claudeCodeUAVersionPattern.FindStringSubmatch(ua)
-	if len(matches) >= 2 {
-		return matches[1]
-	}
-	return ""
+	return ExtractCLIVersion(ua)
 }
 
 // SetClaudeCodeVersion 将 Claude Code 版本号设置到 context 中

backend/internal/service/dashboard_service.go

@@ -140,6 +140,27 @@ func (s *DashboardService) GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTi
 	return stats, nil
 }
 
+func (s *DashboardService) GetModelStatsWithFiltersBySource(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8, modelSource string) ([]usagestats.ModelStat, error) {
+	normalizedSource := usagestats.NormalizeModelSource(modelSource)
+	if normalizedSource == usagestats.ModelSourceRequested {
+		return s.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType)
+	}
+
+	type modelStatsBySourceRepo interface {
+		GetModelStatsWithFiltersBySource(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8, source string) ([]usagestats.ModelStat, error)
+	}
+
+	if sourceRepo, ok := s.usageRepo.(modelStatsBySourceRepo); ok {
+		stats, err := sourceRepo.GetModelStatsWithFiltersBySource(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType, normalizedSource)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("get model stats with filters by source: %w", err)
+		}
+		return stats, nil
+	}
+
+	return s.GetModelStatsWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType)
+}
+
 func (s *DashboardService) GetGroupStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID int64, requestType *int16, stream *bool, billingType *int8) ([]usagestats.GroupStat, error) {
 	stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetGroupStatsWithFilters(ctx, startTime, endTime, userID, apiKeyID, accountID, groupID, requestType, stream, billingType)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -148,6 +169,15 @@ func (s *DashboardService) GetGroupStatsWithFilters(ctx context.Context, startTi
 	return stats, nil
 }
 
+// GetGroupUsageSummary returns today's and cumulative cost for all groups.
+func (s *DashboardService) GetGroupUsageSummary(ctx context.Context, todayStart time.Time) ([]usagestats.GroupUsageSummary, error) {
+	results, err := s.usageRepo.GetAllGroupUsageSummary(ctx, todayStart)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get group usage summary: %w", err)
+	}
+	return results, nil
+}
+
 func (s *DashboardService) getCachedDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*usagestats.DashboardStats, bool, error) {
 	data, err := s.cache.GetDashboardStats(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -335,6 +365,14 @@ func (s *DashboardService) GetUserSpendingRanking(ctx context.Context, startTime
 	return ranking, nil
 }
 
+func (s *DashboardService) GetUserBreakdownStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTime time.Time, dim usagestats.UserBreakdownDimension, limit int) ([]usagestats.UserBreakdownItem, error) {
+	stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetUserBreakdownStats(ctx, startTime, endTime, dim, limit)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user breakdown stats: %w", err)
+	}
+	return stats, nil
+}
+
 func (s *DashboardService) GetBatchUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userIDs []int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (map[int64]*usagestats.BatchUserUsageStats, error) {
 	stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetBatchUserUsageStats(ctx, userIDs, startTime, endTime)
 	if err != nil {

backend/internal/service/domain_constants.go

@@ -170,6 +170,13 @@ const (
 	// SettingKeyOpsRuntimeLogConfig stores JSON config for runtime log settings.
 	SettingKeyOpsRuntimeLogConfig = "ops_runtime_log_config"
 
+	// =========================
+	// Overload Cooldown (529)
+	// =========================
+
+	// SettingKeyOverloadCooldownSettings stores JSON config for 529 overload cooldown handling.
+	SettingKeyOverloadCooldownSettings = "overload_cooldown_settings"
+
 	// =========================
 	// Stream Timeout Handling
 	// =========================

backend/internal/service/gateway_anthropic_apikey_passthrough_test.go

@@ -688,6 +688,83 @@ func TestGatewayService_AnthropicOAuth_NotAffectedByAPIKeyPassthroughToggle(t *t
 	require.Contains(t, req.Header.Get("anthropic-beta"), claude.BetaOAuth, "OAuth 链路仍应按原逻辑补齐 oauth beta")
 }
 
+func TestGatewayService_AnthropicOAuth_ForwardPreservesBillingHeaderSystemBlock(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		body string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "system array",
+			body: `{"model":"claude-3-5-sonnet-latest","system":[{"type":"text","text":"x-anthropic-billing-header keep"}],"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hello"}]}]}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "system string",
+			body: `{"model":"claude-3-5-sonnet-latest","system":"x-anthropic-billing-header keep","messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hello"}]}]}`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(rec)
+			c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/v1/messages", nil)
+
+			parsed, err := ParseGatewayRequest([]byte(tt.body), PlatformAnthropic)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			upstream := &anthropicHTTPUpstreamRecorder{
+				resp: &http.Response{
+					StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+					Header: http.Header{
+						"Content-Type": []string{"application/json"},
+						"x-request-id": []string{"rid-oauth-preserve"},
+					},
+					Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(`{"id":"msg_1","type":"message","role":"assistant","model":"claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022","content":[{"type":"text","text":"ok"}],"usage":{"input_tokens":12,"output_tokens":7}}`)),
+				},
+			}
+
+			cfg := &config.Config{
+				Gateway: config.GatewayConfig{
+					MaxLineSize: defaultMaxLineSize,
+				},
+			}
+			svc := &GatewayService{
+				cfg:                  cfg,
+				responseHeaderFilter: compileResponseHeaderFilter(cfg),
+				httpUpstream:         upstream,
+				rateLimitService:     &RateLimitService{},
+				deferredService:      &DeferredService{},
+			}
+
+			account := &Account{
+				ID:          301,
+				Name:        "anthropic-oauth-preserve",
+				Platform:    PlatformAnthropic,
+				Type:        AccountTypeOAuth,
+				Concurrency: 1,
+				Credentials: map[string]any{
+					"access_token": "oauth-token",
+				},
+				Status:      StatusActive,
+				Schedulable: true,
+			}
+
+			result, err := svc.Forward(context.Background(), c, account, parsed)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.NotNil(t, result)
+			require.NotNil(t, upstream.lastReq)
+			require.Equal(t, "Bearer oauth-token", upstream.lastReq.Header.Get("authorization"))
+			require.Contains(t, upstream.lastReq.Header.Get("anthropic-beta"), claude.BetaOAuth)
+
+			system := gjson.GetBytes(upstream.lastBody, "system")
+			require.True(t, system.Exists())
+			require.Contains(t, system.Raw, "x-anthropic-billing-header keep")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestGatewayService_AnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough_StreamingStillCollectsUsageAfterClientDisconnect(t *testing.T) {
 	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
 
@@ -788,7 +865,7 @@ func TestGatewayService_AnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough_ForwardDirect_NonStreamingSuc
 		rateLimitService: &RateLimitService{},
 	}
 
-	result, err := svc.forwardAnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough(context.Background(), c, newAnthropicAPIKeyAccountForTest(), body, "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest", false, time.Now())
+	result, err := svc.forwardAnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough(context.Background(), c, newAnthropicAPIKeyAccountForTest(), body, "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest", "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest", false, time.Now())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, result)
 	require.Equal(t, 12, result.Usage.InputTokens)
@@ -815,7 +892,7 @@ func TestGatewayService_AnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough_ForwardDirect_InvalidTokenTyp
 	}
 	svc := &GatewayService{}
 
-	result, err := svc.forwardAnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough(context.Background(), c, account, []byte(`{}`), "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest", false, time.Now())
+	result, err := svc.forwardAnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough(context.Background(), c, account, []byte(`{}`), "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest", "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest", false, time.Now())
 	require.Nil(t, result)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "requires apikey token")
@@ -840,7 +917,7 @@ func TestGatewayService_AnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough_ForwardDirect_UpstreamRequest
 	}
 	account := newAnthropicAPIKeyAccountForTest()
 
-	result, err := svc.forwardAnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough(context.Background(), c, account, []byte(`{"model":"x"}`), "x", false, time.Now())
+	result, err := svc.forwardAnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough(context.Background(), c, account, []byte(`{"model":"x"}`), "x", "x", false, time.Now())
 	require.Nil(t, result)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "upstream request failed")
@@ -873,7 +950,7 @@ func TestGatewayService_AnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough_ForwardDirect_EmptyResponseBo
 		httpUpstream: upstream,
 	}
 
-	result, err := svc.forwardAnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough(context.Background(), c, newAnthropicAPIKeyAccountForTest(), []byte(`{"model":"x"}`), "x", false, time.Now())
+	result, err := svc.forwardAnthropicAPIKeyPassthrough(context.Background(), c, newAnthropicAPIKeyAccountForTest(), []byte(`{"model":"x"}`), "x", "x", false, time.Now())
 	require.Nil(t, result)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "empty response")

backend/internal/service/gateway_body_order_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func assertJSONTokenOrder(t *testing.T, body string, tokens ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	last := -1
+	for _, token := range tokens {
+		pos := strings.Index(body, token)
+		require.NotEqualf(t, -1, pos, "missing token %s in body %s", token, body)
+		require.Greaterf(t, pos, last, "token %s should appear after previous tokens in body %s", token, body)
+		last = pos
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReplaceModelInBody_PreservesTopLevelFieldOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &GatewayService{}
+	body := []byte(`{"alpha":1,"model":"claude-3-5-sonnet-latest","messages":[],"omega":2}`)
+
+	result := svc.replaceModelInBody(body, "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022")
+	resultStr := string(result)
+
+	assertJSONTokenOrder(t, resultStr, `"alpha"`, `"model"`, `"messages"`, `"omega"`)
+	require.Contains(t, resultStr, `"model":"claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022"`)
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeClaudeOAuthRequestBody_PreservesTopLevelFieldOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	body := []byte(`{"alpha":1,"model":"claude-3-5-sonnet-latest","temperature":0.2,"system":"You are OpenCode, the best coding agent on the planet.","messages":[],"tool_choice":{"type":"auto"},"omega":2}`)
+
+	result, modelID := normalizeClaudeOAuthRequestBody(body, "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest", claudeOAuthNormalizeOptions{
+		injectMetadata: true,
+		metadataUserID: "user-1",
+	})
+	resultStr := string(result)
+
+	require.Equal(t, claude.NormalizeModelID("claude-3-5-sonnet-latest"), modelID)
+	assertJSONTokenOrder(t, resultStr, `"alpha"`, `"model"`, `"system"`, `"messages"`, `"omega"`, `"tools"`, `"metadata"`)
+	require.NotContains(t, resultStr, `"temperature"`)
+	require.NotContains(t, resultStr, `"tool_choice"`)
+	require.Contains(t, resultStr, `"system":"`+claudeCodeSystemPrompt+`"`)
+	require.Contains(t, resultStr, `"tools":[]`)
+	require.Contains(t, resultStr, `"metadata":{"user_id":"user-1"}`)
+}
+
+func TestInjectClaudeCodePrompt_PreservesFieldOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	body := []byte(`{"alpha":1,"system":[{"id":"block-1","type":"text","text":"Custom"}],"messages":[],"omega":2}`)
+
+	result := injectClaudeCodePrompt(body, []any{
+		map[string]any{"id": "block-1", "type": "text", "text": "Custom"},
+	})
+	resultStr := string(result)
+
+	assertJSONTokenOrder(t, resultStr, `"alpha"`, `"system"`, `"messages"`, `"omega"`)
+	require.Contains(t, resultStr, `{"id":"block-1","type":"text","text":"`+claudeCodeSystemPrompt+`\n\nCustom"}`)
+}
+
+func TestEnforceCacheControlLimit_PreservesTopLevelFieldOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	body := []byte(`{"alpha":1,"system":[{"type":"text","text":"s1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}},{"type":"text","text":"s2","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}],"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"m1","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}},{"type":"text","text":"m2","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}},{"type":"text","text":"m3","cache_control":{"type":"ephemeral"}}]}],"omega":2}`)
+
+	result := enforceCacheControlLimit(body)
+	resultStr := string(result)
+
+	assertJSONTokenOrder(t, resultStr, `"alpha"`, `"system"`, `"messages"`, `"omega"`)
+	require.Equal(t, 4, strings.Count(resultStr, `"cache_control"`))
+}

backend/internal/service/gateway_debug_env_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package service
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestDebugGatewayBodyLoggingEnabled(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("default disabled", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv(debugGatewayBodyEnv, "")
+		if debugGatewayBodyLoggingEnabled() {
+			t.Fatalf("expected debug gateway body logging to be disabled by default")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("enabled with true-like values", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, value := range []string{"1", "true", "TRUE", "yes", "on"} {
+			t.Run(value, func(t *testing.T) {
+				t.Setenv(debugGatewayBodyEnv, value)
+				if !debugGatewayBodyLoggingEnabled() {
+					t.Fatalf("expected debug gateway body logging to be enabled for %q", value)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("disabled with other values", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, value := range []string{"0", "false", "off", "debug"} {
+			t.Run(value, func(t *testing.T) {
+				t.Setenv(debugGatewayBodyEnv, value)
+				if debugGatewayBodyLoggingEnabled() {
+					t.Fatalf("expected debug gateway body logging to be disabled for %q", value)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+	})
+}

backend/internal/service/gateway_multiplatform_test.go

@@ -278,8 +278,8 @@ func (m *mockGroupRepoForGateway) ListActiveByPlatform(ctx context.Context, plat
 func (m *mockGroupRepoForGateway) ExistsByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (bool, error) {
 	return false, nil
 }
-func (m *mockGroupRepoForGateway) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
-	return 0, nil
+func (m *mockGroupRepoForGateway) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, int64, error) {
+	return 0, 0, nil
 }
 func (m *mockGroupRepoForGateway) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
 	return 0, nil

backend/internal/service/gateway_request.go

@@ -28,6 +28,12 @@ var (
 	patternEmptyContentSpaced = []byte(`"content": []`)
 	patternEmptyContentSp1    = []byte(`"content" : []`)
 	patternEmptyContentSp2    = []byte(`"content" :[]`)
+
+	// Fast-path patterns for empty text blocks: {"type":"text","text":""}
+	patternEmptyText       = []byte(`"text":""`)
+	patternEmptyTextSpaced = []byte(`"text": ""`)
+	patternEmptyTextSp1    = []byte(`"text" : ""`)
+	patternEmptyTextSp2    = []byte(`"text" :""`)
 )
 
 // SessionContext 粘性会话上下文，用于区分不同来源的请求。
@@ -233,15 +239,22 @@ func FilterThinkingBlocksForRetry(body []byte) []byte {
 		bytes.Contains(body, patternThinkingField) ||
 		bytes.Contains(body, patternThinkingFieldSpaced)
 
-	// Also check for empty content arrays that need fixing.
+	// Also check for empty content arrays and empty text blocks that need fixing.
 	// Note: This is a heuristic check; the actual empty content handling is done below.
 	hasEmptyContent := bytes.Contains(body, patternEmptyContent) ||
 		bytes.Contains(body, patternEmptyContentSpaced) ||
 		bytes.Contains(body, patternEmptyContentSp1) ||
 		bytes.Contains(body, patternEmptyContentSp2)
 
+	// Check for empty text blocks: {"type":"text","text":""}
+	// These cause upstream 400: "text content blocks must be non-empty"
+	hasEmptyTextBlock := bytes.Contains(body, patternEmptyText) ||
+		bytes.Contains(body, patternEmptyTextSpaced) ||
+		bytes.Contains(body, patternEmptyTextSp1) ||
+		bytes.Contains(body, patternEmptyTextSp2)
+
 	// Fast path: nothing to process
-	if !hasThinkingContent && !hasEmptyContent {
+	if !hasThinkingContent && !hasEmptyContent && !hasEmptyTextBlock {
 		return body
 	}
 
@@ -260,7 +273,7 @@ func FilterThinkingBlocksForRetry(body []byte) []byte {
 		bytes.Contains(body, patternTypeRedactedThinking) ||
 		bytes.Contains(body, patternTypeRedactedSpaced) ||
 		bytes.Contains(body, patternThinkingFieldSpaced)
-	if !hasEmptyContent && !containsThinkingBlocks {
+	if !hasEmptyContent && !hasEmptyTextBlock && !containsThinkingBlocks {
 		if topThinking := gjson.Get(jsonStr, "thinking"); topThinking.Exists() {
 			if out, err := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "thinking"); err == nil {
 				out = removeThinkingDependentContextStrategies(out)
@@ -320,6 +333,16 @@ func FilterThinkingBlocksForRetry(body []byte) []byte {
 
 			blockType, _ := blockMap["type"].(string)
 
+			// Strip empty text blocks: {"type":"text","text":""}
+			// Upstream rejects these with 400: "text content blocks must be non-empty"
+			if blockType == "text" {
+				if txt, _ := blockMap["text"].(string); txt == "" {
+					modifiedThisMsg = true
+					ensureNewContent(bi)
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+
 			// Convert thinking blocks to text (preserve content) and drop redacted_thinking.
 			switch blockType {
 			case "thinking":

backend/internal/service/gateway_request_test.go

@@ -404,6 +404,51 @@ func TestFilterThinkingBlocksForRetry_EmptyContentGetsPlaceholder(t *testing.T)
 	require.NotEmpty(t, content0["text"])
 }
 
+func TestFilterThinkingBlocksForRetry_StripsEmptyTextBlocks(t *testing.T) {
+	// Empty text blocks cause upstream 400: "text content blocks must be non-empty"
+	input := []byte(`{
+		"messages":[
+			{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hello"},{"type":"text","text":""}]},
+			{"role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"text","text":""}]}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	out := FilterThinkingBlocksForRetry(input)
+
+	var req map[string]any
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(out, &req))
+	msgs, ok := req["messages"].([]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+
+	// First message: empty text block stripped, "hello" preserved
+	msg0 := msgs[0].(map[string]any)
+	content0 := msg0["content"].([]any)
+	require.Len(t, content0, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "hello", content0[0].(map[string]any)["text"])
+
+	// Second message: only had empty text block → gets placeholder
+	msg1 := msgs[1].(map[string]any)
+	content1 := msg1["content"].([]any)
+	require.Len(t, content1, 1)
+	block1 := content1[0].(map[string]any)
+	require.Equal(t, "text", block1["type"])
+	require.NotEmpty(t, block1["text"])
+}
+
+func TestFilterThinkingBlocksForRetry_PreservesNonEmptyTextBlocks(t *testing.T) {
+	// Non-empty text blocks should pass through unchanged
+	input := []byte(`{
+		"messages":[
+			{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"hello"},{"type":"text","text":"world"}]}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	out := FilterThinkingBlocksForRetry(input)
+
+	// Fast path: no thinking content, no empty content, no empty text blocks → unchanged
+	require.Equal(t, input, out)
+}
+
 func TestFilterSignatureSensitiveBlocksForRetry_DowngradesTools(t *testing.T) {
 	input := []byte(`{
 		"thinking":{"type":"enabled","budget_tokens":1024},

backend/internal/service/gemini_multiplatform_test.go

@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) ListActiveByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platf
 func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) ExistsByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (bool, error) {
 	return false, nil
 }
-func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
-	return 0, nil
+func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, int64, error) {
+	return 0, 0, nil
 }
 func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error) {
 	return 0, nil

backend/internal/service/generate_session_hash_test.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func TestGenerateSessionHash_MetadataHasHighestPriority(t *testing.T) {
 	svc := &GatewayService{}
 
 	parsed := &ParsedRequest{
-		MetadataUserID: "session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000",
+		MetadataUserID: "user_a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2_account__session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000",
 		System:         "You are a helpful assistant.",
 		HasSystem:      true,
 		Messages: []any{
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ func TestGenerateSessionHash_MetadataOverridesSessionContext(t *testing.T) {
 	svc := &GatewayService{}
 
 	parsed := &ParsedRequest{
-		MetadataUserID: "session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000",
+		MetadataUserID: "user_a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2_account__session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000",
 		Messages: []any{
 			map[string]any{"role": "user", "content": "hello"},
 		},
@@ -212,6 +212,22 @@ func TestGenerateSessionHash_MetadataOverridesSessionContext(t *testing.T) {
 		"metadata session_id should take priority over SessionContext")
 }
 
+func TestGenerateSessionHash_MetadataJSON_HasHighestPriority(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &GatewayService{}
+
+	parsed := &ParsedRequest{
+		MetadataUserID: `{"device_id":"a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2","account_uuid":"","session_id":"c72554f2-1234-5678-abcd-123456789abc"}`,
+		System:         "You are a helpful assistant.",
+		HasSystem:      true,
+		Messages: []any{
+			map[string]any{"role": "user", "content": "hello"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	hash := svc.GenerateSessionHash(parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, "c72554f2-1234-5678-abcd-123456789abc", hash, "JSON format metadata session_id should have highest priority")
+}
+
 func TestGenerateSessionHash_NilSessionContextBackwardCompatible(t *testing.T) {
 	svc := &GatewayService{}
 

backend/internal/service/group.go

@@ -64,8 +64,10 @@ type Group struct {
 	CreatedAt time.Time
 	UpdatedAt time.Time
 
-	AccountGroups []AccountGroup
-	AccountCount  int64
+	AccountGroups           []AccountGroup
+	AccountCount            int64
+	ActiveAccountCount      int64
+	RateLimitedAccountCount int64
 }
 
 func (g *Group) IsActive() bool {

backend/internal/service/group_capacity_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// GroupCapacitySummary holds aggregated capacity for a single group.
+type GroupCapacitySummary struct {
+	GroupID         int64 `json:"group_id"`
+	ConcurrencyUsed int   `json:"concurrency_used"`
+	ConcurrencyMax  int   `json:"concurrency_max"`
+	SessionsUsed    int   `json:"sessions_used"`
+	SessionsMax     int   `json:"sessions_max"`
+	RPMUsed         int   `json:"rpm_used"`
+	RPMMax          int   `json:"rpm_max"`
+}
+
+// GroupCapacityService aggregates per-group capacity from runtime data.
+type GroupCapacityService struct {
+	accountRepo        AccountRepository
+	groupRepo          GroupRepository
+	concurrencyService *ConcurrencyService
+	sessionLimitCache  SessionLimitCache
+	rpmCache           RPMCache
+}
+
+// NewGroupCapacityService creates a new GroupCapacityService.
+func NewGroupCapacityService(
+	accountRepo AccountRepository,
+	groupRepo GroupRepository,
+	concurrencyService *ConcurrencyService,
+	sessionLimitCache SessionLimitCache,
+	rpmCache RPMCache,
+) *GroupCapacityService {
+	return &GroupCapacityService{
+		accountRepo:        accountRepo,
+		groupRepo:          groupRepo,
+		concurrencyService: concurrencyService,
+		sessionLimitCache:  sessionLimitCache,
+		rpmCache:           rpmCache,
+	}
+}
+
+// GetAllGroupCapacity returns capacity summary for all active groups.
+func (s *GroupCapacityService) GetAllGroupCapacity(ctx context.Context) ([]GroupCapacitySummary, error) {
+	groups, err := s.groupRepo.ListActive(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	results := make([]GroupCapacitySummary, 0, len(groups))
+	for i := range groups {
+		cap, err := s.getGroupCapacity(ctx, groups[i].ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Skip groups with errors, return partial results
+			continue
+		}
+		cap.GroupID = groups[i].ID
+		results = append(results, cap)
+	}
+	return results, nil
+}
+
+func (s *GroupCapacityService) getGroupCapacity(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (GroupCapacitySummary, error) {
+	accounts, err := s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx, groupID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return GroupCapacitySummary{}, err
+	}
+	if len(accounts) == 0 {
+		return GroupCapacitySummary{}, nil
+	}
+
+	// Collect account IDs and config values
+	accountIDs := make([]int64, 0, len(accounts))
+	sessionTimeouts := make(map[int64]time.Duration)
+	var concurrencyMax, sessionsMax, rpmMax int
+
+	for i := range accounts {
+		acc := &accounts[i]
+		accountIDs = append(accountIDs, acc.ID)
+		concurrencyMax += acc.Concurrency
+
+		if ms := acc.GetMaxSessions(); ms > 0 {
+			sessionsMax += ms
+			timeout := time.Duration(acc.GetSessionIdleTimeoutMinutes()) * time.Minute
+			if timeout <= 0 {
+				timeout = 5 * time.Minute
+			}
+			sessionTimeouts[acc.ID] = timeout
+		}
+
+		if rpm := acc.GetBaseRPM(); rpm > 0 {
+			rpmMax += rpm
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Batch query runtime data from Redis
+	concurrencyMap, _ := s.concurrencyService.GetAccountConcurrencyBatch(ctx, accountIDs)
+
+	var sessionsMap map[int64]int
+	if sessionsMax > 0 && s.sessionLimitCache != nil {
+		sessionsMap, _ = s.sessionLimitCache.GetActiveSessionCountBatch(ctx, accountIDs, sessionTimeouts)
+	}
+
+	var rpmMap map[int64]int
+	if rpmMax > 0 && s.rpmCache != nil {
+		rpmMap, _ = s.rpmCache.GetRPMBatch(ctx, accountIDs)
+	}
+
+	// Aggregate
+	var concurrencyUsed, sessionsUsed, rpmUsed int
+	for _, id := range accountIDs {
+		concurrencyUsed += concurrencyMap[id]
+		if sessionsMap != nil {
+			sessionsUsed += sessionsMap[id]
+		}
+		if rpmMap != nil {
+			rpmUsed += rpmMap[id]
+		}
+	}
+
+	return GroupCapacitySummary{
+		ConcurrencyUsed: concurrencyUsed,
+		ConcurrencyMax:  concurrencyMax,
+		SessionsUsed:    sessionsUsed,
+		SessionsMax:     sessionsMax,
+		RPMUsed:         rpmUsed,
+		RPMMax:          rpmMax,
+	}, nil
+}

backend/internal/service/group_service.go

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ type GroupRepository interface {
 	ListActiveByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]Group, error)
 
 	ExistsByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (bool, error)
-	GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
+	GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (total int64, active int64, err error)
 	DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
 	// GetAccountIDsByGroupIDs 获取多个分组的所有账号 ID（去重）
 	GetAccountIDsByGroupIDs(ctx context.Context, groupIDs []int64) ([]int64, error)
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func (s *GroupService) GetStats(ctx context.Context, id int64) (map[string]any,
 	}
 
 	// 获取账号数量
-	accountCount, err := s.groupRepo.GetAccountCount(ctx, id)
+	accountCount, _, err := s.groupRepo.GetAccountCount(ctx, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get account count: %w", err)
 	}

backend/internal/service/identity_service.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
@@ -15,14 +14,12 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/logger"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
 
 // 预编译正则表达式（避免每次调用重新编译）
 var (
-	// 匹配 user_id 格式:
-	//   旧格式: user_{64位hex}_account__session_{uuid}        (account 后无 UUID)
-	//   新格式: user_{64位hex}_account_{uuid}_session_{uuid}  (account 后有 UUID)
-	userIDRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^user_[a-f0-9]{64}_account_([a-f0-9-]*)_session_([a-f0-9-]{36})$`)
 	// 匹配 User-Agent 版本号: xxx/x.y.z
 	userAgentVersionRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`/(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)`)
 )
@@ -209,67 +206,57 @@ func (s *IdentityService) ApplyFingerprint(req *http.Request, fp *Fingerprint) {
 }
 
 // RewriteUserID 重写body中的metadata.user_id
-// 输入格式：user_{clientId}_account__session_{sessionUUID}
-// 输出格式：user_{cachedClientID}_account_{accountUUID}_session_{newHash}
+// 支持旧拼接格式和新 JSON 格式的 user_id 解析，
+// 根据 fingerprintUA 版本选择输出格式。
 //
 // 重要：此函数使用 json.RawMessage 保留其他字段的原始字节，
 // 避免重新序列化导致 thinking 块等内容被修改。
-func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserID(body []byte, accountID int64, accountUUID, cachedClientID string) ([]byte, error) {
+func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserID(body []byte, accountID int64, accountUUID, cachedClientID, fingerprintUA string) ([]byte, error) {
 	if len(body) == 0 || accountUUID == "" || cachedClientID == "" {
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
-	// 使用 RawMessage 保留其他字段的原始字节
-	var reqMap map[string]json.RawMessage
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &reqMap); err != nil {
+	metadata := gjson.GetBytes(body, "metadata")
+	if !metadata.Exists() || metadata.Type == gjson.Null {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(metadata.Raw), "{") {
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
-	// 解析 metadata 字段
-	metadataRaw, ok := reqMap["metadata"]
-	if !ok {
+	userIDResult := metadata.Get("user_id")
+	if !userIDResult.Exists() || userIDResult.Type != gjson.String {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+	userID := userIDResult.String()
+	if userID == "" {
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
-	var metadata map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(metadataRaw, &metadata); err != nil {
+	// 解析 user_id（兼容旧拼接格式和新 JSON 格式）
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(userID)
+	if parsed == nil {
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
-	userID, ok := metadata["user_id"].(string)
-	if !ok || userID == "" {
-		return body, nil
-	}
-
-	// 匹配格式:
-	//   旧格式: user_{64位hex}_account__session_{uuid}
-	//   新格式: user_{64位hex}_account_{uuid}_session_{uuid}
-	matches := userIDRegex.FindStringSubmatch(userID)
-	if matches == nil {
-		return body, nil
-	}
-
-	// matches[1] = account UUID (可能为空), matches[2] = session UUID
-	sessionTail := matches[2] // 原始session UUID
+	sessionTail := parsed.SessionID // 原始session UUID
 
 	// 生成新的session hash: SHA256(accountID::sessionTail) -> UUID格式
 	seed := fmt.Sprintf("%d::%s", accountID, sessionTail)
 	newSessionHash := generateUUIDFromSeed(seed)
 
-	// 构建新的user_id
-	// 格式: user_{cachedClientID}_account_{account_uuid}_session_{newSessionHash}
-	newUserID := fmt.Sprintf("user_%s_account_%s_session_%s", cachedClientID, accountUUID, newSessionHash)
+	// 根据客户端版本选择输出格式
+	version := ExtractCLIVersion(fingerprintUA)
+	newUserID := FormatMetadataUserID(cachedClientID, accountUUID, newSessionHash, version)
+	if newUserID == userID {
+		return body, nil
+	}
 
-	metadata["user_id"] = newUserID
-
-	// 只重新序列化 metadata 字段
-	newMetadataRaw, err := json.Marshal(metadata)
+	newBody, err := sjson.SetBytes(body, "metadata.user_id", newUserID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return body, nil
 	}
-	reqMap["metadata"] = newMetadataRaw
-
-	return json.Marshal(reqMap)
+	return newBody, nil
 }
 
 // RewriteUserIDWithMasking 重写body中的metadata.user_id，支持会话ID伪装
@@ -278,9 +265,9 @@ func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserID(body []byte, accountID int64, accountUUI
 //
 // 重要：此函数使用 json.RawMessage 保留其他字段的原始字节，
 // 避免重新序列化导致 thinking 块等内容被修改。
-func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserIDWithMasking(ctx context.Context, body []byte, account *Account, accountUUID, cachedClientID string) ([]byte, error) {
+func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserIDWithMasking(ctx context.Context, body []byte, account *Account, accountUUID, cachedClientID, fingerprintUA string) ([]byte, error) {
 	// 先执行常规的 RewriteUserID 逻辑
-	newBody, err := s.RewriteUserID(body, account.ID, accountUUID, cachedClientID)
+	newBody, err := s.RewriteUserID(body, account.ID, accountUUID, cachedClientID, fingerprintUA)
 	if err != nil {
 		return newBody, err
 	}
@@ -290,32 +277,26 @@ func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserIDWithMasking(ctx context.Context, body []b
 		return newBody, nil
 	}
 
-	// 使用 RawMessage 保留其他字段的原始字节
-	var reqMap map[string]json.RawMessage
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(newBody, &reqMap); err != nil {
+	metadata := gjson.GetBytes(newBody, "metadata")
+	if !metadata.Exists() || metadata.Type == gjson.Null {
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(metadata.Raw), "{") {
 		return newBody, nil
 	}
 
-	// 解析 metadata 字段
-	metadataRaw, ok := reqMap["metadata"]
-	if !ok {
+	userIDResult := metadata.Get("user_id")
+	if !userIDResult.Exists() || userIDResult.Type != gjson.String {
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+	userID := userIDResult.String()
+	if userID == "" {
 		return newBody, nil
 	}
 
-	var metadata map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(metadataRaw, &metadata); err != nil {
-		return newBody, nil
-	}
-
-	userID, ok := metadata["user_id"].(string)
-	if !ok || userID == "" {
-		return newBody, nil
-	}
-
-	// 查找 _session_ 的位置，替换其后的内容
-	const sessionMarker = "_session_"
-	idx := strings.LastIndex(userID, sessionMarker)
-	if idx == -1 {
+	// 解析已重写的 user_id
+	uidParsed := ParseMetadataUserID(userID)
+	if uidParsed == nil {
 		return newBody, nil
 	}
 
@@ -337,8 +318,9 @@ func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserIDWithMasking(ctx context.Context, body []b
 		logger.LegacyPrintf("service.identity", "Warning: failed to set masked session ID for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 	}
 
-	// 替换 session 部分：保留 _session_ 之前的内容，替换之后的内容
-	newUserID := userID[:idx+len(sessionMarker)] + maskedSessionID
+	// 用 FormatMetadataUserID 重建（保持与 RewriteUserID 相同的格式）
+	version := ExtractCLIVersion(fingerprintUA)
+	newUserID := FormatMetadataUserID(uidParsed.DeviceID, uidParsed.AccountUUID, maskedSessionID, version)
 
 	slog.Debug("session_id_masking_applied",
 		"account_id", account.ID,
@@ -346,16 +328,15 @@ func (s *IdentityService) RewriteUserIDWithMasking(ctx context.Context, body []b
 		"after", newUserID,
 	)
 
-	metadata["user_id"] = newUserID
-
-	// 只重新序列化 metadata 字段
-	newMetadataRaw, marshalErr := json.Marshal(metadata)
-	if marshalErr != nil {
+	if newUserID == userID {
 		return newBody, nil
 	}
-	reqMap["metadata"] = newMetadataRaw
 
-	return json.Marshal(reqMap)
+	maskedBody, setErr := sjson.SetBytes(newBody, "metadata.user_id", newUserID)
+	if setErr != nil {
+		return newBody, nil
+	}
+	return maskedBody, nil
 }
 
 // generateRandomUUID 生成随机 UUID v4 格式字符串

backend/internal/service/identity_service_order_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type identityCacheStub struct {
+	maskedSessionID string
+}
+
+func (s *identityCacheStub) GetFingerprint(_ context.Context, _ int64) (*Fingerprint, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+func (s *identityCacheStub) SetFingerprint(_ context.Context, _ int64, _ *Fingerprint) error {
+	return nil
+}
+func (s *identityCacheStub) GetMaskedSessionID(_ context.Context, _ int64) (string, error) {
+	return s.maskedSessionID, nil
+}
+func (s *identityCacheStub) SetMaskedSessionID(_ context.Context, _ int64, sessionID string) error {
+	s.maskedSessionID = sessionID
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestIdentityService_RewriteUserID_PreservesTopLevelFieldOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &identityCacheStub{}
+	svc := NewIdentityService(cache)
+
+	originalUserID := FormatMetadataUserID(
+		"d61f76d0730d2b920763648949bad5c79742155c27037fc77ac3f9805cb90169",
+		"",
+		"7578cf37-aaca-46e4-a45c-71285d9dbb83",
+		"2.1.78",
+	)
+	body := []byte(`{"alpha":1,"messages":[],"metadata":{"user_id":` + strconvQuote(originalUserID) + `},"max_tokens":64000,"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"},"output_config":{"effort":"high"},"stream":true}`)
+
+	result, err := svc.RewriteUserID(body, 123, "acc-uuid", "client-xyz", "claude-cli/2.1.78 (external, cli)")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	resultStr := string(result)
+
+	assertJSONTokenOrder(t, resultStr, `"alpha"`, `"messages"`, `"metadata"`, `"max_tokens"`, `"thinking"`, `"output_config"`, `"stream"`)
+	require.NotContains(t, resultStr, originalUserID)
+	require.Contains(t, resultStr, `"metadata":{"user_id":"`)
+}
+
+func TestIdentityService_RewriteUserIDWithMasking_PreservesTopLevelFieldOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := &identityCacheStub{maskedSessionID: "11111111-2222-4333-8444-555555555555"}
+	svc := NewIdentityService(cache)
+
+	originalUserID := FormatMetadataUserID(
+		"d61f76d0730d2b920763648949bad5c79742155c27037fc77ac3f9805cb90169",
+		"",
+		"7578cf37-aaca-46e4-a45c-71285d9dbb83",
+		"2.1.78",
+	)
+	body := []byte(`{"alpha":1,"messages":[],"metadata":{"user_id":` + strconvQuote(originalUserID) + `},"max_tokens":64000,"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"},"output_config":{"effort":"high"},"stream":true}`)
+
+	account := &Account{
+		ID:       123,
+		Platform: PlatformAnthropic,
+		Type:     AccountTypeOAuth,
+		Extra: map[string]any{
+			"session_id_masking_enabled": true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	result, err := svc.RewriteUserIDWithMasking(context.Background(), body, account, "acc-uuid", "client-xyz", "claude-cli/2.1.78 (external, cli)")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	resultStr := string(result)
+
+	assertJSONTokenOrder(t, resultStr, `"alpha"`, `"messages"`, `"metadata"`, `"max_tokens"`, `"thinking"`, `"output_config"`, `"stream"`)
+	require.Contains(t, resultStr, cache.maskedSessionID)
+	require.True(t, strings.Contains(resultStr, `"metadata":{"user_id":"`))
+}
+
+func strconvQuote(v string) string {
+	return `"` + strings.ReplaceAll(strings.ReplaceAll(v, `\`, `\\`), `"`, `\"`) + `"`
+}

backend/internal/service/metadata_userid.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// NewMetadataFormatMinVersion is the minimum Claude Code version that uses
+// JSON-formatted metadata.user_id instead of the legacy concatenated string.
+const NewMetadataFormatMinVersion = "2.1.78"
+
+// ParsedUserID represents the components extracted from a metadata.user_id value.
+type ParsedUserID struct {
+	DeviceID    string // 64-char hex (or arbitrary client id)
+	AccountUUID string // may be empty
+	SessionID   string // UUID
+	IsNewFormat bool   // true if the original was JSON format
+}
+
+// legacyUserIDRegex matches the legacy user_id format:
+//
+//	user_{64hex}_account_{optional_uuid}_session_{uuid}
+var legacyUserIDRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^user_([a-fA-F0-9]{64})_account_([a-fA-F0-9-]*)_session_([a-fA-F0-9-]{36})$`)
+
+// jsonUserID is the JSON structure for the new metadata.user_id format.
+type jsonUserID struct {
+	DeviceID    string `json:"device_id"`
+	AccountUUID string `json:"account_uuid"`
+	SessionID   string `json:"session_id"`
+}
+
+// ParseMetadataUserID parses a metadata.user_id string in either format.
+// Returns nil if the input cannot be parsed.
+func ParseMetadataUserID(raw string) *ParsedUserID {
+	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Try JSON format first (starts with '{')
+	if raw[0] == '{' {
+		var j jsonUserID
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &j); err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if j.DeviceID == "" || j.SessionID == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return &ParsedUserID{
+			DeviceID:    j.DeviceID,
+			AccountUUID: j.AccountUUID,
+			SessionID:   j.SessionID,
+			IsNewFormat: true,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Try legacy format
+	matches := legacyUserIDRegex.FindStringSubmatch(raw)
+	if matches == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &ParsedUserID{
+		DeviceID:    matches[1],
+		AccountUUID: matches[2],
+		SessionID:   matches[3],
+		IsNewFormat: false,
+	}
+}
+
+// FormatMetadataUserID builds a metadata.user_id string in the format
+// appropriate for the given CLI version. Components are the rewritten values
+// (not necessarily the originals).
+func FormatMetadataUserID(deviceID, accountUUID, sessionID, uaVersion string) string {
+	if IsNewMetadataFormatVersion(uaVersion) {
+		b, _ := json.Marshal(jsonUserID{
+			DeviceID:    deviceID,
+			AccountUUID: accountUUID,
+			SessionID:   sessionID,
+		})
+		return string(b)
+	}
+	// Legacy format
+	return "user_" + deviceID + "_account_" + accountUUID + "_session_" + sessionID
+}
+
+// IsNewMetadataFormatVersion returns true if the given CLI version uses the
+// new JSON metadata.user_id format (>= 2.1.78).
+func IsNewMetadataFormatVersion(version string) bool {
+	if version == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	return CompareVersions(version, NewMetadataFormatMinVersion) >= 0
+}
+
+// ExtractCLIVersion extracts the Claude Code version from a User-Agent string.
+// Returns "" if the UA doesn't match the expected pattern.
+func ExtractCLIVersion(ua string) string {
+	matches := claudeCodeUAVersionPattern.FindStringSubmatch(ua)
+	if len(matches) >= 2 {
+		return matches[1]
+	}
+	return ""
+}

backend/internal/service/metadata_userid_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// ============ ParseMetadataUserID Tests ============
+
+func TestParseMetadataUserID_LegacyFormat_WithoutAccountUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := "user_a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2_account__session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000"
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(raw)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, "a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2", parsed.DeviceID)
+	require.Equal(t, "", parsed.AccountUUID)
+	require.Equal(t, "123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000", parsed.SessionID)
+	require.False(t, parsed.IsNewFormat)
+}
+
+func TestParseMetadataUserID_LegacyFormat_WithAccountUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := "user_a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2_account_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000_session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000"
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(raw)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, "a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2", parsed.DeviceID)
+	require.Equal(t, "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000", parsed.AccountUUID)
+	require.Equal(t, "123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000", parsed.SessionID)
+	require.False(t, parsed.IsNewFormat)
+}
+
+func TestParseMetadataUserID_JSONFormat_WithoutAccountUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := `{"device_id":"d61f76d0aabbccdd00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677","account_uuid":"","session_id":"c72554f2-1234-5678-abcd-123456789abc"}`
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(raw)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, "d61f76d0aabbccdd00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677", parsed.DeviceID)
+	require.Equal(t, "", parsed.AccountUUID)
+	require.Equal(t, "c72554f2-1234-5678-abcd-123456789abc", parsed.SessionID)
+	require.True(t, parsed.IsNewFormat)
+}
+
+func TestParseMetadataUserID_JSONFormat_WithAccountUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := `{"device_id":"d61f76d0aabbccdd00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677","account_uuid":"550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000","session_id":"c72554f2-1234-5678-abcd-123456789abc"}`
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(raw)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, "d61f76d0aabbccdd00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677", parsed.DeviceID)
+	require.Equal(t, "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000", parsed.AccountUUID)
+	require.Equal(t, "c72554f2-1234-5678-abcd-123456789abc", parsed.SessionID)
+	require.True(t, parsed.IsNewFormat)
+}
+
+func TestParseMetadataUserID_InvalidInputs(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		raw  string
+	}{
+		{"empty string", ""},
+		{"whitespace only", "   "},
+		{"random text", "not-a-valid-user-id"},
+		{"partial legacy format", "session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000"},
+		{"invalid JSON", `{"device_id":}`},
+		{"JSON missing device_id", `{"account_uuid":"","session_id":"c72554f2-1234-5678-abcd-123456789abc"}`},
+		{"JSON missing session_id", `{"device_id":"d61f76d0aabbccdd00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677","account_uuid":""}`},
+		{"JSON empty device_id", `{"device_id":"","account_uuid":"","session_id":"c72554f2-1234-5678-abcd-123456789abc"}`},
+		{"JSON empty session_id", `{"device_id":"d61f76d0aabbccdd00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677","account_uuid":"","session_id":""}`},
+		{"legacy format short hex", "user_a1b2c3d4_account__session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require.Nil(t, ParseMetadataUserID(tt.raw), "should return nil for: %s", tt.raw)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseMetadataUserID_HexCaseInsensitive(t *testing.T) {
+	// Legacy format should accept both upper and lower case hex
+	rawUpper := "user_A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2_account__session_123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000"
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(rawUpper)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed, "legacy format should accept uppercase hex")
+	require.Equal(t, "A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2", parsed.DeviceID)
+}
+
+// ============ FormatMetadataUserID Tests ============
+
+func TestFormatMetadataUserID_LegacyVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	result := FormatMetadataUserID("deadbeef"+"00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677", "acc-uuid", "sess-uuid", "2.1.77")
+	require.Equal(t, "user_deadbeef00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677_account_acc-uuid_session_sess-uuid", result)
+}
+
+func TestFormatMetadataUserID_NewVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	result := FormatMetadataUserID("deadbeef"+"00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677", "acc-uuid", "sess-uuid", "2.1.78")
+	require.Equal(t, `{"device_id":"deadbeef00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677","account_uuid":"acc-uuid","session_id":"sess-uuid"}`, result)
+}
+
+func TestFormatMetadataUserID_EmptyVersion_Legacy(t *testing.T) {
+	result := FormatMetadataUserID("deadbeef"+"00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677", "", "sess-uuid", "")
+	require.Equal(t, "user_deadbeef00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677_account__session_sess-uuid", result)
+}
+
+func TestFormatMetadataUserID_EmptyAccountUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	// Legacy format with empty account UUID → double underscore
+	result := FormatMetadataUserID("deadbeef"+"00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677", "", "sess-uuid", "2.1.22")
+	require.Contains(t, result, "_account__session_")
+
+	// New format with empty account UUID → empty string in JSON
+	result = FormatMetadataUserID("deadbeef"+"00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff0011223344556677", "", "sess-uuid", "2.1.78")
+	require.Contains(t, result, `"account_uuid":""`)
+}
+
+// ============ IsNewMetadataFormatVersion Tests ============
+
+func TestIsNewMetadataFormatVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		version string
+		want    bool
+	}{
+		{"", false},
+		{"2.1.77", false},
+		{"2.1.78", true},
+		{"2.1.79", true},
+		{"2.2.0", true},
+		{"3.0.0", true},
+		{"2.0.100", false},
+		{"1.9.99", false},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.version, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require.Equal(t, tt.want, IsNewMetadataFormatVersion(tt.version))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// ============ Round-trip Tests ============
+
+func TestParseFormat_RoundTrip_Legacy(t *testing.T) {
+	deviceID := "a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2"
+	accountUUID := "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
+	sessionID := "123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000"
+
+	formatted := FormatMetadataUserID(deviceID, accountUUID, sessionID, "2.1.22")
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(formatted)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, deviceID, parsed.DeviceID)
+	require.Equal(t, accountUUID, parsed.AccountUUID)
+	require.Equal(t, sessionID, parsed.SessionID)
+	require.False(t, parsed.IsNewFormat)
+}
+
+func TestParseFormat_RoundTrip_JSON(t *testing.T) {
+	deviceID := "a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2"
+	accountUUID := "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
+	sessionID := "123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000"
+
+	formatted := FormatMetadataUserID(deviceID, accountUUID, sessionID, "2.1.78")
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(formatted)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, deviceID, parsed.DeviceID)
+	require.Equal(t, accountUUID, parsed.AccountUUID)
+	require.Equal(t, sessionID, parsed.SessionID)
+	require.True(t, parsed.IsNewFormat)
+}
+
+func TestParseFormat_RoundTrip_EmptyAccountUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	deviceID := "a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2"
+	sessionID := "123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000"
+
+	// Legacy round-trip with empty account UUID
+	formatted := FormatMetadataUserID(deviceID, "", sessionID, "2.1.22")
+	parsed := ParseMetadataUserID(formatted)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, deviceID, parsed.DeviceID)
+	require.Equal(t, "", parsed.AccountUUID)
+	require.Equal(t, sessionID, parsed.SessionID)
+
+	// JSON round-trip with empty account UUID
+	formatted = FormatMetadataUserID(deviceID, "", sessionID, "2.1.78")
+	parsed = ParseMetadataUserID(formatted)
+	require.NotNil(t, parsed)
+	require.Equal(t, deviceID, parsed.DeviceID)
+	require.Equal(t, "", parsed.AccountUUID)
+	require.Equal(t, sessionID, parsed.SessionID)
+}